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Rowan, Brian, and Robert J. Miller. "Organizational Strategies for Promoting Instructional Change: Implementation Dynamics in Schools Working With Comprehensive School Reform Providers." American Educational Research Journal 44, no. 2 (2007): 252–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831207302498.
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This article develops a conceptual framework for studying how three comprehensive school reform (CSR) programs organized schools for instructional change and how the distinctive strategies they pursued affected implementation outcomes. The conceptual model views the Accelerated Schools Project as using a system of cultural control to produce instructional change, the America's Choice program as using a model of professional control, and the Success for All program as using a model of procedural control. Predictable differences in patterns of organizing for instructional improvement emerged across schools working with these three programs, and these patterns were found to be systematically related to patterns of program implementation. In particular, the two CSR programs that were organized to produce instructional standardization produced higher levels of instructional change in the schools where they worked. The results of the study suggest organizational strategies program developers can use to obtain implementation fidelity in instructional change initiatives.
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Hess, Frederick M. "The Market Approach to Education: An Analysis of America's First Voucher Program. John F. WittePolicy Entrepreneurs and School Choice. Michael Mintrom." Journal of Politics 64, no. 4 (2002): 1257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jop.64.4.1520099.
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Rose, Donald, and Rickelle Richards. "Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the US Food Stamp Program." Public Health Nutrition 7, no. 8 (2004): 1081–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2004648.
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AbstractObjective:Recent research on access to food among low-income populations in industrialised countries has begun to focus on neighbourhood food availability as a key determinant of dietary behaviour. This study examined the relationship between various measures of food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the Food Stamp Program, America's largest domestic food assistance programme.Design:A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 1996–97 National Food Stamp Program Survey. The survey employed a 1-week food inventory method, including two at-home interviews, to determine household food use. Separate linear regression models were developed to analyse fruit and vegetable use. Independent variables included distance to store, travel time to store, ownership of a car and difficulty of supermarket access. All models controlled for a full set of socio-economic variables.Subjects:A nationally representative sample of participants (n = 963) in the Food Stamp Program.Results:After controlling for confounding variables, easy access to supermarket shopping was associated with increased household use of fruits (84 grams per adult equivalent per day; 95% confidence interval 5, 162). Distance from home to food store was inversely associated with fruit use by households. Similar patterns were seen with vegetable use, though associations were not significant.Conclusions:Environmental factors are importantly related to dietary choice in a nationally representative sample of low-income households, reinforcing the importance of including such factors in interventions that seek to effect dietary improvements.
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Rosenblatt, Peter, and Stefanie DeLuca. "“We Don't Live Outside, We Live in Here”: Neighborhood and Residential Mobility Decisions among Low–Income Families." City & Community 11, no. 3 (2012): 254–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2012.01413.x.
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Over 20 years of scholarship suggests that living in America's poorest and most dangerous communities diminishes the life course development of children and adults. In the 1990s, the dire conditions of some of these neighborhoods, especially those with large public housing developments, prompted significant policy responses. In addition to the demolition and redevelopment of some of the projects, the federal government launched an experiment to help families leave poor neighborhoods through an assisted housing voucher program called Moving to Opportunity (MTO). While families who moved through this program initially relocated to census tracts with poverty rates almost four times lower than their original projects, many returned to communities of moderate to high poverty. Why? We use mixed methods to explore the patterns and the decision–making processes behind moves among MTO families. Focusing on the Baltimore MTO site, we find that traditional theories for residential choice did not fully explain these outcomes. While limited access to public transportation, housing quality problems, and landlords made it hard for families to move to, or stay in, low–poverty neighborhoods, there were also more striking explanations for their residential trajectories. Many families valued the low–poverty neighborhoods they were originally able to access with their vouchers, but when faced with the need to move again, they often sacrificed neighborhood quality for dwelling quality in order to accommodate changing family needs. Having lived in high–poverty neighborhoods most of their lives, they developed a number of coping strategies and beliefs that made them confident they could handle such a consequential trade–off and protect themselves and their children from the dangers of poorer areas.
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Barber, Benjamin R. "An American Civic Forum: Civil Society Between Market Individuals and the Political Community." Social Philosophy and Policy 13, no. 1 (1996): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001618.
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The polarization of the individual and the community that underlies much of the debate between individualists and communitarians is made possible in part by the literal vanishingof civil society—the domain whose middling terms mediate the stark opposition of state and private sectors and offer women and men a space for activity that is both voluntary and public. Modern democratic ideology and the reality of our political practices sometimesseem to yield only a choice between elephantine and paternalistic government or a radically solipsistic and nearly anarchic private market sector—overnment gargantuanism or private greed.Americans do not much like either one. President Clinton's callfor national service draws us out of our selfishness without kindling any affection for government. Private markets service our avarice without causing us to like ourselves. The question of how America's decentralized and multi-vocal public can secure a coherentvoice in debates over public policy under the conditions precipitated by so hollow and disjunctive a dichotomy is perhaps the most important issue facing both the political theory and social science of democracy and the practice of democratic politics in America today. Two recent stories out of Washington suggest just how grave the situation has become. Health-care reform failed in a paroxysm of mutual recrimination highlighted by the successful campaign of the private sector (well represented in Congress) against a presidential program that seemed to be widely misunderstood. The public at large simply went missing in the debates.
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Correnti, Richard, and Brian Rowan. "Opening Up the Black Box: Literacy Instruction in Schools Participating in Three Comprehensive School Reform Programs." American Educational Research Journal 44, no. 2 (2007): 298–339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831207302501.
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This study examines patterns of literacy instruction in schools adopting three of America’s most widely disseminated comprehensive school reform (CSR) programs (the Accelerated Schools Project, America’s Choice, and Success for All). Contrary to the view that educational innovations seldom affect teaching practices, the study found large differences in literacy instruction between teachers in America’s Choice schools and comparison schools and between teachers in Success for All schools and comparison schools. In contrast, no differences in literacy teaching practices were found between teachers in Accelerated Schools Project schools and comparison schools. On the basis of these findings and our knowledge of the implementation support strategies pursued by the CSR programs under study, we conclude that well-defined and well-specified instructional improvement programs that are strongly supported by on-site facilitators and local leaders who demand fidelity to program designs can produce large changes in teachers’ instructional practices.
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Schneider, Barbara, Kathryn S. Schiller, and James S. Coleman. "Public School Choice: Some Evidence From the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 18, no. 1 (1996): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737018001019.
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Programs to provide parents with opportunities to choose among public schools have increased to the point that more American high school students are enrolled in public “schools of choice” than private schools. Using indicators of students’ “exercise of choice “ and enrollment in a public school of choice from The National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, this article explores certain groups’ propensities to take advantage of opportunities to choose in the public sector. Controlling on the availability of opportunities for choice in their schools, African Americans and Hispanics show a greater propensity to take advantage of those opportunities than Whites and Asian Americans. Students whose parents have lower levels of education are also more likely than those with more education to take advantage of opportunities to choose.
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Heller, Rafael. "The Editor’s Note: The seduction of “school choice”." Phi Delta Kappan 103, no. 1 (2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00317217211043616.
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As legal scholar Martha Minow has pointed out, every school choice movement over the last century has created as many problems as it solved. Yet the movements remain appealing because of how much Americans value the freedom to choose. Rafael Heller explains that the authors in the September 2021 Kappan are less interested in whether school choice is good or bad than in how to weigh the many competing interests involved in choice programs.
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Miller, Fredric, and George Ware. "Suitability and Feeding Preference of Selected North American, European, and Asian Elm (Ulmus spp.) Biotypes to Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20, no. 3 (2002): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-20.3.148.
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Abstract Recently introduced North American elm cultivars, simple and complex elm hybrids of European and Asian parentage, and simple Asian hybrids of U. pumila and U. japonica parentage growing at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, were evaluated in laboratory bioassays for ovipositional response, and feeding preference and suitability for larvae and adults of the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller). Larval and adult no-choice and adult multiple-choice feeding studies revealed that the North American cultivars of U. americana ‘Jefferson’ and U. americana ‘Valley Forge’, U. americana (diploid form), and U. americana were the least preferred for feeding and reproduction by the elm leaf beetle. Among simple and complex European hybrids, ‘Homestead’, ‘Patriot’, and ‘Prospector’ were least preferred and least suitable for larval development, feeding, and reproduction by adult elm leaf beetles. Hybrids of ‘Frontier’, ‘Pioneer’, and ‘Regal’; the simple Asian hybrids of ‘Cathedral’ and ‘New Horizon’; and U. pumila were more highly preferred for feeding and suitable for reproduction. The least preferred and least suitable North American biotypes of U. x americana ‘Jefferson’, U. americana ‘Valley Forge’, and U. americana (diploid form), simple and complex European hybrids of ‘Homestead’, ‘Patriot’, and ‘Prospector’, show promise for use in areas where the elm leaf beetle is persistent and for future elm breeding programs.
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Pessanha, Hugo. "O Movimento CHOICE e a criação de negócios de impacto no Brasil." Cadernos de Gestão e Empreendedorismo 2, no. 1 (2014): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.32888/cge.v2i1.12646.
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O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar o conceito de negócios sociais a partir de três perspectivas – a européia, a norte americana e a dos países emergentes - e o cenário de atuação da Artemisia, organização responsável pela criação do programa de embaixadores CHOICE. A proposta é apresentar o movimento CHOICE e estudos de caso de negócios desenvolvidos por embaixadores do programa na área de educação. Dessa maneira, buscamos contextualizar a criação de negócios no Brasil e o papel dos jovens na formação de um novo modelo de negócios que surge a fim de suprir os gaps entre as ações do governo e ações de organizações privadas no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento social e econômico do Estado.
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Green, Kelly, and Lauren Chenarides. "Using a Sensory Learning Framework to Design Effective Curricula: Evidence from Indigenous Nutrition Education Programs." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (2020): 7077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177077.
