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Journal articles on the topic 'Amber Insects'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Poinar, G. O. "Insects in Amber." Annual Review of Entomology 38, no. 1 (January 1993): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001045.

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2

ROSS, ANDREW J. "Insects in amber." Geology Today 13, no. 1 (January 1997): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2451.1997.00014.x.

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3

Popov, Yuri, Barbara Kosmowska-Ceranowicz, Aleksander Herczek, and Janusz Kupryjanowicz. "Review of true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera, Heteroptera) from the amber collection of the Museum of the Earth of PAS in Warsaw with some remarks on heteropteran insects from Eocene European amber." Polish Journal of Entomology / Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 80, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 699–728. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10200-011-0054-8.

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Review of true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera, Heteroptera) from the amber collection of the Museum of the Earth of PAS in Warsaw with some remarks on heteropteran insects from Eocene European amber From all the information available on Heteroptera in the Palaeogene (European Eocene) amber found in the amber deposits of the Baltic and the Ukrainian (Rovno amber) regions, Central France (Oise), and also the Leipzig area (Saxonian amber), we can conclude that many representatives of true bugs (mainly Miridae, Microphysidae, Anthocoridae and Aradidae) known to us were associated mainly with coniferous vegetation (Early Tertiary European amber forests) and, consequently, were in constant contact with resin. The main findings regarding the taxonomy, number of species, a brief biology, palaeogeography and palaeontology, as well as a review of current literature sources, are given for every family contained in the amber collection of the Museum of the Earth of PAS in Warsaw. A summary table is also included. So far, over 160 genera and more than 240 species belonging to 41 families from all known ambers have been described. About 160 species and 100 genera from 25 modern heteropteran families, described from succinite - Baltic and Ukrainian (Rovno, Klesov) ambers - belong mostly to Miridae, Anthocoridae, Cimicoidea (Electrocoris), Microphysidae, Nabidae, Tingidae and Reduviidae. 12 families (120 inclusions) are represented in the collection of the Museum of the Earth: Saldidae (1), Ceratocombidae (1), Anthocoridae (9), Microphysidae (4), Miridae (73), Reduviidae (2), Nabidae (5), Thaumastocoridae (1), Tingidae (4), Aradidae (2), Piesmatidae (1), Lygaeidae (2), Cimicoidea (7) and Heteroptera incertae sedis (9). About 70% of fossils belong to the plant bugs (Miridae): 26.5% of these are represented by the Isometopinae and 43% by the Cylapinae subfamilies.
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4

McKellar, Ryan C., Alexander P. Wolfe, Karlis Muehlenbachs, Ralf Tappert, Michael S. Engel, Tao Cheng, and G. Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa. "Insect outbreaks produce distinctive carbon isotope signatures in defensive resins and fossiliferous ambers." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1722 (March 23, 2011): 3219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0276.

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Despite centuries of research addressing amber and its various inclusions, relatively little is known about the specific events having stimulated the production of geologically relevant volumes of plant resin, ultimately yielding amber deposits. Although numerous hypotheses have invoked the role of insects, to date these have proven difficult to test. Here, we use the current mountain pine beetle outbreak in western Canada as an analogy for the effects of infestation on the stable isotopic composition of carbon in resins. We show that infestation results in a rapid (approx. 1 year) 13 C enrichment of fresh lodgepole pine resins, in a pattern directly comparable with that observed in resins collected from uninfested trees subjected to water stress. Furthermore, resin isotopic values are shown to track both the progression of infestation and instances of recovery. These findings can be extended to fossil resins, including Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic and Late Cretaceous New Jersey amber, revealing similar carbon-isotopic patterns between visually clean ambers and those associated with the attack of wood-boring insects. Plant exudate δ 13 C values constitute a sensitive monitor of ecological stress in both modern and ancient forest ecosystems, and provide considerable insight concerning the genesis of amber in the geological record.
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5

MAKSOUD, SIBELLE, and DANY AZAR. "Lebanese amber: latest updates." Palaeoentomology 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 125–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.2.2.

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Amber in Lebanon is found in more than 450 outcrops. It constitutes the oldest amber with intensive biological inclusions and is considered among the most important material enabling the knowledge of continental palaeobiodiversity from the very important Lower Cretaceous, a crucial period for the coevolution between flowering plants (angiosperms) and insects. This period is largely admitted to witnessing the first occurrence and early evolution of angiosperms. Most times biological inclusions in Lebanese amber represent records of the earliest representatives of modern living insect families or the youngest ones for extinct families. Latest literature, geological data on age and lists of amber outcrops (yielding fossil inclusions), and described taxa from Lebanese amber are given.
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6

SZWEDO, JACEK, and MÓNICA M. SOLÓRZANO KRAEMER. "Fossils X3 for the 8th time and IPS Meeting in Santo Domingo, April 2019." Palaeoentomology 2, no. 3 (June 24, 2019): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.3.1.

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The Fossil Insect Network was created 33 years ago in 1996 in Strasbourg, France, under the auspices of the European Science Foundation. Since then, several meetings were organised: 1998—First International Palaeoentomological Conference in Moscow, Russia; 1998—World Congress on Amber Inclusions in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain; 2000—Brazilian Symposium on Palaeoarthropodology in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; 2001—Second International Congress on Palaeoentomology, Fossil Insects, Kraków, Poland. This Congress in Kraków was also the origination of the International Palaeoentomological Society. The year 2005 was very important as three meetings, i.e. the Palaeoentomological Conference, the World Congress on Amber Inclusions, and the International Meeting on Palaeoarthropodology were decided to merge together as Fossils X3. This decision was made in Pretoria, South Africa. Following the International Congresses on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber, Fossils X3 continued in 2007—Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain, 2010; in Beijing, China, 2013—Byblos, Lebanon; and 2016—Edinburgh, Scotland, where ‘International Fossil Insects Day’ was declared and is now celebrated on each 1st of October.
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7

Pike, E. M. "Upper Cretaceous amber arthropods and their implications on changes in insect community structure." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007942.

