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Journal articles on the topic 'Amaranthus retroflexus'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Hutsko, K. I. "AMARANTHUS AS A SOURCE OF POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND FLAVONOIDS FOR USE IN MEDICINE." Biotechnologia Acta 17, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech17.02.046.

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Amaranth is used as a medicinal plant with antioxidant, hemostatic, and wound-healing properties. The aim of the research is the quantitative determination of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids in ethanolic extracts of amaranth seeds of the "Lera" and "Ultra" varieties and leaves Amaranthus retroflexus. Methods. Extracts were obtained by infusion for 7 days in 70% and 80% ethanol. Quantitative determination of secondary metabolites was conducted by spectrophotometric methods. Results. The largest amount of polyphenolic compounds was found in the ethanolic extract of Amaranthus retroflexus leaves - 0.228 mg/ml. More polyphenols were found in the ethanolic extract of amaranth seeds of the "Lera" variety than in the extract of amaranth seeds of the "Ultra" variety. In the extract of leaves of Amaranthus retroflexus, 2.1 x 10-4 mg/ml of flavonoids were found, in extracts of amaranth seeds were found from 0.7 x 10-5 mg/ml to 1.55 x 10-5 mg/ml of flavonoids. Conclusion. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Amaranthus retroflexus contains a greater number of investigated secondary metabolites than the extracts of amaranth seeds of the "Lera" and "Ultra" varieties. The ethanol extract of amaranth seeds of the "Lera" variety contains more polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids than the ethanol extract of amaranth seeds of the "Ultra" variety.

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Mitich, Larry W. "Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)." Weed Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1997): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00041579.

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“… To the ground, With solemn adoration, down they cast Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold. Immortal amaranth, a flower which once In Paradise, fast by the tree of life, Began to bloom.”–John Milton (1608–1676), Paradise LostRedroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), one of the New World's major weeds, was described in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Over three decades later (1789), the genu wa placed in Amaranthaceae by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836) (Britton and Brown 1898). Amaranthaceae belongs to Centrospermae, a group of familie that contain betalain pigments instead of the anthocyanins found in most other angiosperms; it is closely related to Chenopodiaceae (Heywood 1993).

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Hutsko, K. I., та R. O. Petrina. "Аmaranth as a source of secondary metabolites with potential wound-healing activity". Chemistry, Technology and Application of Substances 7, № 2 (1 грудня 2024): 92–99. https://doi.org/10.23939/ctas2024.02.092.

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Amaranth is a multi-purpose crop, known for its wound-healing properties. Amaranth leaves and seeds contain polyphenols and flavonoids that improve wound healing. Ethanol extracts of amaranth seeds of “Lera” and “Ultra” varieties and ethanol extract of leafs Amaranthus retroflexus were obtained. Determination of the content of polyphenolic compounds in the extracts was conducted by the spectrophotometric method with the Folin-Checolteau reagent. The number of flavonoids in the extracts was determined by the spectrophotometric method using aluminum chloride.. The most polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids were found in the extract of leafs Amaranthus retroflexus. More polyphenols and flavonoids were found in the amaranth seed extract of the “Lera” variety than in the extract of the “Ultra” variety.

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Božić, Dragana. "Amaranthus retroflexus L.: Redroot pigweed." Acta herbologica 27, no. 1 (2018): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/actaherb1801005b.

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Moran, Patrick J., and Allan T. Showler. "Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi Symptoms on Amaranthus spp. Under South Texas Conditions." Plant Disease 91, no. 12 (December 2007): 1638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-12-1638.

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Temperature, humidity, weed species and age, and inducible responses in the host are factors that could limit the efficacy of fungal bioherbicides. The influences of these factors on the efficacy of the fungal bioherbicides Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi against Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) were investigated in greenhouse and field studies under south Texas conditions. Despite plants being given an initial dew period, the bioherbicides, applied individually or in combination, did not cause mortality on any pigweed species in greenhouse or field environments. In greenhouse experiments, fewer than 5% of the leaves in six- to eight-leaf A. palmeri plants developed necrotic lesions within 2 weeks after bioherbicide treatment and only 8% or fewer of the plants developed stem lesions. Disease incidence was significantly higher in A. hybridus and A. retroflexus, with as much as 94% of leaves developing necrosis and 95% of the plants having stem lesions. New leaf production was reduced by biobherbicide treatment in A. hybridus. Combined-pathogen inoculation caused leaf and stem lesions on mature (13 to 36 leaves per plant) A. hybridus and A. retroflexus. Summer and fall field inoculations with M. amaranthi on A. hybridus and A. palmeri produced disease incidence levels similar to or higher than those in greenhouse tests. Infection of A. palmeri by P. amaranthicola increased the peroxidase activity level nearly twofold compared with the controls. Neither pathogen influenced leaf free amino acid content. The high temperatures and low humidity of south Texas and interspecific variation in resistance, possibly linked to peroxidase induction, limited the efficacy of these bioherbicides.

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Khan, Asad M., Ahmadreza Mobli, Jeff A. Werth, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Germination and seed persistence of Amaranthus retroflexus and Amaranthus viridis: Two emerging weeds in Australian cotton and other summer crops." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): e0263798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263798.

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Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) are becoming problematic weeds in summer crops, including cotton in Australia. A series of laboratory and field experiments were performed to examine the germination ecology, and seed persistence of two populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis collected from the Goondiwindi and Gatton regions of Australia. Both populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis behaved similarly to different environmental conditions. Initial dormancy was observed in fresh seeds of both species; however, germination reached maximum after an after-ripening period of two months at room temperature. Light was not a mandatory prerequisite for germination of both species as they could germinate under complete darkness. Although both species showed very low germination at the alternating day/night temperature of 15/5 C, these species germinated more than 40% between ranges of 25/15 C to 35/25 C. Maximum germination of A. retroflexus (93%) and A. viridis (86%) was observed at 35/25 C and 30/20, respectively. Germination of A. retroflexus and A. viridis was completely inhibited at osmotic potentials of -1.0 and -0.6 MPa, respectively. No germination was observed in both species at the sodium chloride concentration of 200 mM. A. retroflexus seedling emergence (87%) was maximum from the seeds buried at 1 cm while the maximum germination of A. viridis (72%) was observed at the soil surface. No seedling emergence was observed from a burial depth of 8 cm for both species. In both species, seed persistence increased with increasing burial depth. At 24 months after seed placement, seed depletion ranged from 75% (10 cm depth) to 94% (soil surface) for A. retroflexus, and ranged from 79% to 94% for A. viridis, respectively. Information gained from this study will contribute to an integrated control programs for A. retroflexus and A. viridis.

