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Relevant bibliographies by topics / America - History - 19th century

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Academic literature on the topic 'America - History - 19th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "America - History - 19th century"

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Rockenbach, Stephen, and William L. Barney. "A Companion to 19th-Century America." Journal of Southern History 74, no. 4 (2008): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27650332.

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Murillo, Edwin. "Existencial Poetics in the 19th Century Latin America." Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 45, no. 1 (2019): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v45i1.36674.

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Typically, the origin story of Existentialism has depicted Latin America’s contributions as subsequent and tributary to its European counterpart. Nevertheless, a select few critics have approached this history in Hispanic America from a chronologically inclusive perspective, by calling attention to an Existential Poetics in modernismo. This article expands the borders of Existential Poetics to fashion a Latin American literary imaginary. Given the work already done on Rubén Darío and José Martí, both of whom have been studied independently, my analysis will be collective, favoring philopoetic works by Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Julián del Casal, José Asunción Silva, and João Cruz e Sousa. The purpose of examining Hispanic-American poets in conjunction with a Brazilian is to accentuate the Pan-American quality of this Existentialism avant la lettre. As I will discuss, all these poems deal with a crisis of irrelevance and overtly question being in the world, classic motifs of Existentialism. Together, these poems allow for the synchronized inclusion of Latin American voices to the universal history of Existentialism, an approached not explicitly carried out by most philosophical and literary historiographers.

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Opatrný, Josef. "Central Europeans and Latin America in the 16th - 19th Centuries." Geografie 103, no. 1 (1998): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1998103010046.

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The article gives a historical overview of Czech travellers to Latin America. The history of Czech interests in this region is outlined. The author focuses on the period between 1506 (when the first Czech-written information on the American continent was probably published) and the end of the 19th century. Contacts between Central Europe and Latin America entered a new period at the beginning of the 20th century. While in between the 16th - 19th centuries contacts between Bohemia and Latin America were mostly realized by individuals and small groups, since 1900 Latin America has become an integral part of the Czech society.

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Di Stefano, Roberto. "Religion, Politics and Law in 19th Century Latin America." Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History 2010, no. 16 (2010): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg16/117-120.

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Morris, David B. "An Invisible History of Pain: Early 19th-Century Britain and America." Clinical Journal of Pain 14, no. 3 (1998): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199809000-00004.

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Curran, Kathleen. "The German Rundbogenstil and Reflections on the American Round-Arched Style." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 47, no. 4 (1988): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990381.

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This article investigates the German Rundbogenstil and its influence on the American "round-arched style." A stylistic and theoretical phenomenon of the 19th century, the German Rundbogenstil held both a specific and a generic meaning: as a contemporary building style and as a term for historical round-arched architecture. In modern scholarship, the Rundbogenstil has come to denote any round-arched building with Romanesque or Italianate features designed by certain early to mid-19th-century German architects. A general contextual analysis of the complex nature of the 19th-century round-arched styles or "tendencies" in Germany helps to define more precisely the Rundbogenstil. Following a theoretical and stylistic examination of major monuments in Karlsruhe, Munich, and Berlin, the present paper outlines the salient characteristics of the Rundbogenstil and its influence in America in the hands of certain central European emigrant architects in New York and two major mid-19th-century American architects. The fundamental theoretical change which the style underwent in the United States in both of these groups warrants a distinct label-the American "round-arched style."

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Keim, Curtis A., and Ronald Takaki. "Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America." International Journal of African Historical Studies 34, no. 1 (2001): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097337.

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Chafe, William H. "History Matters." American Studies in Scandinavia 50, no. 1 (2018): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v50i1.5691.