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Assessment of changes in terrestrial ecosystems since Cretaceous time, until recently, has had to rely on paleobotany (including paleopalynology) and vertebrate paleontology to provide data for analysis. Insects contribute a major portion of the terrestrial diversity in any ecosystem, but their fossil record and state of preservation had discouraged paleoecological study beyond the Pleistocene. With the discovery of prolific Upper Cretaceous amber deposits in Russia and Canada, and the investigation of Tertiary amber deposits from the Baltic, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and the USA, the prospect of clarifying changes in insect diversity and ecology over time becomes real. Methods are reported which allow the description of species richness and relative abundance of arthropod taxa from an Upper Cretaceous (Campanian: 75 MYA) amber deposit in Alberta, Canada. Diversity and abundance are described at the Order level for hexapods, and for the Acarina and Araneae. Taxa present, in order of abundance, are Homoptera (66 specimens/kg of amber), Diptera (28/kg), Acarina (21/kg), Hymenoptera (13/kg), Araneae (12/kg), Psocoptera (4/kg), Coleoptera (2/kg), Blattodea (1/kg), Thysanoptera (1/kg), Trichoptera (0.6/kg). Other orders present are Lepidoptera, Collembola, Dermaptera, Mantodea, and Ephemeroptera. In total, of 35 identified families, 8 are extinct. There are about 20 genera identified, of which only 1 is extant. All identified species are extinct. Estimated species richness is about 100 species of arthropods. In comparison, virtually all Families reported from Baltic amber (Oligocene) are still extant, as are the majority of genera. Morphology and feeding structures are well within the variation seen in modern insects. This suggests that throughout the Tertiary, Entomologists would feel quite at home with the insect fauna, and during the Upper Cretaceous, they would have little difficulty identifying insects at least to the family level. It is hypothesized that the taxonomic structure of modern insect communities was well established before the end of the Cretaceous, and that the structure and interrelationships of insect guilds were also very similar to those of today.
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8

VRŠANSKÝ, PETER. "Santonian cockroaches from Yantardakh amber (Russia: Taimyr) differ in dominance." Palaeoentomology 2, no. 3 (June 24, 2019): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.3.15.

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Cretaceous amber cockroaches are known only from Lebanon, Myanmar and France. An assemblage of 14 dictyopterans (2 unidentified) from Santonian amber of Yantardakh, Taimyr, Russia is reported here, comprising only 0.3 % of ˃5,000 collected insects. Small pieces (0.03–0.30 g) contain six immature individuals of Liberiblattinidae, one predatory Ocelloblattula or its close relative, one Perlucipecta immature (Mesoblattinidae), one represents typical Blattulidae and Chaeteessites minutissimus along with two primitive true mantodeans. The assemblage lacks any modern taxon, common in other Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and ambers, while diverse parasitic Evaniidae indirectly confirms the presence of them. A biome with a diversity of otherwise rare Liberiblattinidae (emended diagnosis revealed herein) with high evolutionary potential expressed in giving rise to numerous other families was thus present. Differences observed were probably caused by another source tree as evidenced by the different chemistry of Taimyr amber compared to other ambers.
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9

Ross, Andrew J. "Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber: Preface." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 107, no. 2-3 (June 2016): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691017000445.

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10

Perkovsky, E. E., M. B. Mostovski, and H. Henderickx. "New Records Of The Dipteran Genera Triphleba (Phoridae) And Prosphyracephala (Diopsidae) In Rovno And Baltic Ambers." Vestnik Zoologii 49, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2015-0025.

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Abstract Dipteran insects constitute 51 % among arthropods of the Rovno Amber. There are 99 species and 23 genera of the Diptera described from the Rovno Amber; however, to date only 32 species are shared with the Baltic Amber fauna, including two species that are treated in this paper. Triphleba schulmanae Brown, 2003 (Phoridae), originally described from the Baltic Amber, is recorded in the Rovno Amber for the first time and its amended description is supplied. Genus Prosphyracephala Hennig, 1965 (Diopsidae), earlier known from the Baltic and Saxonian ambers, the Upper Eocene of Ruby River (Montana, USA) and the Lower Oligocene of Céreste (France), is recorded in the Rovno Amber for the first time. Prosphyracephala aff. succini (Loew, 1873) is the first diopsid record from Ukraine. A second specimen of Prosphyracephala kerneggeri Kotrba, 2009 is found in the Baltic amber; the complete wing venation is described for the first time for this species. Vast majority of the Old World Diopsidae are strictly thermophilous. In fact, all of them but the five species of brevicornis group of Sphyracephala Say (three Palearctic and two Nearctic ones) frequent tropic and the warmest subtropic areas, however the thermophilous Diopsidae are known in the New World neither in past nor in contemporary fauna.
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11

AZAR, DANY, and PAUL NASCIMBENE. "The 8th International Conference on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber Saint Domingo, Colonial City, Dominican Republic, 7‒13 April 2019." Palaeoentomology 2, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.2.1.

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Palaeoentomology started in the Eighteenth century with published papers on the curiosities of insects preserved in fossil resins, specifically in Baltic amber. The beginning of the Nineteenth century witnessed the first attempts to study and describe insects from sedimentary rocks. This discipline then developed during the latter Nineteenth and early Twentieth centuries, and resulted in some major published works and reviews. The last century was a period of relatively slow but continual development in this field of science. During the past three decades, palaeoentomology has grown significantly and exponentially in parallel to the increasing number of amber outcrops, due to international interest and the growth of scientific awareness in this subject. There is no doubt that the 1993 blockbuster film “Jurassic Park,” directed by Steven Spielberg, and based on the eponymous novel of Michael Crichton, captured the public imagination with the idea of insects in amber and a fascination with ancient life, and probably was a contributing factor in the quest to find new amber deposits. Prior to this time, interest in amber had been primarily focused on the Caribbean region (the Dominican Republic), and the Baltic countries, although it was recognized that amber occurs in various localities world-wide (Azar et al., 2018).
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12

Wang, Bo, Fangyuan Xia, Michael S. Engel, Vincent Perrichot, Gongle Shi, Haichun Zhang, Jun Chen, Edmund A. Jarzembowski, Torsten Wappler, and Jes Rust. "Debris-carrying camouflage among diverse lineages of Cretaceous insects." Science Advances 2, no. 6 (June 2016): e1501918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501918.

