Relevant bibliographies by topics / Amblyopia

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Academic literature on the topic 'Amblyopia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Amblyopia"

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Çakır, Burçin, Nilgün Özkan Aksoy, Sedat Özmen, and Özlem Bursalı. "The effect of amblyopia on clinical outcomes of children with astigmatism." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 13 (January 2021): 251584142110408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25158414211040898.

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Background: Amblyopia is more common in children with high astigmatism, but factors contributing to development of amblyopia and visual outcomes are not fully understood. Objective: To evaluate the effect of amblyopia on the clinical outcomes in children with ⩾1.75 diopter (D) astigmatism. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of children with ⩾1.75 D astigmatism with and without amblyopia (amblyopes group and non-amblyopes group). The mean age, gender, amount and type of ocular deviation, presence of convergence insufficiency (CI), stereopsis, time of initial spectacle use and follow-up time, differences in best-corrected visual acuity (VoD) and spherical equivalent (SE) between eyes were assessed and compared between the groups. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), mean SE, astigmatism measurements were assessed and compared between amblyopic, fellow, and non-amblyopic eyes. Results: The records included 68 eyes of 34 children with amblyopia and 56 eyes of 28 children without amblyopia. The mean age, gender, amount and type of ocular deviation, presence of CI, stereopsis, time of initial spectacle use, follow-up time, and the difference in SE did not differ between groups. In amblyopes, exodeviation was more common and statistically greater in near (33 cm) than at distance (6 m) (p = 0.005). The mean BCVA and astigmatism values were statistically different between amblyopic, fellow, and non-amblyopic eyes. Conclusion: A greater near than distance exodeviation and higher mean astigmatism value were found in amblyopic children with astigmatism.
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Kurent, Alma, and Dragica Kosec. "Amblyopia." Slovenian Medical Journal 88, no. 1-2 (March 4, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.6016/zdravvestn.2834.

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Amblyopia is a reduction of vision in one or both eyes due to a failure of normal neural development in the immature visual system.Amblyopia occurs due to two basic conditions – abnormal binocular interaction (e.g., strabismus) and blurring or distortion of visual image due to uncorrected refractive errors or media opacities. Best-corrected visual acuities in amblyopic eyes range from mild deficits to severe vision loss.The principle of treating amblyopia involves clearing any image blur and encouraging use of the amblyopic eye with occlusion of the better-seeing eye. Paediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG) studies show that both part-time and full-time occlusions can produce similar results in the eye with severe amblyopia and occlusion can be prescribed initially at 2 hours per day for the moderate amblyope. Studies show that daily atropine and patching for 6 hours/day can be equivalent treatment options and that if pharmacologic blurring is used for treatment, initial treatment can begin with just weekend use of atropine for moderate amblyopia.Amblyopia can lead to permanent loss of vision; therefore vision screening is strongly recommended over the course of childhood to detect amblyopia early enough to allow successful treatment.
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Irsch, Kristina, David L. Guyton, Robert B. Geary, Jing Tian, Boris I. Gramatikov, and Howard S. Ying. "Disconjugacy of Eye Movements during Attempted Fixation: A Sufficient Marker for Amblyopia?" Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 239, no. 10 (October 2022): 1206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1933-3150.

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Abstract Background To investigate whether detection of disconjugacy of eye movements during attempted fixation, or interocular position instability, may serve as a single sensitive test for amblyopia. Patients/Methods and Material Binocular eye movements were recorded at 500 Hz using the EyeLink 1000 eye tracker (SR Research Ltd., Kanata, Ontario, Canada) and analyzed using EyeLink software and Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). Eight subjects (four amblyopes, one successfully treated amblyope, and three non-amblyopes: 7 – 44 years) were asked to fixate on a stationary cross subtending 0.5° at 57 cm. Interocular position instability was quantified by calculating the minimum area bivariate contour ellipse (BCEA) encompassing 68% of the difference between right and left eye position points during 20-second viewing epochs. For statistical analysis, BCEA values, as well as visual acuity and stereoacuity, were normalized by base-10 logarithm transformation. Results The amblyopic subjects with persistent vision loss (one anisometropic, two strabismic, one deprivation; uncorrected visual acuity range 20/60 – 20/300, corrected stereoacuity range nil-400 arcsec) showed significantly higher interocular position instability (larger 68% BCEAs) than the non-amblyopic subjects (uncorrected visual acuity range 20/20 – 20/800, corrected stereoacuities of 20 arcsec) and the successfully treated strabismic amblyope (to the 20/20 level of visual acuity and 70 arcsec of stereoacuity) during binocular viewing trials; p < 0.01. Interocular position stability was strongly correlated with stereoacuity (in that better stereoacuity was associated with lower 68% BCEAs; r = 0.95), but not with visual acuity (r = 0.20). Conclusion Interocular position instability appears to differentiate amblyopic from non-amblyopic subjects and appears to improve after successful treatment. Interocular position instability may therefore prove to be a single sensitive test for the presence of amblyopia. As a difference measure, it is inherently less susceptible to head motion and calibration error, as well as to conjugate eye motion, and as such is expected to be somewhat immune to latent nystagmus. Interocular position instability may also be useful to guide treatment, especially in preverbal children, and to assess the efficacy of novel treatments. Further research is required to establish optimal interocular position instability thresholds and to determine how specific this measure is to amblyopia.
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KOZMA, PETRA, and LYNNE KIORPES. "Contour integration in amblyopic monkeys." Visual Neuroscience 20, no. 5 (September 2003): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523803205113.

