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Journal articles on the topic 'Amber suppression'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Park, Ho-Jin, and Uttam L. RajBhandary. "Tetracycline-Regulated Suppression of Amber Codons in Mammalian Cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 8 (1998): 4418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.8.4418.

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ABSTRACT As an approach to inducible suppression of nonsense mutations in mammalian cells, we described recently an amber suppression system in mammalian cells dependent on coexpression of Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS) along with the E. coli glutamine-inserting amber suppressor tRNA. Here, we report on tetracycline-regulated expression of the E. coli GlnRS gene and, thereby, tetracycline-regulated suppression of amber codons in mammalian HeLa and COS-1 cells. The E. coli GlnRS coding sequence attached to a minimal mammalian cell promoter was placed downstream of seven tan

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2

Bhattacharya, Arpita, Caroline Köhrer, Debabrata Mandal, and Uttam L. RajBhandary. "Nonsense suppression in archaea." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 19 (2015): 6015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501558112.

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Bacterial strains carrying nonsense suppressor tRNA genes played a crucial role in early work on bacterial and bacterial viral genetics. In eukaryotes as well, suppressor tRNAs have played important roles in the genetic analysis of yeast and worms. Surprisingly, little is known about genetic suppression in archaea, and there has been no characterization of suppressor tRNAs or identification of nonsense mutations in any of the archaeal genes. Here, we show, using the β-gal gene as a reporter, that amber, ochre, and opal suppressors derived from the serine and tyrosine tRNAs of the archaeonHalof

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3

Hodgkin, Jonathan. "NOVEL NEMATODE AMBER SUPPRESSORS." Genetics 111, no. 2 (1985): 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/111.2.287.

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ABSTRACT Nine amber suppressor mutations were isolated in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by reverting amber alleles of a sex-determining gene, tra-3. One suppressor maps to a known locus, sup-5 III, but the other eight map to three new loci, sup-21 X (five alleles), sup-22 IV (two alleles) and sup-23 IV (one allele). Amber alleles of tra-3 and of a dumpy gene, dpy-20, were used to measure the efficiency of suppression; the sup-21 and the sup-22 alleles were both shown to be heterogeneous and generally weaker suppressors than sup-5 alleles, which are homogeneous. The spectrum of mutations

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4

Li, Ling, Rob M. Linning, Kazunori Kondo, and Barry M. Honda. "Differential Expression of Individual Suppressor tRNATrp Gene Family Members In Vitro and In Vivo in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 2 (1998): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.2.703.

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ABSTRACT Eight different amber suppressor tRNA (suptRNA) mutations in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have been isolated; all are derived from members of the tRNATrp gene family (K. Kondo, B. Makovec, R. H. Waterston, and J. Hodgkin, J. Mol. Biol. 215:7–19, 1990). Genetic assays of suppressor activity suggested that individual tRNA genes were differentially expressed, probably in a tissue- or developmental stage-specific manner. We have now examined the expression of representative members of this gene family both in vitro, using transcription in embryonic cell extracts, and in vivo, by as

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5

Garza, D., M. M. Medhora, and D. L. Hartl. "Drosophila nonsense suppressors: functional analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila tissue culture cells and Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 126, no. 3 (1990): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/126.3.625.

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Abstract Amber (UAG) and opal (UGA) nonsense suppressors were constructed by oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis of two Drosophila melanogaster leucine-tRNA genes and tested in yeast, Drosophila tissue culture cells and transformed flies. Suppression of a variety of amber and opal alleles occurs in yeast. In Drosophila tissue culture cells, the mutant tRNAs suppress hsp70:Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase) amber and opal alleles as well as an hsp70:beta-gal (beta-galactosidase) amber allele. The mutant tRNAs were also introduced into the Drosophila genome by P element-mediated transformation. N

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6

Herring, Christopher D., and Frederick R. Blattner. "Global Transcriptional Effects of a Suppressor tRNA and the Inactivation of the Regulator frmR." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 20 (2004): 6714–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.20.6714-6720.2004.