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Insects have evolved diverse methods of camouflage that have played an important role in their evolutionary success. Debris-carrying, a behavior of actively harvesting and carrying exogenous materials, is among the most fascinating and complex behaviors because it requires not only an ability to recognize, collect, and carry materials but also evolutionary adaptations in related morphological characteristics. However, the fossil record of such behavior is extremely scarce, and only a single Mesozoic example from Spanish amber has been recorded; therefore, little is known about the early evolution of this complicated behavior and its underlying anatomy. We report a diverse insect assemblage of exceptionally preserved debris carriers from Cretaceous Burmese, French, and Lebanese ambers, including the earliest known chrysopoid larvae (green lacewings), myrmeleontoid larvae (split-footed lacewings and owlflies), and reduviids (assassin bugs). These ancient insects used a variety of debris material, including insect exoskeletons, sand grains, soil dust, leaf trichomes of gleicheniacean ferns, wood fibers, and other vegetal debris. They convergently evolved their debris-carrying behavior through multiple pathways, which expressed a high degree of evolutionary plasticity. We demonstrate that the behavioral repertoire, which is associated with considerable morphological adaptations, was already widespread among insects by at least the Mid-Cretaceous. Together with the previously known Spanish specimen, these fossils are the oldest direct evidence of camouflaging behavior in the fossil record. Our findings provide a novel insight into early evolution of camouflage in insects and ancient ecological associations among plants and insects.
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13

Martı́nez-Delclòs, Xavier, Derek E. G. Briggs, and Enrique Peñalver. "Taphonomy of insects in carbonates and amber." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 203, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 19–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(03)00643-6.

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14

Mey, Wolfram. "Book review - Aquatic Insects in Baltic Amber." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 58, no. 1 (May 2011): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.201100020.

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15

Briggs, Derek E. G. "Sampling the insects of the amber forest." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 26 (May 23, 2018): 6525–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807017115.

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16

Ross, Andrew. "Palaeontology: Chinese Amber Insects Bridge the Gap." Current Biology 24, no. 14 (July 2014): R642—R643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.002.

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17

Peris, David, and Jes Rust. "Cretaceous beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) in amber: the palaeoecology of this most diverse group of insects." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 4 (November 23, 2019): 1085–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz118.

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Abstract Beetles, the most successful group of invertebrates on Earth, have a worldwide distribution and an outstanding fossil record. In addition, they are well known as inclusions in fossil resin. In historical studies of fossil material, specimens were often named and described without placing the taxa in an ecological context. However, the research philosophy for fossil beetles has changed over the past few years. In this article, we summarize the palaeoecological interpretations of fossil beetles from Cretaceous ambers, which includes species from 69 families, most of which were described during the last 3 years. By analysing current habits of those families, we argue that saproxylicity was the most common feeding strategy for these fossil beetles. More specifically, fungivorous species appear to dominate. In contrast, we find only anecdotal evidence for the presence of wood-boring groups, and it is thus necessary to identify alternative abiotic or biotic processes that are responsible for the copious resin production at this time. Finally, the recent description of some beetles as gymnosperm pollinators during the Cretaceous lends more weight to the importance of amber studies in addressing the role of beetles in the evolution of pollination strategies.
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18

SCHUBNEL, THOMAS, VALÉRIE NGÔ-MULLER, and ANDRE NEL. "A small gear to enhance the observation of amber inclusions." Palaeoentomology 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.2.3.

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Paleoentomologists well know that the examination of fossil insects in amber is often complicated. Even if the amber is well-polished, the presence of small scratches at the surface and inner impurities generates reflections that limit observations. Prominent characters for taxonomy thus may not be visible even when preserved. Several solutions have been proposed to enhance the observation of fossil insects in amber. Most of them aim at limiting the number of optical medium interfaces, and thus reducing optical artefacts such as refraction and reflection. For example, amber may be embedded in Canada balsam or artificial resins (Azar & Nel, 1998; Green, 2001; Sidorchuk, 2013; Penney & Jepson, 2014; Sidorchuk & Vorontsov, 2018). However, these methods limit viewing angles and thus the observation of characters, are technically challenging and often irreversible. Another type of method is to immerse the piece of amber in a liquid with a refractive index as close as possible to the amber, such as sugared water, or oils (Sidorchuk, 2013). In this case, the interface between the objective lens and the amber is the coverslip that is placed on the surface of the liquid in order to avoid reflection on the water surface. Compounding the difficulty in observation is that an immersed piece of amber is observable only from one angle at a time, and the whole setting must be dismantled and reassembled to manually change the observation angle, which can result in a lengthy procedure.
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19

Bao, Tong, Bo Wang, Jianguo Li, and David Dilcher. "Pollination of Cretaceous flowers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 49 (November 11, 2019): 24707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916186116.

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Insect pollination of flowering plants (angiosperms) is responsible for the majority of the world’s flowering plant diversity and is key to the Cretaceous radiation of angiosperms. Although both insects and angiosperms were common by the mid-Cretaceous, direct fossil evidence of insect pollination is lacking. Direct evidence of Cretaceous insect pollination is associated with insect-gymnosperm pollination. Here, we report a specialized beetle-angiosperm pollination mode from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (99 mega-annum [Ma]) in which a tumbling flower beetle (Mordellidae), Angimordella burmitina gen. et sp. nov., has many tricolpate pollen grains attached. A. burmitina exhibits several specialized body structures for flower-visiting behavior including its body shape and pollen-feeding mouthparts revealed by X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). The tricolpate pollen in the amber belongs to the eudicots that comprise the majority of extant angiosperm species. These pollen grains exhibit zoophilous pollination attributes including their ornamentation, size, and clumping characteristics. Tricolpate pollen grains attached to the beetle’s hairs are revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, which is a powerful tool for investigating pollen in amber. Our findings provide direct evidence of insect pollination of Cretaceous angiosperms, extending the range insect-angiosperm pollination association by at least 50 million years. Our results support the hypothesis that specialized insect pollination modes were present in eudicots 99 million years ago.
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20

Carmichael, Stephen W. "When Dinosaurs Became Extinct, What Happened to the Insects?" Microscopy Today 10, no. 6 (November 2002): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500058429.

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It is widely accepted that approximately 65 million years ago, an extraterrestrial object slammed into the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, creating a worldwide climatic shift that wiped out the dinosaurs, and many other terrestrial and marine species. But what happened to the insects? They undoubtedly represented a larger biomass than the dinosaurs, but it's fair to say they haven't captured the public's imagination in the same way. The reason the fate of the insects has not been adequately explored is due to the paucity of the available fossil record of the insect bodies. There are a few records of insects embedded in amber or fossilized, but practically none are available from the time of mass extinction referred to as the Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary. Recently, Conrad Labandeira, Kirk Johnson, and Peter Wiif found an ingenious way to examine indirect evidence and show what happened to the insects during this time.
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21

Pike, Edward M. "HISTORICAL CHANGES IN INSECT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AS INDICATED BY HEXAPODS OF UPPER CRETACEOUS ALBERTA (GRASSY LAKE) AMBER." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 3 (June 1994): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126695-3.