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Amblyopia is characterized by losses in a variety of aspects of spatial vision, such as acuity and contrast sensitivity. Our goal was to learn whether those basic spatial deficits lead to impaired global perceptual processing in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. This question is unresolved by the current human psychophysical literature. We studied contour integration and contrast sensitivity in amblyopic monkeys. We found deficient contour integration in anisometropic as well as strabismic amblyopic monkeys. Some animals showed poor contour integration in the fellow eye as well as in the amblyopic eye. Orientation jitter of the elements in the contour systematically decreased contour-detection ability for control and fellow eyes, but had less effect on amblyopic eyes. The deficits were not clearly related to basic losses in contrast sensitivity and acuity for either type of amblyopia. We conclude that abnormal contour integration in amblyopes reflects disruption of mechanisms that are different from those that determine acuity and contrast sensitivity, and are likely to be central to V1.
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KIORPES, LYNNE, CHAO TANG, and J. ANTHONY MOVSHON. "Sensitivity to visual motion in amblyopic macaque monkeys." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 2 (March 2006): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806232097.

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Amblyopia is usually considered to be a deficit in spatial vision. But there is evidence that amblyopes may also suffer specific deficits in motion sensitivity as opposed to losses that can be explained by the known deficits in spatial vision. We measured sensitivity to visual motion in random dot displays for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopic monkeys. We used a wide range of spatial and temporal offsets and compared the performance of the fellow and amblyopic eye for each monkey. The amblyopes were severely impaired at detecting motion at fine spatial and long temporal offsets, corresponding to fine spatial scale and slow speeds. This impairment was also evident for the untreated fellow eyes of strabismic but not anisometropic amblyopes. Motion sensitivity functions for amblyopic eyes were shifted toward large spatial scales for amblyopic compared to fellow eyes, to a degree that was correlated with the shift in scale of the spatial contrast sensitivity function. Amblyopic losses in motion sensitivity, however, were not correlated with losses in spatial contrast sensitivity. This, combined with the specific impairment for detecting long temporal offsets, reveals a deficit in spatiotemporal integration in amblyopia which cannot be explained by the lower spatial resolution of amblyopic vision.
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Vieira, Maria João, Sandra Viegas Guimarães, Patrício Costa, and Eduardo Silva. "Late Ophthalmologic Referral of Anisometropic Amblyopia: A Retrospective Study of Different Amblyopia Subtypes." Acta Médica Portuguesa 32, no. 3 (March 29, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.10623.

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Introduction: Amblyopia requires a timely diagnosis and treatment to attain maximum vision recovery. Specialty literature is lacking on how early amblyopia is referred. We aimed to understand if there are mean age differences at first referral for ophthalmologic tertiary center consultation among non-amblyopic and different types of amblyopia, in a context of lack of population screening.Material and Methods: In this retrospective model, the sample corresponded to all children born in Braga Hospital during 1997 - 2012 (3 - 18 years-old), with an ophthalmologic consultation in 2014. Data was collected from the clinical records and children were divided in a non-amblyopic versus amblyopic group. The amblyopic group was subdivided in strabismic versus refractive (anisometropic/bilateral).Results: The sample had a total of 1665 participants, 1369 (82.2%) without amblyopia and 296 (17.8%) with amblyopia. Among amblyopia: 67.9% (n = 201) refractive, 32.1% (n = 95) strabismic. Within refractive amblyopia: 63.7% (n = 128) anisometropic and 36.3% (n = 73) bilateral. The mean age at first consultation was 6.24 ± 3.90 years-old: 6.39 ± 3.98 for non-amblyopic and 5.76 ± 3.58 for amblyopic. Among amblyopia subgroups, there were significant differences in mean age at first consultation (F3,1250 = 8.45; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.020). Strabismic and bilateral refractive amblyopia were referred earlier, when compared to non-amblyopia or anisometropic amblyopia (p < 0.05). Anisometropic amblyopia had the highest first consultation mean age: 6.92 ± 3.57 years-old.Discussion: Without specific pre-school screening, children with amblyopia were referred to their first ophthalmologic evaluation significantly later than desired, especially anisometropic amblyopia, with a postschool mean age for first consultation.Conclusion: Recognizing high-risk children is essential for earlier referral and helps minimize future visual handicap.
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Acar, Katerina, Lynne Kiorpes, J. Anthony Movshon, and Matthew A. Smith. "Altered functional interactions between neurons in primary visual cortex of macaque monkeys with experimental amblyopia." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 2243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00232.2019.