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As health disparities among Native Americans persist, promoting better health outcomes is of paramount concern among Indigenous populations. A variety of programs exist that try to alleviate problems resulting in higher rates of diet-related chronic diseases and premature death. For this study, we collaborated with an Indigenous-led nonprofit that implemented a series of nutrition education courses designed to empower community members to make healthier food choices. The theoretically based curriculum, which provided learners with information in the form of sensory-based modules, e.g., food preparation, food handling, cultural awareness, and practical cooking skills, was introduced in various communities in the Great Plains and Southwest. The nutrition education programs were modeled after a canonical educational learning model, Bloom’s Taxonomy, designed to provide participants with information and resources necessary to make healthier food choices across three cognitive domains (i.e., tiers). We used a mixed-methods approach, coupling Principal Components Analysis with a qualitative SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis, to assess each program’s capacity to enhance learning retention, i.e., to assess the salience of information provided and the extent to which each program was more or less successful in participants’ learning. We found that course content and instruction are strongly correlated with program satisfaction. In addition, from the qualitative analysis, we found that as each successive module of the program challenged higher cognitive domains, participants were more likely to indicate satisfaction in the course material as well as state a desired change in their behavior, which we attribute to participants’ ability to synthesize and evaluate information. Aspects of this programming framework have the potential to be adapted to and integrated into other Native communities striving for the successful adoption of healthier diets.
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Woolhandler, Steffie, David U. Himmelstein, and Quentin Young. "High Noon for U.S. Health Care Reform." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 2 (1993): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/egk0-f7h9-hy13-3yna.
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A growing popular movement besieges a health policy status quo near financial as well as moral bankruptcy. A single-payer, Canadian-style national health program would assure universal, egalitarian coverage; democratic, rather than corporate, control of key policy choices; financing based on ability to pay; and cost controls that spare needed care as well as health workers' standard of living. Despite a misinformation campaign (generously funded by insurance and pharmaceutical firms) that slanders the Canadian experience, most Americans favor a national health program. The public health community should fight for no less.
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Sellers, John, Timothy Baghurst, Jennifer Volberding, and Theresa Brown. "Overview of a Student-Focused Wellness Initiative." Recreational Sports Journal 38, no. 1 (2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.2013-0018.
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Researchers have reported that the percentage of Americans considered overweight or obese continues to increase. Specific populations, such as university students, may be at greater risk for becoming overweight or obese. This can be combated by the significant health benefits accrued from regular exercise and physical activity; thus it is important that universities develop and implement methods to incorporate healthy living into its students' lives. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of a college-student focused wellness initiative known as the Biggest User program. The Biggest User addresses components related to beginning and maintaining a healthy lifestyle with a particular focus on structured exercise, physical activity, and dietary choices. A secondary purpose of the paper is to provide a template for the creation of similar programs at university wellness centers, as such centers are increasingly seeking new and innovative approaches to improving health and wellness of its constituents (Talley, 2013).
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Verbos, Amy Klemm, Deanna M. Kennedy, Joseph S. Gladstone, and Carolyn Birmingham. "Native American cultural influences on career self-schemas and MBA fit." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 34, no. 3 (2015): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-05-2014-0044.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop two new constructs (career self-schemas and career locus) and present a conceptual model of the influence of Native American culture on MBA fit. Design/methodology/approach – Using a social cognitive lens on career theory, the authors examine the possible effects of cultural influences on the fit between Native Americans’ career goals and an MBA. Specifically, the authors propose that cultural factors contribute to career self-schemas inconsistent with Native American perceptions of business graduate education. Career self-schemas are an individual’s cognitive map of the self in his or her career. Findings – The conceptual model proposes that aspects of career self-schemas may explain lagging Native Americans’ MBA fit: the MBA is culturally inconsistent, and a community career locus. Research limitations/implications – The model needs to be tested empirically. This research has implications that extend beyond Native Americans to help explain the career aspirations of other diverse groups. Social implications – Native Americans are, in recent years, engaging in economic development that would benefit from Native Americans with MBAs. The authors make recommendations for increasing Native American interest in MBA programs. Originality/value – This paper introduces the constructs of career self-schemas and career locus to explain lagging MBA fit for Native Americans. The constructs may also be applied in other cultures and with other ethnic groups to explain differences in career choice. It may be particularly helpful in an international context.
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Fischer, Leslie M., Lisa A. Sutherland, Lori A. Kaley, et al. "Development and Implementation of the Guiding Stars Nutrition Guidance Program." American Journal of Health Promotion 26, no. 2 (2011): e55-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.100709-qual-238.
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Purpose. To describe the collaborative process between a grocery retailer and a panel of nutrition experts used to develop a nutrition guidance system (Guiding Stars) that evaluates the nutrient profile of all edible products in the supermarket, and to report the results of the food and beverage ratings. Design. A collaboration between a private retailer and members of the scientific community that led to the development of a scoring algorithm used to evaluate the nutritional quality of foods and beverages. Setting/Subjects. Northeast supermarkets (n = 160). Measures. Food and beverage nutrition ratings and distribution of stars across different grocery categories. Analysis. Descriptive statistics for rating distributions were computed. T-tests were conducted to assess differences in mean nutrient values between foods with zero versus three stars or a dichotomized variable representing all foods with one to three stars. Results. All edible grocery items (n = 27,466) were evaluated, with 23.6% earning at least one star. Items receiving at least one star had lower mean levels of sodium, saturated fat, and sugars and higher amounts of fiber than products not earning stars. Conclusion. The Guiding Stars system rates edible products without regard to brand or manufacturer, and provides consumers with a simple tool to quickly identify more nutritious choices while shopping. The low percentage of products qualifying for stars reflects poorly on the food choices available to Americans.
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Rivera-Hernandez, Maricruz, and Kristy L. Blackwood. "DECISION-MAKING AND DISPARITIES IN QUALITY OF CHOSEN PLANS AMONG RACIAL-ETHNIC GROUPS IN MEDICARE ADVANTAGE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S687—S688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2535.
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Abstract Limited research regarding decision-making in Medicare Advantage (MA), which now disproportionally serves racial and ethnic minorities (~45% Hispanics and 30% African-Americans), has been conducted. Without understanding the extent to which vulnerable groups select low quality plans with high out-of-pocket costs (OOPC) and what factors influence this selection, these beneficiaries could continue to be adversely affected. The objective of this study is to understand plan choice decision-making process and differences in quality and OOPC of chosen plans between racial and ethnic minorities enrolled in MA. We used 2015 national data from Medicare and conducted in-depth interviews with 25 MA enrollees. African-Americans were enrolled in plans with higher drug deductibles and lower OOPC. In addition, Hispanics and African-Americans enrollment in high quality plans were lower by 10% and 5%, respectively, regardless whether mean OOPC were 100 or 1000 (P<.05). Our interviews highlighted issues regarding financial literacy, choice overload and complexity. These seniors did not use Plan Finder from Medicare and obtained information from insurance companies. Most seniors were confused about insurance terminology and expressed poor computer literacy. Among them, there was a prevailing sentiment that more expensive plans are better. Our findings could inform the Medicare program, and vulnerable populations who would benefit from plans that maximize quality of care with lower out-of-pocket spending. Finally, this information could contribute to state organizations’ future efforts such as ensuring quality of health services for older adults including. Overall, this research provides new evidence about an increasingly important part of our publicly funded health system.
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Friedman, Max Paul. "Trading Civil Liberties for National Security: Warnings from a World War II Internment Program." Journal of Policy History 17, no. 3 (2005): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2005.0016.
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A recurring theme in American political discourse is how to strike the appropriate balance between protecting the nation against threats to its security without eroding the liberty that is at the heart of its democratic character. Civil liberties versus national security is a choice apparently to be made in every crisis and every war, whether hot or cold. We can trace the debate from the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Abraham Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus, to the Red Scares that followed both world wars. The classic case of going too far, and the most widely repudiated example, is the illegal mass internment of more than 110,000 Japanese Americans, most of them U.S. citizens, without charge, during World War II. Today, in what is commonly called the war on terrorism, hawks and doves take up their customary positions on opposing sides of the old argument as they debate the U.S.A Patriot Act, the imprisonment of foreigners at Camp Delta on Guantánamo Bay, and the indefinite detention of American citizens by presidential order.
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M. Hines, Erik, L. DiAnne Borders, Laura M. Gonzalez, José Villalba, and Alia Henderson. "Parental involvement in college planning." Journal for Multicultural Education 8, no. 4 (2014): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-06-2014-0025.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article was to describe Hossler and Gallagher’s (1987) college choice model and emphasize the predisposition phase of the model as the starting point for school counselors’ efforts to help African American parents foster their children’s college planning in the college choice process. Design/methodology/approach – The authors wrote this manuscript as a conceptual approach to helping school counselors work with African American parents in their children’s college planning process by including two case studies as examples. Findings – This is a conceptual article. Practical implications – School counselors should be culturally competent and aware of how African Americans rear their children to help them successfully navigate college planning. For example, school counselors can learn about and share information with families about colleges that have support programs assisting African American students toward college completion. Originality/value – This paper is important to the field of education as it contributes to the literature regarding how school counselors can assist students in becoming college and career ready by working with their parents using a college choice model.
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Mintrom, Michael. "The Market Approach to Education: An Analysis of America’s First Voucher Program. By John F. Witte. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 221p. $29.95." American Political Science Review 95, no. 1 (2001): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401512010.
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John F. Witte has been prominent in the academic discourse surrounding market-like reforms of public education. In the two-volume Choice and Control in American Education (1990), Witte and his coeditor, William S. Clune, assembled an impressive collection of analytical essays and literature reviews that highlighted relevant theoretical concerns and showcased the insights from practice available at the time. In September 1990, Witte was appointed the state's evaluator of the pioneering Milwaukee, Wisconsin, voucher program.