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AbstractSpecies richness and relative abundance of arthropod taxa from an Upper Cretaceous (Campanian: 75 Mya) amber deposit in Alberta are described. About 130 hexapod species have been recognized to date from this deposit, making it the most diverse Cretaceous insect assemblage so far known. Taxa present, in order of abundance, are Hemiptera (66 specimens per kg), Diptera (28), Acari (21), Hymenoptera (13), Aranaea (12), Psocoptera (4), Coleoptera (2), Blattodea (1), Thysanoptera (1), and Trichoptera (0.6). Representatives of Lepidoptera, Collembola, Dermaptera, Mantodea, Phasmatodea, and Ephemeropteraare are also present. In the total of 65 identified families, 15 are extinct. Only one of about 77 genera identified in this deposit is extant. All recognized species are extinct. In comparison, virtually all families reported from Baltic and Dominican Republic ambers are extant, as are the majority of the genera. Morphology and feeding structures are well within the variation seen in modern insects. It is hypothesized that the taxonomic structure of modern insect communities was well established before the end of the Cretaceous and that the structure and interrelationships of insect guilds were also very similar to those of today.
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22

Cai, Chenyang, Erik Tihelka, Yanhong Pan, Ziwei Yin, Rixin Jiang, Fangyuan Xia, and Diying Huang. "Structural colours in diverse Mesozoic insects." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1930 (July 2020): 20200301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0301.

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Structural colours, nature's most pure and intense colours, originate when light is scattered via nanoscale modulations of the refractive index. Original colours in fossils illuminate the ecological interactions among extinct organisms and functional evolution of colours. Here, we report multiple examples of vivid metallic colours in diverse insects from mid-Cretaceous amber. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed a smooth outer surface and five alternating electron-dense and electron-lucent layers in the epicuticle of a fossil wasp, suggesting that multilayer reflectors, the most common biophotonic nanostructure in animals and even plants, are responsible for the exceptional preservation of colour in amber fossils. Based on theoretical modelling of the reflectance spectra, a reflective peak of wavelength of 514 nm was calculated, corresponding to the bluish-green colour observed under white light. The green to blue structural colours in fossil wasps, beetles and a fly most likely functioned as camouflage, although other functions such as thermoregulation cannot be ruled out. This discovery not only provides critical evidence of evolution of structural colours in arthropods, but also sheds light on the preservation potential of nanostructures of ancient animals through geological time.
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Koteja, Jan. "Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccinea) from cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2, no. 2 (January 2004): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477201904001166.

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24

ALEKSEEV, VITALII I. "First inclusion of a trichiine beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Baltic amber." Palaeoentomology 2, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.4.

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Baltic amber forms the largest known Konservat-Lagerstätte of fossil plant resin and the richest repository of fossil insects of any age on Earth. Despite a long history of palaeobiological research of Baltic amber (over 200 years) and really intensive taxonomic study in the last decade, many interesting and new bioinclusions await scientific attention. In the current paper, the brief report of an unique large flower chafer inclusion from the Early Tertiary Baltic amber is provided. The author decided not to formally create a new genus and not to subjectively assign the Eocene beetle to an extant genus. However, the specimen seems to be remarkable and surprising in different aspects. The reported Eocene beetle is: 1) one of the oldest members of the subfamily Cetoniinae and also the earliest fossil record of the tribe Trichiini; 2) the first known representative of the subfamily in Baltic amber; 3) the largest known beetle fossilized in amber; and 4) an unique example of mineralized fossil included in amber.
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MLLER ANDERSEN, NILS. "Early evolution of a unique structure: a fossil water measurer from Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha: Hydrometridae)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 34, no. 4 (2003): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631203x00045.

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AbstractAndersen, N. M.: Early evolution of a unique structure: a fossil water measurer from Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha: Hydrometridae). Insect Syst. Evol. 34: 415-426. Copenhagen, December 2003. ISSN 1399-560X. Water measurers, genus Hydrometra Latreille (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Hydrometridae) represent a unique morphological type in insects, with their extremely prolonged head and thorax. The fossil record of the family is more extensive than for any other group of semiaquatic bugs (infraorder Gerromorpha), spanning more than 120 Myr of geological history. A new fossil from Baltic amber yields characters that can be used to place it in the extant genus Hydrometra, the most species-rich and widely distributed of all genera of Hydrometridae. The phylogeny of extant and extinct genera is reconstructed and the evolution of the unique head and thorax structure of water measurers is discussed.
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Chen, Sha, Xiangchu Yin, Xiaodan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Runzhi Zhang, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren. "Stick insect in Burmese amber reveals an early evolution of lateral lamellae in the Mesozoic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1877 (April 25, 2018): 20180425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0425.

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Extant stick and leaf insects commonly imitate twigs or leaves, with lateral lamellae used to enhance crypsis or achieve mimicry for protection. However, the origin and early evolution of such lateral expansions among Phasmatodea are unknown, because all known Mesozoic phasmatodeans hitherto lack preserved evidence of such structures. We report here the first Mesozoic stick insect, Elasmophasma stictum gen. et sp. nov., with well-preserved, thin, lateral lamellae on the thoracic pleura, the terga of abdominal segments I–X and the ventrolateral margins of all femora. This new species, from the mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar, has a clear, stick-like body and is assigned to Euphasmatodea. The abdominal structures of E. stictum exhibit traces of multiple expansions of the terga, suggesting that such structure might have been an early development of body expansions used to improve crypsis for stick or leaf insects when they sprawled on twigs or leaves.
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HERCZEK, ALEKSANDER, and YURI A. POPOV. "A new peculiar isometopine genus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) from the Eocene Baltic amber." Zootaxa 3196, no. 1 (February 17, 2012): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3196.1.4.