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Amblyopia, a disorder in which vision through one of the eyes is degraded, arises because of defective processing of information by the visual system. Amblyopia often develops in humans after early misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) and can be simulated in macaque monkeys by artificially inducing strabismus. In such amblyopic animals, single-unit responses in primary visual cortex (V1) are appreciably reduced when evoked by the amblyopic eye compared with the other (fellow) eye. However, this degradation in single V1 neuron responsivity is not commensurate with the marked losses in visual sensitivity and resolution measured behaviorally. Here we explored the idea that changes in patterns of coordinated activity across populations of V1 neurons may contribute to degraded visual representations in amblyopia, potentially making it more difficult to read out evoked activity to support perceptual decisions. We studied the visually evoked activity of V1 neuronal populations in three macaques ( Macaca nemestrina) with strabismic amblyopia and in one control animal. Activity driven through the amblyopic eye was diminished, and these responses also showed more interneuronal correlation at all stimulus contrasts than responses driven through the fellow eye or responses in the control animal. A decoding analysis showed that responses driven through the amblyopic eye carried less visual information than other responses. Our results suggest that part of the reduced visual capacity of amblyopes may be due to changes in the patterns of functional interaction among neurons in V1. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous work on the neurophysiological basis of amblyopia has largely focused on relating behavioral deficits to changes in visual processing by single neurons in visual cortex. In this study, we recorded simultaneously from populations of primary visual cortical (V1) neurons in macaques with amblyopia. We found changes in the strength and pattern of shared response variability between neurons. These changes in neuronal interactions could impair the visual representations of V1 populations driven by the amblyopic eye.
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Liu, Chun-Hsiu, Sherine Jue Ong, Chung-Ying Huang, Wei-Chi Wu, Ling-Yuh Kao, and Meng-Ling Yang. "Macular Thickness, Foveal Volume, and Choroidal Thickness in Amblyopic Eyes and Their Relationships to the Treatment Outcome." Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (August 6, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1967621.

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Purpose. To assess the correlations between the retinal/choroidal structure and the treatment outcomes of amblyopic children.Methods. This study enrolled eyes with amblyopia resulting from strabismus, anisometropia, or ametropia. All patients underwent detailed eye examinations, including spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan. All of the subjects received amblyopic treatment and were divided into 2 groups after 6 months of follow-up: the recovered amblyopic group with a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥0.8 and the persistent amblyopic group with a BCVA <0.8 on the Landolt C chart.Results. Forty-four amblyopic children were included, of which 26 were in the recovered amblyopic group after 6 months of follow-up. The patients with strabismic anisometropic amblyopia and severe amblyopia (initial VA ≤ 0.3) were significantly predisposed to developing persistent amblyopia (P=0.049andP<0.001, respectively). After correcting with Littmann’s formula, the thickness and volume of the parafoveal and perifoveal retinal regions in the persistent amblyopia group did not show significant differences with the recovered amblyopia group.Conclusions. The initial severity of amblyopia and the type of amblyopia were the risk factors related to the poor outcome of amblyopic treatment. The foveal thickness, foveal volume, and choroidal thickness were not associated with the treatment outcome.
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Kiorpes, Lynne. "Effect of strabismus on the development of vernier acuity and grating acuity in monkeys." Visual Neuroscience 9, no. 3-4 (October 1992): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380001066x.

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AbstractThe effect of experimental strabismus on the development of vernier acuity and grating acuity was studied in Macaca nemestrina monkeys. Six monkeys were studied longitudinally beginning near 10 days after birth. Four of the six monkeys developed amblyopia. As is true for human strabismic amblyopes, the deficit in vernier acuity was larger than the deficit in grating acuity in the amblyopic monkeys. The developmental data reveal that this differential disruption of vernier acuity can be understood as a result of a slowed developmental process associated with amblyopia.
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Ghoshal, Rituparna, Dipanwita Ghosh, and Somnath Ghosh. "Dichoptic Vision Therapy in Adults with Anisometropic Amblyopia: A Systematic Review." JULY 2023 19, no. 4 (July 7, 2023): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.19.4.42.