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Song, Weifeng, Qinghui Wei, Zhenghao Shi, Yaqing Pan, Zhiyong Li, and Fangyuan Wang. "Integrating transcriptome and metabolomics revealed the key metabolic pathway response of Amaranthus retroflexus L. to the resistance to fomesafen." PLOS ONE 20, no. 2 (February 13, 2025): e0312198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312198.

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Background Amaranthus retroflexus L. is one of the main broad-leaved weeds in soybean fields in Heilongjiang Province and is an important factor affecting soybean yield. It is becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides. However, studies on the transcriptome level and the molecular mechanism of secondary metabolite accumulation of resistant varieties of Amaranthus retroflexus L. have not been reported. Therefore, comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome is needed to determine the key metabolic pathways and key genes of Amaranthus retroflexus L. Results The biosynthetic pathway of resistance to Amaranthus retroflexus L. was studied by transcriptome and metabolome analysis. Transcriptome analysis showed that in the three comparison groups, compared with untreated (CK) group, there were 979 Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in resistant (RY) group and 15731 DEGs in sensitive (SY) group; The RY group had 13822 DEGs compared to the SY group. Fluorescent quantitative PCR detection found that two gene tables related to Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase (P450), Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and other enzyme systems such as peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly reached. Using Venn analysis for metabolomics analysis (VIP>1 and P<0.05), 239 Differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were selected. There are 15 common DEMs in the three control groups, and 8 unique DEMs in the RY group. This study detected 76 cases of DEMs and 139 cases of DEMs in the CK, RY, and SY control groups, respectively. More metabolites were detected in the CK and SY control groups. This viewpoint provides evidence for the genetic and metabolic differences between resistance and sensitivity in Amaranthus retroflexus L.. The KEGG in the RY vs SY group is mainly enriched in cysteine and methlonine metabololism, glycine, serine and threonine metabololism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, biosynthesis of variant plant secondary metabololites, biosynthesis of amino acids, arginine and proline metabololism, biosynthesis of cofactors. Therefore, the resistance mechanism of Amaranthus retroflexus L. may be mainly generated by the metabolic pathway mechanism of amino acids. Conclusion In this study, DEGs and DEMs were identified by de novo Transcriptome assembly and metabonomic analysis, and an important metabolic pathway of resistance was found. It was found that the resistance mechanism of Amaranthus retroflexus L. might be mainly produced by amino acid metabolic pathway. This discovery laid the foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism and functional characteristics of the resistance of Amaranthus retroflexus L..

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Qian, Guangtao, Zhicai Wang, Lei Zhang, Fangfei Xu, Baohui Wang, Dandan Li, and Yanping Chen. "Chemical Compositions of Amaranthus retroflexus." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 52, no. 6 (October 24, 2016): 982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-016-1841-y.

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Karaeva, Julia, Svetlana Timofeeva, Marat Gilfanov, Marina Slobozhaninova, Olga Sidorkina, Ekaterina Luchkina, Vladimir Panchenko, and Vadim Bolshev. "Exploring the Prospective of Weed Amaranthus retroflexus for Biofuel Production through Pyrolysis." Agriculture 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030687.

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Amaranthus retroflexus or redroot pigweed is a second generation lignocellulosic fuel. Each biomass sample (leaves, inflorescences and stems) was pyrolyzed in a lab-scale furnace, in a nitrogen atmosphere under non-isothermal conditions at heating rates of 10 °C/min until the furnace temperature reached 550 °C. The pyrolysis characteristics of the three major components were also studied through thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal decomposition of the biomass samples is similar to the process of pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials and proceeds in three main stages: dehydration, devolatilization, and carbonation. The highest bio-oil yield was obtained for inflorescences (55%) and leaves (45%). Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry analysis was carried out for oil fractions of the pyrolysis liquid from Amaranthus retroflexus. The composition of the pyrolysis oil fraction from the leaves had an overbearing aliphatic hydrocarbon nature whereas the oil fraction from inflorescences and stems was composed mainly of oxygen-containing components. The use of Amaranthus retroflexus biochars can lead to slag formation in power equipment, so it is advisable to use them to produce composite fuel, for example, mixed with coal. The results would help to better understand the thermal behavior of Amaranthus retroflexus biomass and its utilization for fuels or chemicals.

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Lacatus, Mihaela, Patricia Tarkanyi, Luminita Pirvulescu, Tiberiu Iancu, Ioan Ladislau Caba, Nicolae-Valentin Vlăduț, Aurica Breica Borozan, Simion Alda, and Despina-Maria Bordean. "Nutrient Status and Antioxidant Activity of the Invasive Amaranthus retroflexus L." Sustainability 17, no. 11 (June 3, 2025): 5141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115141.

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Amaranthus retroflexus L. is widely regarded as one of the world’s most invasive weeds, often linked to significant agricultural losses due to its resilience and herbicide resistance. However, unlike other amaranth species already recognized for their health benefits, A. retroflexus remains largely overlooked as a potential nutritional and pharmacological resource. This study investigates whether this abundantly growing plant could be repurposed as sustainable food. We focused on three main questions: Can weed be transformed into a food source? Does A. retroflexus offer comparable nutritional value as its relatives? And how can it be harvested safely for human use? Mineral content, total antioxidant capacity, and polyphenol content were analyzed across different plant parts. Results revealed high levels of essential minerals, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds, suggesting strong potential as a nutrient-dense food. However, traces of heavy metals—such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic—were detected in some samples, emphasizing the need for controlled cultivation. Overall, the findings support the safe and sustainable valorization of A. retroflexus in food and pharmaceutical applications.

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Schamber, G. J., and A. R. Misek. "Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed): Inability to cause renal toxicosis in rabbits." American Journal of Veterinary Research 46, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 266–67. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1985.46.01.266.

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SUMMARY Rabbits fed Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed) did not develop lesions of renal toxicosis reported in other species fed this plant. In feeding trials using adult and weanling rabbits, A retroflexus did not produce indications of renal involvement in rabbits. In both trials, treated rabbits had increased weight loss when compared with controls; however, the weight loss was not attributed to a toxic effect, but to previously described decreased palatability of Amaranthus spp.

