Academic literature on the topic 'Amarium 153'

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Penggunaan varietas jahe yang responsif terhadap pemupukan dosis<br />rendah, diharapkan mampu meningkatkan efisiensi pemupukan dan<br />menekan pencemaran lingkungan. Penelitian dengan tujuan untuk<br />mengetahui respon lima aksesi jahe putih kecil terhadap pemupukan dosis<br />rendah telah dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Cimanggu pada bulan<br />Agustus 2009 sampai Mei 2010. Lima aksesi jahe putih kecil dari daerah<br />marginal ditanam dalam polibag dan disusun menggunakan rancangan<br />acak kelompok yang diulang 3 kali. Setiap perlakuan terdiri atas 20<br />tanaman. Dua perlakuan yang diuji secara faktorial adalah, faktor I adalah<br />5 aksesi jahe putih kecil, yaitu (1) Ziof 0004, (2) Ziof 0007, (3) Ziof 0008,<br />(4) Ziof 0013, dan (5) Ziof 0014, dan faktor II adalah dosis pupuk, yaitu<br />(a) 50% dosis anjuran (200 kg/ha urea + 150 kg/ha SP-36 + 150 kg/ha<br />KCl), (b) 75% dosis anjuran (300 kg/ha urea + 225 kg/ha SP-36 + 225<br />kg/ha KCl), dan (c) dosis anjuran (400 kg/ha urea + 300 kg/ha SP-36 +<br />300 kg/ha KCl). Masing-masing perlakuan diberi pupuk kandang sebagai<br />pupuk dasar dengan dosis 20 t/ha. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap<br />parameter pertumbuhan (tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, diameter batang,<br />dan jumlah daun), hasil dan serapan unsur hara N, P, dan K pada umur 4<br />BST dan 9 BST. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing<br />aksesi memberikan respon yang berbeda terhadap penurunan dosis pupuk,<br />baik pada fase pertumbuhan maupun produksi tanaman jahe. Pengurangan<br />dosis pupuk sampai 25% tidak mengurangi produksi jahe, tetapi penurunan<br />dosis pupuk sampai 50% dari dosis rekomendasi menyebabkan penurunan<br />produksi jahe secara nyata. Komposisi unsur hara N, P, dan K yang<br />diserap berbeda pada setiap fase pertumbuhan tanaman.<br />Kata kunci : Aksesi, Zingiber officinale, pemupukan, pertumbuhan,<br />produksi</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Response of five accessions of small white ginger to<br />fertilizers<br />The use of ginger varieties responsive to low fertilization dosages,<br />is expected to increase fertilizer use efficiency and reduce environmental<br />pollution. Research aimed at observing response of five small white ginger<br />accessions of low-dosage fertilization has been conducted in the Cimanggu<br />Experimental Station in from August 2009 through May 2010. Five small<br />white ginger accessions from marginal areas were planted in polybags.<br />The experiment was and arranged using a randomized block design was<br />repeated with 3 times replications. Each treatment consisted of 20 plants.<br />Two treatments were tested factorially, where factor I : 5 small white<br />ginger accessions, namely (1) Ziof 0004, (2) Ziof 0007, (3) Ziof 0008, (4)<br />Ziof 0013, and (5) Ziof 0014, and factor II : 3 fertilization dosages is<br />dosage of fertilizer, namely (a) 50% recommendation dosage (200 kg urea<br />+ 150 kg SP-36 + 150 kg KCl per hectare), (b) 75% recommendation<br />dosage (300 kg urea + 225 kg SP-36 + 225 kg KCl per hectare), and (c)<br />recommendation dosage (400 kg Urea + 300 kg SP-36 + 300 kg KCl per<br />hectare). Each treatment was given 20 t/ha of manure as basal fertilizer.<br />The parameters observed were growth parameters (plant height, number of<br />tillers, stem diameter, and number of leaves), yield and nutrient uptake of<br />N, P, and K at 4 and 9 months after planting (MAP). The results showed<br />that each of the accessions responded differently to the reduction of<br />fertilizer dosages, either in vegetative or generative growth phase of ginger<br />plants. Reduction of fertilizer dosages to 25% did not significantly reduce<br />the yield of ginger, however, fertilizer dosages reduction up to 50% of the<br />recommended dosages led to significant decrease of ginger yield.<br />Compositions of N, P, and K nutrients absorbed by plants were different in<br />every phase of plant growth.<br />Keywords : Accessions, Zingiber officinale, fertilizer, growth, yield</p>