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ABSTRACT Expression of an amber suppressor tRNA should result in read-through of the 326 open reading frames (ORFs) that terminate with amber stop codons in the Escherichia coli genome, including six pseudogenes. Abnormal extension of an ORF might alter the activities of the protein and have effects on cellular physiology, while suppression of a pseudogene could lead to a gain of function. We used oligonucleotide microarrays to determine if any effects were apparent at the level of transcription in glucose minimal medium. Surprisingly, only eight genes had significantly different expression in

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7

Neumann, Heinz, Petra Neumann-Staubitz, Anna Witte, and Daniel Summerer. "Epigenetic chromatin modification by amber suppression technology." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 45 (August 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.01.017.

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8

Singaravelan, B., B. R. Roshini, and M. Hussain Munavar. "Evidence that the supE44 Mutation of Escherichia coli Is an Amber Suppressor Allele of glnX and that It Also Suppresses Ochre and Opal Nonsense Mutations." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 22 (2010): 6039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00474-10.

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ABSTRACT Translational readthrough of nonsense codons is seen not only in organisms possessing one or more tRNA suppressors but also in strains lacking suppressors. Amber suppressor tRNAs have been reported to suppress only amber nonsense mutations, unlike ochre suppressors, which can suppress both amber and ochre mutations, essentially due to wobble base pairing. In an Escherichia coli strain carrying the lacZU118 episome (an ochre mutation in the lacZ gene) and harboring the supE44 allele, suppression of the ochre mutation was observed after 7 days of incubation. The presence of the supE44 l

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9

Kondo, K., J. Hodgkin, and R. H. Waterston. "Differential expression of five tRNA(UAGTrp) amber suppressors in Caenorhabditis elegans." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 9 (1988): 3627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.9.3627.

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Caenorhabditis elegans has 12 tRNA(UGGTrp) genes as defined by Southern analysis. In order to evaluate the function of the individual members of this multigene family, we sought to recover amber (UAG)-suppressing mutations from reversion experiments with animals carrying amber mutations in a nervous system-affecting gene (unc-13) or a sex-determining gene (tra-3). Revertants were analyzed by Southern blot, exploiting the fact that the CCA to CTA change at the anticodon creates a new XbaI site. Five different members of the tRNATrp gene family were identified as suppressors: sup-7 X, sup-5 III,

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10

Kondo, K., J. Hodgkin, and R. H. Waterston. "Differential expression of five tRNA(UAGTrp) amber suppressors in Caenorhabditis elegans." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 9 (1988): 3627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.9.3627-3635.1988.

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Caenorhabditis elegans has 12 tRNA(UGGTrp) genes as defined by Southern analysis. In order to evaluate the function of the individual members of this multigene family, we sought to recover amber (UAG)-suppressing mutations from reversion experiments with animals carrying amber mutations in a nervous system-affecting gene (unc-13) or a sex-determining gene (tra-3). Revertants were analyzed by Southern blot, exploiting the fact that the CCA to CTA change at the anticodon creates a new XbaI site. Five different members of the tRNATrp gene family were identified as suppressors: sup-7 X, sup-5 III,

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11

Phoenix, Pauline, Michel Gravel, Muriel B. Herrington, and Léa Brakier-Gingras. "Neomycin is more efficient than streptomycin in suppressing frameshift mutations." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 6 (1985): 776–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-115.

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The effects of streptomycin and neomycin on the phenotypic suppression of frameshift mutations in the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli and on the efficiency of suppression of amber mutations in T4 phage by the informational supE tRNA nonsense suppressor were compared. Neomycin stimulated much more efficiently than streptomycin the phenotypic suppression of frameshift mutations. Because neomycin favors mismatches of the central codon base whereas streptomycin favors mismatches of the first codon base, this result suggests that mismatching of the central codon base pair and shifting of the reading

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12

Bartoschek, Michael D., Enes Ugur, Tuan-Anh Nguyen, et al. "Identification of permissive amber suppression sites for efficient non-canonical amino acid incorporation in mammalian cells." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 11 (2021): e62-e62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab132.