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Introduction: Amblyopia is a condition with reduced best corrected visual acuity in absence of any ocular pathology. Different treatment approaches of amblyopia have been researched for decades. Recent studies on binocular dichoptic therapy using different software and video game based training showed drastic improvement in visual functions in amblyopic adults. Aim of this review is to assess the effect of vision therapy with dichoptic training in adults with anisometropic amblyopes. Method: Review was conducted in articles published within last 25 years from databases like PubMed, research gate, google scholar. Results: Dichoptic therapy has promising results in treatment of adults with anisometropic amblyopia. However, several limitations of these said researches were observed. Conclusion: Further studies particularly RCTs with strict methodology and treatment protocol, larger sample size and longer follow ups are recommended before clinicians could impart dichoptic therapy as a management option of adults with amblyopia into their evidence based practice.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Amblyopia"

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Awan, Musarat. "Amblyopia and visual development." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9539.

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Background: Amblyopia, ‘lazy’ eye is a unilateral or bilateral reduction in vision for which no organic cause is present by physical examination of the eye with a prevalence of approximately 3.5% of the childhood population. It is commonly associated with a strabismus, refractive error or both. The most common form of treatment is conventional occlusion (daily patching the good eye). Clinical studies have attempted to investigate the optimal treatment of the disease and investigate compliance, however an evidence-base for treatment is still incomplete. Methods: The study included (i) a retrospective study of 322 amblyopic children to assess current visual outcomes in comparison to clinical effort and costs; (ii) A randomised control trial (n=52) comparing prescribed treatments of 0-hours, 3-hours and 6-hours patching per day in which compliance was electronically recorded; (iii) interviews of 25 families to explore reasons behind poor compliance; and (iv) a pilot study of educational material to improve compliance. Results: Current outcomes of amblyopia treatment are mediocre at considerable financial and time-costs. The RCT revealed poor compliance in both patching groups (3-hours and 6-hours) leading to visual improvements that were not significantly better than no patching. However, there was a clear dose-response between visual improvement and effective hours patched (p=0.00013). The interviews demonstrated emotional distress in families, lack of social acceptance, and confusion about amblyopia, its treatment and the role of professionals. Early findings indicate that an educational intervention could reduce the number of poor compliers. Conclusion: Poor compliance leads to poor visual outcomes of occlusion treatment for amblyopia. However, objective monitoring of patching demonstrates that occlusion therapy is effective. An educational intervention could address some of the problems associated with poor compliance such as poor parental understanding, providing feedback of visual improvement to the family and strategies for implementing patching as a normal routine.
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Demanins, Rita. "Spatial vision in strabismic amblyopia." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35960.

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Spatial vision, refers to how the visual system encodes the relationships between simple features in the external world for extraction of meaningful information as to object form and location in space. Amblyopia (from the Greek, meaning "blunt vision") is a developmental monocular deficit arising in an estimated 5% of children and is the most common cause of unilateral blindness in the adult population. The condition is primarily associated with a strabismus (misalignment of an eye) or anisometropia (unequal refractive error in the two eyes) or both (mixed amblyopia) being present at or shortly after birth. The strabismic amblyopic deficit includes a decrease in contrast sensitivity, with an accompanying loss in acuity. This population is unique in that unlike the anisometropic group, they experience spatial distortions and non-contrast dependent anomalous spatial localization. This has led to the proposition that tarachopia or "distorted" vision may be a better descriptive term to use as opposed to amblyopia or "blunt" vision.
In an effort to characterize the distortions that strabismic amblyopes perceive, we have quantified the deficit in spatial localization across the dimensions of spatial scale, eccentricity and exposure duration. The results show that: (1) the deficits of spatial localization, spatial uncertainty (increased alignment threshold) and bias (perceived point of subjective alignment) are uncorrelated; (2) both deficits are scale invariant for well separated elements; (3) the form of the regional distribution depends on the spatial measure used and the scale at which it is measured; (4) there is a poor correlation between the deficit for either spatial measure and the contrast sensitivity loss; and (5) spatial uncertainty is invariant with exposure duration.
In addition we have sought to characterize the neural substrate of the spatial deficits. We psychophysically probe the sampling properties of the neuronal population and analyze the dependence of simple pattern discrimination on stimulus bandwidth properties. Our results show that the detection deficit due to neural pooling is effective in limiting the spatial frequencies where sampling considerations are important. Within this region of visible high frequencies, an irregular arrangement of neurons rather than neural loss is the greater contributor to the strabismic amblyopes' deficit. In addition, the amblyopic eye either has broader orientation and spatial frequency detectors or is deficient only for first-order orientation processing.
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Pradeep, Archana. "Can amblyopia treatment be optimised?" Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/38534.

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Demanins, Rita. "Spatial vision in a strabismic amblyopia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0028/NQ50290.pdf.

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Piano, Marianne Emma Florence. "Perceptual visual distortions in human amblyopia." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.676486.