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Cagáň, Ľ., P. Tóth, and M. Tóthová. "Population dynamics of Chaetocnema tibialis Illiger and Phyllotreta vittula (Redtenbacher) on the weed Amaranthus retroflexus L. and cultivated Amaranthus caudatus L." Plant Protection Science 42, No. 2 (February 8, 2010): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2696-pps.

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In 1995–1997, the population dynamics of the flea beetles Chaetocnema tibialis and Phyllotreta vittula, associated with Amaranthus retroflexus (wild species) and Amaranthus caudatus (cultivated species), were studied at the locality Nitra-Malanta (48°19'N, 18°09'E) in south-western Slovakia. On both plant species, the number of C. tibialis adults was usually very low until the beginning of July. During July the number of C. tibialis increased, but sooner on cultivated amaranth. An increased number of C. tibialis adults was observed on both amaranth species until the middle of September. The results showed that amaranth plants are a very important reservoir of C. tibialis during summer. P. vittula was a common flea beetle on amaranth during the whole summer, but its numbers never exceeded more than 10 adults per 25 plants. Low temperatures in winter had a negative effect on populations of C. tibialis on both amaranth species and also on populations of P. vittula on A. retroflexus. The lower the precipitation was in July, the higher were the populations of C. tibialis on both amaranth species and the populations of P. vittula on A. retroflexus.

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PIRZAD, Alireza, Mousa JAMALI, Mohammad Amin ZAREH, and Fahime SHOKRANI. "Allelopathic Effect of Powdered Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) on the Growth Parameters of Redroot Amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb539093.

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To evaluate probable allelopathic effect of different parts of Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) on the growth of redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seedling, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University in 2012 (Iran). In this experiment, treatments were different parts of Russian knapweed (aerial part, flower and root) in different amounts (1, 2, 3 and 4 g/pot). Pots included 300 g of soil. Results showed the significant effect of Russian knapweed plant parts on the seedling emergence percent, root length, ratio of root/shoot length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, and the significant effect of plant material amounts on the seedling emergence percent, seedling fresh weight and seedling dry weight. Interaction effect between plant material type and amount on the shoot length, root length, ratio of root/shoot length, seedling length was significant, too. The longest shoot (3.51 cm), root (1.75 cm), the highest ratio of root/shoot length (0.49) and seedling length (5.26 cm) belonged to control treatment. The highest seedling emergence percent of Amaranthus retroflexus (34.73%) and seedling fresh weight (0.176 g) were occurred at pots treated by Russian knapweed aerial part. The lowest seedling emergence percent (21.94 %) and seedling fresh weight (0.111 g) were obtained from application of Acroptilon repens powdered root. The maximum seedling dry (0.0126 g) and fresh (0.177 g) weight of Amaranthus retroflexus were obtained from control treatment.

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McNaughton, Kristen E., Jocelyne Letarte, Elizabeth A. Lee, and François J. Tardif. "Mutations inALSconfer herbicide resistance in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii)." Weed Science 53, no. 1 (January 2005): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-109.

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Ruiz Hernández, Víctor Cuauhtémoc, Juan Porfirio Legaría Solano, Jaime Sahagún Castellanos, and Micaela De la O Olan. "Variabilidad genética en algunas especies cultivadas y silvestres de amaranto." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 9, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v9i2.1081.

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   El género Amaranthus se distribuye ampliamente en América. El estudio de la diversidad genética dentro y entre las poblaciones y especies de Amaranthus es importante para planear estrategias de su conservación y la continuidad. En el presente estudio, se evaluó mediante marcadores moleculares tipo ISSR 2 especies cultivadas (A. hypochondriacus y A. cruentus) y 5 especies silvestres (A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, A. powellii, A. palmeri y A. spinosus). Se analizaron 154 loci, encontrándose que el porcentaje de polimorfismo promedio para los iniciadores fue de 97.9%. Los amarantos cultivados mostraron estar genéticamente muy relacionados entre sí y con sus posibles progenitores silvestres (A. hybridus y A. powellii). Dentro de los materiales silvestres los que estuvieron más cercanos fueron A. hybridus, A. powellii y A. retroflexus, mientras que A. spinosus y A. palmeri fueron los más alejados. La mayor parte de la diversidad genética detectable se encontró entre las especies y las poblaciones, mientras que la menor parte estuvo dentro de las mismas.  

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Fiorentino, Antonio, Marina DellaGreca, Brigida D'Abrosca, Annunziata Golino, Severina Pacifico, Angelina Izzo, and Pietro Monaco. "Unusual sesquiterpene glucosides from Amaranthus retroflexus." Tetrahedron 62, no. 38 (September 2006): 8952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.017.

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Zhang, Yingying, Xian Xu, Bochui Zhao, Binghua Li, Zhizun Qi, Yu Wang, Guiqi Wang, Yaofa Li, Zhaofeng Huang, and Xiaomin Liu. "Germination characteristics associated with nicosulfuron resistance in Amaranthus retroflexus L." PLOS ONE 19, no. 8 (August 12, 2024): e0308024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308024.

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Nicosulfuron-resistant biotype (R) and -sensitive biotype (S) Amaranthus retroflexus L. seeds were subjected to different temperature, light, salt, osmotic potential, pH value and burial depth treatments. The difference in germination response of two populations to the above abiotic environmental factors was used to study the fitness cost of nicosulfuron-resistance evolution in A. retroflexus. The aim is to find a powerful tool for weed control in the presence of evolutionary resistance selection. The results of this experiment showed that the germination rate and germination index in S population were generally higher than that in R population. When the salt stress was 80 mM, the water potential was -0.1 Mpa ~ -0.4 Mpa, and under strong acid and alkali conditions, the germination index in S population was prominently higher than that in R population (p<0.05). The delayed seed germination in R population indicated that its nicosulfuron resistance may be linked to seed biochemical compositions that altered seed germination dynamics. The resistant and sensitive biotype of A. retroflexus had differently favourable adaptability in diverse environments. Salt, osmotic potential and pH value are not the major constraints for A. retroflexus germination, however, A. retroflexus are strongly responsive to temperature, light and burial depth. Considering that seeds of A. retroflexus are unable to reach the soil surface beyond the depth of 6 cm, deep inversion tillage before sowing may be an effective and economical weed management tool for the control of nicosulfuron resistant A. retroflexus.

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Khan, Asad M., Ahmadreza Mobli, Jeff A. Werth, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Effect of emergence time on growth and fecundity of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis): emerging problem weeds in Australian summer crops." Weed Science 69, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.9.