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Abstract The genetic code of mammalian cells can be expanded to allow the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) by suppressing in-frame amber stop codons (UAG) with an orthogonal pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS)/tRNAPylCUA (PylT) pair. However, the feasibility of this approach is substantially hampered by unpredictable variations in incorporation efficiencies at different stop codon positions within target proteins. Here, we apply a proteomics-based approach to quantify ncAA incorporation rates at hundreds of endogenous amber stop codons in mammalian cells. With these data, we c

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13

Brabham, Robin, and Martin A. Fascione. "Pyrrolysine Amber Stop-Codon Suppression: Development and Applications." ChemBioChem 18, no. 20 (2017): 1973–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201700148.

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14

Bi, Xiaobao, Kalyan Kumar Pasunooti, Ahmad Hussen Tareq, John Takyi-Williams, and Chuan-Fa Liu. "Genetic incorporation of 1,2-aminothiol functionality for site-specific protein modification via thiazolidine formation." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 23 (2016): 5282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00854b.

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15

Drabkin, H. J., H. J. Park, and U. L. RajBhandary. "Amber suppression in mammalian cells dependent upon expression of an Escherichia coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, no. 3 (1996): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.3.907.

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As an approach to inducible suppression of nonsense mutations in mammalian and in higher eukaryotic cells, we have analyzed the expression of an Escherichia coli glutamine-inserting amber suppressor tRNA gene in COS-1 and CV-1 monkey kidney cells. The tRNA gene used has the suppressor tRNA coding sequence flanked by sequences derived from a human initiator methionine tRNA gene and has two changes in the coding sequence. This tRNA gene is transcribed, and the transcript is processed to yield the mature tRNA in COS-1 and CV-1 cells. We show that the tRNA is not aminoacylated in COS-1 cells by an

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16

Tuley, Alfred, Yane-Shih Wang, Xinqiang Fang, Yadagiri Kurra, Yohannes H. Rezenom, and Wenshe R. Liu. "The genetic incorporation of thirteen novel non-canonical amino acids." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 20 (2014): 2673–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc49068h.

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17

Widder, Pia, Julian Schuck, Daniel Summerer, and Malte Drescher. "Combining site-directed spin labeling in vivo and in-cell EPR distance determination." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 9 (2020): 4875–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05584c.

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18

Edwards, H., and P. Schimmel. "A bacterial amber suppressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is selectively recognized by a bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 4 (1990): 1633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.4.1633.

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Little is known about the conservation of determinants for the identities of tRNAs between organisms. We showed previously that Escherichia coli tyrosine tRNA synthetase can charge the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial tyrosine tRNA in vivo, even though there are substantial sequence differences between the yeast mitochondrial and bacterial tRNAs. The S. cerevisiae cytoplasmic tyrosine tRNA differs in sequence from both its yeast mitochondrial and E. coli counterparts. To test whether the yeast cytoplasmic tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes the E. coli tRNA, we expressed various amounts o

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19

Edwards, H., and P. Schimmel. "A bacterial amber suppressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is selectively recognized by a bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 4 (1990): 1633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.4.1633-1641.1990.

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Little is known about the conservation of determinants for the identities of tRNAs between organisms. We showed previously that Escherichia coli tyrosine tRNA synthetase can charge the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial tyrosine tRNA in vivo, even though there are substantial sequence differences between the yeast mitochondrial and bacterial tRNAs. The S. cerevisiae cytoplasmic tyrosine tRNA differs in sequence from both its yeast mitochondrial and E. coli counterparts. To test whether the yeast cytoplasmic tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes the E. coli tRNA, we expressed various amounts o

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20

Barker, Andrew, Stefan Oehler, and Benno Müller-Hill. "“Cold-Sensitive” Mutants of the Lac Repressor." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 5 (2006): 2174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01462-06.

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ABSTRACT Thirteen of more than 4,000 single-amino-acid-replacement mutants of the Lac repressor, generated by suppression of amber nonsense mutants, were characterized as having a cold-sensitive phenotype. However, when expressed as missense mutations, none of the replacements cause cold sensitivity, implicating the suppression mechanism as being responsible for this phenotype.

