Journal articles: 'Amarna Letters'

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Westbrook, Raymond, and Amarna. "Babylonian Diplomacy in the Amarna Letters." Journal of the American Oriental Society 120, no. 3 (July 2000): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/606009.

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Emanuel, Jeffrey P. "Sea Raiders in the Amarna Letters?" Altorientalische Forschungen 47, no. 1 (August 5, 2020): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0002.

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AbstractThe Amarna corpus contains several references to maritime conflict and related activities in the 14th century BCE, including blockades, the movement of troops, the capturing of ships at sea, and seaborne evacuation. While most of these are encountered in the context of conflicts between Levantine polities, there are clear references to what might on the one hand be called piracy, but on the other hand either acts of naval warfare or naval elements of a larger war effort, on both land and sea. This paper considers the martial maritime activities discussed in the Amarna letters, with particular emphasis on two uniquely controversial groups mentioned in this corpus in the context of maritime violence: the ‘ships of the men of the city of Arwad’ and the ‘miši-men.’ While the men of Arwad are identified with a polity on the Phoenician coast, they are referred to only by this collective term, even when mentioned in lists that otherwise contain only rulers. The miši, on the other hand, are not associated with any specific name or toponym. The purpose of this study is to identify just what can be determined about the roles and affiliations of these two groups in their Amarna context in this period.

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Freire, Lucas G., and Rodrigo Corrêa Teixeira. "The Amarna Letters: relations between polities in the ancient world." Estudos internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 6, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2018v6n2p5-8.

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Aissaoui, Alex. "The Amarna Diplomacy in IR Perspective – A System of States in the Making." Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 6, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2018v6n2p9.

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The Amarna diplomacy (ca. 1365–1330 BCE) has been of interest for specialists ever since the discovery of the Amarna letter collection in the late 19th century. While it can be considered as one of the great archaeolo-gical discoveries of all time, it has largely remained out of academic purview in the field of International Relations (IR). IR scholarship continues to turn to the Greco-Roman experience in its attempt to delineate the chronological framework of the discipline. Far from being an anecdote in international history, this article aims to analyze what the letters convey for a student of world politics. What comes out of these missives through textual analysis of the primary sources is not only the various demands, wishes and security concerns of the actors involved but also classical IR themes such as power balancing, security dilemma and international anarchy. While there are question marks and lacunas, this paper asserts that the ancient Near Eastern world constituted an international arena where we see the makings of a genuine system of states more than a millennium before the writings of Thucydides. The Amarna letters, although incomplete, are a gateway to gain deeper synergy between IR theory and international history.

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Muntingh, Lukas M. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE AMARNA LETTERS TOWARDS A STUDY OF SYRO-PALESTINIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE (1). TERMINOLOGY FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS." Journal for Semitics 25, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 788–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2557.

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Egyptian domination under the 18th and 19th Dynasties deeply influenced political and social life in Syria and Palestine. The correspondence between Egypt and her vassals in Syria and Palestine in the Amarna age, first half of the fourteenth century B.C., preserved for us in the Amarna letters, written in cuneiform on clay tablets discovered in 1887, offer several terms that can shed light on the social structure during the Late Bronze Age. In the social stratification of Syria and Palestine under Egyptian rule according to the Amarna letters, three classes are discernible:1) government officials and military personnel, 2) free people, and 3) half-free people and slaves. In this study, I shall limit myself to the first, the upper class. This article deals with terminology for government officials.

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Mynářová, J. "Expressions of Dates and Time in the Amarna Letters." Ägypten und Levante 21 (2013): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/aeundl21s123.

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Naaman, Nadav. "David’s Sojourn in Keilah in Light of the Amarna Letters." Vetus Testamentum 60, no. 1 (2010): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004249310x12585232748145.

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AbstractThe article examines the story of David’s sojourn in Keilah (1 Sam. 23:1-13) in light of the episode of the sojourn of a band of ‘Apiru in the same city in the Amarna period. The biblical story is analyzed in the first part of the article, and is followed by a reconstruction of the 14th century BCE historical episode on the basis of some Amarna letters. The remarkable accord between the biblical and extra-biblical descriptions with regard to location and social conditions opens the way to a better understanding of both. The pro-Davidic character of the biblical story is evident from what the narrator includes in his story, as much as by what he left out. The extra-biblical source is the key to filling in the missing details that the narrator deliberately left out of his story.

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Van der Westhuizen, J. P. "WORD ORDER VARIATION OF THE VERBAL SENTENCE IN A JERUSALEM-AMARNALETTER, EA 290." Journal for Semitics 25, no. 1 (May 9, 2017): 284–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2539.

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The reason for the correspondence between the vassals of Syria-Palestine and their sovereign, the pharaoh of Egypt, is instigated by the external and internal turmoil in Syria-Palestine during the Late Bronze Age.These letters were written in theWestern Peripheral Akkadian dialect (WPA) with some West Semitic (WS) trends, by the scribes of the vassals in Israel andthe scribes of the pharaoh. One such trend is the word order, and variations from it, in the verbal sentences.This variation in wordorder was to effect some special emphasis or some nuance of the appropriate element in the specific sentence. Thevariation inword-order was brought about by certain (emphasising) words such as anuma, šanita, inuma and amurmi and/or constructions such assubject fronting or object fronting, parallel sentence arrangement and chiastic sentence arrangement.However, even this word order and the variation thereof shows no consistency.The investigation of the word order and its variation functioning in the verbal sentences of the Jerusalem-Amarna letters as in EA 285-290 to the pharaoh shows that these Amarna letters —even those with similar content as in the other letters to the pharaoh —must have been written by the different scribes of the vassals. This leads to the conclusion that each scribe had his own version of an “interlanguage” that he used in his correspondence.