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AbstractRedroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) are considered emerging problematic weeds in summer crops in Australia. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of planting time on two populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis at the research farm of the University of Queensland, Australia. Both species were planted every month from October to January (2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019), and their growth and seed production were recorded. Although both weeds matured at a similar number of growing degree days (GDD), they required a different number of days to complete their life cycles depending on planting date. The growth period was reduced and flowering occurred sooner as both species experienced cooler temperatures and shorter daylight hours. Both species exhibited increased height, biomass, and seed production for the October-sown plants compared with other planting times, and these parameters were reduced by delaying the planting time. The shoot and root biomass of A. retroflexus and A. viridis (averaged over both populations) was reduced by more than 70% and 65%, respectively, when planted in January, in comparison to planting in October. When planted in October, A. retroflexus and A. viridis produced 11,350 and 5,780 seeds plant−1, but these were reduced to 770 and 365 seeds plant−1 for the January planting date, respectively. Although the growth and fecundity of these species were dependent on planting time, these weeds could emerge throughout the late spring to summer growing season (October to March) in southeast Australia and could produce a significant number of seeds. The results showed that when these species emerged in the late spring (October), they grew vigorously and produced more biomass in comparison with the other planting dates. Therefore, any early weed management practice for these species could be beneficial for minimizing the subsequent cost and energy inputs toward their control.

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Shigematsu, Yoshio, Sarinee Chaicharoen, Fumihiko Sato, and Yasuyuki Yamada. "Tolerance of Cultured Amaranthus retroflexus Cells to Atrazine." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1993): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-3-425.

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Resistance to s-triazine-herbicides in weeds is the most widespread and extensively studied of all intraspecific herbicide-resistance. It is of interest that the resistant biotype appears in some limited genera such as Amaranthus spp. and Chenopodium spp. much more frequently than in many other significant weeds. We examined the response of cultured Amaranthus retroflexus cells to atrazine in comparison with those of several other plant species to understand what causes this differentially inter-specific response. Atrazine scarcely inhibited the cell growth of either atrazine-resistant and susceptible-Amaranthus cells. Tobacco cells, however, could not grow as cultured Amaranthus cells in high concentrations of atrazine even under heterotrophic culture conditions. Atrazine-resistant tobacco cells were also sensitive to high concentrations of atrazine. The inhibition of cell growth by this secondary effect of atrazine was also observed in cultured wheat and rice cells. Atrazine-sensitive Chenopodium cells are relatively more resistant to high concentrations of atrazine. The importance of potential tolerance to the secondary effects of atrazine is discussed with respect to the frequent occurrence of triazine- resistant biotypes in limited plant species.

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Costea, M., S. E. Weaver, and F. J. Tardif. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A. hybridus L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 631–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-183.

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A review of the biological information published after 1980 is provided for three species of the genus Amaranthus: A. retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A. hybridus L. The three species are noxious weeds introduced to Canada from southern North America. Their geographical distribution has remained almost unchanged since the original paper published in 1980. The plants exhibit a high phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability and they easily adapt to a multitude of agrestal and ruderal habitats. The seeds contribute to a persistent seed bank; they exhibit a variable dormancy and polymorph germination as a result of maternal, genetic and environmental factors. Growth is rapid and plants produce a large number of viable seeds. The three species have developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides. They are alternate hosts to many insects, nematodes, viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect cultivated plants. Key words: Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus hybridus, weed biology, ecology, taxonomy, herbicide resistance

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Küçük, Ömer, and Olcay Bozdoğan. "Malatya ili şeker pancarı (Beta vulgaris L.) ekim alanlarında bulunan yabancı ot türlerinin yaygınlık ve yoğunluğunun belirlenmesi." Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 29, no. 3 (October 14, 2024): 925–41. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1519258.

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Bu çalışma Malatya ili şeker pancarı ekim alanlarındaki yabancı otların yaygınlık ve yoğunluklarını belirlemek amacıyla 2020-2021 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. İl genelinde 82 şeker pancarı ekimi yapılan tarlada sürvey yapılmış ve iki yılda toplam 24 familyaya ait 87 farklı türe rastlanmıştır. 2020 yılında en yaygın görülen ilk beş tür; Amaranthus retroflexus L. (%76.19), Salsola ruthenica Iljin (%76.19), Convolvulus arvensis L. (%71.43), Chenopodium album L. (%69.05), Amaranthus albus L. (%61.90) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Genel yoğunluk bakımından A. retroflexus (2.95 adet m-2), Heliotropium europaeum L. (2.75 adet m-2), S. ruthenica (2.27 adet m-2), türleri ‘‘B’’ seviyesinde; C. arvensis (1.88 adet m-2), Agropyron repens L. P. Beauv. (1.46 adet m-2) türleri ‘‘C’’ seviyesinde tespit edilmiştir. 2021 yılı yılında en yaygın görülen ilk beş tür; C. album (%95.00), A. retroflexus (%85.00), C. arvensis (% 82.50), S. ruthenica (% 80.00), ve H. europaeum (%60,00) olarak bulunmuştur. Genel yoğunluk bakımından A. retroflexus (5.06 adet m-2) ‘‘A’’ seviyesinde; C. arvensis (2.44 adet m-2) ‘‘B’’ seviyesinde ve C. album (1.63 adet m-2), A. albus (1.39 adet m-2) ve Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (1.08 adet m-2) türleri ‘‘C’’ seviyesinde saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak; yaygın tür olarak A. retroflexus, S. ruthenica, C. arvensis, C. album, A. albus ve H. europaeum türleri belirlenmiştir. Yoğun tür olarak ise A. retroflexus, H. europaeum, S. ruthenica, C. arvensis, A. repens, A. albus, C. dactylon türleri belirlenmiştir.

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Lipkin, Aleksey, Veronika Anisimova, Aleksandra Nikonorova, Aleksey Babakov, Eberhardt Krause, Mikhael Bienert, Eugene Grishin, and Tsezi Egorov. "An antimicrobial peptide Ar-AMP from amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seeds." Phytochemistry 66, no. 20 (October 2005): 2426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.015.

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Amoli, Jamileh Salar, Parisa Sadighara, Abbas Barin, Azam Yazdani, and Saeed Satari. "Biological screening of Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae)." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 19, no. 2b (June 2009): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-695x2009000400019.

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Wei, LIU, ZHU Li, and SANG Wei-Guo. "POTENTIAL GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS." Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 31, no. 5 (2007): 834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0105.