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21

G�lugne, Jean-Paul, and John B. Belle. "Modifiers of ochre suppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that exhibit ochre suppressor-dependent amber suppression." Current Genetics 14, no. 4 (1988): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00419992.

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22

Oh, Mi-young, Hyun-yoo Joo, Byung-ung Hur, Yeon-ho Jeong, and Sang-hoon Cha. "Enhancing phage display of antibody fragments using gIII-amber suppression." Gene 386, no. 1-2 (2007): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2006.08.009.

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23

Schwark, David, Margaret Schmitt, and John Fisk. "Dissecting the Contribution of Release Factor Interactions to Amber Stop Codon Reassignment Efficiencies of the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Orthogonal Pair." Genes 9, no. 11 (2018): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9110546.

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Non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) are finding increasing use in basic biochemical studies and biomedical applications. The efficiency of ncAA incorporation is highly variable, as a result of competing system composition and codon context effects. The relative quantitative contribution of the multiple factors affecting incorporation efficiency are largely unknown. This manuscript describes the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporters to quantify the efficiency of amber codon reassignment using the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii orthogonal pair system, commonly employed for ncAA incorpora

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24

Rennell, D., and A. R. Poteete. "Genetic analysis of bacteriophage P22 lysozyme structure." Genetics 123, no. 3 (1989): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/123.3.431.

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Abstract The suppression patterns of 11 phage P22 mutants bearing different amber mutations in the gene encoding lysozyme (19) were determined on six different amber suppressor strains. Of the 60 resulting single amino acid substitutions, 18 resulted in defects in lysozyme activity at 30 degrees; an additional seven were defective at 40 degrees. Revertants were isolated on the "missuppressing" hosts following UV mutagenesis; they were screened to distinguish primary- from second-site revertants. It was found that second-site revertants were recovered with greater efficiency if the UV-irradiate

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25

Bourdeau, V., S. V. Steinberg, G. Ferbeyre, R. Emond, N. Cermakian, and R. Cedergren. "Amber suppression in Escherichia coli by unusual mitochondria-like transfer RNAs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 4 (1998): 1375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.4.1375.

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26

Wang, Qian, Tingting Sun, Jianfeng Xu, et al. "Response and Adaptation ofEscherichia colito Suppression of the Amber Stop Codon." ChemBioChem 15, no. 12 (2014): 1744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201402235.

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27

Agafonov, Dmitry E., Yiwei Huang, Michael Grote, and Mathias Sprinzl. "Efficient suppression of the amber codon inE. coliin vitro translation system." FEBS Letters 579, no. 10 (2005): 2156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.004.

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28

Lovett, S. T., and V. A. Sutera. "Suppression of recJ exonuclease mutants of Escherichia coli by alterations in DNA helicases II (uvrD) and IV (helD)." Genetics 140, no. 1 (1995): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/140.1.27.

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Abstract The recJ gene encodes a single-strand DNA-specific exonuclease involved in homologous recombination. We have isolated a pseudorevertant strain in which recJ mutant phenotypes were alleviated. Suppression of recJ was due to at least three mutations, two of which we have identified as alterations in DNA helicase genes. A recessive amber mutation, "uvrD517am," at codon 503 of the gene encoding helicase II was sufficient to suppress recJ partially. The uvrD517am mutation does not eliminate uvrD function because it affects UV survival only weakly; moreover, a uvrD insertion mutation could

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29

Ogawa, Atsushi, Yasunori Doi, and Nobuto Matsushita. "Improvement of in vitro-transcribed amber suppressor tRNAs toward higher suppression efficiency in wheat germ extract." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 9, no. 24 (2011): 8495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ob06351k.

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30

Herring, Christopher D., Jeremy D. Glasner, and Frederick R. Blattner. "Gene replacement without selection: regulated suppression of amber mutations in Escherichia coli." Gene 311 (June 2003): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00585-7.

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31

Pott, Moritz, Moritz Johannes Schmidt, and Daniel Summerer. "Evolved Sequence Contexts for Highly Efficient Amber Suppression with Noncanonical Amino Acids." ACS Chemical Biology 9, no. 12 (2014): 2815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cb5006273.