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Ahuja, Nirmal, Joanne Sullivan, and Eugene Lengerich. "2285 Patient navigation training: Community-engaged workforce development." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.295.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goal of this initiative was to address this cancer health disparity in the Appalachian counties and help participants develop, implement and evaluate evidence-based “PN” that effectively and positively impacts patient and outcomes of the HealthyWomen Program. Following were the objectives of this training program: (1) To understand the broad range of roles and responsibilities associated with “PN”, including care coordination and case management, in the Pennsylvania HealthyWoman Program in Pennsylvania and the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. (2) To identify and assess local resources and expertise for evidence-based “PN” in the HealthyWoman Program. (3) To utilize “PN” in association with public education and targeted outreach initiatives in the HealthyWoman Program. (4) To implement strategies to manage and evaluate “PN” for the HealthyWoman Program. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The series of PN training was held at Pittsburgh, Camp-Hill, Wilkes-Barre and Philadelphia during June 2017. In total, 86 participants attended the training program at one of these 4 locations. Attendees represented organizations that provided breast, cervical and colorectal cancer outreach, screening and treatment. The participants of the training were solicited by regional program managers of the HealthyWoman Program of the PA Department of Health. The Harold Freeman model for patient navigation model was used to train the participants on the concepts of patient navigation. The training was built upon the Health Belief Model and Chronic Care Model, which defined the specific program constructs. The curriculum covered 2 important aspects, that is, clinical knowledge related to breast and cervical cancer along with aspects of patient navigation. Participants represented small, and large academic institutions/health care systems, cancer centers, federally qualified health centers, health departments as well as community-based screening programs and organizations. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 86 participants were trained; 78% had formal education and training in health-related field. In total, 62% of the participants had previous experience of patient navigation; 42% had training in social service related field and 50% had prior experience as community health worker. The demographic details reflected that majority of the participants (94%) were female. Most of the participants (30%) belonged to 50–64 years of age group followed by 30–39 years (23%) and 40–49 years (22%) of age group, respectively. As part of ethnic distribution, 70% of the participants were White Americans followed by Black/African Americans (17%). Furthermore, association of previous training in health and social service field with and without experience as a community health worker (n=84) and Navigator (n=86) was also analyzed. Among the participants, 44% had both community health worker experiences along with a prior training in social service related field whereas 42% of the respondents only had prior social service related training. This association of previous training in social service related field and prior community health worker experience was statistically significant with a p value of <0.05. Additionally, 81% of the participants who had previous experience in health-related training also possessed the prior experience as community health worker. Also, 81% of the participants who had previous training in health-related field also had a prior experience of patient navigation. In all, 38% of the participants who had a previous experience in social service field also had a prior experience of patient navigation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The training program established a pool of patient navigators which will contribute towards reducing the cancer health disparity in the Appalachian region of Pennsylvania. The participants reflected a wide diversity in the navigators’ backgrounds and differences across programs in their choices of patient navigators. It is important to consider this diversity when designing curricula materials and the methods of delivery in a patient navigation training program. As PN training programs are developed and implemented, further data is needed to guide practitioners and administrators in their efforts to include separate curriculum and materials for experienced and lay navigators. In addition, it is also important to assess the role and involvement of patient navigators in research and clinical trials. In total, 82% of the participants when asked agreed to be contacted for participation in research studies. Specific curriculum which includes research could be designed for further development of patient navigators. PN training and implementation knowledge is critical to the development of standards and best practices in this emergent area of cancer care.
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Miller, Fredric, and George Ware. "Preference for and Suitability of Selected Elms, Ulmus spp. and Their Hybrids for the Elm Leaf Beetle, (Pyrrhalta luteola Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 12, no. 4 (1994): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-12.4.231.
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Abstract Selected elms Ulmus spp. and their hybrids growing at the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL were evaluated in the laboratory for feeding preference by the elm leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta luteola (Muller). Results from the single-choice and multiple-choice feeding studies showed that U. szechuanica was the least suitable for feeding and reproduction by the adult elm leaf beetle. The hybrids U. pumila x U. parvifolia and U. pumila x U. americana, and U. pumila (control) appeared to be highly suitable for feeding and reproduction by the adult elm leaf beetle. Adult longevity and the pre-ovipositional period appeared to be a function of suitability as adults feeding on U. szechuanica had the shortest longevity and the longest pre-ovipositional period. The converse was also true. Results from multiple-choice studies were consistent with the single-choice studies. The intermediately suitable species/hybrids of U. japonicawilsoniana x U. pumila, U. Japonica, U. macrocarpa, and U. wilsoniana show promise for further elm breeding programs. Further studies are needed to evaluate hybrid crosses of the intermediately and least preferred elms as potential sources of shade trees resistant to Dutch elm disease and not preferred by the elm leaf beetle.
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Pimentel, Guilherme Vieira, Adriano Cirino Tomaz, Bruno Portela Brasileiro, Luiz Alexandre Peternelli, and Márcio Henrique Pereira Barbosa. "Oviposition preference and larval performance of sugarcane borer in eight sugarcane genotypes." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, no. 4 (2017): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017414004317.
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ABSTRACT The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the most important pests of sugarcane in the Americas. The purpose of this study was to assess multiple resistance traits in eight sugarcane genotypes against D. saccharalis, including five commercial cultivars and three exotic germplasm with potential to serve as resistance sources against this pest. The oviposition preference was assessed by using both free-choice and non-choice tests. The performance of both early stage larvae feeding on the leaves and late stages larvae feeding within the stalks were also assessed. There were differences among genotypes for number of both eggs and egg cluster in the free-choice test while no differences in non-choice test were observed. There were also differences in survival of early stage larvae feeding on the leaves, foliar injury rating and stalk damage. The genotype IM76-228 was the least preferred for oviposition and it seems that leaf width had some influence on adults’ preference rather than greening of the leaves. IM76-228 and RB867515 causes higher mortality of early stage larvae feeding in the stalks while IM76-228 and RB985523 had lower damage in both leaves and stalks. The genotype IM76-228 was the most resistant to D. saccharalis and could serve as genes sources for resistance in sugarcane breeding programs.
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Kelly, Christina, Anastasia J. Coutinho, Natasha Bhuyan, et al. "Student and Resident Involvement in Family Medicine for America’s Health." Family Medicine 51, no. 2 (2019): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2019.857539.
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Background and Objectives: Trainees—medical students and residents—are an important constituency of family medicine. The Family Medicine for America’s Health (FMAHealth) Workforce Education and Development (WED) Tactic Team attempted to engage trainees in FMAHealth objectives via a nationally accessible leadership development program. We discuss a how-to mechanism to develop similar models, while highlighting areas for improvement. Methods: The Student and Resident Collaborative recruited a diverse group of trainees to comprise five teams: student choice of family medicine, health policy and advocacy, burnout prevention, medical student education, and workforce diversity. An early-career physician mentored team leaders and a resident served as a liaison between the Collaborative and WED Team. Each team established its own goals and objectives. A total of 36 trainees were involved with the Collaborative for any given time. Results: Including trainees in a national initiative required special considerations, from recruitment to scheduling. Qualitative feedback indicated trainees valued the leadership development and networking opportunities. The experience could have been improved by clearly defining how trainees could impact the broader FMAHealth agenda. To date, the Collaborative has produced a total of 17 conference presentations and four manuscripts. Conclusions: Although trainees felt improvement in leadership skills, more robust trainee involvement in FMAHealth core teams would have made the leadership initiative stronger, while simultaneously improving sustainability among family medicine and primary care reform strategies. Nonetheless, the unique structure of the Collaborative facilitated involvement of diverse trainees, and some trainee involvement should be integrated into any future strategic planning.
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Levy, Richard. "Costs and Benefits of Pharmaceuticals: The Value Equation for Older Americans." Care Management Journals 3, no. 3 (2002): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/cmaj.3.3.135.57447.
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Recent increases in drug expenditures are primarily due to the availability of more and better therapy rather than price inflation. Investment in new drugs generates savings throughout the health care system. Increased use of drugs, especially newer agents, has also resulted in increased longevity and reduced disability. Benefits from new pharmaceuticals far outweigh their costs for many key diseases of the elderly. Even incremental improvements in drug therapies contribute substantially to improved care. Chronic illness, disability, and an aging population will drive future health care spending. Pharmaceutical innovation will be an integral part of effective strategies to address this challenge. The availability of individualized therapy for the elderly will soon increase based on our rapidly growing understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of disease. This is expected to result in major advances in preventing, treating, and perhaps even curing many of the costly, life-threatening, and disabling diseases afflicting older Americans. The adequacy of drug benefit programs for elderly patients depends on the extent to which the range of drug therapies necessary for appropriate care are covered. Policies that foster the availability of unique pharmaceuticals can have important implications for treatment outcomes, quality of life, cost containment, and ongoing research investment in newer and more effective medicines. Such policies increase the diversity of agents within drug classes and thereby enable differentiated, individualized therapy. A wide range of choices is especially important for elderly patients, who have the greatest need for individualized care and are at greatest risk for compromised outcomes if choices are overly circumscribed.
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White, Wendy Brown, Asoka Srinivasan, Cheryl Nelson, Nimr Fahmy, and Frances Henderson. "Capacity-Building for Career Paths in Public Health and Biomedical Research for Undergraduate Minority Students: A Jackson Heart Study Success Model." Ethnicity & Disease 26, no. 3 (2016): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.3.399.
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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This article chronicles the building of individual student capacity as well as faculty and institutional capacity, within the context of a population-based, longitudinal study of African Americans and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this article is to present preliminary data documenting the results of this approach. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The JHS Scholars program is designed, under the organizational structure of the Natural Sciences Division at Tougaloo College, to provide solid preparation in quantitative skills through: good preparation in mathematics and the sciences; a high level of reading comprehension; hands-on learning experiences; and mentoring and counseling to sustain the motivation of the students to pursue further studies. </p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>This program is on the campus of a private Historically Black College in Mississippi. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>The participants in the program are undergraduate students. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Main Outcome Measures: </strong>Data, which included information on major area of study, institution attended, degrees earned and position in the workforce, were analyzed using STATA 14. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 167 scholars, 46 are currently enrolled, while 118 have graduated. One half have completed graduate or professional programs, including; medicine, public health, pharmacy, nursing, and biomedical science; approximately one-fourth (25.4 %) are enrolled in graduate or professional programs; and nearly one tenth (9.3%) completed graduate degrees in law, education, business or English. </p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data could assist other institutions in understanding the career development process that helps underrepresented minority students in higher education to make career choices on a path toward public health, health professions, biomedical research, and related careers. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(3):399-406; doi:10.18865/ed.26.3.399 </p>
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Weiner, Diane, and Mary Canales. ""It Is Not Just Diabetes": Engaging Ethnographic Voices to Develop Culturally Appropriate Health Promotion Efforts." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 38, no. 1 (2014): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.38.1.e0264171h6330215.