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Raskin, Ilya, and Elmo M. Beyer. "Role of Ethylene Metabolism in Amaranthus retroflexus." Plant Physiology 90, no. 1 (May 1, 1989): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.90.1.1.

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Casteel, Stan W., Gayle C. Johnson, Margaret A. Miller, Herschel J. Chudomelka, David E. Cupps, Harold E. Haskins, and Harvey S. Gosser. "Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed) poisoning in cattle." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 204, no. 7 (April 1, 1994): 1068–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1994.204.07.1068.

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Bagheri, A., L. Eghbali, and R. Sadrabadi Haghighi. "Seed classification of three species of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) using artificial neural network and canonical discriminant analysis." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 04 (May 2019): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000649.

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AbstractThe current study was conducted in 2013 to identify the seeds of three species of Amaranthus, Amaranthus viridis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Amaranthus albus L., by using the artificial neural network (ANN) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) methods. To begin with, photographs were taken of the seeds and 13 morphological characteristics of each seed extracted as predictor variables. Backward regression was used to find the most influential variables and seven variables were derived. Thus, predictor variables were divided into two sets of 13 and seven morphological characteristics. The results showed that the recognition accuracy of the ANN made using 13 and seven predictor variables was 81.1 and 80.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, recognition accuracy of the CDA using the seven and 13 predictor variables was 74.0 and 75.7%, respectively. Therefore, in comparison to CDA, ANN showed higher identification accuracy; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Identification accuracy for A. retroflexus was higher using the CDA method than ANN, while the ANN method had higher recognition accuracy for A. viridis than CDA. In addition, use of 13 predictor variables yielded a greater identification accuracy than seven. The results of the current study showed that using seed morphological characteristics extracted by computer vision could be effective for reliable identification of the similar seeds of Amaranthus species.

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Tisserat, Brent, and Paul D. Galletta. "In Vitro Flowering in Amaranthus." HortScience 23, no. 1 (February 1988): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.1.210.

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Abstract Shoot tip-derived plantlets of five species of Amaranthus, A. caudatus L. cv. Pan, A. gangeticus L., A. hypochondriacus L., A. retroflexus L., and A. viridis L. flowered in vitro following 8 to 32 weeks in culture. Shoot tips were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and (per liter) 30 g sucrose, 100 mg myo-inositol, 0.4 mg thiamine·HCl, and 8 g agar. Additions of 0.1 mg·liter–1 NAA enhanced inflorescence production but was not necessary for flower induction. Fruits of A. gangeticus and A. retroflexus dehised and their seeds dropped on the surface of agar medium and immediately germinated. In some instances, seeds of A. gangeticus germinated while still attached to the inflorescences. Seedlings derived from sterile flowers could, in turn, give rise to inflorescences. Inflorescences could be detached from flowering plant-lets and grown successfully for several months on basal nutrient medium containing 0.1 mg·liter–1 NAA. Chemical name used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

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Mykhalska, L. M., and V. V. Schwartau. "Identification of acetolactate synthase resistant Amaranthus retroflexus in Ukraine." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 13, no. 3 (June 3, 2022): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022230.

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The problem of weed resistance to herbicides has become very important in the last decade and threatens to dramatically reduce the productivity and profitability of modern crop production. Herbicides – ALS inhibitors dominate among current herbicides and are used annually on large areas of sunflower, wheat, corn, soybean, and rapeseed. Also, in recent years, Clearfield seeds of sunflower, corn, canola, soybean and wheat have been sown in large areas. In recent years, there has been a sharp decrease in Amaranthus retroflexus L. control levels by imidazolinone class herbicides. Thus, the effects of herbicides with different modes of action on the development of A. retroflexus on sunflower after imidazolinone application were investigated in field research. In the conditions of the Cherkasy region of Ukraine, the biotype A. retroflexus was identified, which is resistant to the post-emergence application of herbicides - acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors of the imidazolinone class – imazapyr and imazamox. Weed plants treated with imidazolinone derivatives in the maximum doses registered in Ukraine did not differ from untreated control plants. Also, in the conditions of field experiments, cross resistance of the weed biotype to herbicides – ALS inhibitors of the sulfonylurea class – foramsulfuron and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, thifensulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, nicosulfuron was established; and also, to the triazolinone derivative – thiencarbazone-methyl; to triazolpyrimidine derivatives – florasulam and flumetsulam. Multiple resistance of the A. retroflexus biotype to herbicides of the classes of glycine derivatives – glyphosate, phenoxycarboxylates – 2,4-D, benzoic acid – dicamba has not been established; compositions of dicamba with triketone – topramesone; diphenyl ethers – aclonifen; pyridine carboxylates – clopyralid, picloram and aminopyralid. It was shown for the first time that herbicide compositions with selected nutrients (ammonium pool) can increase the level of effectiveness of controlling resistant weed biotypes. Thus, the addition of ammonium sulfate increases the effectiveness of controlling ALS-resistant A. retroflexus with herbicides – a derivative of benzoic acid (dianate) and a derivative of benzoic acid with a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor (stellar – dicamba + topramesone). Thus, the A. retroflexus biotype resistant to ALS-herbicides of the imidazolinone class was identified for the first time in Ukraine, which is cross-resistant to other ALS-inhibitors of the sulfonylureas, triazolinones, and triazolpyrimidine classes. Multiple resistance of A. retroflexus to herbicides of the classes of glycine derivatives – glyphosate; phenoxycarboxylates – 2,4-D; benzoic acid – dicamba, triketones – topramesone; diphenyl ethers – aclonifen; pyridine carboxylates – clopyralid, picloram and aminopyralid has not been established. The identification of a highly harmful weed species resistant to widely used herbicides – ALS inhibitors in the central part of the "grain belt" of Ukraine requires a significant revision of the principles of crop rotation formation and ways of controlling weeds in the country in order to maintain high levels of profitability and productivity of agrophytocenoses.

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Zhang, Zhanzhan, Yaxin Ban, Jianguo Wei, Qun Wu, Liyao Dong, and Zhike Feng. "Rapid Resistance Detection of Amaranthus retroflexus to Fomesafen via Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP)." Plants 14, no. 4 (February 8, 2025): 515. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040515.