The phytocomponents of the leaf and root extracts of Phyllanthus amarus (Euphorbiaceae) were studied. The constituents of the leaves and roots were identified and quantified by using GC-MS. Result from the phytochemical analyses showed the presence of saponins, tannins, phenolics, anthocyanins, and glycosides in both leaves and root of the plant. Alkaloids and triterpenoids were, however only absent in the root of P. amarus but present in the leaves of the plant. Flavonoids, coumarins and steroids were absent in the leaves but present in the root part. The mean concentration of the phytochemicals investigated in leaves are 0.73±0.01%, 1.85±0.03%, 1.12±0.01%, 1.80±0.01%, 1.59±0.50%, 0.13±0.10%, and 0.86±0.01%, for saponins, tannins, phenolics, anthocyanins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, and glycosides respectively, while the mean concentration of the phytochemicals investigated in roots are 0.91±0.01%, 1.53±0.03%, 0.70±0.01%, 2.97±0.10%, 2.47±0.03%, 0.62±0.01%, 0.90±0.01% and 2.02±0.10% for saponins, tannins, phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, glycosides and coumarins respectively. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis of methanol extracts of the leaves and root of P. amarus revealed the presence of three medicinally important bioactive compounds, which are: 9-Octadecenoic acid which has percentage of abundance of 92.23% and 82.46% in leaves and roots of the plant respectively, followed by n-Hexadecanoic acid and Tetradecanoic acid with their corresponding percentage of abundance of 7.7% and 17.54% for leaves and root. These analytical results suggest the plantto possess a significant role in phyto-medicine. The importance of this plant was discussed in line with the role they play in ethnomedicinal life of the people. Keywords: Phyllanthus amarus; Phytochemicals; GC-MS; methanolic extract; Phytocomponents

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical degradation media associated with brushing on surface roughness (Ra) and Knoop microhardness (KHN) analyses of different composites. Materials and methods Eighty specimens were prepared for each composite: GrandioSO (Voco), Amaris (Voco), Filtek Supreme (3M ESPE), Filtek LS (3M ESPE). The specimens were divided into four groups according to the immersion in chemical degradation media for 7 days: artificial saliva (control), heptane, 0.02 M citric acid, 70% ethanol. The surface of specimens was submitted to 10950 brushing cycles (200 gm load) in an automatic toothbrushing machine with abrasive slurry. Surface roughness and microhardness measurements were obtained at baseline, after immersion in chemical degradation media and after brushing. Data were submitted to three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results The KHN means for composites were: Grandio (153.5 ± 35.9)a, Filtek Supreme (87.0 ± 24.9)b, Amaris (64.5 ± 24.5)c, LS (69.0 ± 15.3)c; for storage media: artificial saliva (97.3 ± 46.7)a, ethanol (93.3 ± 49.9)a, citric acid (95.8 ± 42.1)a, heptane (87.6 ± 36.7)b; and after treatments: after chemical degradation (104.8 ± 49.7)a, baseline (93.8 ± 42.5)b, after brushing (81.9 ± 36.5)c. The Ra results for composites were: LS (0.15 ± 0.25)a, GrandioSO (0.19 ± 0.24)ab, Filtek Supreme (0.20 ± 0.22)ab, Amaris (0.23 ± 0.37)b; for storage media: artificial saliva (0.18 ± 0.31)a, heptane (0.18 ± 0.25)a, ethanol (0.20 ± 0.26)a, citric acid (0.21 ± 0.28)a, and after treatments: brushing (0.11 ± 0.14)a, after chemical degradation (0.23 ± 0.32)b, baseline (0.24 ± 0.32)b. Conclusion Brushing after chemical degradation reduced surface roughness values. In general, chemical degradation did not affect composites roughness, but microhardness was significantly reduced. Heptane produced the biggest reduction in composites microhardness. Clinical relevance The food-simulating solutions and brushing simulating alter the composites properties, and these alterations are material-dependent. How to cite this article Torres CRG, Da Silva TM, Sales ALLS, Pucci CR, Borges AB. Influence of Chemical Degradation and Toothbrushing on Surface of Composites. World J Dent 2015;6(2):65-70.