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In this article, we examine cultural capital within the contexts of ethnography, community-based participatory research (CBPR), and holism. Because many chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes are influenced by lifestyle choices in which culture plays a central role regarding perceptions of illness and health, it is important to understand how patients and their communities perceive these cultural factors. We outline how CBPR can be used as a strategy to explore these issues among Native Americans in the northeastern United States, whose perspectives and experiences have been less visible in the published literature. As a method, CBPR provides a context to "apply" cultural capital in the research arena, while holism, as a practice, provides an excellent exemplar of how cultural capital is manifested in the day-to-day lives of Native Americans. We also illustrate the ways in which health education programs are primarily influenced by medicalized perspectives of diabetes and cancer, which demand a singular view of what should be treated, as opposed to locally produced knowledge(s) that insist on a more integrative view of health and health needs. Finally, we highlight the challenges associated with these differences through the voices and perceptions of individuals in a number of Native communities, as together we attempted to build more comprehensive and culturally appropriate health promotion programs.
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Houghtaling, Bailey, Elena Serrano, Vivica I. Kraak, Samantha M. Harden, George C. Davis, and Sarah Misyak. "Availability of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-authorised retailers’ voluntary commitments to encourage healthy dietary purchases using marketing-mix and choice-architecture strategies." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 10 (2020): 1745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019004154.
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AbstractObjective:To examine public commitments for encouraging United States consumers to make healthy dietary purchases with their Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits among of prevalent SNAP-authorised retailers.Setting:National SNAP-authorised retail landscape in addition to stores located in California and Virginia, two states targetted for a Partnership for a Healthier America pilot social marketing campaign.Participants:SNAP-authorised retailers with the most store locations in selected settings.Design:A review of retailers’ publicly available business information was conducted (November 2016–February 2017). Webpages and grey literature sources were accessed to identify corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports and commitments describing strategies to encourage healthy consumer purchases aligned with the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Evidence was organised using a marketing-mix and choice-architecture (MMCA) framework to characterise strategies used among eight possible types (i.e. place, profile, portion, pricing, promotion, priming, prompting and proximity).Results:Of the SNAP-authorised retailers (n 38) reviewed, more than half (n 20; 52·6 %) provided no information in the public domain relevant to the research objective. Few retailers (n 8; 21·1 %) had relevant CSR information; grey literature sources (n 52 articles across seventeen retailers) were more commonly identified. SNAP-authorised retailers in majority committed to increasing the number of healthy products available for purchase (profile).Conclusions:Substantial improvements are needed to enhance the capacity and commitments of SNAP-authorised retailers to use diverse strategies to promote healthy purchases among SNAP recipients. Future research could explore feasible approaches to improve dietary behaviours through sector changes via public–private partnerships, policy changes, or a combination of government regulatory and voluntary business actions.
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Doyle, Colleen M. "The Non-Profit Sector: Leveraging Resources and Strengths to Promote More Physically Active Lifestyles." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 6, s2 (2009): S181—S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.s2.s181.
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Background:Many Americans do not meet current minimum physical activity recommendations. Although the choice to be physically active is made by individuals, that choice is affected by the social and physical environments in which people live, work, play and learn. Creating environments that are more supportive of physical activity will require policies, practices and programs that individuals may not be able to influence on their own; such changes will require comprehensive, coordinated and collaborative action by a variety of organizational sectors at national, state and local levels. Because of their core—and frequently unique—competencies, many non-profit organizations are poised to be active players in promoting important changes in policy and community environments that can facilitate lifelong physical activity for all Americans.Methods:Review of mission statements and strategic plans of a variety of non-profit organizations reveal key characteristics and competencies that can be leveraged, frequently across multiple levels and sectors, to promote physical activity.Key recommendations:Nonprofit organizations should leverage their unique capabilities, particularly in the areas of advocacy, strategic collaborations and outreach to their membership, volunteer and/or constituent bases to promote policy and environmental changes in support of physical activity.
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Montejo, Leigh, Rachel Richesson, B. Iris Padilla, Michael E. Zychowicz, and Crystal Hambley. "Increasing Influenza Immunization Rates Among Retail Employees: An Evidence-Based Approach." Workplace Health & Safety 65, no. 9 (2017): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079916686591.
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Influenza has a significant impact on the health of Americans and the U.S. economy. Annual influenza immunization can decrease the burden of influenza-related illnesses for both employees and employers. This project evaluated a nurse practitioner–led intervention to increase influenza immunization rates among retail employees from August through December of the 2015-2016 influenza season. The sample included employees from retail locations with on-site convenience care clinics staffed by nurse practitioners. This quality improvement project used a pre–post implementation evaluation design and compared influenza immunization rates of employees, before and after an intervention, at one worksite, and influenza immunization rates of employees, who did not receive the same intervention, at a comparison site. The intervention site employees were immunized at a higher rate than employees at the comparison site. Interventions, including health care professional–led education, program promotion, on-site access to and no-cost immunizations, choice of immunization delivery, and incentives, should be considered to increase immunization rates among employees.
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Lattimore, Diana, Sara Wilcox, Ruth Saunders, et al. "Self-Reported Barriers of Middle-Aged and Older Adults Entering a Home-Based Physical Activity Program." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 9, no. 2 (2011): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v9i2.1433.
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The purpose of this study was to assess barriers experienced by mid-older adults upon entering a homebased, telephone-delivered physical activity (PA) program and examine differences in barriers for subgroups. Methods: Three hundred eighty four participants recruited from Tennessee, California, and Illinois for the Active Choices program, which was part of Active for Life®, completed one face-to-face counseling session and received follow-up telephone counseling. Barriers were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for subgroups of mid-older adults. Results: Personal, social, and environmental themes emerged as barriers. Lack of motivation was most salient for men while health barriers were more prominent for women; however, no significant differences were found between men and women. Both whites and African Americans reported lack of motivation as the most frequent barrier to PA. Health and weather barriers were more prominent for the oldest group of older adults. Few differences were reported by PA or weight status. Conclusions: In a large sample of mid-older adults varying in age, race, gender, and health status, multiple barriers to PA were reported. Differences across subgroups may have implications for future PA interventions.
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Como, Dominique, Leah Stein Duker, José Polido, and Sharon Cermak. "The Persistence of Oral Health Disparities for African American Children: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (2019): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050710.
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Oral health is an important yet often neglected component of overall health, linked to heart disease, stroke, and diabetic complications. Disparities exist for many groups, including racial and ethnic minorities such as African Americans. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential factors that perpetuate oral health care disparities in African American children in the United States. A systematic search of three literature databases produced 795 articles; 23 articles were included in the final review. Articles were analyzed using a template coding approach based on the social ecological model. The review identified structural, sociocultural, and familial factors that impact the ability of African Americans to utilize oral care services, highlighting the importance of the parent/caregiver role and the patient–provider relationship; policy-level processes that impact access to quality care; the value of autonomy in treatment and prevention options; and the impact of sociocultural factors on food choices (e.g., food deserts, gestures of affection). In conclusion, oral health care remains an underutilized service by African American children, despite increasing access to oral care secondary to improvements in insurance coverage and community-based programs.
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Holmes, Hannah, Vanessa Araujo Almeida, Carol Boushey, and Jinan Banna. "Use of Technology for Dietary Assessment in Immigrant Populations." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 14, no. 2 (2019): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827619890948.
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To determine the impact of educational programs on immigrant groups in the United States, nutrition educators must have assessment and evaluation tools that use the language and vocabulary of the target population. Filipino Americans exhibit health disparities with regard to several conditions and are an important target for nutrition education. Currently, there are no existing rigorously tested tools in the Tagalog language which also have a low user burden and are designed to measure diet for assessment and evaluation of nutrition education programs. As these programs are generally evaluated using time-intensive dietary assessment tools not tailored specifically to Filipinos, they may not effectively characterize the diet of this population. Given the high adoption rates of mobile phones by populations outside of the United States, mobile apps may represent a best choice for developing tools to assist individuals recently migrating to the United States or speaking English as an additional language. Several tools of this nature have been developed for immigrant groups and hold promise in terms of acceptability. Examples of dietary assessment tools using technology developed for Spanish speakers in the United States are provided. These methods may also be appropriate for addressing the needs of immigrant groups such as Filipinos.
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Chambers, Candace. "Policies and Curriculums." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Higher Education 5, no. 2 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jimphe.v5i1.2593.
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College and career readiness is a focal area within the United States for student achievement within the context of global competitiveness. Despite recent efforts to focus on the college and career readiness of America’s students, national data has proven that many students are not prepared for college and need remedial intervention upon entrance into college. This discussion focuses on efforts at community colleges, specifically in the area of literacy, as they work to increase student retention and student success. Recent methods include developmental courses, co-requisite models, and statewide initiatives to determine how to best meet students’ academic needs, while considering faculty voice and administrative and cost efficiency. Community colleges can serve as grounds to determine how various models of remediation work to ensure that college students can be served in the best capacity for their academic needs, excel in their programs of choice, and in turn, be competitive global citizens.
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Vázquez-Chacón, Carlos Arturo, Felipe de Jesús Rodríguez-Gaxiola, Cruz Fernando López-Carrera, et al. "Identification of drug resistance mutations among Mycobacterium bovis lineages in the Americas." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (2021): e0009145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009145.
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Identifying the Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance mutation patterns is of the utmost importance to assure proper patient’s management and devising of control programs aimed to limit spread of disease. Zoonotic Mycobacterium bovis infection still represents a threat to human health, particularly in dairy production regions. Routinary, molecular characterization of M. bovis is performed primarily by spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) while next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are often performed by reference laboratories. However, spoligotyping and MIRU methodologies lack the resolution required for the fine characterization of tuberculosis isolates, particularly in outbreak settings. In conjunction with sophisticated bioinformatic algorithms, whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis is becoming the method of choice for advanced genetic characterization of tuberculosis isolates. WGS provides valuable information on drug resistance and compensatory mutations that other technologies cannot assess. Here, we performed an analysis of the most frequently identified mutations associated with tuberculosis drug resistance and their genetic relationship among 2,074 Mycobacterium bovis WGS recovered primarily from non-human hosts. Full-length gene sequences harboring drug resistant associated mutations and their phylogenetic relationships were analyzed. The results showed that M. bovis isolates harbor mutations conferring resistance to both first- and second-line antibiotics. Mutations conferring resistance for isoniazid, fluoroquinolones, streptomycin, and aminoglycosides were identified among animal strains. Our findings highlight the importance of molecular surveillance to monitor the emergence of mutations associated with multi and extensive drug resistance in livestock and other non-human mammals.