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Amaranthus retroflexus is a highly invasive annual broadleaf weed in soybean fields, significantly reducing soybean yield and quality. Diphenyl ether herbicides, particularly fomesafen, are extensively applied to control A. retroflexus. Fomesafen resistance of A. retroflexus is emerging in Northeast China, and rapid resistance detection is urgent for managing these resistant weeds. An Arg-128-Gly mutation in the ppo2 gene of A. retroflexus has been shown to confer fomesafen resistance. In current study, we developed a rapid detection method based on Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) technology to detect the Arg-128-Gly mutation in the ppo2 gene of A. retroflexus. Initially, we developed this KASP detection method using cDNA as the template; however, the entire process requires significant costs and considerable operational time. To mitigate these expenses and simplify the workflow, we subsequently optimized this KASP rapid detection method by utilizing genomic DNA as the template. This new resistance detection technique directly utilizes A. retroflexus genomic DNA as the template, and, by adding specific labelled primers, probes, and enzymes, it can determine whether the ppo2 gene harbors an Arg-128-Gly mutation, thereby rapidly identifying fomesafen resistance in A. retroflexus. Furthermore, we compared the detection efficiency of the new KASP assay, whole plant dose–response assay, and DNA sequencing, all of which produced consistent outcomes, supporting the accuracy and reliability of the KASP rapid detection method. Collectively, we established a rapid resistance detection method based on KASP technology, which is of high reliability and time-saving, and will significantly advance precise management of resistant weeds.

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Hussain, Mohammad Musarraf. "A Comprehensive Review on the Phytoconstituents from Six Species of the Genus Amaranthus." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v22i1.40083.

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The objective of this review is to consider the phytoconstituents from six species under the genus Amaranthus (A. retroflexus, A. spinosus, A. viridis, A. caudatus, A. hypocondriacus and A. tricolor). A total of sixty five (1-65) phytoconstituents with chemical structures have been reported in this study. A. retroflexus consists of high number of reported phytoconstituents. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 117-124, 2019

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Oseland, Eric, Mandy Bish, Christine Spinka, and Kevin Bradley. "Examination of commercially available bird feed for weed seed contaminants." Invasive Plant Science and Management 13, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2020.2.

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AbstractIn 2016 and 2017, 98 separate commercially available bird feed mixes were examined for the presence of weed seed. All weed seed contaminants were counted and identified by species. Amaranthus species were present in 94 of the 98 bags of bird feed. Amaranthus species present in bird feed mixes included waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.). Amaranthus palmeri was present in 27 of the 98 mixes. Seed of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott], grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus L., syn: Polygonum convolvulus), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and Setaria species were also present in bird feed mixes. A greenhouse assay to determine Amaranthus species seed germinability and resistance to glyphosate revealed that approximately 19% of Amaranthus seed in bird feed mixes are readily germinable, and five mixes contained A. tuberculatus and A. palmeri seed that were resistant to glyphosate. Results from linear regression and t-test analysis indicate that when proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), grain sorghum, and corn (Zea mays L.) were present in feed mixes, Amaranthus seed contamination was increased. The presence of proso millet and grain sorghum also increased contamination of grass weed species, while sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) increased A. artemisiifolia contamination and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) increased contamination of Bassia scoparia.

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IAMONICO, DUILIO. "Amaranthus ×romanus (Amaranthaceae), a new hybrid from Italy." Phytotaxa 295, no. 1 (February 3, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.1.9.

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As part of the studies on Amaranthaceae Juss. (e.g. Iamonico 2014, 2015, Sánchez Del Pino & Iamonico 2016), and the preparation of the new Checklist of the Italian vascular alien Flora (Galasso et al. 2016), I present here a note on an Amaranthus hybrid which was reported for Italy by Cacciato (1966) as “Amaranthus ×galii Sennen & Gonzalo” (Sennen 1929: 34). This name was proposed by Sennen & Gonzalo (l.c.) without a diagnosis, and it is a nomen nudum and invalid under Art. 38.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al. 2012). Furthermore, Sennen & Gonzalo in Sennen (1929: 34) cited Amaranthus patulus Bertoloni (1837: 19) and A. retroflexus Linnaeus (1753: 991) as parental taxa of the new hybrid. According to the current knowledge (see Iamonico 2016), A. patulus is a heterotypic synonym of A. hybridus Linnaeus (1753: 990). Consequently, the hybrid concept of Sennen & Gonzalo refers to A. ×ozanonii (Thellung 1914: 263) Schuster & Goldschmidt in Ascherson & Graebner 1920: 20) (= A. hybridus × A. retroflexus).

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Guimarães, Lara Nascimento, Rodrigo Vieira da Silva, Nathália Nascimento Guimarães, Gabriela Araújo Martin, Ana Paula Gonçalves Ferreira, Tiago Yukio Inoue, Caíke de Sousa Pereira, and Adenilson Henrique Gonçalves. "Behavior of common weeds in the cerrado área of Goiás to a native population of Meloidogyne javanica." REVISTA DELOS 17, no. 61 (November 26, 2024): e2862. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/rdelosv17.n61-161.

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The nematode Meloidogyne javanica usually known as the root-knot nematode causes damage to crop yields. These nematodes have a wide range of hosts, including undesirable plants that allow it to multiply in cultivated areas. In order to evaluate the susceptibility of weeds present in the Cerrado Goiano to M. javanica, the following treatments were defined: control, tomato 'Santa Cruz', Desmodium tortuosum, Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus retroflexus and Emilia sonchifolia; inoculated with M. javanica, with seven replications, totaling 35 experimental units. evaluated with a completely randomized design. According to the NE variable, Emilia sonchifolia behaved as resistant, NE= 3,582; Desmodium tortuosum immune, NE= 0, Ageratum conyzoides and Amaranthus retroflexus were susceptible with number of eggs = 6,720 and 28,512, respectively. Therefore, based on the results in the infested field these weeds can function as multipliers of the nematode. The results obtained highlight the importance of the management of weeds, especially the Ageratum conyzoides and Amaranthus conyzoides in areas already infested with M. javanica.

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Ziska, Lewis H., and James A. Bunce. "Effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration at night on the growth and gas exchange of selected C4 species." Functional Plant Biology 26, no. 1 (1999): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98136.