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This joint article should be considered as a continuation of a series of publications on fossil mirids from the Baltic amber (Prussian Formation). Miridae, or plant bugs, are the largest family of contemporary true bugs (Heteroptera) widespread all over the world, with about 1,500 genera and over 10,000 species (Schuh 1995, Kerzhner & Josifov 1999). Recent Isometopinae is a relatively small subfamily including about 190 species, strongly cryptic in habits and rare in world collections. Some are predaceous and may hunt soft-bodied, mostly aphids and scale insects. Most inclusions of fossil plant bugs are usually found in the Eocene Baltic amber, where mirids are mainly represented by the subfamilies Cylapinae, Isometopinae, and Mirinae (Popov & Herczek 2008). These fossil insects were rather scarce only in the first years of their discovery (Popov & Herczek 1992, 1993; Herczek 1993). Judging from the described and undescribed of Baltic amber mirids known to us just now, the isometopinae are not so rare among other fossil mirids and provide evidence for a considerable diversity at least since Eocene time.
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HEISS, ERNST. "Juvenile spider riding a bug—phoresy in Baltic amber?" Palaeoentomology 3, no. 6 (December 21, 2020): 561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.6.5.

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Phoretic dispersal of arachnids (e.g., Araneae, Pseudoscorpions, mites) clinging to insects (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera etc.) are reported from extant species and fossil inclusions preserved in amber. A Baltic amber piece contains a piesmatid (Heteroptera, Piesmatidae) carrying a juvenile spider (Araneae, cf. Clubionidae) on its back. This is the first report of such an association between a bug and a spider and it is questioned herein, what might be the reason for the documented assemblage.
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Mey, Wolfram, Wilfried Wichard, Patrick Müller, and Bo Wang. "The blueprint of the Amphiesmenoptera – Tarachoptera, a new order of insects from Burmese amber (Insecta, Amphiesmenoptera)." Fossil Record 20, no. 2 (March 24, 2017): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-129-2017.

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Abstract. Based on a total of 14 inclusions from Burmese amber the new insect order Tarachoptera is established. The family Tarachocelidae previously described from Burmese amber and then placed in Amphiesmenoptera incertae sedis is assigned to this new order. The genus Kinitocelis gen. nov. is established to accommodate three new fossil species: K. hennigi spec. nov., K. divisinotata spec. nov. and K. brevicostata spec. nov. The new genus differs from Tarachocelis gen. nov. by the absence of androconial scales on the wings and the loss of Cu2 in the forewings. The species are described in detail and the critical characters are illustrated by line drawings and photos. Both males and females were described. The species can be distinguished by traits in the wing venation. The new order Tarachoptera is placed in the superorder Amphiesmenoptera based on the presence of seven amphiesmenopteran apomorphies and nine tarachopteran apomorphies. Apomorphic characters of Trichoptera and Lepidoptera could not be disclosed, which suggests an independent origin and evolution from an amphiesmenopteran ancestor which was not the ancestor of the Trichoptera-Lepidoptera clade. The species of Tarachoptera are tiny insects with a wing span of 2.3–4.5 mm but highly specialized according to their aberrant morphology. Aspects of the presumed life history of the adults were deduced from some of the derived morphological traits that could be interpreted as adaptations to a highly structured micro-environment.
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Petrulevičius, Julian, Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi, John Flynn, André Nel, Pierre-Olivier Antoine, and Dario De Franceschi. "First fossil blood sucking Psychodidae in South America: a sycoracine moth fly (Insecta: Diptera) in the middle Miocene Amazonian amber." Insect Systematics & Evolution 42, no. 1 (2011): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631211x560919.

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AbstractSycorax peruensis sp.n. is the first blood sucking fossil Psychodidae in South America. The new species mainly differs from all recent Neotropical Sycoracinae in its number of antennal segments. It is described from the middle Miocene Western Amazonian amber, which included an intertropical entomofauna previous to the land connection with Central and North America that occurred in the latest MiocenePliocene. Insects from this material are diverse with normal bias for amber inclusions of Diptera and Hymenoptera and small-sized specimens.
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Solórzano Kraemer, Mónica M., and Brian V. Brown. "Dohrniphora (Diptera: Phoridae) from the Miocene Mexican and Dominican ambers with a paleobiological reconstruction." Insect Systematics & Evolution 49, no. 3 (May 30, 2018): 299–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-00002174.

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Male specimens of the phorid fly genus Dohrniphora Dahl from Miocene Mexican and Dominican amber are revised and described. This is the first systematic revision of the fossil species, and 11 new species are recognized from two Dohrniphora groups: those with and without large hind tibial setae. The group lacking hind tibial setae is notably more diverse and frequent in amber than those with such setae. Swarming behavior in Dohrniphora females is noted for the first time. Probably, these females were frequently attracted in large numbers to dead and decaying insects and other animals trapped in resin. Another phorid genus with similar habits, Puliciphora, frequently co-occurs in amber pieces containing Dohrniphora specimens.
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ULITZKA, MANFRED R. "A first survey of Cretaceous thrips from Burmese amber including the establishment of a new family of Tubulifera (Insecta: Thysanoptera)." Zootaxa 4486, no. 4 (September 30, 2018): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4486.4.8.

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Burmite, a Cretaceous amber coming from the north of Myanmar, is known to preserve a great diversity of fossil arthropods, particularly insects. Many inclusions of different taxa in several insect orders have been well analysed, but this is the first study focussed on the Thysanoptera found in Burmite. In the sub-order Terebrantia, family Merothripidae, Myanmarothrips pankowskiorum gen. n., sp. n. is recognized in various amber samples from a total of 34 females but only one male. In the sub-order Tubulifera, Rohrthrips burmiticus sp. n. is based on a single female with a tubular tenth abdominal segment. This is an exceptionally well-preserved specimen, and details of the mouth parts indicate that the gnathal apparatus of modern Tubulifera was already developed in the Cretaceous. Due to plesiomorphic characters with respect to extant Tubulifera, the genus Rohrthrips is transferred to Rohrthripidae fam. n., and this family is clearly differentiated from extant Phlaeothripidae.
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Labandeira, Conrad C., and Dena M. Smith. "Forging a future for fossil insects: thoughts on the First International Congress of Paleoentomology." Paleobiology 25, no. 2 (1999): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300026476.