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Fitzpatrick, Stephanie L., and Felicia Hill-Briggs. "Strategies for Sustained Weight Management: Perspectives From African American Patients With Type 2 Diabetes." Diabetes Educator 43, no. 3 (2017): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721717699071.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify effective strategies for sustained weight management used by African American patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Methods In this study, nominal group technique was used to identify effective strategies for weight management used by 12 African Americans with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes who successfully lost or maintained their weight after completing DECIDE (Decision-making Education for Choices In Diabetes Everyday), a 9-module, literacy-adapted diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) education and problem-solving training program. Results Participants generated a list of 101 strategies that covered 4 domains: nutrition, physical activity, cognitive-behavioral strategies, and other. Self-monitoring and relying on social support were the top 2 strategies for weight maintenance. Conclusion Future obesity studies should consider including friends/family as well as electronic tools to facilitate self-monitoring and regular practice of behavioral strategies for long-term success.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS): Harsh Choices For Interventional Pain Management Physicians." Pain Physician 7;19, no. 7;9 (2016): E917—E934. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2016.19.e917.
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The Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) was created by the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) to improve the health of all Americans by providing incentives and policies to improve patient health outcomes. MIPS combines 3 existing programs, Meaningful Use (MU), now called Advancing Care Information (ACI), contributing 25% of the composite score; Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS), changed to Quality, contributing 50% of the composite score; and Value-based Payment (VBP) system to Resource Use or cost, contributing 10% of the composite score. Additionally, Clinical Practice Improvement Activities (CPIA), contributing 15% of the composite score, create multiple strategic goals to design incentives that drive movement toward delivery system reform principles with inclusion of Advanced Alternative Payment Models (APMs). Under the present proposal, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has estimated approximately 30,000 to 90,000 providers from a total of over 761,000 providers will be exempt from MIPS. About 87% of solo practitioners and 70% of practitioners in groups of less than 10 will be subjected to negative payments or penalties ranging from 4% to 9%. In addition, MIPS also will affect a provider’s reputation by making performance measures accessible to consumers and third-party physician rating Web sites. The MIPS composite performance scoring method, at least in theory, utilizes weights for each performance category, exceptional performance factors to earn bonuses, and incorporates the special circumstances of small practices. In conclusion, MIPS has the potential to affect practitioners negatively. Interventional Pain Medicine practitioners must understand the various MIPS measures and how they might participate in order to secure a brighter future. Key words: Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, merit-based incentive payment system, quality performance measures, resource use, clinical practice improvement activities, advancing care information performance category
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Speier, Amy. "Is Information Power? Comparing Anonymous and Open Egg Donation." Sociological Research Online 22, no. 2 (2017): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.4294.
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Both the Czech Republic and the United States are destinations for cross-border reproductive travellers. For North Americans, including Canadians, who opt to travel to the Czech Republic for IVF using an egg donor, they are entering a fertility industry that is anonymous. This makes the Czech Republic different from other European countries that necessitate open gamete donation, as in Austria, Germany and the United Kingdom. For reproductive travellers coming to the United States for fertility treatment, there is a wider menu of choices regarding egg donation given the vastly unregulated nature of the industry. More recently, professionals in the industry are pushing for ‘open’ egg donation. For intended parents traveling to either location seeking in vitro fertilization using an egg donor, they must choose whether or not to pursue open or closed donation. As pre-conception parents, they navigate competing discourses of healthy parenting of donor-conceived offspring. They must be reflexive about their choices, and protective when weighing their options, always keeping their future child's mental, physical and genetic health in mind. Drawing from ethnographic data collected over the course of six years in the United States and the Czech Republic, this paper will explore both programs, paying special attention to the question of how gamete donation and global assisted reproductive technologies intersect with different notions about healthy pre-conception parenting.
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Engstrom, David Freeman, and David K. Hausman. "Rights, Redistribution, and the Rise of the “Litigation State”: The Case of Disability Discrimination Laws." Law & Social Inquiry 46, no. 3 (2021): 788–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2020.25.
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Critics have long maintained that the rights revolution and, by extension, the postwar turn to litigation as a regulatory tool, are the product of a cynical legislative choice. On this view, legislators choose rights and litigation over alternative regulatory approaches to shift costs from on-budget forms (for example, publicly funded social provisions, public enforcement actions by prosecutors or agencies) to off-budget forms (for example, rights-based statutory duties, enforced via private lawsuits). This “cost-shift” theory has never been subjected to sustained theoretical scrutiny or comprehensive empirical test. This article offers the first such analysis, examining a context where the cost-shift hypothesis is at its most plausible: disability discrimination laws, which shift costs away from social welfare programs by requiring that employers hire and “accommodate” workers with disabilities. Using a novel dataset of state-level disability discrimination laws enacted prior to the federal-level Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and a range of archival and other materials drawn from state-level legislative campaigns, we find only limited support for the view that cost shifting offered at least part of the motivation for these laws. Our findings offer a fresh perspective on long-standing debates about American disability law and politics, including judicial interpretation of the ADA and its state-level analogues and the relationship of disability rights activism to other rights-based political movements.
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Fitzpatrick, Stephanie L., Sherita Hill Golden, Kerry Stewart, et al. "Effect of DECIDE (Decision-making Education for Choices In Diabetes Everyday) Program Delivery Modalities on Clinical and Behavioral Outcomes in Urban African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial." Diabetes Care 39, no. 12 (2016): 2149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc16-0941.
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Ard, Donny, Naa-Solo Tettey, and Shinga Feresu. "The Influence of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Positive Health Behavior Changes among African Americans." International Journal of Chronic Diseases 2020 (February 4, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8016542.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease that affects the body’s ability to metabolize glucose effectively. The disease is predicted to be prevalent in over 300 million people by the year 2030. African Americans (AA) have the highest prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States. Lifestyle modification and awareness of risk factors, including family history, are important aspects for prevention of developing T2DM. The purpose of this study was to understand if a family history of T2DM played an influential role in individuals making positive health behavior changes for T2DM prevention. The phenomenological study was grounded in the health belief model and also identified barriers associated with inactivity towards positive health behavior changes. Participants selected for this study were at least 18 years of age, self-identified as AA, self-reported a family history of T2DM, and were not diagnosed with the disease themselves. Transcriptions of twenty face-to-face interviews were analyzed via qualitative research software NVivo Version 12 for Mac. Participants demonstrated a strong awareness of T2DM with an accurate definition of T2DM and explanation of signs, symptoms, and prevention. Participants recognized family history as a risk factor in only 55% of the responses. However, family history played a major role in prevention in the lives of the participants. The participants reflected on personal barriers to health behavior changes and were encouraged to incorporate better life choices in their own lives. This research offers communities, healthcare providers, and stakeholders a better understanding of the importance of family history as a risk factor to T2DM as programs are developed to mitigate health disparities in the AA community.
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Champoux, Emily, Rory Price, Joan E. Cowdery, et al. "Reach Out Emergency Department: Partnering With an Economically Disadvantaged Community in the Development of a Text-Messaging Intervention to Address High Blood Pressure." Health Promotion Practice 21, no. 5 (2020): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839920913550.
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Background. Hypertension affects nearly 30% of the U.S. adult population. Due to the ubiquitous nature of mobile phone usage, text messaging offers a promising platform for interventions to assist in the management of chronic diseases including hypertension, including among populations that are historically underserved. We present the intervention development of Reach Out, a health behavior theory–based, mobile health intervention to reduce blood pressure among hypertensive patients evaluated in a safety net emergency department primarily caring for African Americans. Aims. To describe the process of designing and refining text messages currently being implemented in the Reach Out randomized controlled trial. Method. We used a five-step framework to develop the text messages used in Reach Out. These steps included literature review and community formative research, conception of a community-centered behavioral theoretical framework, draft of evidence-based text messages, community review, and revision based on community feedback and finalization. Results. The Reach Out development process drew from pertinent evidence that, combined with community feedback, guided the development of a community-centered health behavior theory framework that led to development of text messages. A total of 333 generic and segmented messages were created. Messages address dietary choices, physical activity, hypertension medication adherence, and blood pressure monitoring. Discussion. Our five-step framework is intended to inform future text-messaging-based health promotion efforts to address health issues in vulnerable populations. Conclusion. Text message–based health promotion programs should be developed in partnership with the local community to ensure acceptability and relevance.
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Farhadfar, Nosha, Debra Lynch Kelly, Lacey E. Mead, et al. "Diet Quality of Long-Term Allogeneic and Autologous Stem Cell Transplant (HCT) Survivors." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 4565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127648.