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기동연. "A Reconsideration of the Habiru in the El Amarna Letters." Korean Journal of Old Testament Studies 21, no. 4 (December 2015): 232–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24333/jkots.2015.21.4.232.

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10

Cohen, Raymond. "On diplomacy in the ancient near east: The Amarna letters." Diplomacy & Statecraft 7, no. 2 (July 1996): 245–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592299608406003.

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Notarius, Tania. "Krzysztof J. Baranowski, The Verb in the Amarna Letters from Canaan." Journal of Semitic Studies 64, no. 1 (2019): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgy044.

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Harpine, William D. "Epideictic and Ethos in the Amarna Letters: The Witholding of Argument." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773949809391113.

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Kaefer, José Ademar. "A RESISTÊNCIA POLÍTICA PRÓ-EGITO EM CANAÃ NO PERÍODO DE AMARNA." Perspectiva Teológica 50, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20911/21768757v50n1p93-109/2018.

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RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a resistência política organizada pelas cidades-Estado pró-Egito frente ao avanço da revolta siquemita em Canaã durante o período das cartas de Amarna. De início, a revolta liderada por Lab’ayu, governante de Siquém, era vista apenas como um movimento isolado de mais um grupo rebelde da montanha. Mas, quando a rebelião se estendeu e teve a adesão de outras cidades-Estado e, principalmente, quando ameaçou tomar o Vale de Jezreel, celeiro de Canaã, o Egito se obrigou a entrar em ação e a organizar seus vassalos que ainda lhe eram fiéis. O estudo será feito através da análise das cartas enviadas ao Egito pelos governantes de Hazor (EA 227 e 228), de Gath-Padalla ou Rehov (EA 249 e 250) e de Jerusalém (EA 285-290) encontradas em Tell el-Amarna.ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to present the political resistance organized by the pro-Egypt city-states in face of the advance of the Shechemite rebellion in Canaan during the Amarna letters period. On the beginning the revolt led by Lab’ayu, ruler of Shechem, was seen as an isolated movement of another mountain rebel group. But when the rebellion spread out and joined others city-states, and especially when it threatened to take over the Jezreel Valley, Egypt was forced to organize its vassals who were still loyal to it. The study will be done by analyzing the letters sent to Egypt by the rulers of Hazor (EA 227 and 228), Gath-Padalla or Rehov (EA 249 and 250) and Jerusalem (EA 285-290) found in Tell el-Amarna.

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Kaefer, José Ademar. "A RESISTÊNCIA POLÍTICA PRÓ-EGITO EM CANAÃ NO PERÍODO DE AMARNA." Perspectiva Teológica 50, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20911/21768757v50n1p93/2018.

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RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a resistência política organizada pelas cidades-Estado pró-Egito frente ao avanço da revolta siquemita em Canaã durante o período das cartas de Amarna. De início, a revolta liderada por Lab’ayu, governante de Siquém, era vista apenas como um movimento isolado de mais um grupo rebelde da montanha. Mas, quando a rebelião se estendeu e teve a adesão de outras cidades-Estado e, principalmente, quando ameaçou tomar o Vale de Jezreel, celeiro de Canaã, o Egito se obrigou a entrar em ação e a organizar seus vassalos que ainda lhe eram fiéis. O estudo será feito através da análise das cartas enviadas ao Egito pelos governantes de Hazor (EA 227 e 228), de Gath-Padalla ou Rehov (EA 249 e 250) e de Jerusalém (EA 285-290) encontradas em Tell el-Amarna.ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to present the political resistance organized by the pro-Egypt city-states in face of the advance of the Shechemite rebellion in Canaan during the Amarna letters period. On the beginning the revolt led by Lab’ayu, ruler of Shechem, was seen as an isolated movement of another mountain rebel group. But when the rebellion spread out and joined others city-states, and especially when it threatened to take over the Jezreel Valley, Egypt was forced to organize its vassals who were still loyal to it. The study will be done by analyzing the letters sent to Egypt by the rulers of Hazor (EA 227 and 228), Gath-Padalla or Rehov (EA 249 and 250) and Jerusalem (EA 285-290) found in Tell el-Amarna.

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15

Scoville, Priscila. "The ancient Near East in contact: an introduction to the Egypt-Mitanni affairs in the Amarna Letters." Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 6, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2018v6n2p65.

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Os primeiros tabletes das Cartas de Amarna foram encontrados em 1887, e, com eles, uma nova percepção sobre a antiguidade também apareceu. Essas correspondências nos revelaram uma ligação de forma sistemática entre os povos do Antigo Oriente Próximo, assim, mais do que nunca, a ideia de um mundo antigo isolado deve ser questionada. Leis e convenções estabeleceram os parâmetros das relações entre Egito e Oriente Próximo. Entretanto, existem diferenças entre a teoria e a prática. Apesar de algumas regras serem acordadas, os reis constantemente tentavam conseguir acordos melhores e usam argumentos políticos, que serviam como arcabouços retóricos, para isso. Neste trabalho, veremos o caso de Egito e Mitani, com os reis Amenhotep III e Akhenaton, do Egito, e Tushratta, de Mitani. Para entendermos como esse relacionamento foi feito, esse trabalho cobre, brevemente, o contexto histórico das cartas e apresenta alguns textos do conjunto de Amarna. Com isso em mente, pretendemos demonstrar como esses argumentos provavelmente funcionavam e as razões que poderiam explicar as coisas que foram ditas nas cartas.

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Tryl, Fabian. "Abdi-Hepa i jego stolica. Jerozolima w okresie późnego brązu." Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny 60, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.21906/rbl.369.