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This essay surveys the degree to which racism has been a dominant theme – indeed, often the single most important theme – of all American history. It shaped the Constitution, dominated Congressional and judicial controversies during the first six decades of the 19th century, and then continued to shape the country’s politics, economy, and social structure all the way through the present. This essay also emphasizes the degree to which black resistance of racism was a constant, taking on different forms depending on the politics and culture of the times, but always present. It discusses the emergence of the modern civil rights movement in the years after World War II, but argues that, notwithstanding the legislative and judicial gains made as a result of that movement, racism remains a central and structural reality in America to this day, most notably visible in the mass incarceration of blacks, and the economic and social inequalities that continue to be pervasive in contemporary America.

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Beito, David T., and Ann Fabian. "Card Sharps, Dream Books, & Bucket Shops: Gambling in 19th-Century America." Western Historical Quarterly 22, no. 4 (1991): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970997.

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Coultrap-McQuin, Susan, and Susan K. Harris. "19th-Century American Women's Novels: Interpretative Strategies." Journal of American History 78, no. 2 (1991): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079580.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "America - History - 19th century"

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Mayo-Bobee, Dinah. "Shaping the Nation: Early 19th Century America." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/731.

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Schulz, Carsten-Andreas. "On the standing of states : Latin America in nineteenth-century international society." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05459d05-0dfa-4220-bbdc-42e3df63d71a.

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The present dissertation offers a critical examination of the place accorded to Latin American states in the English School account of the expansion of international society. It pursues two aims. First, the study contributes to understanding the nature and scope of international order, and its historical transformation over the course of the 'long nineteenth century'. Because of the profound impact that European colonization had on the region, the English School has conventionally treated the entry of Latin American states into international society as an unproblematic historical fact achieved with diplomatic recognition in the 1820s. The crucial cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, however, indicate that more attention needs to the paid to the hierarchical nature of the international order. The central argument of this historical-comparative study posits that the three Latin American states were recognized diplomatically, but they were not regarded as fully-fledged members of the community of 'civilized' states. Second, the dissertation examines the implications of hierarchy in international politics. Building on a critique of the legal-formalist conception of 'standing' in English School theorizing, three ideal-typical dimensions of international stratification are identified: the distribution of material capabilities (stature), the function states perform in international society (role), and estimations of honour and prestige (status) among states. The interpretative framework sheds light on how agents understand international society, and the way in which they deal with its hierarchical nature. The study analyzes how Latin American elites perceived the standing of their state, and how these perceptions shaped politics through their corresponding 'logics of social action'. The study finds that nineteenth-century elites in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil conceived of the standing of their states predominantly in terms of status, and demonstrates how these perceptions informed politics.

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Shelton, Jacqueline. "Evil Becomes Her: Prostitution's Transition from Necessary to Social Evil in 19th Century America." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1172.

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Nineteenth-century America witnessed a period of tremendous growth and change as cities flourished, immigration swelled, and industrialization spread. This setting allowed prostitution to thrive and professionalize, and the visibility of such “immoral” activity required Americans to seek a new understanding of morality. Current literature commonly considers prostitution as immediately declared a “social evil” or briefly mentions why Americans assigned it such a role. While correct that it eventually did become a “social evil,” the evolution of discourse relating to prostitution is a bit more complex. This thesis provides a survey of this evolution set against the changing American understanding of science and morality in the nineteenth century. By tracing the course of American thought on prostitution from necessary to social evil, this thesis contributes to a growing understanding of a marginalized group of people and America’s view of national morality.

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Park, Benjamin Earl. "Localized nationalisms in postrevolutionary America." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708100.

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Landroche, Tina Michele. "Chinese women as cultural participants and symbols in nineteenth century America." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4291.

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Chinese female immigrants were active cultural contributors and participants in nineteenth century America, yet Americans often simplified their roles into crude stereotypes and media symbols. The early western accounts concerning females in China created the fundamental images that were the basis of the later stereotypes of women immigrants. The fact that a majority of the period's Chinese female immigrants became prostitutes fueled anti-Chinese feelings. This thesis investigates the general existence of Chinese prostitutes in nineteenth century America and how they were portrayed in the media. American attitudes toward white women and their images of Chinese women created the stereotype of all Chinese female immigrants as immoral. Thus, they became unconscious pawns of nineteenth century American nativist forces wanting to limit and prevent Chinese immigration based on prejudicial and racist attitudes.