La ciudad de Lima, desde su fundación (18 de enero de 1535) hasta la actualidad, ha experimentado una gradual transformación tanto en su estructura urbana como en su población. Este proceso, sin embargo, se hizo más rápido y hasta violento a partir de la década del 80 del siglo pasado por surgimiento y acción del Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru y de Sendero Luminoso. La década de la guerra de 1980 a 1990 desplazó poblaciones íntegras del campo a la ciudad, de modo tal que Lima terminó siendo la ciudad serrana más grande del país. Nosotros queremos, en esta oportunidad, referirnos a la composición social de Lima que aparece en las Tradiciones Peruanas de Ricardo Palma.

Watermelon belongs to the genus Citrullus. There have been continuing interests in breeding of watermelon for economic benefits, but information on the scope and utilization of genetic variations in Citrullus is still limited. The present study was conducted in 2012–13, to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of the 1197 line watermelon collection maintained by the Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), which belongs to seven Citrullus species including Citrullus naudinianus, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus rehmii, Citrullus ecirrhosus, Citrullus amarus, Citrullus mucosospermus, and Cirullus lanatus subsp. vulgaris. Twenty-three highly informative microsatellite markers evenly distributed in the watermelon genome were used to assess genetic diversity in this collection. The markers detected on an average of 6.05 alleles per locus with the average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) at 0.49. A high level of gene diversity [Nei’s gene diversity index (Nei) = 0.56] and a low observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.10) were revealed within the collection. Structure analysis grouped the 1197 accessions into two main populations (Pop I and Pop II) and an admixture group. Pop I contained 450 accessions from C. lanatus subsp. vulgaris (446) and C. mucosospermus (4). Pop II comprised 465 accessions, 379 of which belonged to C. lanatus subsp. vulgaris and 86 to C. naudinianus (3), C. ecirrhosus (2), C. rehmii (2), C. colocynthis (11), C. amarus (58), and C. mucosospermus (10). The remaining 282 accessions were classified as an admixture group. The two main populations were further subdivided into four subgroups. The groupings were consistent with the estimation of F statistics (Fst) and Nei’s genetic distances in collections. We confirmed the distinct genetic backgrounds between American and East Asian ecotypes. Subsequently, we defined a core set consisting of 130 accessions including 47 from Pop I, 68 from Pop II, and 15 from the Admixture group. This core set was able to capture all 133 alleles detected by 23 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in 1197 accessions. These results will facilitate efficient use of genetic variations in Citrullus in watermelon breeding and help optimization of accessions in genomewide association studies.

El presente trabajo se realizó en la SAIS Túpac Amaru, localizada en -11.76° latitud sur y longitud -75.73°, sierra central del Perú. La altitud fluctúa entre 3600 a 4800 msnm, con temperaturas que oscilan entre -5°C a 18°C. El objetivo del estudio, fue analizar la prevalencia de la adenomatosis pulmonar ovina, para lo cual se consideró como población a 74,179 ovinos de la raza Junín. El método utilizado fue el análisis de los registros de mortalidad de ovinos en los últimos cuatro años, considerando, clases de ganado, edad y sexo. Se concluye que la enfermedad ha ocasionado una mortalidad de 4,670 ovinos durante el período de cuatro años, es decir el 1.45% de la población en promedio.Los animales adultos, son la mayoría de los casos muertos, existiendo también mortalidad en animales jóvenes, en machos con mayor frecuencia que en hembras. En cuanto a la media de la tasa de prevalencia puntual, se determinó un 1.5 % anual a nivel de la SAIS Túpac Amaru. Habiéndose encontrado la mayor tasa en capones 9.6%, seguido por carneros 4.5 % y borregas 2.2 %; aunque se observó también en animales jóvenes como: corderos 0.1%, borreguillas 0.4 %, carnerillos 1.3 % y caponcillos 1.6 %; lo cual indica que la enfermedad es prevalente en todas las edades y clases.La tasa de prevalencia acumulada va en incremento: 5.8 % (IC 0.05 a 0.06) a nivel de SAIS en cuatro años considerados en el presente estudio. Siendo más preocupante el caso de corderos que también va en incremento 0.6 %. Este hecho constituye un gran problema sanitario muy grave en la explotación ganadera por cuanto merma la producción y afecta directamente la rentabilidad de la empresa, y requiere ser abordada muy seriamente a nivel de política ganadera por parte del estado y todas las universidades.