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The history of Jerusalem is long and unclear. There are many doubts considering the city’s history before it was conquered by the Israelites. The only written source of information about it is the set of famed letters from Tell el-Amarna, six of which were written by Abdi-Hepa, the prince of Jerusalem. There is no detailed information about Abdi-Hepa available. However, his letters present him as an energetic politician. His actions made Jerusalem powerful in middle Canaan, and the neighboring countries accused him of hostility and attempts to take control over them. Unfortunately, archeological research does not confirm this theory. The findings show a relatively small town and no remains which could suggest the real size of the town were found. It gave rise to much controversy over the issue.

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Santos, João Batista Ribeiro, and José Ademar Kaefer. "Presentation of the Dossier." Caminhando 23, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-3828/caminhando.v23n1p11-14.

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The journal Caminhando, presents in this issue 23, number 1, a very important contribution to the study of artifactual sources and monumental inscriptions. This is the Dossier The El-‘Amarna Correspondence, composed of a set of so-called Letters from the site of Tell el-Amarna, a precious library of diplomatic correspondence from the ancient Near East, exchanged between the Pharaohs Amenhotep III (1390–1352) and Amenhotep IV, Akenaton (1352–1336), and the great kingdoms of the time, such as Babylon, Assyria and Mitanni, as well as between these pharaohs and the rulers of city-state of the Levant in the XIV century before our Age. In the collection are the researches produced and presented in the Postgraduate Program in Religion Sciences of the Methodist University of São Paulo (Umesp), they are part of the 2017 project of the Research Group “Archeology of the Ancient Near East”, registered in the CNPq under No. 4338921870858325 and coordinated by Prof. Dr. José Ademar Kaefer. The Dossier with the result of these researches was organized by professors João Batista Ribeiro Santos and José Ademar Kaefer.

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Pfoh, Emanuel. "Some Remarks on Patronage in Syria-Palestine During the Late Bronze Age." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 52, no. 3 (2009): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852009x458197.

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AbstractFollowing the discussion presented in an article by R. Westbrook on patronage in the ancient Near East (JESHO 48/2, 2005), the aim of this paper is to continue with the discussion as well as to address some of the views on the topic regarding Syria-Palestine during the Late Bronze Age, using examples from the Amarna letters and Hittite treaties. Some of the critical questions that should be addressed in further discussions on the subject are related to the socio-political nature of patronage and its relationship to kinship ties in society, and why and how patronage relationships are established in society. Après l'étude du R. Westbrook sur l'évidence du patronage dans le Proche-Orient ancien, publié dans ce journal (JESHO 48/2, 2005), on veut continuer avec la discussion du thème mais donner aussi quelques révisions pour la Syrie-Palestine du l'âge du Bronce Récent à partir de exemples dans les lettres d'Amarna et les traités hittites. Questions fondamentales qu'on doit traiter sont: la nature socio-politique du patronage et son rapport avec la parenté dans la société; et pourquoi et comment les liens de patronage sont établis dans la société.

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Morris, Ellen F. "Bowing and Scraping in the Ancient Near East: An Investigation into Obsequiousness in the Amarna Letters." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65, no. 3 (July 2006): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/508575.

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Benz, Brendon C. "The destruction of Hazor: Israelite history and the construction of history in Israel." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 44, no. 2 (December 2019): 262–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309089217702886.

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The present study presents an alternative model of pre-monarchic Israel’s political organization in tandem with an investigation into the role of place in the preservation of memory that explains how and why the tradition of Hazor’s demise was included in the Bible. Corresponding to the type of decentralized political organization attested in the Amarna letters, the core narratives in Judges depict Israel as a confederation of independent entities whose concerns revolved around local affairs. As the identity of Israel evolved over time, the memories of the most significant of these affairs were retained, often with the aid of material remains in the familiar landscape. The apparent injunction against building over Hazor’s 13th century palace ruins during Israel’s subsequent occupation and the inclusion of Hazor’s destruction from competing perspectives in the Bible suggest that it was an important event in Israel’s history, even if the entirety of Israel was not involved.

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Naʾaman, Nadav. "The Contribution of the Amarna Letters to the Debate on Jerusalem's Political Position in the Tenth Century B. C. E." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 304 (November 1996): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357438.

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Muntingh, Lukas M. "The Contribution of the Amarna Letters towards a Study of Syro-Palestinian Social Structure (2). Terminology for Military Personnel and Diplomats." Journal for Semitics 26, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 412–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/3124.

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Adams, Russell. "Inscribed in Clay: Provenance Studies of the Amarna Letters and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Yuval Goren, Israel Finkelstein, and Nadav Naʾaman." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 351 (August 2008): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/basor25609288.

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Breier, Idan. "‘The king, my lord, wrote me in a tablet: “…” ’ (EA 149:54 – 55): direct citation and communication in the syro-canaanite el-amarna letters." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 71, no. 4 (December 2018): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2018.71.4.6.

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Hasiana, Isabella. "PENGARUH PERMAINAN KARTU HURUF TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA ANAK KELOMPOK A DI TK AMANDA CIPTA MENANGGAL SURABAYA." Incrementapedia: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini 3, no. 01 (June 30, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/incrementapedia.vol3.no01.a3851.