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It has been shown that adults and children with amblyopia can experience metamorphopsia (perceptual visual distortions). This body of work chronicles the piloting of a novel dichoptic technique to quantitatively map perceptual visual distortions in adults with amblyopia. It was demonstrated that perceptual visual distortions as measured with this method were more severe in strabismic amblyopes, were not homogenous across the visual field, and were highly individual to each amblyope, in common with the findings of other studies using alternative distortion mapping methods. It was established that perceptual visual distortions in adult amblyopes remained stable geotopically and in magnitude over time, and were closely associated with the angle of strabismic deviation and strength of binocular single vision - unique findings not documented in the literature previously. The dichoptic paradigm was then used to measure perceptual visual distortions in children with amblyopia at different stages of amblyopia treatment, as no study before had attempted to relate severity of perceptual visual distortions to amblyopia treatment outcomes, or establish how prevalent they were amongst amblyopic children. For the first time, a large sample of amblyopic children was tested (n = 82) and compared to agematched visually normal controls (n = 140). It was established that 56.1% of the sample had perceptual visual distortions, and importantly, that the severity of these was independent of amblyopia treatment outcomes. Instead, as in the adult amblyopes, distortion severity was found to be primarily dictated by strength of binocular function and the size of the angle of deviation. Overall, the key message of this work is the importance of evaluating all aspects of the disruption to visual function in amblyopia, and attempting a unified, binocular treatment approach that addresses these aspects, in the hope of producing better amblyopia treatment outcomes for children in the future.
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Bruce, Alison. "Structural Integrity of Eyes Diagnosed with Amblyopia. The measurement of retinal structure in amblyopia using Optical Coherence Tomography." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4894.

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Amblyopia is the leading cause of monocular visual impairment in children. Therapy for amblyopia is extremely beneficial in some children but ineffective in others. It is critical that the reasons for this discrepancy are understood. Emerging evidence indicates that current clinical protocols for the diagnosis of amblyopia may not be sufficiently sensitive in identifying individuals who, on more detailed examination, exhibit subtle structural defects of the eye. Presently, the magnitude of this problem is unknown. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of subtle retinal/optic nerve head defects in eyes diagnosed with amblyopia, to distinguish between possible explanations for the origin of such defects and to investigate the relationship between quantitative measures of retinal structure, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and optic nerve head dimensions. Using the imaging technique of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) retinal structure has been investigated in detail, following the visual pathway across the retina from the fovea, via the paramacular bundle to the optic disc, where peripapillary retinal nerve fibre thickness has been imaged and subjected to detailed measures along with optic disc size and shape. The study formed two phases, the first imaging the eyes of visually normal adults and children, comparing them to amblyopes, both adults and children who had completed their treatment. The second phase, a longitudinal study, investigated retinal structure of amblyopic children undertaking occlusion therapy for the first time. By relating pre-therapy quantitative measures to the visual outcome the second phase of the study aimed to examine whether OCT imaging could identify children achieving a poor final outcome. The results show a clear picture of inter-ocular symmetry structure in all individuals, visually normal and amblyopic. Optic disc characteristics revealed no structural abnormalities in amblyopes, in any of the measured parameters, nor was there any association between the level of visual acuity and the measured structure. At the fovea differences were shown to occur in the presence of amblyopia, with thickening of the fovea and reduction of the foveal pit depth. The structural changes were found to be both bilateral and symmetrical with the fellow eye also affected. In the longitudinal phase of the study these changes were demonstrated to a greater extent in children who 'failed' to respond to treatment. This bilateral, symmetrical structural change found at the fovea, which has not been previously reported, cannot therefore be the primary cause of the visual loss which has been diagnosed as amblyopia.
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Maconachie, Gail Dorothy Elizabeth. "The development and treatment of strabismic amblyopia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33165.

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Background: Strabismus development is a complex process involving various parts of the visual system. This complexity is increased by the presence of numerous subtypes. Although research has shown strong genetic and environmental components it is not yet clear if there are stronger associations with particular subtypes. In addition, the association between strabismus and retinal development and its limitation on visual outcome, in combination with other factors such as compliance to treatment, has not yet been explored. Methods: Strabismic subjects were recruited to four areas to assess the development and treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Genetic and environmental factors were systematically identified within the literature and through strabismic pedigrees. The influence of strabismic development on the retina was assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in strabismic infants compared to healthy controls. OCT and electronic monitors were used to investigate causes of poor outcomes after amblyopia treatment. Results: Systematic reviewing of the literature revealed strong associations between strabismus and various environmental and genetic factors. By observing the inheritance of strabismus through pedigrees it was observed that accommodative forms of esotropia had a stronger association with inheritance than other subtypes. The effect of strabismus on retinal development revealed delayed or abnormal changes within particular layers of the retina. These defects were observed in both eyes of strabismic subjects and were sustained in subjects who failed to reach successful outcomes after treatment. In addition, through using electronic monitors, compliance to both glasses wearing and occlusion were significantly correlated to visual outcomes. Conclusion: This thesis continues to support growing evidence that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in strabismus development. Its development also has retrograde effects on the visual pathway in particular the retina, which is sustained unless treatment is successful. In addition, compliance to treatment has shown to be vital in obtaining a successful outcome.
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Conner, Ian Patrick. "fMRI studies of amblyopia pediatric and adult perspectives /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4077.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 199 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Aavali, Sridharasundaram Preethi. "The efficacy of video biofeedback treatment of amblyopia." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341655.