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Insects are the most diverse macroorganismic group to ever inhabit the planet, constituting a major share of the animal biomass in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Since their first appearance in the fossil record some 400 million years ago, they have expanded ecologically into almost every niche except the ocean below the photic zone. When fossilized, their chitinous exoskeletons typically are well preserved, as evidenced by a respectable fossil record. They are found notably in lacustrine shales and amber but also occur in siderite nodules, lithographic limestone, sinter deposits, asphalt, and various glacial deposits. Insect fossils are major subjects in phylogenetic studies but are used to a lesser extent in understanding past ecological associations and reconstruction of ancient environments.
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Pohl, Hans, Jan Batelka, Jakub Prokop, Patrick Müller, Margarita I. Yavorskaya, and Rolf G. Beutel. "A needle in a haystack: Mesozoic origin of parasitism in Strepsiptera revealed by first definite Cretaceous primary larva (Insecta)." PeerJ 6 (November 22, 2018): e5943. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5943.

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Twisted winged insects (Strepsiptera) are a highly specialized small order of parasitic insects. Whether parasitism developed at an early or late stage in the evolution of the group was unknown. Here we record and describe the first definite Mesozoic strepsipteran primary larva embedded in Burmese amber (∼99 million years ago). This extends the origin of parasitism back by at least ∼50 million years, and reveals that this specialized life style has evolved in the Mesozoic or even earlier in the group. The extremely small first instar displays all diagnostic characters of strepsipteran immatures of this stage and is nearly identical with those of Mengenillidae, one of the most “ancestral” extant strepsipteran taxa. This demonstrates a remarkable evolutionary stasis over 100 million years. The new finding strongly weakens the case of small larvae embedded in Cretaceous amber interpreted as strepsipteran immatures. They differ in many structural features from extant strepsipteran primary larvae and are very likely parasitic beetle larvae.
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Sadowski, Eva-Maria, Leyla J. Seyfullah, Friederike Sadowski, Andreas Fleischmann, Hermann Behling, and Alexander R. Schmidt. "Carnivorous leaves from Baltic amber." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414777111.

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The fossil record of carnivorous plants is very scarce and macrofossil evidence has been restricted to seeds of the extant aquatic genus Aldrovanda of the Droseraceae family. No case of carnivorous plant traps has so far been reported from the fossil record. Here, we present two angiosperm leaves enclosed in a piece of Eocene Baltic amber that share relevant morphological features with extant Roridulaceae, a carnivorous plant family that is today endemic to the Cape flora of South Africa. Modern Roridula species are unique among carnivorous plants as they digest prey in a complex mutualistic association in which the prey-derived nutrient uptake depends on heteropteran insects. As in extant Roridula, the fossil leaves possess two types of plant trichomes, including unicellular hairs and five size classes of multicellular stalked glands (or tentacles) with an apical pore. The apices of the narrow and perfectly tapered fossil leaves end in a single tentacle, as in both modern Roridula species. The glandular hairs of the fossils are restricted to the leaf margins and to the abaxial lamina, as in extant Roridula gorgonias. Our discovery supports current molecular age estimates for Roridulaceae and suggests a wide Eocene distribution of roridulid plants.
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HUANG, DIYING, CHENYANG CAI, YANZHE FU, and YITONG SU. "The Middle-Late Jurassic Yanliao entomofauna." Palaeoentomology 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.1.1.2.

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The Yanliao entomofauna, first established by Hong in 1983, refers to a Middle Jurassic insect assemblage widely distributed in northern China. The fossil insects are primarily preserved in the Haifanggou Formation and its correlated strata. In the beginning of this century, the Yanliao entomofauna was revived thanks to the discovery of abundant exceptionally preserved fossils, especially a huge number of insects, in the Daohugou area. Then, the Yanliao biota became well-known, and subsequently enlarged with more fossils collected from the interbeds of the overlying Tiaojishan Formation. Recently, the Yanliao biota has been divided into an early assemblage, represented by the Daohugou beds (Middle Jurassic to earliest Late Jurassic), and a late assemblage, represented by the Linglongta beds (early to middle Late Jurassic). The early insect assemblage, i.e. fossil insects from Daohugou, contains at least 24 insect orders, representing one of the most diverse entomofaunas in geological history. The age difference between core fossil layers of the Daohugou assemblage and the Linglongta assemblage is less than 5 Ma, but no same animal species from both have been discovered to date, because of violent tectonic movements and fierce volcanic eruptions. The representative insect from the early assemblage is Yanliaocorixa chinensis, which is distinctly different from the dominated corixids from the late assemblage. Insects of Yanliao entomofauna generally resemble those from the Shar Teg biota from Mongolia and the Karatau biota from Kazakhstan. The Yanliao biota rapidly declined in middle of the Late Jurassic (ca. 155 Ma) with the advent of arid climate, whereas some of the relict groups migrated southwards. Until the mid-Cretaceous, represented by the Burmese amber, a number of endemic insect groups of Daohugou are still recorded, but they have never been found in the Jehol biota, representing relicts of the Yanliao entomofauna.
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37

Gustafson, Grey T., Mariano C. Michat, and Michael Balke. "Burmese amber reveals a new stem lineage of whirligig beetle (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) based on the larval stage." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 1232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz161.

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Abstract Burmese amber is well known for preserving unique extinct lineages of insects. Here, we describe a new fossil beetle in its larval stage from Burmese amber. Bayesian and parsimony phylogenetic analysis of 50 morphological characters support this fossil as being sister to both the tribes Dineutini and Orectochilini, representing an extinct stem lineage in Gyrininae. It is described here as a new genus and species of whirligig beetle, Chimerogyrus gigagalea gen. & sp. nov., a taxon that preserves remarkable intermediate features between the whirligig beetle tribe Gyrinini and the crown Orectochilini and Dineutini. This new taxon preserves key features for studying the evolution of characters within the larval stage of the Gyrinidae and highlights the importance of Burmese amber for preserving both stem and crown lineages present during the mid-Cretaceous, before the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event.
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38

Souma, Jun, Shûhei Yamamoto, and Yui Takahashi. "Discovery of the Smallest Lace Bug from Mid-Cretaceous of Northern Myanmar Supports the Hypothesis of a Miniaturization Phenomenon of Insects in Kachin Amber (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae)." Taxonomy 1, no. 2 (April 24, 2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy1020007.