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This research is motivated by the lack of use of letter cards in learning in kindergarten, in this case to develop children's reading skills, it is very necessary to have interesting learning such as letter card games, because by using letter card games develop the ability of the right brain, can recognize letters easily, with letter cards children can learn while playing, so that children are not easily bored and bored, children in kindergarten Amanda are less developed reading skills because of that many children can not read, develop abilities reading children can help children in preparing themselves to enter elementary school, this can make it easier for children to read because children already know the basics. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an effect of the game of letter cards on the reading ability of group A children at TK Amanda Cipta Menanggal Surabaya. The method in this study is a quantitative research method using the type of Pre-Experiential Design in the form of One Group Protest-Postest Design. This quantitative research has 3 stages: pretest, treatment treatment and posttest. Data collection used is observation and documentation. The results of the study were that there was no effect of letter card games on the reading ability of group A children in Amanda Cipta Menanggal Kindergarten, this was evidenced from the pre-test and post-test data obtained using SPSS v.20 which showed that the sig value obtained was 0,21<0.05, then Ho is automatically accepted Ha is rejected.

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Postgate, J. N., W. L. Moran, and El-Amarna. "Les lettres d'El-Amarna. Correspondance diplomatique du pharaon." Vetus Testamentum 40, no. 2 (April 1990): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1519022.

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Baranowski, Krzysztof J. "The Biblical Hebrew “Store Cities” and an Amarna Gloss." Vetus Testamentum 67, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341287.

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Abstract The word מסכנות used in the phrase ערי מסכנות “store cities” is commonly considered a loanword from the Neo-Assyrian word maškattu, “account, deposit, storehouse.” The current loan hypothesis does not account for the difficulties of the Akkadian evidence and does not take into consideration a gloss in Amarna letter no. 306. This gloss shows that the Canaanite scribes of the Late Bronze Age were familiar with the Akkadian plural form maškanātu and used it with the meaning “granaries, storage areas.” This technical term was borrowed into a Canaanite dialect and was subsequently transmitted to Biblical Hebrew as מסכנות.

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Abrahami, Philippe. "Les lettres de la correspondance d’El-Amarna expédiées depuis l’Oronte." Syria, no. IV (December 1, 2016): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.5034.

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Boron, Oleksandr. "Shevchenko’s Letter to Unknown Woman: Issue of Addressee." Слово і Час, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2019.10.59-68.

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The author of the article analyzed the arguments of other researchers and finally disproved the version that Shevchenko’s “letter to unknown woman” could be addressed to Lykera Polusmak. He also offers a few clarifications in the comments to this and several other related letters. The Russian language is the main and indisputable argument against addressing the letter to Lykera, despite the fact that, although badly, she could read in Russian and was even able to write a few words with great difficulty. The author suggests publishing several Shevchenko’s household notes, contained on the pages of Lykera’s notebook, in the new “Complete Works”. The version of the researchers who compiled Shevchenko’s “Complete Works” in 10 volumes that the letter was intended for Anna Sharikova has been recognized as inconsistent. The published archival materials, previously unavailable to the general public, do not give ground to speak even about Shevchenko’s acquaintance with A. Sharikova. Her petitions to various authorities are full of fantastic allegations, none of which was confirmed. According to the documents, officials were inclined to consider her insane. Having offered Lykera to marry on July 27 1860, and having obtained her prior consent on the 28th (subject to the absence of a denial from her former master M. Makarov), Shevchenko on the same day, i.e. July 28, wrote a letter to a person associated with him, obviously being in intimate relationship, which had to be completely broken off. The author substantiated the hypothesis that an unfinished note was addressed to Amalia Kloberg, which was a seller at F. Avanzo’s art store in St. Petersburg. He also supposes that A. Kloberg could be a model for several Shevchenko’s drawings. At the same time, it is probable that the note was intended for the person still unknown to us, therefore the previous decision of the researchers compiling academic editions of Shevchenko’s works remains valid: to print the text as a letter to the unknown.

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Defaye, Pascal, Didier Klug, Frédéric Anselme, Nicolas Sadoul, Laurent Fauchier, and Serge Boveda. "Answer to the letter of Walid Amara et al." Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases 111, no. 4 (April 2018): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2018.01.006.

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Chibnik, Michael. "Decision Letters." American Anthropologist 117, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12290.

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Giunta, Mary A., Jeffrey C. Lowe, and Sam Hodges. "Letters to Amanda: The Civil War Letters of Marion Hill Fitzpatrick, Army of Northern Virginia." Journal of Southern History 66, no. 2 (May 2000): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2587697.

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Lambert, W. G. "Ištar of Nineveh." Iraq 66 (2004): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900001595.

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Ištar of Nineveh at first glance presents a dilemma for the researcher. While she was a most important goddess, patron of a major town in north Mesopotamia, very little is known about her. As to her importance, in Hurrian religion Teššub and Ša'uška of Nineveh were heads of the pantheon. Here she is given her Hurrian name, Ša'uška. Thus the Mitanni king Tušratta in the Amarna letter no. 23, to Amenophis III, writes that Ša'uška of Nineveh, lady of all the lands (dMÙŠ šauruni-i-na nin kur-kur gáb-bi-i-ši-na-ma), wanted to travel to Egypt and to return. She is further called “lady of heaven” (nin ša-me-e) and “our lady” (nin-ne). Amarna letter no. 24, from the same Mitanni king to the same Pharaoh, refers to Ša'uška of Nineveh as “my goddess” (uruni-i-nu-a-a-we dša-uš-ka-a-wa de-en-ni-iw-wu-ú-a: VS XII 200 iii 98). One might conclude that “lady of heaven” alludes to her as Venus in the sky, but it might also mean the abode of the good gods without any astral allusion. It has been alleged that her wish to travel to Egypt was in the capacity of a goddess of healing, to cure the Pharaoh of his malady, but this is mere speculation. The letter gives no hint of this.This brief international affair illustrates the problems excellently. There is a mass of cuneiform material bearing on the Sumerian Inanna and her Babylono-Assyrian counterpart Ištar, especially hymns and prayers. From them one can extract her major attributes — sexuality and war — and her astral presence in the planet Venus. The occurrence of related gods in other ancient Near Eastern regions — Aštart and Anat in Syria, Aṯtar in Arabia — suggests that the origins of the cult go back perhaps to neolithic time or even earlier, and the certain relationship with the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus attests to the power of this cult, however one explains the connection. However, in each Mesopotamian well-established centre of this cult one can assume that local customs and traditions will have added something to the basic “theology” we extract from our general knowledge of the goddess. For Ištar of Nineveh the episode of Tušratta may or may not allude to her star Venus, but otherwise it is totally uninformative about her “theology”. And that is typical for most of the other dated and precisely located evidence.