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Bossi, Manuela. "Amblyopia : assessment and treatment of binocular visual function." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10054824/.

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Unilateral amblyopia is a common neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by reduced acuity and contrast sensitivity in the amblyopic eye (AE) & by abnormal inter-ocular visual function, e.g. reduced stereoacuity; without a concomitant etiological dysfunction. Standard treatment consists of a period of optical correction followed, when necessary, by occlusion therapy. Although ~70% children gain vision, this monocular therapy is limited by poor compliance and uncertain impact on stereo-function. Recently, binocular treatments have attempted to “rebalance” vision, by adjusting the intensity of monocular visual inputs (enhancing usage to AE or reducing fellow-eye -FE- one), while stimulating binocular cortical interactions. We have developed a “Balanced Binocular Viewing” (BBV) treatment that has patients spend an hour per day at home watching modified movies while wearing 3D goggles (to control what each eye sees). Movies present a blurred image to the FE and a sharp image to the AE. Performance (compliance and binocular-imbalance) is monitored throughout treatment using the child’s performance on a game, played during movie playback. Two ‘ghost’-stimuli, each made of a mixture of luminance increment/decrement, were presented dichoptically (some visible only through goggles): we quantified the mixture required for the child to be equally likely to report either ghost as ‘whiter’. Treating children (N=22) for 8-24 weeks lead to significant improvement in the AE acuity (mean gain: 0.27 logMAR). This is comparable to results achieved with occlusion, but elicits much higher compliance (89% of prescribed daily dose). We also compared our measure of binocular-imbalance to others, also quantifying sensory eye-dominance, to assess any test’s suitability to complement clinical practice. Pilot data measured with adult and children, with and without amblyopia, suggest that a variant of the ’ghost’-game is a potentially useful and efficient stand-alone clinical test with the advantage of being suitable for unsupervised home-based monitoring of patient’s binocular status.
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Books on the topic "Amblyopia"

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P, Rutstein Robert, ed. Amblyopia. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1991.

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M, Levi Dennis, and Selenow Arkady, eds. Amblyopia: Basic and clinical aspects. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.

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Lennerstrand, Gunnar, Gunter K. von Noorden, and Emilio C. Campos, eds. Strabismus and Amblyopia. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10403-1.

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Getz, Donald J. Strabismus and amblyopia. Santa Ana, CA: Optometric Extension Program, 1990.

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Merrick, Moseley, and Fielder Alistair R, eds. Amblyopia: A multidisciplinary approach. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.

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W, Nicole. Lazy eye. Gahanna, OH: The author, 1999.

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International Symposium on Strabismus and Amblyopia (1985 Tel Aviv, Israel). Tel Aviv 1985: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Strabismus and Amblyopia April 14-18, 1985, Tel Aviv. Paris: C.E.R.E.S., 1985.

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Meeting, European Strabismological Association. Transactions 24th meeting European Strabismological Association: Vilamoura, Portugal, September 1997. [Buren: Aeolus Press], 1998.

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Cox, Maria Victoria Aguirre. The patch. San Antonio, Tex: Victoria's Ink, 2005.

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W, Rouse Michael, and Cotter Susan A, eds. Clinical management of strabismus. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Amblyopia"

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Wu, Carolyn, and Leah G. Reznick. "Amblyopia." In Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 6575–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_272.

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Wu, Carolyn, and Leah G. Reznick. "Amblyopia." In Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90495-5_272-1.

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Gallin, Pamela F. "Amblyopia." In The Columbia Guide to Basic Elements of Eye Care, 453–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10886-1_39.

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Wright, Kenneth W., and Yi Ning J. Strube. "Amblyopia Treatment." In Color Atlas Of Strabismus Surgery, 3–5. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1480-7_1.

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Kushner, Burton J. "Functional Amblyopia." In Strabismus, 31–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63019-9_4.

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Theisler, Charles. "Amblyopia (Nutritional)." In Adjuvant Medical Care, 13–14. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22898-13.