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Biomass of certain C4 species is increased when plants are grown at elevated CO2 concentrations. Experiments using four C4 species (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Zea mays L.) exposed both day and night from sowing to carbon dioxide concentrations of 370 (ambient) or 700 µmol mol-1 (elevated) or to 370 µmol mol-1 during the day and 700 µmol mol-1 at night, determined whether any biomass increase at elevated CO2 concentrations was related to a reduction in the night-time rate of CO2 efflux at high night-time CO2 concentrations. Of the four species tested, only A. retroflexus significantly increased both CO2 assimilation (+13%) and plant biomass (+21%) at continuous elevated relative to continuous ambient concentrations of CO2. This increase was not associated with improvement in leaf water potential during dark or light periods. In contrast, high CO2 only during the night significantly reduced plant biomass compared to the 24 h ambient CO2 treatment for both A. retroflexus and Z. mays. This indicates that the observed increase in biomass at elevated CO2 for A. retroflexus was not caused by a reduction of carbon loss at night (i.e. increased carbon conservation), but rather a direct stimulation of daytime CO2 assimilation, independent of any improvement in leaf water potential.

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Cerit, Oğuzhan, and Derya Öğüt Yavuz. "Herbisit Uygulamaları Yapılan Amaranthus retroflexus L. Bitkilerinden Elde Edilen Tohumların Çimlenme Özellikleri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i4.833-839.2876.

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Amaranthus retroflexus L. is among the important weeds in sugar beet. The aim of this study was to determine the germination capacities of the seeds obtained from A. retroflexus plants, who survived after the application of chloridazon (C), metamitron (M) and ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil (EPDL) herbicides and some combinations. Parameters of total germination rate (%), normal/abnormal germination rate (%), mean germination time (day) and seed weight (g) were defined. As a result, germination characteristics of A. retroflexus plants exposed to chloridazon + ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil 2, chloridazon + metamitron (post-emergence) and metamitron (pre-emergence) + metamitron (post-emergence) combinations were significantly affected compared to the seeds obtained from the untreated plants. In terms of germination characteristics, the lowest total germination rate (85%) was found in metamitron (pre-emergence) + metamitron (post-emergence) combination.

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DeSousa, Nancy, Jason T. Griffiths, and Clarence J. Swanton. "Predispersal seed predation of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)." Weed Science 51, no. 1 (January 2003): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0060:psporp]2.0.co;2.

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Ibotov, Sh Kh, N. K. Yuldasheva, N. I. Mukarramov, R. P. Zakirova, E. R. Kurbanova, and S. D. Gusakova. "Lipids of Amaranthus retroflexus and their Biological Activity." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 57, no. 4 (July 2021): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-021-03436-5.

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Huang, Zhaofeng, Hongjuan Huang, Jinyi Chen, Jingchao Chen, Shouhui Wei, and Chaoxian Zhang. "Nicosulfuron-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus L. in Northeast China." Crop Protection 122 (August 2019): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.04.024.

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TAAB, Alireza, and Aritz ROYO-ESNAL. "Modelling seedling emergence of Amaranthus retroflexus affected by soil depth." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 21, no. 2 (May 17, 2023): e1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2023212-19814.

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Aim of study: To determine and quantify the effect of seed burial depths on the seedling emergence pattern of Amaranthus retroflexus in field conditions. Area of study: West of Iran (Ilam). Material and methods: The seedling emergence of an A. retroflexus was studied in an outdoor pot experiment, burying the seeds at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 cm in the soil in Ilam (Iran) in two consecutive years, 2010 and 2011. Different models were tested to predict the cumulative seedling emergence, and the log logistic model was found to be the best for this A. retroflexus population. Newly estimated Tb values, slightly different each year, but lower than those of the references, were estimated and set at 2.6 ºC and 0 ºC in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Main results: The seedling emergence in the west of Iran take place over a period from early February to late May. The level of seed dormancy can be reduced during autumn and winter burial in the soil or after a dry storage. Seed dormancy reduction resulted in a lower base temperature for germination/emergence followed by increase of the seedling emergences. Moreover, light in the soil surface and higher fluctuation in temperature at shallower soil depths may stimulate the seed germination and seedling emergence of A. retroflexus. Research highlights: Total emerged seedlings and emergence pattern are affected by soil depth and the level of dormancy. The results obtained in this study can be used to optimize the timings of the weed management activities.

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Guo, Yulian, Yu Wang, Xiangyun Zang, Chan Luo, Chunyan Huang, Keqiang Cong, and Xiaotong Guo. "Transcriptomic analysis of Amaranthus retroflex resistant to PPO-inhibitory herbicides." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 24, 2023): e0288775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288775.

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Amaranthus retroflexus L. is one of the malignant weeds which can cause a reduction in the soybean yield. We found a population of A. retroflexus (R-Q) resistant to fomesafen through the initial screening of whole-plant dose response bioassay in the research. The resistance index of the population (R-Q) was 183 times of the sensitive population (S-N). The resistant and sensitive populations were used as experimental materials in the paper. Strand-specific RNA-Seq analyses of R‒Q and S‒N populations obtained from herbicide-treated and mock-treated leaf samples after treatment were conducted to generate a full-length transcriptome database. We analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the R-Q and S‒N A. retroflexus populations treated with recommended dose and mock-treated on the 1st (24 h) and 3rd (72 h) days to identify genes involved in fomesafen resistance. All 82,287 unigenes were annotated by Blastx search with E-value < 0.00001 from 7 databases. A total of 94,815 DEGs among the three group comparisons were identified. Two nuclear genes encoding PPO (PPX1 and PPX2) and five unigenes belonging to the AP2-EREBP, GRAS, NAC, bHLH and bZIP families exhibited different expression patterns between individuals of S‒N and R-Q populations. The A. retroflexus transcriptome and specific transcription factor families which can respond to fomesafen in resistant and susceptible genotypes were reported in this paper. The PPX1 and PPX2 genes of the target enzyme were identified. The study establishes the foundation for future research and provides opportunities to manage resistant weeds better.

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Solymosi, P., and E. Lehoczki. "Co-Resistance of Atrazine-Resistant Chenopodium and Amaranthus Biotypes to other Photosystem II Inhibiting Herbicides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 44, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1989): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1989-1-220.

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Abstract Biotypes of Amaranthus retroflexus L ., A. hybridus L., A. bouchonii Thell. and Chenopodium album L. insensitive to atrazine were collected from maize monoculture where atrazine had been applied extensively. Atrazine-resistant biotypes of A. retroflexus and A. hybridus showed phenmedipham and lenacil co-resistance and atrazine-resistant biotype of C. album showed fenuron co-resistance. An atrazin-resistant biotype of A. bouchonii with co-resistance to diuron was not resistant to fenuron, lenacil and phenmedipham.