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Bohannon, Keith S. "Letters to Amanda: The Civil War Letters of Marion Hill Fitzpatrick, Army of Northern Virginia (review)." Civil War History 45, no. 3 (1999): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1999.0064.

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Hasanudin, Cahyo, Fathia Rosyida, Masnuatul Hawa, and Sutrimah Sutrimah. "PEMBERDAYAAN SISWA KELAS VI DALAM MERAJUT KEBINEKAAN BAHASA TULIS SESUAI AMANAT PERMENDIKBUD NOMOR 50 TAHUN 2015." J-ABDIPAMAS : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30734/j-abdipamas.v1i1.79.

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The target of devotion at SDN Sumberwangi 2 Kanor District, Bojonegoro Regency is to increase the understanding of the sixth-grade students in writing capital letters, writing di- and ke- as prefixes and forecasts, commas (,), and periods (.) according to Permendikbud mandate number 50 years 2015. Working procedures on this service begins with making a matter for pretest and posttest as much as 20 questions, then compile the teaching materials and then carry out counseling. To measure the level of truth and proficiency of students in writing according to the contents of Permendikbud number 50 year 2015 then the devotion team makes a devotional scheme into three steps starting from before devotion, devotion, and after devotion. At the end of devotion, the PKM team rewards students. The result of devotion shows an increase in understanding in writing capital letters of 42.36%, writing di- and ke- as prefixes and forecasts of 46.73%, comma-writing (,) of 29.1%, and writing the dot ( .) of 44.9%. Keywords: Community Service, Permendikbud number 50 year 2015ABSTRAKTarget pengabdian di SDN Sumberwangi 2 Kecamatan Kanor, Kabupaten Bojonegoro ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman siswa kelas VI dalam menulis huruf kapital, menulis di- dan ke- sebagai awalan dan kata depan, tanda koma (,), dan tanda titik (.) sesuai amanat Permendikbud nomor 50 tahun 2015. Prosedur kerja pada pengabdian ini diawali dengan membuat soal untuk pretes dan postes sebanyak 20 soal, kemudian menyusun bahan ajar dan selanjutnya melaksanakan penyuluhan. Untuk mengukur tingkat kebenaran dan kemahiran siswa dalam menulis sesuai isi Permendikbud nomor 50 tahun 2015 maka tim pengabdian membuat skema pengabdian menjadi tiga langkah yang dimulai dari prapengabdian, pengabdian, dan pascapengabdian. Di akhir pengabdian, tim PKM memberikan reward kepada siswa. Hasil pengabdian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman dalam menulis huruf kapital sebesar 42,36%, menulis di- dan ke- sebagai awalan dan kata depan sebesar 46,73%, menulis tanda koma (,) sebesar 29,1%, dan menulis tanda titik (.) sebesar 44,9%.Kata Kunci: Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Permendikbud nomor 50 tahun 2015

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Monte Casablanca, Antonio, and Crystal Neill. "“Notes and Letters”: Music of the City in Flight / Trans-Migratory Poetry. By Antonio Monte Casablanca. Translated by Crystal Neill, with Amanda Minks and Lila Ellen Gray." Ethnomusicology Translations, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/emt.no.11.32396.

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In this essay I draw from memory studies and Latin American cultural studies to reflect on Notas y Letras (Notes and Letters), a collaboration by the Nicaraguan band Nemi Pipali and the poet Adolfo Beteta. I analyze these artistic expressions, music and poetry, at their place of convergence—the city of Managua—making audible some of the mechanisms that combine symbolic universes in Nicaraguan culture. This transdisciplinary reading allows me to propose that 1) music becomes a social marker of performative memory, transmitted by sounds present in hybrid Latin American cities, and 2) the migrant subject is displaced and divided between the center and the periphery. Citation: Monte Casablanca, Antonio. “Notes and Letters”: Music of the City in Flight / Trans-Migratory Poetry. Translated by Crystal Neill, with Amanda Minks and Lila Ellen Gray. Ethnomusicology Translations no. 11. Bloomington, IN: Society for Ethnomusicology, 2021. Originally published in Spanish as “‘Notas y Letras’: Música de la ciudad en fuga / Poesía transmigratoria.” Revista de Historia (Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centroamérica) 33/34 (2015): 108-129.

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Maulana, Irwan. "APLIKASI AKAD WAKALAH DALAM LETTER OF CREDIT BANK SYARIAH MANDIRI." Jurnal Asy-Syukriyyah 21, no. 02 (October 16, 2020): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36769/asy.v21i02.117.