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Hall, James P. "The early developmental history of concrete block in America." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/613.

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Wang, Chao, and 王超. "Sign language and the moral government of deafness in antebellum America." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211119.

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Many Deaf people today consider themselves a linguistic minority with a culture distinct from the mainstream hearing society. This is in large part because they communicate through an independent language——American Sign Language (ASL). However, two hundreds years ago, sign language was a “common language” for communication between hearing and deaf people within the institutional framework of “manualism.” Manualism is a pedagogical system of sign language introduced mainly from France in order to buttress the campaign for deaf education in the early-19th-century America. In 1817, a hearing man Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (1787-1851) and a deaf Frenchman Laurent Clerc (1785-1869) co-founded the first residential school for the deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. These early manualists shaped sign language within the evangelical framework of “moral government.” They believed that the divine origin of signs would lead the spiritual redemption of people who could not hear. Inside manual institutions, the religiously defined practice of signing, which claimed to transform the “heathen deaf” into being the “signing Christian,” enabled the process of assimilation into a shared “signing community.” The rapid expansion of manual institutions hence fostered a strong and separate deaf culture that continues to influence today’s deaf communities in the United States. However, social reformers in the mid-nineteenth century who advocated “oralism” perceived manualism as a threat to social integration. “Oralists” pursued a different model of deaf education in the 1860s, campaigning against sign language and hoping to replace it entirely with the skills in lip-reading and speech. The exploration of this tension leads to important questions: Were people who could not hear “(dis)abled” in the religious context of the early United States? In what ways did the manual institutions train students to become “able-bodied” citizens? How did this religiously framed pedagogy come to terms with the “hearing line” in the mid 19th century? In answering these questions, this dissertation analyzes the early history of manual education in relation to the formation and diffusion of religious governmentality, a topic that continues to influence deaf culture to this day.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Modern Languages and Cultures<br>Master<br>Master of Philosophy

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Ziegler, Christopher Taylor. "Jeffersonianism and 19th century American maritime defense policy." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2003. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1110103-111416/unrestricted/ZieglerC120103a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2003.<br>Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-1110103-111416. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.

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McMurray, David, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "'A rod of her own' : women and angling in victorian North America." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2007, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/537.

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This thesis will argue that angling was a complex cultural phenomenon that had developed into a respectable sport for women during the Early Modern period in Britain. This heterogeneous tradition was inherited by many Victorian women who found it to be a vehicle through which they could find access to nature and where they could respectably exercise a level of authority, autonomy, and agency within the confines of a patriarchal society. That some women were conscious of these opportunities and were deliberate in their use of angling to achieve their goals while others happened upon them in a more unassuming manner, underscores how angling also functioned as a canopy of camouflage within Victorian society. In other words, though it outwardly appeared as a simple recreational activity, angling possessed the ability to function as a meta-narrative for its adherents, where the larger experiences and intentions of women became subtly intertwined, if not hidden, within the actual activity itself.<br>viii, 197 leaves ; 29 cm.

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Miller, Nikki L. "The American Civil War and Other 19th Century Influences on the Development of Nursing." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194076.