The development of resistance to some synthetic antimalarial drugs and the spread of counterfeit antimalarial drugs, has become a global problem. It has affected effective malaria treatment, making the development of new drugs exigent. Certain medicinal plants contain potent ingredients such as alkalloids, flavonoids, glycoside and volatile oils, which suppress the spread of plasmodial infections, and are widely used within the tropics for treatment of malaria. This study was designed to investigate the antiplasmodial activities of the combined aqueous extract of Morinda lucida, Phyllantus amarus, Vernonia amygdalina and Newbouldia laevis at variable doses in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK65). Fifty mice were randomized into ten groups which were divided equally for suppressive and curative test. Four days suppressive and 5 days curative test were used to assess the antiplasmodial activities of the extract in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive P. berghei at concentration of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight. Furthermore the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP), urea and creatinin were determined by standard procedural methods to evaluate impact of extracts on hepatic and kidney function. The results of the 4 days suppressive test revealed that the test extract achieved percentage suppression of 9.8%, 58.3% and 60.2% for 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg concentration respectively. The curative test achieved the highest parasitaemia reduction with 800mg/kg (29.5±29.1 x 103) which was comparable to the standard antimalarial drug, chloroquine. There were significant elevation in the values of AST and ALT at 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg respectively suggesting hepatic dysfunction. However, ALP and urea showed no significant different (P>0.05), but creatinin showed significant difference (P<0.05) only at 200mg/kg. This study shows that the combined leaves extract demonstrated antimalarial activities.

Icosapent ethyl (Vascepa) is a purified preparation of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid, which is marketed by Amarin Pharma based in Ireland. The product was initially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the use of a high dose (4 g/day) in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. On the basis of the results of the REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl Intervention Trial), the agency later granted a label extension to include the additional indication of a reduction in risk of cardiovascular events in persons with serum triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dL or greater and established cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Data supporting the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disease have been inconsistent and controversial. The story of the development of icosapent ethyl has been fraught with challenges, including the invalidation of six core patents on the product, and recently, the completion of a new clinical trial, STRENGTH (Long-Term Outcomes Study to Assess STatin Residual Risk Reduction With EpaNova in HiGh CV Risk PatienTs With Hypertriglyceridemia), that directly contradicts REDUCE-IT and calls into question whether icosapent ethyl is actually effective in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. This article traces the course of the development of this fascinating product and discusses its complex medical, regulatory and legal history, which is still continuing to unfold.