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Secara harfiah wakalah adalah menjaga, menahan atau penerapan keahlian atas nama orang lain. Berarti menunjuk seseorang untuk mengambil alih atas suatu hal, juga untuk mendelegasikan tugas apapun ke orang lain. Wakalah juga merupakan tanggung jawab. Oleh karena itu, seorang wakil harus melakukan tanggung jawab sebagaimana seseorang yang dipercaya untuk melaksanakan tanggung jawabnya dengan amanah. Jika disyaratkan upah bagi penerima kuasa dalam transaksi pemberian kuasa, penerima kasus berhak atas upahnya setelah memenuhi tugasnya. Jika pembayaran upah tidak disyaratkan dalam transaksi dan penerima kuasa itu bukan pihak yang bekerja untuk mendapat upah, pelayanannya itu bersifat kebaikan saja dan ia tidak berhak untuk meminta pembayaran. Menurut hukum Islam, sebuah akad harus memenuhi komponen-komponen utama. Tanpa komponen-komponen utama tersebut tidak akan terjadi transaksi. Komponen dalam akad harus ada aqid, ma’qud alaih, mawdu al aqid, serta shighah. Aqid dalam hal ini adalah importir, eksportir, opening bank dan advising bank. Objek transaksi L/C harus bermanfaat dan tidak dilarang oleh syariat Islam. Oleh karena itu, jika objek di larang oleh syariat seperti narkoba, miras, dan lain sebagainya, maka secara otomatis L/C ini tidak sah atau batal. Dalam transaksi L/C Bank Syariah Mandiri lebih sering menjadi issuing bank. Nasabah berkedudukan sebagai importir membuka L/C di Bank Syariah Mandiri untuk di teruskan kepada nasabah luar negeri.

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Richards, Bernard. "THE ‘TIGER CAT’S’ LETTERSSelected Letters of Vernon Lee, 1856-1935, volume i. Edited by Amanda Gagel and Sophie Geoffroy." Essays in Criticism 67, no. 3 (July 2017): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/escrit/cgx017.

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Fithri, Prima, Hilma Raimona Zadry, and Debi Ansuly. "Business Development Strategy of Expedition Companies: A Case Study." AMAR (Andalas Management Review) 3, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/amar.3.2.54-75.2019.

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The development of information and communication technology which is rapidly increasing now causes changes in people's behavior in shopping. This is supported by the increasing number of online shopping or e-commerce businesses in the community. PT Pos Indonesia as a business entity engaged in sending letters and packages also has considerable opportunities in this business. However, the strength of PT Pos Indonesia at this time cannot be said to be good, because, based on the results of a survey conducted on 30 samples of people and students in the city of Padang showed that only about 7% of people chose PT Pos Indonesia as a courier for shipping goods. This research was conducted to design the right business strategy for PT Pos Indonesia to compete in the package or goods delivery business using Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis. From the results of the strategic plan made, it can be concluded that PT Pos Indonesia Padang is in a good internal and external environment. However, PT Pos Indonesia's position compared to its competitors is weak. Based on Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), the proposed strategy given to PT Pos Indonesia Padang in such company conditions is an intensive strategy.

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Boyd, Lydia. "Regulating Romance: Youth Love Letters, Moral Anxiety, and Intervention in Uganda's Time of AIDS by Shanti Parikh Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2016. 320 pp." American Anthropologist 119, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 558–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12901.

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Ismail, Lukman, and Risfaisal Risfaisal. "Eksistensi Gerakan Muhammadiyah dalam Pendidikan di Era Modernisasi (Studi Kasus MI Muhammadiyah Pallatabbua, MTs Muhammadiyah Mandalle, MA Muhammadiyah Limbung)." Equilibrium: Jurnal Pendidikan 5, no. 2 (January 3, 2018): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/equilibrium.v5i2.1049.

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Abstract. The main problem in this research is Muhammadiyah in education. The purpose of this research is (i) To know the implementation of the Muhammadiyah movement in education in the era of modernization. (ii) To know the dynamics of the Muhammadiyah movement in education in the era of modernization. The type of research conducted is descriptive qualitative research aimed at understanding social reality. The informant is determined by purposive sampling, based on the characteristic of the informant that has been determined. The results of this study indicate that (i) the implementation of the Muhammadiyah movement is PK TM I and PK TM 2 which aim to have students siddiq, tabligh, amanah, fathonah and Hisbul Wathan (HW) activities to prepare and nurture children, adolescents and youth so have aqidah, mental and physical, knowledgeable and technologically and morals karimah. (ii) the dynamics of the Muhammadiyah movement: the issuance of the Letter of the 3 Ministers which made Madrasah education strong enough to be in line with the public schools, the decentralization of education which gave full rights to the regions, the application of ISMUBA (Al-Islam, Kemuhammadiyahan, Arabic) curriculum and the development of student character, teachers and employees in the ISMUBA.Keywords: Existence, Muhammadiyah Movement, Education.

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Burkhart, Louise M. "Beyond the Lettered City: Indigenous Literacies in the Andes by Joanne Rappaport and Tom Cummins." American Anthropologist 116, no. 2 (May 26, 2014): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12090_36.

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Kurniawan, Itok Dwi, and Suwarma Al Muchtar. "Perlindungan Mutasi Guru dengan Berlakunya Undang-undang No 23 tahun 2014 Pemerintahan Daerah." Integralistik 30, no. 2 (August 28, 2019): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/integralistik.v30i2.20874.