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Mikhailova, Svetlana, Anastasiya Burenina, Svetlana Romanova, and Svetlana Astafurova. "Biological features of Amaranthus blitum L. and A. retroflexus L. invading potato plantings." Acta Biologica Sibirica 8 (December 20, 2022): 781–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7750933.

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The paper addressed the study of some biological features of two weed species of Amaranthus L. – a widespread species A. retroflexus L. confined to Siberia and a rare species Amaranthus blitum L. Plants of different vital status were found in populations of two species invading potato plantations. The paper reports the morphometric parameters of normally developed and small plants of both species. The features of seed germination and the degree of seedling development were revealed. Laboratory experiments were performed to find out the effect of aqueous extracts of the herb Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas on germination and development of seedlings of two Amaranthus species. The root elongation bioassay of Amaranthus blitum seedlings showed a higher phytotoxic effect of the Melilotus officinalis extract compared to Helianthus annuus L. and Helianthus tuberosus L. extracts.

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Sun, Zhonghua, Jianan Cong, Wenli Cao, Guang Yuan, Zhen Meng, Shen Wang, Chunjie Li, and Chunhong Teng. "A205V, D376E, W574L, S653T, and S653N Substitutions in Acetohydroxy Acid Synthase from Amaranthus retroflexus L. Show Different Functional Impacts on Herbicide Resistance." Agronomy 14, no. 9 (September 20, 2024): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092148.

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Amaranthus retroflexus L. is a troublesome dicot weed in crop fields and has developed high resistance to nicosulfuron in China. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of specific resistance mutations (A205V, D376E, W574L, S653T, and S653N) of the acetohydroxy acid synthase enzyme (AHAS) on the resistance of A. retroflexus to nicosulfuron. The resistance mutations in A. retroflexus not only conferred 17.17- to 31.70-fold resistance to nicosulfuron but also greatly decreased AHAS sensitivity and increased AHAS binding affinity to substrate pyruvate, which mechanisms were primarily responsible for the observed A. retroflexus resistance. Molecular docking results indicated that these resistance mutations altered AHAS binding free energy with nicosulfuron. All the resistance mutations showed less sensitivity to feedback inhibition by branched-chain amino acids, but the mutations did not necessarily affect biosynthesis in A. retroflexus. This report to compares the various mutations of ArAHAS in vitro and contributes to understanding herbicide resistance in this field weed.

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Francischini, A. C., J. Constantin, R. S. Oliveira Jr., G. Santos, L. H. M. Franchini, and D. F. Biffe. "Resistance of Amaranthus retroflexus to acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides in Brazil." Planta Daninha 32, no. 2 (June 2014): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582014000200022.

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When in competition with cotton, Amaranthus retroflexus can cause high yield losses. Due to the limited availability of selective herbicides registered for post emergence control of this weed, the same herbicides have been used repeated times over the last few years, which may have selected resistant biotypes. Biotypes of A. retroflexus collected from the main areas of cotton cultivation in Brazil were submitted to dose-response trials, by applying the herbicides trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium in doses equivalent to 0, ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 4 times the recommended rates. Resistance to ALS inhibitors was confirmed in biotypes of A. retroflexus. Biotype MS 2 from Mato Grosso do Sul, was cross-resistant to both trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium, while biotype MS 1 was resistant to trifloxysulfuron-sodium only. Likewise, singular and cross resistance was also confirmed in biotypes from Goiás (GO 3, GO 4 and GO 6), in relation to trifloxysulfuronsodium and pyrithiobac-sodium. One biotype from Mato Grosso (MT 13) was not resistant to any of the ALS inhibitors evaluated in this work.

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Lanta, V., P. Havránek, and V. Ondřej. "Morphometry analysis and seed germination of Amaranthus cruentus, A. retroflexus and their hybrid (A. × turicensis)." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 8 (December 10, 2011): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4138-pse.

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A morphometric study of Amaranthus cruentus, A. retroflexus and their hybrid, A. &times; turicensis based on 75 plant samples (750 inflorescences), collected throughout the Olomouc-Holice area (Czech &nbsp; Republic), is presented. Using multivariete methods (including cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis), the existence of three groupings of plants was proven. The hybrid exhibited intermediate values of the width and length of female tepals, length of awl-shaped bracts, and seed size when compared with parental species. A germination experiment showed that dark seeds of A. &times; turicensis as well as dark seeds of A. retroflexus germinate scarcely and independently on the day length while light seeds of A. cruentus germinate promptly and markedly better under a short day regime. The chromosome analysis showed that A. retroflexus, A. cruentus, and A. &times; turicensis have the same chromosome number 34.

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Sibony, M., and B. Rubin. "The ecological fitness of ALS-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus and multiple-resistant Amaranthus blitoides." Weed Research 43, no. 1 (January 31, 2003): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00315.x.

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Kuluev, B. R., E. V. Mikhaylova, R. M. Taipova, and A. V. Chemeris. "Changes in phenotype of transgenic amaranth Amaranthus retroflexus L., overexpressing ARGOS-LIKE gene." Russian Journal of Genetics 53, no. 1 (January 2017): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795416120061.

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Huang, Zhaofeng, Jinyi Chen, Chaoxian Zhang, Hongjuan Huang, Shouhui Wei, Xinxin Zhou, Jingchao Chen, and Xu Wang. "Target-site basis for resistance to imazethapyr in redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 128 (March 2016): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.10.011.

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BASBAG, Mehmet, Ramazan DEMIREL, and Mustafa AVCI. "Some Quality Traits of Different Wild Plants." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, no. 1 (December 7, 2009): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb213476.

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This research was carried out to determine quality properties of some pasture plant species. In this research, 10 different pasture plant species were used as materials which were collected from Diyarbakir pasture areas of Turkey. At the end of research, quality properties of pasture plants were ranged from lowest to highest for average dry matter 11.5-30.9%, average crude protein 12.6-26.6%, crude ash 5.5-21.2%, acid detergent fiber 22.0-43.0%, neutral detergent fiber 20.5-56.1%, digestible dry matter 55.4-71.8%, dry matter intake 2.1-5.9% and relative feed value 90.2-327.0. Among the pasture plants studied, higher crude protein level than averages of species following plants may have importance, respectively: Centaurea iberica, Sinapsis arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis, Rumex conglomeratus, Crambe orientalis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Polygonum aviculare, Anchusa strigosa and Malva neglecta. For relative feed value has been remarked: Sinapsis arvensis, Rumex conglomeratus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Crambe orientalis, Centaurea iberica and Hypecoum imberbe.

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