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The Industrial Revolution created sweeping cultural and technological changes in 19th century American society. During this era, nursing evolved from an unskilled to a skilled form of work. Changes in manufacturing, communication, and transportation occurred differentially in America, which favored the growth of different regional economies. Sectionalism erupted into the first modern war in American history. The Civil War created the conditions in which nursing, medicine, and the hospital formed organizational structures, roles, and boundaries that would later form the template for the modern healthcare system. The purpose of this research was to study how the context and culture of mid-nineteenth century American life affected the evolution of nursing during the Civil War, and the later affect it would have on skilled nursing knowledge, roles, education, and practice. The overall goal of the work is to contribute to the body of research on parallel historic processes that had an influence over the formation of early skilled nursing practice and the evolution of the nursing role. The effect of parallel processes associated with the Industrial Revolution and the advent of modern warfare on the development of skilled nursing were the particular focus of this research. A social history methodology was utilized to examine texts and discourse from the Civil War period. It was found that advances in transportation, communication, and manufacturing were both integral to the advent of modern war and modern nursing, and that the advent of these was highly integrated. It was also found that the industrialization of the hospital in response to wartime was highly influential on the development of skilled nursing programs later in the century. The role that nurses would take in the postbellum hospital, however, reflected the mass media image of nursing generated during the war rather than actual wartime practice.

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Books on the topic "America - History - 19th century"

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Macdonald, Fiona. Women in 19th-century America. Peter Bedrick Books, 1999.

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1970-, Kang S. Deborah, ed. Catholicism and the shaping of 19th century America. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Jennys, Susan. 19th century Plains Indian dresses. Crazy Crow Trading Post, 2004.

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Jewelry in America, 1600-1900. Antique Collectors' Club, 1995.

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Stockman, Robert Lee. North Germany to North America: 19th century migration. PlattDüütsch Press, 2003.

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Divergent modernities: Culture and politics in 19th century Latin America. Duke University Press, 2001.

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Iron cages: Race and culture in 19th-century America. Oxford University Press, 1990.

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Iron cages: Race and culture in 19th-century America. Oxford University Press, 2000.

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Stefoff, Rebecca. Journey to Gold Mountain: The Chinese in 19th-century America. Chelsea House, 1994.

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Kajencki, Francis C. Poles in the 19th century Southwest. Southwest Polonia Press, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "America - History - 19th century"

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Green, Michael D., and Theda Perdue. "Native-American History." In A Companion to 19th-Century America. Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470998472.ch16.

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Groseclose, Barbara. "A History/Historiography of Representations of America." In A Companion to 19th-Century America. Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470998472.ch25.

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Good, Gregory A. "Geomagnetics and scientific institutions in 19th century America." In History of Geophysics: Volume 4. American Geophysical Union, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/hg004p0043.

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Thomas, Margaret. "Words and concepts for child language learning in late 19th versus late 20th century America." In Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.112.27tho.

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Masferrer, Aniceto. "Tradition and Foreign Influences in the 19th Century Codification of Criminal Law: Dispelling the Myth of the Pervasive French Influence in Europe and Latin America." In Studies in the History of Law and Justice. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71912-2_1.

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Hall, Robert A. "19th-Century Italian." In The History of Linguistics in Italy. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.33.11jal.

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Driel, Lodewijk van. "19th-Century Linguistics." In The History of Linguistics in the Low Countries. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.64.10dri.

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Roberts, Adam. "Early 19th-Century SF." In The History of Science Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56957-8_6.

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Vannatta, Seth. "The 19th Century and History." In Conservatism and Pragmatism. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137466839_4.

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Gallarotti, Giulio M. "The 19th century conferences." In A History of International Monetary Diplomacy, 1867 to the Present. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315732435-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "America - History - 19th century"

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Roelofs, Michelle B. "Mass Timber: 19 Century to Today." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0634.

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<p>New mass timber technologies are entering the US market allowing for innovative, sustainable, and affordable designs. As the market embraces mass timber it is important to reflect on the history of mass timber and to learn best practices to ensure sustainable growth of this sector. This paper will discuss the evolution of mass timber in three parts:</p><p>19th Century: Large sawn timbers were used to construct impressive warehouse structures that still remain functional and beautiful in our cities today. Logging practices of this era led to deforestation in parts of the Americas before the rise of steel and concrete as dominant building materials.</p><p>20th Century: Mass timber using adhesives emerged in the 20th century. The novel idea of adhering small dimensioned lumber together to create massive elements is the genesis of all modern mass timber technology. This practice allows for timber to be sustainably harvested for structural applications.</p><p>21st Century: Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) has quickly shifted from a bespoke building material to an affordable system being used to address the pressing need for affordable housing. 475 W. 18<span>th</span> St is a model project that was used to compare the carbon impact of building a multi-family residential building as compared to conventional reinforced concrete.</p>

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Siviero, E., and V. Martini. "Bridges in the World Heritage List Between Culture and Technical Development." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0153.