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Indonesia is a country based on the rule of law, this is in accordance with the mandate of the constitution. Citizens, in this case especially teachers must get protection in order to be able to carry out their rights and obligations comfortably. After the enactment of Law Number 32 Year 2004 to Law Number 23 Year 2014, secondary education became a provincial affair so there were a lot of teacher mutations. To anticipate this, the government issued a Circular Letter of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 120/5935 / SJ dated October 16, 2015 concerning the Acceleration of the Implementation of Affairs Under Act Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. The aim of this research is to determine the protection of teacher mutations by the enactment of local government laws. Teachers' protection according to this study can be divided into two, namely preventive (cancellation of regulations / Perbup / Perwali) and repressive (lawsuit of the State Administrative Court). Legal protection for teachers can be done preventively and repressively. Preventively, it could be through the governor's authority as a representative of the government to overturn the decision and repressively, the teacher could submit a claim to the State Administrative Court to cancel the letter of its decision. The existence of this law is expected to improve the welfare of teachers throughout Indonesia.Negara Indonesia adalah negara yang berdasarkan pada aturan hukum, hal ini sesuai dengan amanah konstitusi. Warga negara, dalam hal ini khususnya guru harus mendapatkan perlindungan agar bisa menjalankan hak dan kewajibannya dengan nyaman. Setelah berlakunya UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 ke UU Nomor 23 Tahun 2014, pendidikan menengah menjadi urusan provinsi sehingga banyak sekali terjadi mutasi guru. Untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut, pemerintah mengeluarkan Surat Edaran Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 120/5935/SJ tanggal 16 Oktober 2015 tentang Percepatan Pelaksanaan Pengalihan Urusan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Tujuan peneitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perlindungan mutasi guru dengan berlakunya undang-undang pemerintah daerah. Perlindungan bagi guru menurut penelitian ini dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu preventif (pembatalan perda/perbup/perwali) dan represif (gugatan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara). Perlindungan hukum terhadap guru bisa dilakukan secara preventif dan represif. Secara preventif, bisa melalui kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah untuk membatalkan keputusan tersebut dan secara represif, guru bisa mengajukan tuntutan kepada pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara untuk membatalkan surat keputusan mutasinya. Dengan adanya undang-undang tersebut diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan para guru di seluruh Indonesia.

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Ágústsson, Jóhannes. "‘Il grosso pacco della musica’: The Galuppiana Consignments for August III and Count Heinrich von Brühl in Warsaw, 1757–1761." Muzyka 65, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 62–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.36744/m.447.

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The Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), holds one of the world’s largest collections of sacred and secular works by the Italian composer Baldassarre Galuppi, “il Buranello”, whose operatic music was very popular in the mid-1750s with the Saxon elector and Polish king August III and other members of his court. This impressive collection of Galuppiana includes numerous copies of liturgical works from the copying house of the Venetian priest and notorius forger Iseppo (Giuseppe) Baldan. Recently, several compositions falsely attributed to Galuppi by Baldan have turned out to be the works of Antonio Vivaldi, including an excellent setting of Dixit Dominus (RV 807). This article demonstrates that the Galuppi-Baldan manuscripts were sent in several batches from Venice to Warsaw (and not Dresden, as originally thought) during the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), when August III resided in the Polish capital. The Saxon prime minister count Heinrich von Brühl and his musically gifted daughter Maria Amalia also stayed in Warsaw during this period, as did Brühl’s secretary and musical director Friedrich August von Koenig, who arranged for the purchases from Galuppi and Baldan. The fact that operas were also being sent from Rome to Warsaw during the war shows that the nobility in the Polish capital was up-to-date with all the latest Italian music. Reports of performances of Galuppi’s music in Warsaw is presented through official documents and letters written by Friedrich August de Rossi, secretary of Italian affairs at the Saxon-Polish court. This includes a description of a serenate performed at the fifty-seventh birthday of Brühl in August 1757, and evidence is provided which strongly suggests that the music, the so-called “Endimione” serenate, was specially composed by Galuppi for this occasion. Finally, details of the musical manuscripts being sent from Warsaw to Dresden in 1763 and the cataloguing of the collection is presented, in addition to an account of a previously unknown visit of Galuppi to the Saxon capital in 1765.

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Millard, A. R. "William L. Moran: Les lettres d'El Amarna: correspondence diplomatique du pharaon. Traduction de William L. Moran avec … V. Haas et G. Wilhelm. Traduction française de Dominique Collon et Henri Cazelles. (Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient, 13.) 630 pp. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1987. Fr. 290." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 52, no. 1 (February 1989): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00023107.

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Johar, Olivia Anggie. "Tindak Pidana Pembakaran Hutan di Provinsi Riau Menurut Perspektif Hukum Islam." Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law 4, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.32507/mizan.v4i2.802.

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AbstractThis research aims to explain the crime of forest burning in Riau Province from the perspective of Islamic law. The method used in this research is socio-legal research. Forests are both a gift and a mandate from God which is bestowed on the Indonesian people as one of the most valuable natural resources. Based on Article 50 paragraph (3) letter d Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, it is stated that everyone is prohibited from burning forests. In 2019 there were forest fires in Riau Province covering an area of 75,871 hectares. The implementation of Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry in Riau Province hasn’t progressed as expected. Riau Provincial Government can take preventive measures to minimize the occurrence of forest fires by providing legal education to the community by cooperating with the police and religious figures who are popular in the community. Based on the Fatwa of the Council of Indonesian Ulama Number 30 of 2016 concerning the Law of Forest and Land Burning and Its Control, it is emphasized that carrying out forest burning which can cause damage, environmental pollution, loss of others, health problems, and other bad impacts is forbidden.Keywords: Forest; Criminal Act; Islamic Law AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tindak pidana pembakaran hutan di Provinsi Riau menurut perspektif hukum Islam. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum sosiologis. Hutan merupakan karunia sekaligus amanah dari Allah yang dianugerahkan kepada bangsa Indonesia sebagai salah satu kekayaan alam yang sangat berharga. Berdasarkan Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf d Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan ditegaskan bahwa setiap orang dilarang membakar hutan. Pada tahun 2019 telah terjadi kebakaran hutan di Provinsi Riau seluas 75.871 Ha. Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan di Provinsi Riau belum berjalan sebagaimana yang diharapkan. Pemerintah Provinsi Riau dapat melakukan upaya pencegahan untuk meminimalisir terjadinya kebakaran hutan dengan memberikan penyuluhan hukum kepada masyarakat dengan menggandeng pihak kepolisian maupun tokoh-tokoh agama yang populer di tengah-tengah masyarakat. Berdasarkan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia Nomor 30 Tahun 2016 tentang Hukum Pembakaran Hutan dan Lahan serta Pengendaliannya ditegaskan bahwa melakukan pembakaran hutan yang dapat menimbulkan kerusakan, pencemaran lingkungan, kerugian orang lain, gangguan kesehatan, dan dampak buruk lainnya hukumnya adalah haram.Kata kunci: Hutan; Tindak Pidana; Hukum Islam