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32

Betzner, Andreas S., Marie P. Oakes, and Eric Huttner. "Transfer RNA-mediated suppression of amber stop codons in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Journal 11, no. 3 (1997): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1997.11030587.x.

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33

Michaels, M. L., C. W. Kim, D. A. Matthews, and J. H. Miller. "Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase: amino acid substitutions by suppression of amber nonsense mutations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87, no. 10 (1990): 3957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.10.3957.

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34

van Kasteren, Sander. "Synthesis of post-translationally modified proteins." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 5 (2012): 929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120144.

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Post-translational modifications of proteins can have dramatic effect on the function of proteins. Significant research effort has gone into understanding the effect of particular modifications on protein parameters. In the present paper, I review some of the recently developed tools for the synthesis of proteins modified with single post-translational modifications at specific sites in the protein, such as amber codon suppression technologies, tag and modify, and native chemical ligation.

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35

Capone, J. P., J. M. Sedivy, P. A. Sharp, and U. L. RajBhandary. "Introduction of UAG, UAA, and UGA nonsense mutations at a specific site in the Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene: use in measurement of amber, ochre, and opal suppression in mammalian cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 9 (1986): 3059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.9.3059.

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We have used oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis to convert serine codon 27 of the Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene to UAG, UAA, and UGA nonsense codons. The mutant cat genes, under transcriptional control of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat, were then introduced into mammalian cells by DNA transfection along with UAG, UAA, and UGA suppressor tRNA genes derived from a human serine tRNA. Assay for CAT enzymatic activity in extracts from such cells allowed us to detect and quantitate nonsense suppression in monkey CV-1 cells and mouse NIH3T3

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36

Capone, J. P., J. M. Sedivy, P. A. Sharp, and U. L. RajBhandary. "Introduction of UAG, UAA, and UGA nonsense mutations at a specific site in the Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene: use in measurement of amber, ochre, and opal suppression in mammalian cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 9 (1986): 3059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.9.3059-3067.1986.

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We have used oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis to convert serine codon 27 of the Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene to UAG, UAA, and UGA nonsense codons. The mutant cat genes, under transcriptional control of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat, were then introduced into mammalian cells by DNA transfection along with UAG, UAA, and UGA suppressor tRNA genes derived from a human serine tRNA. Assay for CAT enzymatic activity in extracts from such cells allowed us to detect and quantitate nonsense suppression in monkey CV-1 cells and mouse NIH3T3

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37

Rodriguez, E. A., H. A. Lester, and D. A. Dougherty. "Improved amber and opal suppressor tRNAs for incorporation of unnatural amino acids in vivo. Part 2: Evaluating suppression efficiency." RNA 13, no. 10 (2007): 1715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.667607.

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38

Kamijo, S., A. Fujii, K. Onodera, K. Wakabayashi, T. Kobayashi, and K. Sakamoto. "Improvement of Orthogonality Between the Amber Suppression System and the Translation System of Ecoli." Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics S2, no. 01 (2008): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/jpb.s1000134.

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39

Lesjak, Sonja, and Ivana Weygand-Durasevic. "Recognition between tRNASerand archaeal seryl-tRNA synthetases monitored by suppression of bacterial amber mutations." FEMS Microbiology Letters 294, no. 1 (2009): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01560.x.

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40

Chakrabarti, Lina, Li Zhuang, Gargi Roy, et al. "Amber suppression coupled with inducible surface display identifies cells with high recombinant protein productivity." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 116, no. 4 (2019): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.26892.

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41

Lin, John P., Mari Aker, Karen C. Sitney, and Robert K. Mortimer. "First position wobble in codon-anticodon pairing: amber suppression by a yeast glutamine tRNA." Gene 49, no. 3 (1986): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(86)90375-6.

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42

Syroid, D. E., R. I. Tapping, and J. P. Capone. "Regulated expression of a mammalian nonsense suppressor tRNA gene in vivo and in vitro using the lac operator/repressor system." Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, no. 10 (1992): 4271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.10.4271.