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<p>The aim of this paper is to present some bridges inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List and their Outstanding Universal Values, which explain the importance of these works of art in terms of engineering, technology, culture and technical development. The Iron Bridge, the first metal bridge in the history of construction, is of considerable importance, not only in historic, technological and constructive terms: here, architecture and engineering are revealed to the full, making the bridge into a place. The Forth Bridge is a globally-important triumph of engineering, representing the pinnacle of 19th century bridge construction and is without doubt the world’s greatest trussed bridge. The Vizcaya Bridge, completed in 1893, was the first bridge in the world to carry people and traffic on a high suspended gondola and was used as a model for many similar bridges in Europe, Africa and America, only a few of which survive. The Mostar Bridge is an exceptional and universal symbol of coexistence of communities from diverse cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds. The Oporto bridges, interpreted in Vitruvian terms, represent a heritage, a “set of spiritual, cultural, social or material values that belong, through inheritance or tradition, to a group of people…”, a complex grouping that marks and symbolises an era, the Eiffel's masterpiece. Because the bridge is not only a work of art, but also a thought.</p>

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Schultz, C. ""Life on Board 19th Century America Whalers"." In OCEANS '87. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1987.1160782.

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Nakane, Ikuko. "Accusation, defence and morality in Japanese trials: A Hybrid Orientation to Criminal Justice." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.16-5.

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The Japanese criminal justice system has gone through transformations in its modern history, adopting the models of European Continental Law systems in the 19th century as part of Japan’s modernisation process, and then the Anglo-American Common Law orientation after WWII. More recently, citizen judges have been introduced to the criminal justice process, a further move towards an adversarial orientation with increased focus on orality and courtroom discourse strategies. Yet, the actual legal process does not necessarily represent the adversarial orientation found in Common Law jurisdictions. While previous research from cultural and socio-historical perspectives has offered valuable insights into the Japanese criminal court procedures, there is hardly any research examining how adversarial (or non-adversarial) orientation is realised through language in Japanese trials. Drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in Japanese trials, this paper discusses a ‘hybrid’ orientation to the legal process realised through courtroom discourse. Based on courtroom observation notes, interaction data, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials collected in Japan, trial participants’ discourse strategies contributing to both adversarial and inquisitorial orientations are identified. In particular, the paper highlights how accusation, defence and morality are performed and interwoven in the trial as a genre. The overall genre structure scaffolds competing narratives, with prosecution and defence counsel utilising a range of discourse strategies for highlighting culpability and mitigating factors. However, the communicative practice at the micro genre level shows an orientation to finding the ‘truth,’ rehabilitation of offenders and maintaining social order. The analysis of courtroom communication, contextualised in the socio-historical development of the Japanese justice system and in the ideologies about courtroom communicative practice, suggests a gap between the practice and official/public discourses of the justice process in Japan. At the same time, the findings raise some questions regarding the powerful role that language plays in different ways in varying approaches to delivery of justice.

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Bosak, Martin. "SLOVAK NATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN AMERICA AT THE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.074.

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Ismail, Amnah Saay, B. Jalal, M. Md Saman, and Wan Kamal Mujani. "19th Century Pahang Islamic Scholars in 'A History of Pahang'." In 2017 International Conference on Education, Economics and Management Research (ICEEMR 2017). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceemr-17.2017.49.

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NECHITA, Constantin. "DECLINE HISTORY OF OAKS IN 20TH CENTURY FOR ROMANIAN EXTRA-CARPATHIAN REGIONS." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/3.2/s14.087.