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Introduction Long-term hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) survivors are burdened by a high prevalence and early onset of chronic diseases. Healthy dietary patterns have been associated with lower risks of chronic health conditions in the general population, yet no study to date has comprehensively documented the adherence of HCT survivors to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), specifically designed to provide guidance for making healthy food choices. The aims of this study were to evaluate the extent to which HCT survivors adhere to the DGA and to determine nutrient intake adequacy. A secondary aim was to assess their willingness to take part in a future nutritional program or dietary intervention. Methods The study population included adults (≥18 y), who had undergone autologous or allogeneic HCT for a hematologic disease and were at least 1-year post-transplantation. Dietary intake was assessed using the Block 2014 food frequency questionnaire and diet quality (adherence to the DGA) was estimated using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). A HEI score of ≤50 indicates "poor diet quality", 51-80 suggests a "diet that needs improvement", and >81 indicates "good diet quality" out of maximum of 100. HEI-2015 scores by patient and transplant characteristics were analyzed by ANCOVA. Nutrient intake adequacies of the group were estimated by determining the percentage of the group falling below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of the Dietary Reference Intakes. Receptivity to participate in a dietary intervention to stay healthy was measured by the question, "How willing would you be to take part in a healthy nutrition program or diet intervention?" Response categories included, "not at all," "somewhat," and "definitely". Results Between December 2017 and September 2018, 124 survivors were invited to participate, of whom 90 (51 autologous and 39 allogeneic HCT survivors) completed the dietary intake assessment and were included in the analysis. Majority were male (56%), White (72%), married (81%) and completed some college education (57%). Most participants were overweight (34%) or obese (37%). The median time from the HCT was 5.2 years. Mean ±SE HEI-2015 scores were 61.6 ± 1.3 and 60.7 ± 2.2 for the 18-64 y and ≥65 y age groups, respectively, slightly higher than the US general population. Adherence to a good quality diet was reported by only 10% of survivors. The majority of the survivors reported a diet in need of improvement (82%) or a poor-quality diet (8%). Intakes of vitamin A (720 ± 447 mcg/d), vitamin C (82 ± 73 mg/d), vitamin D (4.4 ± 3.4 mcg/d), magnesium (253 ± 133 mg/d), and calcium (781 ± 430 mg/d) suggested inadequacy, as more than 50% of the group fell below the specific EARs. Sodium intake at 2834 ± 1345 mg/d exceeded the DGA recommendation of 2300 mg/d. Fiber intake at 8.9 g per 1000 kcal/d was significantly below the Adequate Intake of 14 g per 1000 kcal/d. "Change in taste" was the only variable associated with lower quality of diet (p=0.02). Interestingly, 29% of HCT survivors reported persistent altered taste sensation. No significant relationships were seen for participant's demographics and diet quality which may be due to a sample population skewed toward older, causations and socioeconomically advantaged individuals. More than two thirds of participants (73%) indicated an interest in participating in dietary intervention. HCT survivors within 2 years of transplant were more likely to be receptive to participation in a diet intervention study compared to survivors beyond 2 years (52% vs 28%, p=0.0013). Conclusion Adult HCT survivors report poor adherence to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and have numerous short-fall nutrient intakes. However, the willingness to participate in a nutritional program or dietary intervention in this survivorship population was relatively high. These findings reinforce the need to incorporate nutrition into HCT survivor care. Disclosures Wingard: Celgene: Consultancy; Merck: Consultancy; Shire: Consultancy; Ansun: Consultancy; Pluristem: Consultancy.
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Oliveira, Camila Maciel, Rebeca Simoes Brito, Ana Beatriz Clemente Gonçalves, et al. "AÇÕES EDUCATIVAS EM SAÚDE EM ESCOLAS DE BAEPENDI, MINAS GERAIS: UNIVERSIDADES CRIATIVAS EM AÇÃO." REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EXTENSÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA 10, no. 3 (2019): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36661/2358-0399.2019v10i3.10822.
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A incidência de fatores de risco relacionados a doenças cardiovasculares - como a obesidade - têm aumentado significativamente nas últimas décadas e, por isso, a necessidade urgente de ferramentas inovadoras como estratégia preventiva. Por outro lado, sabe-se que crianças adaptadas a um estilo de vida saudável são mais propensas a escolhas conscientes quando adultas. Assim, o objetivo do presente relato de experiência foi o de demonstrar como universitários, voluntários locais e a comunidade escolar interagem de forma harmônica a partir de uma ação unicamente extensionista e sistematicamente proposta. Quanto à metodologia empregada, foi utilizada a desenvolvida pelo programa “Little Hearts Changing Lives” (LHCL), a qual utiliza o conceito da Aprendizagem Criativa para a disseminação de informações em saúde, em parceria com universidades brasileiras e americanas. O manual elaborado pelo programa possibilita que universitários recriem e cocriem dinâmicas como o teatro de fantoches, utilizando poesia rimada e paródias. Portanto, os discentes foram orientados a elaborarem, em duplas, a implementação do programa em Baependi, Minas Gerais, utilizando a temática fisiologia cardiovascular. Desta forma, discentes de duas Universidades de Juiz de Fora (UFJF e UNIPAC-JF) tiveram a oportunidade de realizar ações educativas para 758 escolares, entre 6 e 12 anos de idade, matriculadas em escolas do município. Concluímos que o público infantil desta comunidade se encontra receptivo a ações como as empregadas neste projeto de extensão. E, ainda, que intervenções junto à comunidade tem um papel importante especialmente para os universitários que participam ativamente destas ações.
 Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem criativa; Doenças Cardiovasculares; Medicina Preventiva; Promoção à Saúde; Obesidade infantil; Dieta; Atividade física
 
 Health education actions in Baependi schools, Minas Gerais state: creative universities in action
 Abstract: The incidence of risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases - such as obesity - has increased significantly in the recent decades and, therefore, the urgent need for innovative tools as a preventive strategy. On the other hand, it is known that children adapted to a healthy lifestyle are more prone to conscious choices as adults. Thus, the aim of the present experience report was to demonstrate how university students, local volunteers and the school community interact in a harmonious way in an exclusively extensionist project and systematically proposed action. Regarding the methodology it was applied that developed by the “Little Hearts Changing Lives” (LHCL) program, which uses the concept of Creative Learning for the dissemination of health information, in partnership with Brazilian and American universities. The program's manual enables university students to recreate and co-create dynamics as puppet theater using rhyming poetry and parodies. Therefore, the students were instructed to develop, in pairs, the implementation of the program in Baependi, Minas Gerais State (Brazil), using the theme cardiovascular physiology. Thus, students from two Universities of Juiz de Fora (UFJF and UNIPAC-JF) had the opportunity to carry out educational activities for 758 students, between 6 and 12 years old, enrolled in schools of that city. We conclude that the children of this community are receptive to actions such as those employed in this extension project. Also, community interventions play an important role especially for university students who actively participate in these actions.
 Keywords: Creative Learning; Cardiovascular diseases; Preventive Medicine; Health Promotion; Child obesity; Diet; Physical activity
 
 Acciones educativas en salud en las escuelas de Baependi, estado de Minas Gerais: universidades creativas en acción 
 Resumen: A incidencia de factores de riesgo relacionados con enfermedades cardiovasculares, como la obesidad, ha aumentado significativamente en las últimas décadas y, por lo tanto, la necesidad urgente de herramientas innovadoras como estrategia preventiva. Por otro lado, se sabe que los niños adaptados a un estilo de vida saludable son más propensos a elecciones conscientes como adultos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente informe de experiencia fue demostrar cómo los estudiantes universitarios, los voluntarios locales y la comunidad escolar interactúan de manera armoniosa en un proyecto exclusivamente extensionista y sistemáticamente propuesto. En cuanto a la metodología que se aplicó, fue desarrollada por el programa "Little Hearts Changing Lives" (LHCL), que utiliza el concepto de Aprendizaje Creativo para la difusión de información de salud, en colaboración con universidades brasileñas y estadounidenses. El manual del programa permite a los estudiantes universitarios recrear y cocrear dinámicas como teatro de marionetas utilizando poesías y parodias que riman. Por lo tanto, los estudiantes recibieron instrucciones de desarrollar, en parejas, la implementación del programa en Baependi, Minas Gerais (Brasil), utilizando el tema fisiología cardiovascular. Así, los alumnos de dos universidades de Juiz de Fora (UFJF y UNIPAC-JF) tuvieron la oportunidad de realizar actividades educativas para 758 alumnos, entre 6 y 12 años, matriculados en colegios de esa ciudad. Concluimos que los niños de esta comunidad son receptivos a acciones como las empleadas en este proyecto de extensión. Además, las intervenciones comunitarias juegan un papel importante, especialmente para los estudiantes universitarios que participan activamente en estas acciones.
 Palabras-clave: Aprendizaje creativo; Enfermedades cardiovasculares; Medicina preventiva; Promoción de la salud; Obesidad infantil; Dieta; Actividad física
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Master, Zubin, Cambray Smith, Jeremiah Stout, Alex A. Adjei, Jan C. Buckner, and Jon Charles Tilburt. "Oncologists’ views on Expanded Access and Right-to-Try: The need for education and shared decision-making." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (2021): e13603-e13603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e13603.
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e13603 Background: Over half of Americans report favoring access to experimental treatments even if they have yet to be proven either safe or effective, yet only 3-5% are enrolled in clinical trials and a fraction of a percent in expanded access. The Expanded Access (EA) program (aka “compassionate use”) and Right-to-Try (RTT) are parallel federal mechanisms that offer qualifying patients access to off-trial experimental treatments. Our study aimed to capture the views and experiences of oncologists on obtaining eligible medicine using the FDA’s EA and is the first to report findings on physician attitudes toward RTT. Methods: We conducted 21 semi-structured interviews and qualitative analysis of oncologists at a major cancer center with 3 main sites across the U.S. Participants were purposely selected to have experience with EA. Results: Oncologists’ considerations for offering EA options to patients were based on a sound scientific rationale, reasonable risk-benefit ratio, functional status of the patient, and patient motivation. Although oncologists’ experience positively correlated with level of ease in navigating EA, most remained largely unfamiliar with RTT. Only 4 oncologists had experience discussing RTT with patients and none had obtained an experimental therapeutic under this pathway. When informed about RTT, oncologists articulated 3 sets of concerns including limited safety and oversight, unclear structure and lack of requirements to collect and report data, and the potential for inflating patient expectations. Published work by others have shown that patients desire experimental options to be offered and report that physicians do not always offer experimental medicine taking into account factors, such as, reimbursement. Given that oncologists may factor in variables such as patient motivation, and potentially affordability or health literacy, when considering whether experimental medicine is appropriate to offer their patient, there may be a need to develop a conversation aid so that clinically relevant options are presented to patients equitably and patient choice is enhanced. Conclusions: Further research to better understand patient perspectives and potential discordant views between patients and oncologists is needed in order to design shared decision-making tools to inform oncologists about off-trial preapproval pathways and help both oncologists and patients navigate the thorny issues of experimental oncology.
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Drábik, Milan. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 8 (2009): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20098108iv.