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Maulidia, Nina Khadijah, and Gde Made Swardhana. "Kewenangan Notaris Dalam Mengenali Pengguna Jasa dan Perlindungan Hukum Jika Terjadi Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang." Acta Comitas 5, no. 2 (August 7, 2020): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ac.2020.v05.i02.p06.

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The Act Number 2 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary (hereinafter abbreviated as UUJNP) Article 16 paragraph (1) letters (a) and (f) determine that the notary in carrying out his obligations, must act trustfully, honestly, safeguard the interests of parties involved in legal actions, and keep the contents confidential deed as well as information obtained for making the deed, unless the law stipulates otherwise, while Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights number 9 of 2017 (hereinafter abbreviated Permenkumham) Article 24 paragraph (2) specifies, that the notary is obliged to report to PPATK regarding the existence of a transaction finance conducted by service users. It appears that between these rules there is a norm conflict between UUJNP and Permenkum. The results of this study prove the fact that the notary is required to apply the principle of service users, consider there are nonconformities, or consider the facts of money laundering. The notary is also required to report users of the service to PPATK if requesting the transaction is suspected. Article 16 paragraph (1) Subparagraph f of the UUJNP, because the actions taken have been regulated in Article 28 of the Law of the UUTTPU. Second, legal permission for a Notary regarding the notary summons for a case in court, then there must be prior approval of the Notary Honorary Council (MKN) in advance and the notary public can also use the right to deny if there is a support for the material or the contents of the deed. Undang No. 2 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang No. 30 tahun 2004 Tentang Jabatan Notaris (selanjutnya disingkat UUJNP) Pasal 16 ayat (1) huruf (a) dan (f) menentukan bahwa notaris dalam menjalankan kewajibannya, wajib bertindak amanah, jujur, menjaga kepentingan pihak yang terkait dalam perbuatan hukum, dan merahasiakan isi akta serta keterangan yang diperoleh untuk pembuatan akta, kecuali undang-undang menentukan lain, sedangkan Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia nomor 9 tahun 2017 (selanjutnya disingkat Permenkumham) Pasal 24 ayat (2) menentukan, bahwa notaris wajib melaporkan kepada PPATK mengenai adanya transaksi keuangan yang dilakukan oleh pengguna jasa. Tampak antara aturan-aturan tersebut terjadi konflik norma antara UUJNP dan Permenkum. Inti pemasalahannya yaitu mengenai wewenang notaris dalam mengidentifikasi pengguna jasa yang diatur dalam Permenkumham dan upaya perlindungan notaris secara hukum apabila terjadi kejahatan pencucian uang oleh pengguna jasanya. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa notaris wajib menerapkan prinsip mengenali pengguna jasa, apabila ada ketidaksesuaian atau diduga adanya tindak pidana pencucian uang. Notaris juga wajib melaporkan pengguna jasa tersebut kepada PPATK jika diduga transaksi tersebut mencurigakan. Tindakan yang dilakukan notaris ini tidaklah melanggar ketentuan Pasal 16 ayat (1) hurup f UUJNP, karena tindakan yang dilakukan tersebut telah diatur pada Pasal 28 UUTTPU. Kedua, perlindungan hukum kepada Notaris terkait pemanggilan notaris dalam perkara di pengadilan, maka harus ada persetujuan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris (MKN) terlebih dahulu dan juga notaris dapat menggunakan hak ingkar jika ada hubungannya dengan materi atau isi akta.

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Lu, Zhihua, Guiting Lin, Amanda Reed-Maldonado, Chunxi Wang, Yung-Chin Lee, and Tom F. Lue. "Reply to Zi-Jun Zou, Jia-Yu Liang, Yi-Ping Lu's Letter to the Editor re: Zhihua Lu, Guiting Lin, Amanda Reed-Maldonado, Chunxi Wang, Yung-Chin Lee, Tom F. Lue. Low-intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Treatment Improves Erectile Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol 2017;71:223–33." European Urology 71, no. 2 (February 2017): e59-e60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.020.

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Drake, Marcus J., Paul Abrams, Athene Lane, and Amanda L. Lewis. "Reply to Sachin Malde, Arun Sahai, and Eskinder Solomon’s Letter to the Editor re: Marcus J. Drake, Amanda L. Lewis, Grace J. Young, et al. Diagnostic Assessment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men Considering Prostate Surgery: A Noninferiority Randomised Controlled Trial of Urodynamics in 26 Hospitals. Eur Urol 2020;78:701–10." European Urology 78, no. 6 (December 2020): e234-e235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.08.037.

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Baranowski, Krzysztof J. "The Biblical Hebrew wayyiqtol and the Evidence of the Amarna Letters from Canaan." Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 16 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.3.

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The Amarna letters from Canaan (ca. the middle of the fourteenth century B.C.E.) contain several passages which employ the yaqtul forms in the narrative. These passages attest to the existence of the short prefix conjugation in contemporaneous Canaanite dialects. This conclusion is based on the close similarity of their syntax to the Biblical Hebrew wayyiqtol.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Amarna Letters'

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