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Özkan, Seyhan B. "Amblyopia Management." In Pediatric Vitreoretinal Surgery, 1031–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14506-3_70.

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Haase, W. "Amblyopia: Clinical Aspects." In Strabismus and Amblyopia, 381–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10403-1_32.

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Tengroth, Björn. "Opening Address." In Strabismus and Amblyopia, 1–2. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10403-1_1.

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Schor, Clifton M. "Phasic-Tonic Organization of Accommodation and Vergence." In Strabismus and Amblyopia, 111–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10403-1_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Amblyopia"

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McKee, Suzanne P., Clifton M. Schor, Scott B. Steinman, Nance Wilson, Gary G. Koch, Sonia K. Davis, Charlene Hsu-Winges, et al. "The Classification of Amblyopia on the Basis of Visual and Oculomotor Performance." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1992.sud2.

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Amblyopia is most simply defined as a loss of visual acuity without an identified organic cause. Traditionally, the amblyope is roughly classified as strabismic, anisometropic, refractive or deprivational, according to the accompanying condition thought to be responsible for the acuity loss. Although it is widely recognized that these classes are neither particularly uniform nor discriminative, there is no established means of classifying amblyopes on the basis of visual function alone. Our primary objective is to create a classification system for amblyopia, based on a broad spectrum of clinical, psychophysical and oculomotor abnormalities -- a system that could supplement or supplant the traditional approach leading to better diagnosis and treatment. We here report the results from a pilot study showing that this objective is feasible. Two hundred and fifteen naive subjects, including eighty-two amblyopes, seventy-three recovered amblyopes, forty non-amblyopic strabismic or anisometropic ("at risk") subjects, and twenty normal subjects, participated in the study. The results from numerous psychophysical and oculomotor tests were analyzed statistically to determine if clusters of subjects with similar visual and oculomotor capabilities would emerge from the data base. Cluster analysis identified nine separate clusters. The laboratory measurements were sufficient to predict cluster membership and accounted for between-cluster variation, including whatever variation was due to Snellen acuity and clinical diagnosis.
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Carney, Thom, Clifton Schor, Scott Steinman, and Nance Wilson. "Assessment of binocular integration in amblyopia using a motion stimulus." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1992.sud3.

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Along with reduced acuity, amblyopia is usually associated with a stereo-acuity deficit. Indeed, stereo testing has been recommended as an effective means of screening for amblyopia (Kani, 1978, Reinecke and Simons, 1974). The absence of stereo depth perception however does not preclude other forms of binocular interaction. Anderson, Mitchell and Timney (1980) have demonstrated interocular transfer of contrast threshold elevation in amblyopes. The contrast elevation is normal for spatial frequencies where contrast sensitivity was equal in the two eyes and was virtually absent at other frequencies (Selby and Woodhouse, 1981). Levi et. al. (1979) report interocular threshold elevations which are tuned for size and orientation in stereoblind amblyopic observers. Another example of binocular integration has been reported using flickering stimuli which lack spatial structure (Baitch and Srebro, 1990; Baitch and Levi, 1989). With different frequencies in each eye, temporal beat frequencies are perceived in observers with binocular function. However, these measures have limited utility in a clinical setting where the time for training and testing is restricted. Our goal in this project is to evaluate a cyclopean motion test of binocular integration for use in a clinical setting and assess its sensitivity to residual binocular function in amblyopes. Binocular integration is required for the perception of continuous motion with this cyclopean motion stimulus, neither eye's image alone contains a direction cue (Carney, et al, 1987; Shadlen and Carney, 1986). Horizontal disparity does not provide a cue either, therefore the subject does not necessarily need stereopsis to perceive the motion. The stimuli can be briefly presented and the task is simply to indicate perceived direction of motion, up or down. Moreover, the stimuli can be used to evaluate binocular integration at specific spatial frequencies and have the advantage that moderate horizontal misalignment of the eyes can be tolerated. The cyclopean motion stimulus might provide information concerning binocular integration for stimuli with spatial structure beyond that obtained with standard clinical tests of stereo-acuity.
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Banks, Martin S., Patrick J. Bennett, and Gregory A. Gubrud. "Phase discrimination in the normal and amblyopic fovea." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.tut3.