<p><span lang="EN-US">Herein, we report the successful surgical treatment of the case of a 13-year-old patient with combined pulmonary artery stenosis, critical stenosis of the xenopericardial conduit and aortic valve insufficiency after two </span><span lang="EN-GB">previous </span><span lang="EN-US">operations </span><span lang="EN-GB">(</span><span lang="EN-US">radical correction of the common arterial trunk during the neonatal period and replacement of the right ventricular excretory tract conduit with branch plasty </span><span lang="EN-GB">at three years of age). </span><span lang="EN-US">According to echocardiography, the peak pressure gradient across the conduit was 110 mmHg, along with aortic valve regurgitation of the third degree. According to </span><span lang="EN-GB">computerised tomography </span><span lang="EN-US">angiography, there was narrowing of the right pulmonary artery up to 3 mm distally along with total calcification of the conduit and branches of the pulmonary artery with an intimate fit to the chest wall. </span><span lang="EN-US">The </span><span lang="EN-US">trunk of </span><span lang="EN-US">the </span><span lang="EN-US">pulmonary artery </span><span lang="EN-US">was replaced </span><span lang="EN-US">with a </span><span lang="EN-US">valve-</span><span lang="EN-US">containing </span><span lang="EN-US">conduit <span lang="EN-US">CARBOMEDICS СARBO-SEAL</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> No.25 (LivaNova PLC, London, United Kingdom); </span><span lang="EN-US">right </span><span lang="EN-US">pulmonary artery plasty was performed with a </span><span lang="EN-US">xenopericardial</span><span lang="EN-US"> patch</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span lang="EN-US"> aortic valve was </span><span lang="EN-US">replaced </span><span lang="EN-US">with <span lang="EN-US">CARBOMEDICS СARBO-SEAL</span> No.23 (LivaNova PLC, London, United Kingdom), a mechanical prosthesis, and </span><span lang="EN-US">supracoronary prosthetics were used for</span><span lang="EN-US"> the ascending aorta. </span><span lang="EN-GB">The duration of </span><span lang="EN-US">cardiopulmonary bypass</span><span lang="EN-GB">was </span><span lang="EN-US">309 minutes, </span><span lang="EN-US">cross-clamp</span><span lang="EN-GB">was </span><span lang="EN-US">142 minutes and circulatory arrest </span><span lang="EN-GB">was </span><span lang="EN-US">49 minutes, with </span><span lang="EN-US">26°C hypothermia</span><span lang="EN-US">. Extubation </span><span lang="EN-GB">was performed </span><span lang="EN-US">10 hours after </span><span lang="EN-GB">surgery, and he spent 3 days </span><span lang="EN-US">in intensive care. The duration of </span><span lang="EN-GB">hospitalisation was </span><span lang="EN-US">26 days. </span><span lang="EN-GB">He was examined </span><span lang="EN-US">after </span><span lang="EN-GB">6 months, and there were no </span><span lang="EN-US">complaints. </span><span lang="EN-GB">The presented clinical case shows that implantation of a mechanical prosthesis is justified with repeated reoperations on the outflow tract of the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, and it may be the surgery of choice.</span></p><p>Received 3 September 2020. Revised 1 October 2020. Accepted 5 October 2020.</p><p><strong>Funding:</strong> The study did not have sponsorship.</p><p><strong>Conflict of interest:</strong> Authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><strong>Author contributions</strong><br />Drafting the article: S.A. Belash, M.M. Amari<br />Literature review: S.A. Belash, M.M. Amari<br />Illustrations: S.S. Shevchenko, A.K. Shadrin<br />Critical revision of the article: K.O. Barbukhatti, S.A. Belash, N.B. Karakhalis, V.A. Porkhanov<br />Final approval of the version to be published: K.O. Barbukhatti, S.A. Belash, S.S. Shevchenko, M.M. Amari, N.B. Karakhalis, A.K. Shadrin, V.A. Porkhanov</p>

Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari rekam medik RS Jala Amari Makassar, pada tahun 2016 jumlah ibu hamil sebanyak 274 dengan kejadian Hyperemesis gravidarum sebanyak 51, pada tahun 2017 sebanyak 280 dengan kejadian Hyperemesis gravidarum sebanyak 67, pada tahun 2018 sebanyak 296 dengan kejadian Hyperemesis gravidarum sebanyak 79, dan pada bulan Januari sampai Mei tahun 2019 sebanyak 143 ibu hamil dengan kejadian Hyperemesis gravidarum sebanyak 22 kejadian. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pekerjaan, gestasi, usia ibu dan paritas ibu terhadap kejadian hyperemesis gravidarum di RS AL Jala Ammari Makassar Tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian dengan menggunakan pendekatan Cross Sectional Study untuk mengetahui factor berhubungan terhadap kejadian hyperemesis gravidarum Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ibu hamil pada bulan Januari sampai Mei 2019 di RS AL Jala Ammari Makassar sebanyak 143 orang, Dari hasil uji statistic dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square (Fisher’s Exact Test) diperoleh untuk variabel pekerjaan ibu diperoleh nilai p (0,90) < ɑ (0,05), artinya tidak ada hubungan antara pekerjaan ibu dengan kejadian hyperemesis gravidarum , variabel gestasi diperoleh nilaip p (0,65) <ɑ (0,05), artinya tidak ada hubungan antara gestasi dengan hyperemesis gravidarum , variabel usia ibu diperoleh nilai p (0,004) <ɑ (0,05), artinya ada hubungan antara usia ibu dengan kejadian hyperemesis gravidarum , dan untuk variabel paritas diperoleh nilai p (0,982) >ɑ (0,05),artinya tidak ada hubungan paritas dengan kejadian hyperemesis gravidarum. Kesimpulan dari variabel pekerjaan, gestasi dan paritas yaitu tidak ada hubungan dengan kejadian hyperemesis gravidarum di RS AL Jala Ammari Makassar dan variabel usia ibu ada hubungan dengan kejadian hyperemesis gravidarum sehingga diharapkan kepada ibu hamil rutin untuk memeriksakan kehamilannya demi mencegah secara dini terjadinya hyperemesis gravidarum serta bagi peneliti berikutnya mmencari variable lain yang diduga menjadi penyebab terjadinya hyperemesis gravidarum.