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A total of 14 species in seven tingid genera have been described from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber from northern Myanmar, with very distinct paleofauna. Here, a new species of a new genus, Burmavianaida anomalocapitata gen. et sp. nov., is described from Kachin amber. This new species can be readily distinguished from the other described tingid taxa by the apparently smaller body and the structures of the pronotum and hemelytron. Burmavianaida gen. nov. shares the diagnostic characters with two clades composed of three extant subfamilies (Cantacaderinae + Tinginae) and Vianaidinae and may represent an extinct clade distinct from them. To the best of our knowledge, B. anomalocapitata sp. nov. is the smallest species of Tingidae among over 2600 described species. Our new finding supports the hypothesis of the miniaturization phenomenon of insects in Kachin amber, as suggested by previous studies.
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39

Bada, Jeffrey L., Xueyun S. Wang, Hendrik N. Poinar, Svante Pääbo, and George O. Poinar. "Amino acid racemization in amber-entombed insects: Implications for DNA preservation." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, no. 14 (July 1994): 3131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90185-6.

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40

Yang, Hongru, Xiangchu Yin, Xiaodan Lin, Chen Wang, Chungkun Shih, Weiwei Zhang, Dong Ren, and Taiping Gao. "Cretaceous winged stick insects clarify the early evolution of Phasmatodea." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1909 (August 21, 2019): 20191085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1085.

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Wingless and shorter winged stick insects are very common today, but most known extinct stick insects had fully developed wings, leading to contentious affinities among the extinct winged and extant groups. We report herein three male winged stick insects, assigned to Pterophasmatidae fam. nov., from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber. Pterophasmatidae fam. nov. are regarded as transitional taxa from extinct winged to modern wingless and shorter winged stick insects based on their similar tegmina venation with extinct Susumanioidea and some body features the same as extant Phasmatodea. However, their symmetric phallic organs comprising two consistent phallomeres are different from those of all living groups. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the extinct winged taxa, including the new family, are the stem groups of modern stick and leaf insects, and all of them constitute the clade of Phasmatodea. New findings indicate winged and wingless stick insects' morphologies diversified significantly during or before the mid-Cretaceous.
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AZAR, DANY, ROMAIN GARROUSTE, and ANTONIO ARILLO. "André Nel sixtieth anniversary Festschrift." Palaeoentomology 2, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 534–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.6.1.

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During the last “International Congress on Fossil Insects, Arthropods and Amber” held this year in the Dominican Republic, we unanimously agreed—in the International Palaeoentomological Society (IPS)—to honor our great colleagues who have given us and the science (and still) significant knowledge on the evolution of fossil insects and terrestrial arthropods over the years. Sure there have been some efforts before in this purpose, undertaken mainly by our esteemed Russian colleagues, and where several of our members in the IPS contributed in edited volumes honoring some of our great scientists.
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42

Veiga-Crespo, P., M. Poza, M. Prieto-Alcedo, and T. G. Villa. "Ancient genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Microbiology 150, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 2221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27000-0.

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Amber is a plant resin mainly produced by coniferous trees that, after entrapping a variety of living beings, was subjected to a process of fossilization until it turned into yellowish, translucent stones. It is also one of the best sources of ancient DNA on which to perform studies on evolution. Here a method for the sterilization of amber that allows reliable ancient DNA extraction with no actual DNA contamination is described. Working with insects taken from amber, it was possible to amplify the ATP9, PGU1 and rRNA18S ancient genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae corresponding to samples from the Miocene and Oligocene. After comparison of the current genes with their ancient (up to 35–40 million years) counterparts it was concluded that essential genes such as rRNA18S are highly conserved and that even normal ‘house-keeping’ genes, such as PGU1, are strikingly conserved along the millions of years that S. cerevisiae has evolved.
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43

Brandão, C. Roberto F., Jorge Wagensberg, Cesare Baroni Urbani, and Christiane I. Yamamoto. "New Technomyrmex in Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a reappraisal of Dolichoderinae phylogeny." Insect Systematics & Evolution 29, no. 4 (1998): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631298x00041.

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AbstractA new species of Technomyrmex (T. caritatis sp. n.) is described based on workers and larvae from Dominican amber (Oligocene to Lower Miocene). These are preserved with eggs and pupae of the same species and with five other insects in one amber piece found in the Palo Quemado Mine, near Santiago and in two separate amber pieces collected in Carlos Diaz Mine. Both mines are in Cordillera Septentrional. Iridomyrmex hispaniolae Wilson is redescribed and transferred to Technomyrmex. Most Technomyrmex species occur from Africa, east through southern Asia, to Australia. One species transported by human activity is known in the New World and there is only one extant native Neotropical species recorded from Panama. Technomyrmex likely represents a case of an Old World ant genus undergoing extinction in the New World. We discuss the affinities of this genus with the extant Dolichoderinae and the phylogeny of the subfamily.
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Dunlop, Jason A., Jenő Kontschán, David E. Walter, and Vincent Perrichot. "An ant-associated mesostigmatid mite in Baltic amber." Biology Letters 10, no. 9 (September 2014): 20140531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0531.

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Fossil mesostigmatid mites (Acari: Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata) are extremely rare, and specimens from only nine families, including four named species, have been described so far. A new record of Myrmozercon sp. described here from Eocene ( ca 44–49 Myr) Baltic amber represents the first—and so far only—fossil example of the derived, extant family Laelapidae. Significantly, modern species of this genus are habitually myrmecophilous and the fossil mite described here is preserved attached to the head of the dolichoderine ant Ctenobethylus goepperti (Mayr, 1868). It thus offers the oldest unequivocal evidence for an ecological association between mesostigmatid mites and social insects in the order Hymenoptera.
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Labandeira, Conrad C. "Diversity, diets and disparity: determining the effect of the terminal Cretaceous extinction on insect evolution." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007346.