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Tleubekova, G. "Late 19th – early 20th century European travelers account of the nomadic people of Central Asia." In Scientific dialogue: Questions of philosophy, sociology, history, political science. ЦНК МОАН, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-01-07-2020-05.

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Kazenkov, Oleg Iurevich. "History of Relations Between Argentina and Countries of Latin America and the United States in XXI Century." In All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, chair Dmitrij Nikolaevich Ermakov. Publishing house Sreda, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-97354.

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The article analyzes the history of difficult relations between the United States and Latin American countries in recent times. The author, using a wide source base, examines the prospects for US participation in the overthrow of legitimate political regimes in the States of the region.

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Stansfield, Billy, and William B. Ouimet. "HISTORY, MAPPING, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 18TH – 19TH CENTURY RELICT CHARCOAL HEARTHS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT." In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-328410.

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Reports on the topic "America - History - 19th century"

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Hannibal, Joseph T. Bringing millstones to America: 19th century use of Norwgian mica-schist millstones in the United States. Universitat de Lleida. Departament d'Història. Secció d'Arqueologia, Prehistòria i Història Antiga, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/rap.2019.extra-4.21.

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Tweet, Justin S., Vincent L. Santucci, Kenneth Convery, Jonathan Hoffman, and Laura Kirn. Channel Islands National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2278664.

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Abstract:

Channel Island National Park (CHIS), incorporating five islands off the coast of southern California (Anacapa Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island), has an outstanding paleontological record. The park has significant fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene, representing organisms of the sea, the land, and the air. Highlights include: the famous pygmy mammoths that inhabited the conjoined northern islands during the late Pleistocene; the best fossil avifauna of any National Park Service (NPS) unit; intertwined paleontological and cultural records extending into the latest Pleistocene, including Arlington Man, the oldest well-dated human known from North America; calichified “fossil forests”; records of Miocene desmostylians and sirenians, unusual sea mammals; abundant Pleistocene mollusks illustrating changes in sea level and ocean temperature; one of the most thoroughly studied records of microfossils in the NPS; and type specimens for 23 fossil taxa. Paleontological research on the islands of CHIS began in the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of a mammoth specimen was reported in 1873. Research can be divided into four periods: 1) the few early reports from the 19th century; 2) a sustained burst of activity in the 1920s and 1930s; 3) a second burst from the 1950s into the 1970s; and 4) the modern period of activity, symbolically opened with the 1994 discovery of a nearly complete pygmy mammoth skeleton on Santa Rosa Island. The work associated with this paleontological resource inventory may be considered the beginning of a fifth period. Fossils were specifically mentioned in the 1938 proclamation establishing what was then Channel Islands National Monument, making CHIS one of 18 NPS areas for which paleontological resources are referenced in the enabling legislation. Each of the five islands of CHIS has distinct paleontological and geological records, each has some kind of fossil resources, and almost all of the sedimentary formations on the islands are fossiliferous within CHIS. Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island, the two smallest islands, are primarily composed of Miocene volcanic rocks interfingered with small quantities of sedimentary rock and covered with a veneer of Quaternary sediments. Santa Barbara stands apart from Anacapa because it was never part of Santarosae, the landmass that existed at times in the Pleistocene when sea level was low enough that the four northern islands were connected. San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island have more complex geologic histories. Of these three islands, San Miguel Island has relatively simple geologic structure and few formations. Santa Cruz Island has the most varied geology of the islands, as well as the longest rock record exposed at the surface, beginning with Jurassic metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The Channel Islands have been uplifted and faulted in a complex 20-million-year-long geologic episode tied to the collision of the North American and Pacific Places, the initiation of the San Andreas fault system, and the 90° clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges, of which the northern Channel Islands are the westernmost part. Widespread volcanic activity from about 19 to 14 million years ago is evidenced by the igneous rocks found on each island.

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