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The IUPAC-sponsored Conference on Solid State Chemistry (SSC 2008), the eighth conference in the series since 1986, was held in Bratislava, Slovakia 6-11 July 2008. The first Solid State Chemistry Conference held in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, was a nucleus of this series, which has grown over the years and resulted in well-established meetings organized biannually, either in Czech or Slovak Republic. The reader can find examples of feedback on this series in the back issues of Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC), which comprise the papers and opinions of invited speakers of the fifth conference in this series, also IUPAC-sponsored "Solid State Chemistry 2002".SSC 2008 focused on the branches of solid-state and materials chemistry. The event attracted not only scientists but also the producers of new materials and technologies. Over 200 participants from 29 countries representing Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa attended the conference and presented 18 invited talks, 73 lectures, and 146 posters. The scientific program comprised the following seven sessions:- Synthesis and Characterization of Materials- Crystal, Electronic, and Magnetic Structure- Electrochemistry and Molten Salts- Chemistry of Glasses- Novel Inorganic Materials and Nanomaterials- Layered Compounds, Clathrates, and Intercalates- Deposited Films and Surface ChemistryThe invited lectures together with the rigorous choice of further influential lectures, published in this special issue of PAC, cover each topic of the conference and have been an excellent base for the discussions and represent hints for future development in the field. In addition, the lecturers were given the option of submitting manuscripts of research articles, communications, or reviews based upon their lectures or posters to Chemical Papers and Central European Journal of Chemistry (CEJC). The papers accepted by CEJC have already appeared in Vol. 7, Number 2, June 2009. The conference was organized by the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of Slovak University of Technology, and the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Comenius University. The conference continues to provide a friendly atmosphere for the exchange of new results and ideas among groups active in different areas of solidstate and materials chemistry.The 9th Conference on Solid State Chemistry will be held in mid-September 2010 in Prague, Czech Republic. A Web page containing an online "expression of interest" form is already active: www.ssc2010.cz. We look forward to meeting the solid-state and materials chemistry community again at this conference.Milan DrábikSSC 2008 Conference Editor
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Ulrich, Edward Theodore. "Learning Hinduism through a Rural Homestay in South India." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 30, no. 1 (2018): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.404.
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As a professor of theology with expertise in interreligious issues, I designed a January Term course on Hinduism set in south India. The course met liberal arts requirements and was designed for predominantly upper Midwestern students with Catholic and Protestant backgrounds. The focus was not on major sites but on meeting people in the countryside. Also, the course moved traditional learning and pedagogy into a living space by staying for six nights, during the Pongal harvest festival, in rural homes in Tamil Nadu. In terms of academics, the course was originally designed to focus on asceticism, the worship of Shiva, village goddesses, and the role of hill shrines in Tamil Nadu. The students would learn about these topics directly through the town, its inhabitants, and nearby religious sites. I did my best to prepare students for the experience, utilizing interviews, orientation sessions, on-site orientations, and assigned readings. My plans and preparations might seem to have been good, but at the midpoint of the course, on the first day in the small town, the program ground to a halt. Many students were emotionally devastated by the level of poverty. In this context, my lectures on asceticism, Shiva, goddesses, and hill shrines rang hollow and empty. Instead, the minds of the students were flooded by a host of other issues, including poverty, race, class, gender, environmental pollution. Although initially devastated by poverty, the students were quickly drawn into the life of the town. After only two days many frowns and tears turned into smiles. They were drawn in by the hospitality, the highly relational nature of the Tamil people, the exuberance and color of the Pongal celebrations, and the town’s rituals. Religion was a main facet of the experiences of the students, and this was key in terms of transforming their stay into a positive one, but my lectures on Shiva nevertheless rang empty. The students were experiencing a different aspect of the religion than what I had learned about in graduate school or was prepared to teach. Westerners tend to think of Asian religions in terms of meditation, asceticism, and philosophy, but the students were experiencing religion in terms of family intimacy, obedience to the elders, and hospitality to the stranger. I later found that the sixth century Tamil classic, the Tirukkural or “Holy Speech,” addresses the experiences of the students. The text gives instructions on how to live a virtuous life, and it discusses two main lifestyles, those of the ascetic and the householder. The former pertains to material that I was prepared to teach and the latter to the world my students were experiencing. There were a variety of lessons which the students, and students in future years, learned from the lifestyle of a Hindu householder. Lessons they wrote about in their journals included generosity to outsiders and guests, valuing family relations, that great joy can exist in the midst of poverty, and that Americans value individual choice, whereas Indians value collective decision making.
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Eapen, Mary, Vanderson Rocha, Andromachi Scaradavou, et al. "Effect of Stem Cell Source on Transplant Outcomes in Adults with Acute Leukemia: A Comparison of Unrelated Bone Marrow (BM), Peripheral Blood (PB) and Cord Blood (CB)." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.151.151.
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Abstract Currently, in the absence of an HLA matched sibling donor, an unrelated adult donor matched at 8 of 8 alleles for HLA A, B, C, DRB1 is preferred. However, the conditional probability of finding an 8 of 8 matched adult donor based on a preliminary analysis of the current National Marrow Donor Program donor registry is 51% for Caucasians, 30% for Hispanics, 20% for Asians and 17% for African Americans. Over the past decade, CB has emerged as an alternative. Just as an 8/8 HLA match with allele level typing is standard for recipients of BM and PB, a cell dose ≥2.5 × 107 nucleated cells/kg and ≥4/6 match with antigen level typing for A and B and allele-level for DRB1 are standard for recipients of CB today. To determine the relative efficacy of the three stem cell sources in the current era, we evaluated outcomes in 1240 adults aged &gt;16 years with acute leukemia (707 AML; 533 ALL) transplanted after a myeloablative transplant preparatory regimen in 2002–2006. The graft was T replete BM (243 8/8 and 111 7/8 matched), T replete PB (518 8/8 and 210 7/8 matched) or CB (38 5–6/6 and 110 4/6 matched). Median follow up was 2 years in all groups. Compared to recipients of BM and PB, recipients of CB were younger (median age: 29 vs. 39 and 35 years, respectively) and more likely to have ALL. Disease status at transplantation was similar in all groups. As shown previously in children, the incidence of neutrophil recovery (□500/ul at day−42) was poorest in recipients of CB (78%) as compared to PB (96%) and BM (92%). Importantly, incidence of transplantrelated mortality (TRM) was less in recipients of 8/8 matched PB and BM as compared to those transplanted with 7/8 PB or 7/8 BM (p=0.001) or CB (p&lt;0.001; recognizing that 74% of CB transplants were mismatched at 2 antigens). Probabilities of leukemia-free (LFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were highest in recipients of 8/8 matched PB and BM with no significant differences in TRM, LFS and OS rates in recipients of CB and 7/8 matched PB and BM. Together, these data suggest that 8/8 matched PB or BM donor should be the first choice for adults with acute leukemia if time permits and partially matched CB with an adequate cell dose is a suitable alternative for the large proportion of patients for whom an 8/8 matched unrelated adult donor cannot be identified or transplant is urgent. On the basis of prior studies in children demonstrating the potential impact of cell dose on outcomes, new strategies continue to be explored to reduce TRM and increase the efficacy of CB for adults with acute leukemia. TRM Relapse LFS OS PB, matched at A, B, C, DRB1 (8 of 8) 27% 30% 43% 45% BM, matched at A, B, C, DRB1(8 of 8) 26% 28% 46% 48% CB, matched or mismatched (6/6 n=9, 5/6 n=29, 4/6 n= 110) 41% 26% 33% 35% PB, mismatched at 1-locus (7 of 8) 42% 24% 33% 36% BM, mismatched at 1-locus (7 of 8) 37% 26% 34% 38%
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Wu, Linden, Elizabeth A. Schlenk, Susan M. Sereika, and Elizabeth Miller. "3558 Do Recognition, Behavioral Intentions, and Attitudes of Adolescent Relationship Abuse (ARA) Serve as Protective Factors Against Future ARA and Cyber Dating Abuse (CDA)?" Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.141.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To create prevention strategies targeting ARA and CDA, it is critical to educate and mold adolescent recognition, behavioral intentions, and attitudes regarding healthy dating relationships. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine if high school students’ recognition of ARA, the students’ behavioral intentional to intervene during ARA episode of someone they know, and the students’ attitudes about the importance of healthy relationship serve as a protective factors against experiencing ARA. Aim 1: Do baseline (T1) recognition, behavioral intentions, and attitudes serve as protective factors against experiencing ARA in high school students at 3-month follow-up (T2)? Aim 2: Do baseline (T1) recognition, behavioral intentions, and attitudes serve as protective factors against CDA in high school students at 3-month follow- up (T2)? METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To examine the relationships between recognition, behavioral intentions, and attitudes of ARA and CDA, a secondary analysis using a descriptive correlational design was used to analyze electronic survey data from a large randomized controlled parent study. The parent study consisted of 1,011 high school students ages 14 to 19 years who sought health service through one of eight school-based health clinics in California. This secondary analysis consisted of 819 students, with 640 (78.1%) female, 178 (21.7%) males, and 1 (0.2%) transgender participant. There were 42 (5.1%) Caucasians, 141 (17.2%) Asians, 218 (26.7%) African Americans, 313 (38.2%) Hispanics, 42 (5.1%) American Indians/Alaskan Natives, and 63 (7.7%) students who responded multi-racial. To measure recognition of ARA, a 10-item, 5-point Likert scale was used with responses ranging from 1=“not abusive” to 5=“extremely abusive” (Cronbach’s a = 0.85). To assess behavioral intentions to intervene, a 5-item, 5-point Likert scale was used to ask participants how likely they would be to stop the ARA behavior if they witness a peer perpetrating ARA with responses ranging from 1=“very unlikely” to 5=“very likely” (Cronbach’s a = 0.89). A 6-item, 3-point Likert healthy relationship tool measured participants’ attitudes regarding healthy relationship with responses ranging from 1=“not important” to 3=“very important”. Both ARA and CDA were assessed using a “yes/no” response choice for the lastthree months. To account for the hierarchical nature of the data analysis, a binary logistic regression was used in SPSS 24. To take into account the clustering coefficients of the eight different school clinics and as well as the parent study’s intervention and control groups, these clusters were examined as co-variates. Sex, race, and age were included as covariates, also. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The relationship status of high school students consisted of 262 (32.0%) who were single, 97 (11.8%) who were going out, dating, or hooking up with more than one person, 423 (51.7%) who were seriously dating one person, and 37 (4.5%) who were not sure. At 3-month follow-up assessment, 111 (13.6%) of high school students experienced ARA, and 476 (58.1%) experienced CDA. The mean recognition of ARA score was 3.90 + 0.67, mean behavioral intentions score was 4.00 + 0.83, and mean attitudes score was 2.54 + 0.37. When examining the full ARA model including all three predicators controlling for the demographics and group assignment, none of the predictor variables were significant (p>0.05) in predicting ARA in high school students. Also, all three predictors were not significant in predicting ARA in the main effects model. When examining the full CDA model, with no interaction, all three predictors were significant. Recognition had 0.784 decrease odds (95% CI = 0633-0.971, p = 0.026) of predicting CDA. However the odds of CDA increase non-linearly up to the mean (2.537709) for the attitudes variable after which the odds then decreases non-linearly. The odds of CDA is increasing non-linearly up to 3.073913 for the behavioral intention variable after which the odds then decrease non-linearly. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Adolescence is typically a time of exploration, transition, and social development. Researchers should investigate the efficacy of ARA and CDA prevention programs that focus on recognition, behavioral intentions, and attitudes to educate adolescents on healthy relationships. Results showed that behavioral intention to intervene and attitudes about healthy relationship can serve as protective factors against CDA. From our data, more students experienced CDA compared to ARA. Thus, it may by useful to recognize the use of technology as a social force within the adolescent culture in defining adolescents’ experiences of healthy relationships and potential experience of CDA.