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Several investigators have observed anomalies in the encoding of spatial phase in amblyopic eyes. We adapted the paradigm of Field and Nachmias1 to examine amblyopic phase encoding in greater detail. Two normal observers and two with anisometropic amblyopia viewed stimuli composed of a fundamental and second harmonic added in various phases. The stimuli were presented foveally. For each eye tested, the spatial frequency of the fundamental was set to the peak of the CSF. The stimuli were Gaussian-damped and presented in a 2IFC discrimination paradigm. When the stimuli were in fact different, they differed only in the polarity of the second harmonic (180° shift). Thresholds were measured by varying the contrast of the second harmonic. Only two mechanisms were required to account for foveal phase discriminations in nonamblyopic eyes. The odd-symmetric mechanisms were slightly less sensitive than the even-symmetric mechanisms. The amblyopic data were also consistent with the two-mechanism model, but the odd-symmetric mechanisms were distinctly less sensitive than the even-symmetric. The difference between odd and even sensitivity was correlated with the depth of the amblyopia. These results suggest that the phase-encoding anomalies observed in the amblyopic central visual field may reflect a diminished sensitivity (or reliability) among odd-symmetric mechanisms. The pattern of results in the amblyopic fovea is similar to that observed in the peripheral visual field of normal obsevers (2). For the two amblyopic eyes, the results were similar to those observed between 20° and 40° eccentric in normal eyes.
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Levi, Dennis M., and Stanley A. Klein. "Contrast coding in the amblyopic visual system." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.thaa5.

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Humans with amblyopia show marked deficits in positional judgments. We measured Vernier acuity for edges and lines over a wide range of contrast. Our results suggest that in both amblyopic and normal eyes, the spatial localization of abutting edges or lines improves with increasing stimulus contrast (with a slope of about -0.6 on log-log coordinates).
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Good, William V., Rowan Candy, Susan Burden, Susan M. Carden, and Anthony M. Norcia. "Spatial Summation in Amblyopia." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1999.fb2.

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Howland, Howard C. "An Economic Analysis of Screening for Amblyopia: Influences of Prevalence, Test Cost, Test Quality, Value of Detection, Sensitivity and Specificity." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1995.suc4.

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When is it profitable to screen for amblyopia? In order to answer this question, we must place some values on the various outcomes of screening. What is the value of finding an amblyope at an early age? What is the cost of a false positive, a false negative, or a true negative? Because it is not easy to provide answers to these questions, the method of this paper is to investigate a range of assumptions, the possible values in this pay-off matrix. These are coupled with screening tests of various quality in order to find the minimum prevalence of the disease for which it would be profitable to screen. Indeed, the prevalence of amblyopia is itself unknown, variously estimated at between 0.05 and 0.005 (Ciuffreda et al. 1991; Oliver & Nawratzki, 1971) in normal populations.
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Preston, Karen L., Caroline Morris, Robert Morris, William Scott, Jo Cook-Buchenau, and Claibourne I. Dungy. "Polaroid Photoscreening for Amblyogenic Factors in a Normal Population." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1992.tud4.

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Amblyopia is a leading cause of vision loss.1,2 Since early identification and treatment of amblyopia may lead to more favorable acuity outcomes, considerable attention has been paid to the development of amblyopia screening techniques.3,4 The direct measurement of visual acuity in very young and preverbal children can be time consuming in the context of mass screenings5-8, expensive9, and may tend to underestimate the incidence and magnitude of amblyopia.6 Therefore, most screening methodologies are based on the identification of amblyogenic factors (i.e., strabismus, refractive errors and media opacities).
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Candy, T. Rowan, Anthony M. Norcia, and Uri Polat. "Preferential Loss of Lateral Interaction in Amblyopia." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1998.saa.1.

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Amblyopia is an abnormality of form perception that is classically defined in terms of a reduction in letter acuity. Losses of letter acuity and vernier acuity are well correlated in amblyopia, and both these acuities are more severely affected than grating acuity (Levi and Klein, 1982). Tests of vernier acuity are thus likely to be sensitive indicators of form vision losses in the treatment of amblyopia.
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Flom, Merton C., Bai-Chuan Jiang, Harold E. Bedell, and Trefford Simpson. "Do The Spatial Abnormalities of Strabismic Amblyopic Eyes Explain their Reduced Acuity for Letters?" In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1990.wa3.

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Amblyopia, an anomaly of human vision defined as substandard visual acuity even though any refractive error has been optically neutralized and there is no ocular disease, develops mainly in children who have significant interocular difference in refractive error (anisometropia) or a manifest oculomotor deviation (strabismus). So much attention has been given to acuity issues in amblyopia, such as the acuity cutoff for diagnosis, appropriate acuity optotypes, and how much of the acuity chart to exposed, that it is common to think that acuity is the main, only, or even the fundamental defect in amblyopia.
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Medina, Jose M., Jorge Carvalho, and Sandra Franco. "Properties of neural noise in amblyopia." In 2011 21st International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations (ICNF). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnf.2011.5994360.

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Reports on the topic "Amblyopia"

1

Conte, Ianina. Personalising Patching for Amblyopia Treatment. National Institute for Health Research, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.1115177.1.

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Veleva, Nevyana, and Violeta Chernodrinska. Refractive Errors, Strabismus and Amblyopia in Mentally Retarded Children. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.01.15.

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