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We have exploited the Escherichia coli lac operator/repressor system as a means to regulate the expression of a mammalian tRNA gene in vivo and in vitro. An oligonucleotide containing a lac operator (lacO) site was cloned immediately upstream of a human serine amber suppressor (Su+) tRNA gene. Insertion of a single lac repressor binding site at position -1 or -32 relative to the coding region had no effect on the amount of functional tRNA made in vivo, as measured by suppression of a nonsense mutation in the E. coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene following cotransfection of mammalian c

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43

Syroid, D. E., R. I. Tapping, and J. P. Capone. "Regulated expression of a mammalian nonsense suppressor tRNA gene in vivo and in vitro using the lac operator/repressor system." Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, no. 10 (1992): 4271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.10.4271-4278.1992.

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We have exploited the Escherichia coli lac operator/repressor system as a means to regulate the expression of a mammalian tRNA gene in vivo and in vitro. An oligonucleotide containing a lac operator (lacO) site was cloned immediately upstream of a human serine amber suppressor (Su+) tRNA gene. Insertion of a single lac repressor binding site at position -1 or -32 relative to the coding region had no effect on the amount of functional tRNA made in vivo, as measured by suppression of a nonsense mutation in the E. coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene following cotransfection of mammalian c

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44

Wang, Jinfan, Marek Kwiatkowski, and Anthony C. Forster. "Kinetics of tRNAPyl-mediated amber suppression inEscherichia colitranslation reveals unexpected limiting steps and competing reactions." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 113, no. 7 (2016): 1552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.25917.

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45

Washburn, T., and J. E. O'Tousa. "Nonsense suppression of the major rhodopsin gene of Drosophila." Genetics 130, no. 3 (1992): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/130.3.585.

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Abstract We placed UAA, UAG and UGA nonsense mutations at two leucine codons, Leu205 and Leu309, in Drosophila's major rhodopsin gene, ninaE, by site-directed mutagenesis, and then created the corresponding mutants by P element-mediated transformation of a ninaE deficiency strain. In the absence of a genetic suppressor, flies harboring any of the nonsense mutations at the 309 site, but not the 205 site, show increased rhodopsin activity. Additionally, all flies with nonsense mutations at either site have better rhabdomere structure than does the ninaE deficiency strain. Construction and analys

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46

Schwark, David G., Margaret A. Schmitt, and John D. Fisk. "Directed Evolution of the Methanosarcina barkeri Pyrrolysyl tRNA/aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase Pair for Rapid Evaluation of Sense Codon Reassignment Potential." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (2021): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020895.

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Genetic code expansion has largely focused on the reassignment of amber stop codons to insert single copies of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins. Increasing effort has been directed at employing the set of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (aaRS) variants previously evolved for amber suppression to incorporate multiple copies of ncAAs in response to sense codons in Escherichia coli. Predicting which sense codons are most amenable to reassignment and which orthogonal translation machinery is best suited to each codon is challenging. This manuscript describes the directed evolution of a ne

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Patel, A. H., J. H. Subak-Sharpe, N. D. Stow, H. S. Marsden, J. B. Maclean, and D. J. Dargan. "Suppression of amber nonsense mutations of herpes simplex virus type 1 in a tissue culture system." Journal of General Virology 77, no. 2 (1996): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-77-2-199.

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Volkwein, Wolfram, Christopher Maier, Ralph Krafczyk, Kirsten Jung та Jürgen Lassak. "A Versatile Toolbox for the Control of Protein Levels UsingNε-Acetyl-l-lysine Dependent Amber Suppression". ACS Synthetic Biology 6, № 10 (2017): 1892–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.7b00048.

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Dorus, Steve, Haruo Mimura, and Wolfgang Epstein. "Substrate-binding Clusters of the K+-transporting Kdp ATPase ofEscherichia coliInvestigated by Amber Suppression Scanning Mutagenesis." Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, no. 13 (2000): 9590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m009365200.

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O'Donoghue, Patrick, Laure Prat, Ilka U. Heinemann, et al. "Near-cognate suppression of amber, opal and quadruplet codons competes with aminoacyl-tRNAPylfor genetic code expansion." FEBS Letters 586, no. 21 (2012): 3931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2012.09.033.

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