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Tekelioglu, Ahmet Selim. "The Practice of Islam in America: An Introduction." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35, no. 3 (2018): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i3.491.
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Since September 11, American Muslim identities, political views, sensi- bilities, and even private lives have been studied by academics, pollsters, government agencies, and think tank researchers. This renewed interest on the nexus of religious and national identity has produced a vast volume of publications, cross-cutting each social science discipline and thematic re- search area. Some are even available online, such as #islamophobiaisracism syllabus, #BlackIslamSyllabus and ISPU’s Muslim American Experience Bibliography page. What is often lost in this conversation, however, are the nuances that influence everyday lives of American Muslims and their practice of Islam. Situated within religious studies and Islamic studies scholarship and speak- ing to a broad disciplinary array, the edited volume The Practice of Islam in America: An Introduction is a much-needed contribution to the scholarship on Islam and American Muslims. The book’s editor, prolific and prominent scholar and historian of Is- lam in America, Edward Curtis IV, explains the goals of the book in this sentence: “This book is driven by the desire to provide clear answers to es- sential, and basic, questions about how observant Muslim Americans prac- tice Islam…” (2). Importantly, the book delivers on its promise to provide a lived religion perspective (3). While the twelve chapters in The Practice of Islam in America examine distinct practices and themes, the chapters synergize in giving voice to a lived religion perspective on American Muslims’ practices. This approach helps the reader to achieve a healthy distance from the significant but often overly dominant political context that influences discourse on American Muslim life. The book opens with an introductory chapter by Curtis, explaining the rationale and background to the project. The chapter is a good prelude to this rich volume, reflecting Curtis’ years of experience working on Muslim American history and experience. For the non-specialist audience, the in- troductory chapter also provides a broad historical overview of American Muslim history, starting from the slave trade and stretching into contem- porary Islamophobia while covering debates within the diverse American Muslim community. The volume is organized across four thematic parts. Each part includes three chapters, producing a rich, twelve-chapter account. Part I examines prayer and pilgrimage and includes chapters on ṣalāt, dhikr, and ḥajj. Part II explores holidays; individual chapters cover Ramadan and Eid celebra- tions, Ashura, and Milad/Mawlid celebrations. Part III takes the reader into the realm of life cycle rituals with chapters on birth, wedding, and funeral/ death rituals. The concluding Part IV touches on Islamic ethics and reli- gious culture. It examines philanthropy, food practices and engagements with the Qur’an with reference to everyday practices of American Muslims. Curtis explains in his introduction that the volume is intentional in de- veloping a lived religion focus. Moreover, almost all authors give examples for how these practices vary in different branches of Islam (Sunni, Twelver and Isma‘ili/Bohra Shi‘i communities) as well as for multiple ethno-racial demographic groups that make up the deeply pluralistic Muslim American fabric. Contributors should be applauded for producing chapters that are ethnographically rich, thematically diverse, and attentive to multiple sites and dynamics. Chapter 1 moves through multiple vignettes that involve ṣalāt, the Muslim ritual prayer. Rose Aslan’s vivid descriptions of the lives of Ameri- can Muslims and her ability to walk the reader along not only the basics of the prayer but also the nuances among individuals with diverse ethno-racial and socioeconomic backgrounds and the post-September 11 securitization of ṣalāt is refreshing. Rosemary R. Corbett’s chapter on dhikr—“medita- tive and sometimes joyous religious litanies,” to use the definition offered by Curtis in the introductory chapter (6)—is a comparative study of three related groups, each springing from the Turkish Halveti Cerrahi order. The historical account around the creation of these groups is helpful especially because one of these figures, Tosun Bayrak of the Spring Valley Halveti Cerrahi order, recently passed away. In the next chapter, Hussein Rashid skillfully walks the reader through the meaning, rites, and politico-eco- nomic realities surrounding ḥajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudia Arabia. His chapter helps to familiarize the readers with complexities of ḥajj. Part II of the book begins with Jackleen Salem’s nuanced and vivid account of Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, and Eid al-Adha. In testament to the volume’s attention to inclusivity, Michael Muhammad Knight’s chapter on Ashura is a vivid and informative account of this most popular Shi‘i commemoration. This chapter is less ethnographically driven than other chapters preceding it, perhaps to the advantage of the common reader who learns a great deal about early Muslim history and the background to the Sunni-Shi‘i split. The same is true also for Marcia Hermansen’s chapter on Milad/Mawlid celebrations recognizing Prophet Muhammad’s birth. The chapter strikes a balance between academic information on the subject and a thick description of these ceremonies. She provides a superb account of major debates and disagreements within the Muslim community sur- rounding these celebrations for the benefit of the uninitiated reader. In the first chapter of Part III, Maria Curtis explores birth rituals ranging from baby-showers to naming a child to postpartum complexities faced by moms within the American Muslim community. Her chapter is noteworthy in producing a much-needed addition to these underexplored topics. Juliane Hammer’s chapter on weddings is an exploration of not only ceremonial aspects of marriage but also legal approaches to marriage in America through a rich ethnographic account of three distinct weddings. She gives due attention to textual and Qur’anic interpretations on love and mercy by American Muslims. Her chapter is among those that provide the common reader with a nuanced view of the scholarship on the theme that is under exploration. The same is true for Amir Hussain’s chapter on Muslim funerals. Speaking from within a few funeral processions in southern Cali- fornia, as well as a brief description of the funeral ceremony of Muhammad Ali, Hussain explores the rites of death and burial in the American Muslim landscape.The first chapter of Part IV, by Danielle Witman Abraham, examines philanthropy and social giving in the American Muslim community. The chapter explains the norms in Sunii and Shi‘i communities, including concerns about domestic vs. international giving. Chapter 11, by Magfirat Dahlan, delves into American Muslims’ food consumption choices. She explores the fluid categories of permissible and impermissible food as well as ethical vs. non-ethical food as perceived by her respondents. The final chapter of the book is by Mona Ali and focuses on the Qur’an and how American Muslims engage with Islam’s holy book. Her approach provides a concise and effective summary of the Qur’an’s role in life cycles, identity formation and internal conversations among American Muslims. While the individual chapters’ focus on specific contexts and ethno- graphic accounts is very helpful, some chapters leave the reader with a sense of incompleteness due to the brief attempt to cram information on the broader context in the last two pages of each chapter. For example, in Chapter 1, Rose Aslan invokes the American Muslim debate around cre- ating gender equity in mosques and the third space wave but cannot do justice to the multifaceted conversations and developments around this issue. Chapter 4 by Jackleen Salem also suffers from trying to deliver too much. Salem’s concluding section, “Eid as an American Holiday,” fails to mention the heated debates that defined the “White House Iftar” dinners during President Obama’s presidency. These kinds of omissions create a kind of wedge between the complexities that arise in the everyday practice of Islam and the volume’s broader reflections. Chapter 9, by Amir Hussain, details Muhammad Ali’s funeral but does not fully engage with the debates and choices that marked the funeral. One wonders too if inclusion of other dhikr practices adapted by American Muslim followers of the Tijaniyya or the Ba‘Alawi sufi networks could have been helpful to give voice to dhikr practice in Chapter 2, out- side the Halveti Jerrahi context. Another theme that is neglected lies in the chapter on philanthropy, which does not mention what are often heated debates within American Muslim communities on the jurisprudence (fiqh) of giving to non-Muslims as well as whether certain service organizations (such as those serving students or social justice needs) are zakāt-eligible.There are practices that are left out as well. Du‘a Kumayl, practiced by Shi‘i Muslims on Thursday evenings similar to mawlid ceremonies, is not mentioned in the text. It would have been enriching to include this practice of reading a prayer that is traced to Prophet Muhammad’s cousin and one of the four great caliphs, Imam Ali. Finally, the choice to not cite online resources with their full web ad- dresses seems like an odd choice for a volume this rich in content. The lack of a full pathway in many instances makes it difficult for researchers to access information. These slight omissions notwithstanding, The Practice of Islam in Amer- ica: An Introduction is a great resource for instructors to use in introducto- ry courses in religious studies and American Muslim studies programs, as well as a good supplementary text for anyone teaching Islam in interfaith contexts. It delivers on its promise to provide rich narratives on what Is- lam looks like as a lived religion in America. It is highly relevant for those teaching not only on Islam but also on religion generally. The editor as well as the authors deserve recognition for producing a nuanced and insightful volume.
 Ahmet Selim TekeliogluAli Vural Ak Center for Global Islamic StudiesGeorge Mason University
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"Right stuff, wrong sex: America's first women in space program." Choice Reviews Online 42, no. 09 (2005): 42–5244. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-5244.
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