Neste estudo, foi determinado o dano celular em linfócitos periféricos após exposição ao 153Sm-EDTMP (Samário-153 etilenodiaminotetrametilenofosfonato) por meio da técnica de análise de micronúcleos e coloração diferencial. O 153Sm-EDTMP é um radiofármaco utilizado para alívio da dor em pacientes com metástase óssea. A análise da freqüência de micronúcleos em amostras sangüíneas de pacientes obtidas uma hora após a administração endovenosa do radiofármaco (41 MBq/kg) mostrou que não houve diferença estatística em relação aos valores basais em células binucleadas. Porém, a análise da distribuição do dano em células mononucleadas mostrou que os pacientes sem tratamento radioterápico prévio apresentaram um aumento significativo na freqüência de células com um micronúcleo e aqueles com tratamento radioterápico prévio, nas células com dois ou mais micronúcleos. Os experimentos in vitro realizados com exposição de sangue total a três concentrações radioativas de 153Sm-EDTMP (0,370; 0,555 e 1,110 MBq/mL) por uma hora mostraram um aumento na freqüência de micronúcleos e de células necróticas e apoptóticas com o aumento da dose de radiação. Foram construídas curvas dose-resposta para os indivíduos sadios e para os pacientes com metástases óssea sem prévio tratamento radioterápico. A comparação das curvas mostrou que os pacientes apresentaram uma radiossensibilidade mais alta que os indivíduos sadios tanto quanto a porcentagem de células com micronúcleos como de células mortas (necróticas e apoptóticas).
In this study the cellular damage in peripheral lymphocytes after exposure to 153Sm-EDTMP (Samarium-153 ethylenediaminetetrametylenephosphonate) was determined using the technique of micronuclei analysis and differential coloration. 153Sm- EDTMP is a radiopharmaceutical used for pain relief in patients with bone metastases. The analysis of the frequency of micronuclei in patient blood samples obtained one hour after endovenous administration of radiopharmaceutical (41 MBq/kg) showed no statistical difference in relation to basal values in binucleated cells. However the analysis of damage distribution in mononucleated cells, showed that the patients without previous radiotherapic treatment presented a significant increase in the frequency of cells with one micronucleus and in those who had taken previous radiotherapic treatment, in cells with two or more micronuclei. The in vitro experiments conducted with the exposition of total blood to three radiation concentrations of 153Sm-EDTMP (0.370, 0.555 and 1.110 MBq/mL) during one hour showed an increase in the frequency of micronuclei and necrotic and apoptotic cells with increasing radiation dose. Dose-response curves for healthy donors and patients with bone metastasis without previous radiotherapic treatment were constructed. The comparison of the curves showed that patients presented higher radiosensitivity, either micronuclei or dead cell (necrotic or apoptotic) percentages, than healthy donors.

Peru’s Zona de Vilcabamba was the scene of the post-Conquest 35-year struggle by the Inca to remain free of Spanish domination, and the base from which they fought to regain their empire. This chapter discusses that conflict and the physical and historical setting in which it occurred, including Pachacuti’s 1440 conquest of the region, his royal estate at Vitcos, Manco Inca’s retreat there from Spanish pursuit in 1537, and his withdrawal to Vilcabamba, in the jungles of Espíritu Pampa in 1539. Also discussed are the burning of the sun temple at Ñusta Ispanan in 1570, the death of Titu Cusi and martyrdom of Padre Diego Ortiz in 1571, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo’s conquest of the province, and the capture and execution of Tupac Amaru Inca in 1572. Finally, the modern explorations of Hiram Bingham, Gene Savoy, and the Lees and the scholarly work of John Hemming are noted.