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A considerable amount of research has been devoted toward evaluating the impact of the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction on terrestrial life. This research has focused primarily on terrestrial vertebrates (primarily dinosaurs), marine invertebrates (notably molluscs and foraminifera), and to a lesser extent, terrestrial vascular plants. Terrestrial arthropods, especially insects, have seldomly been investigated, principally because of an alleged depauperate fossil record. Nevertheless, within the past two decades, some of the most productive and taxonomically diverse insect faunas have originated from Cretaceous amber- and compression-fossil deposits from every continent. Whereas it was once thought that the Cretaceous represented an unknown void in the understanding of insect evolution, now it appears that many extant lineages are traceable to Cretaceous precursors.Three approaches are available for determining the extent of the effect of the terminal Cretaceous extinction event on insects. Assessed for the interval from the Early Cretaceous to the Early Paleogene, these approaches are: (1) establishing the secular pattern of familial- and generic-based taxonomic diversity (macroevolution); (2) recognizing the persistence or eradication of specific insect/vascular plant interactions, such as leaf-mining, wood-boring and pollination (behavior); and (3) establishing temporal trends in the range of mouthpart design, as an indicator of faunal disparity or structural diversity (morphology). These three operationally separate but complimentary approaches allow the advantage of using distinct data bases to bear on a common question. The body-fossil record of insects provides primary data for the taxonomic expansion, steady-state, or contraction of insect faunas. The trace-fossil record of those insect interactions that are coevolved with plant hosts reveals the temporal continuity of highly stereotyped and taxonomically obligate behaviors. Both of these are contrasted to an assessment of insectan structural disparity, herein determined from a robust data base of 30 modern insect mouthpart classes that are traced back in geologic time.A preliminary analysis of each of these three approaches indicates broad agreement–namely that insects were not dramatically affected by the terminal Cretaceous extinction event. First, insects experienced only a modest decline in diversity, about 9 percent at the family level. (The generic level is not yet analyzed.) Second, although the data base is limited, there is no indication of the extinction of major leaf-mining, wood-boring, pollinating or other plant-specific behaviors at the end of the Cretaceous. In fact, leaf-mine morphologies for three lepidopteran families with Cretaceous occurrences are apparently indistinguishable from their modern descendants. Last, of the 30 mouthpart classes occurring during the Paleogene, 28 are represented during the Cretaceous. These data provide strong evidence for a largely uninterrupted continuum of insect faunas across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary as measured by taxonomic diversity, coevolved behavior, and structural disparity.Because of abundant and often intimate associations between insects and flowering plants, these results are consistent with a gradual and not catastrophic change in terrestrial floras across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Acceptance of a catastrophic extinction of flowering plants during the terminal Cretaceous would necessitate an unprecedented level of host-switching by coevolved insects on contemporaneous plants. This is unlikely, based on evidence from the prolific literature on modern insect/plant interactions. These studies indicate the ubiquity of obligate insect specificity for various secondary chemicals on many flowering plant species.
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46

Alonso, Jesus, Antonio Arillo, Eduardo Barrón, J. Carmelo Corral, Joan Grimalt, Jordi F. López, Rafael López, et al. "A new fossil resin with biological inclusions in Lower Cretaceous deposits from Álava (northern Spain, Basque-Cantabrian Basin)." Journal of Paleontology 74, no. 1 (January 2000): 158–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000031334.

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The occurrence of amber in Sierra de Cantabria (álava, Basque Country) has been known for more than two decades but biological inclusions have only recently been found. The existence of crustaceans (amphipods and isopods), chelicerates (acari and arachnids), 12 orders of insects, and several bird feathers are reported in this preliminary study. In addition, there are leaf remains, molluscs, and a fair number of inorganic inclusions.Pollen analysis of the clastic series indicates an age between upper Aptian—middle Albian, which allows an assignment of this stratigraphic unit to the Nograro Formation. Chemical analysis indicates that the amber has high maturity, which reflects its Cretaceous age. Chemical composition analysis also indicates an araucariacean origin, which is corroborated by pollen found within the amber deposit.This new fossil site provides information for the reconstruction of paleocommunities of arthropods and sedimentary environments in the extreme south of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin during the Lower Cretaceous, characterized by coniferous forests with an understory of vascular cryptograms. Some of the identified arthropods add to the fossil record for various groups that are poorly known or unknown for this time period. This Lagerstätte constitutes one of the most important deposits of Mesozoic amber in the world.
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ULITZKA, MANFRED R. "Two fossil thrips from Ethiopian amber (Thysanoptera) with description of Merothrips aithiopicus sp. n. (Thysanoptera: Merothripidae)." Zootaxa 4786, no. 2 (June 2, 2020): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4786.2.10.

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Amber has rarely been found in Africa and only a few samples with fossil inclusions are known (Kiefert et al. 2015). The most important fossiliferous find was reported from an outcrop at the north-western Plateau of Ethiopia a decade ago, revealing diverse inclusions of arthropods, plant remains, fungi and microorganisms (Schmidt et al. 2010). Initially, this amber was classified as originating from the mid-Cretaceous. Later studies, however, have raised questions about this determination and indicated a much younger age: Cenozoic, likely Miocene (Coty et al. 2016, Perrichot et al. 2016, Perrichot et al. 2018). The contradictory—and rather controversial discussed—new dating was based on spectroscopic analyses, revised palynological data and more comprehensive palaeoentomological results showing that insect fossils mostly belong to extant families and genera. In total, Schmidt et al. (2010) reported 22 insects from eight identified orders including two specimens of Thysanoptera: “an undetermined, wingless thrips“ (obviously a larva) and a female associated with Merothripidae. A more detailed analysis of these specimens is the objective of the present study; regarding the larva, only a rough classification and description is given, as fossil larvae cannot be definitely associated with adult specimens.
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Austin, Jeremy J., Andrew J. Ross, Andrew B. SMITH, Richard A. Fortey, and Richard H. Thomas. "Problems of reproducibility – does geologically ancient DNA survive in amber–preserved insects?" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 264, no. 1381 (April 22, 1997): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0067.

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49

Poinar, George, and Royce Steeves. "Virola dominicana sp. nov. (Myristicaceae) from Dominican amber." Botany 91, no. 8 (August 2013): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0019.

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The Myristicaceae is a member of the early diverging angiosperm order Magnoliales; however, the family is poorly represented by fossil collections. We describe Virola dominicana sp. nov. (Myristicaceae), the first record of fossilized Myristicaceae flowers, from mid-Tertiary (45–15 million years ago) Dominican amber. The description is based on 24 male flowers in 17 pieces of amber, thus providing some indication of intraspecific variation, including a two-tepaled flower. Diagnostic characters of the new species are the long-simple or few-branched trichomes on the perianth margins, the small pollen grains, and a short staminal column. These fossils also show co-occurring insects, some of which could be Virola pollinators. It is speculated that V. dominicana disappeared from Hispaniola during the Pliocene–Pleistocene cooling events leaving no native members of the Myristicaceae in this region today. Additionally, these fossils demonstrate that Myristicaceae was present in the Western Hemisphere during the mid-Tertiary.
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50

Henwood, Alison. "Exceptional Preservation of Dipteran Flight Muscle and the Taphonomy of Insects in Amber." PALAIOS 7, no. 2 (April 1992): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3514931.

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