Dissertations / Theses: 'American and Canadian'

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MacLean, Alyssa Erin. "Canadian migrations : reading Canada in nineteenth-century American literature." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30313.

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This dissertation contributes to the fields of Canadian literature, American literature, and transnational and hemispheric studies by examining Canada’s place in American Renaissance discussions about imperialism, citizenship, and racial and national identity. In the nineteenth-century US, Canada became symbolically important because of its perceived common origins with the US as well as its increasing resistance to forms of American imperialism. Canadian Migrations examines the significance of the Canada-US relationship by analysing literary representations of two population movements across the Canada-US border: the 1755 deportation of French Catholic Acadians from Canada to the American colonies and the antebellum flight of African Americans north to Canada. American authors gravitated towards these narratives of displacement to and from Canada in order to discuss the meaning of American citizenship and the treatment of racial minorities within US borders. I argue that both of these Canada-US movements prompted critical inquiries in US culture about forms of American imperialism. In Part One, I examine authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, who portrayed the violent expulsion of Acadians by British troops justified the creation of the United States as a necessary defense against imperial rule. Yet the Acadian expulsion also prompted these authors to question the contemporary US government’s own displacement of racial and linguistic minorities through slavery and westward expansion. In Part Two, I examine the northward movement of fugitive slaves across Lake Erie to Canada. By crossing Lake Erie, Black migrants—and the iconic texts written about them—challenged the conceptual categories that sustained US slavery and imperialism. Authors such as Stowe, Josiah Henson, Lewis Clarke, and William Wells Brown described scenes of nautical transit and transformation across the Lake Erie Passage to contest US slavery and to develop notions of Black citizenship. By recovering this conversation about the significance of Canada-US cross-border movement, I position nineteenth-century Canada within the movement of people and ideas across the Black Atlantic world. Together, my chapters demonstrate how the imagined community of the United States emerged through a series of complex political, cultural, and literary negotiations with Canada.

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Jenkins, Danny R. "British North Americans who fought in the American Civil War, 1861-1865." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6698.

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Between 33,000 and 55,000 British North Americans (BNAs) fought in the American Civil War. Historians though, have largely overlooked or misinterpreted the BNAs' contribution. Most historical accounts portray BNAs as mercenaries, bounty jumpers, or as the victims of press gangs. Many works imply that most BNAs were kidnapped, or drugged and hauled while unconscious across the border to "volunteer." We are also told that BNAs expended enormous amounts of energy attempting to secure their discharges, and of necessity, had to be placed under guard to prevent their desertion. Nowhere, however, are we informed about average BNAs. Most were neither victims nor abusers of the American recruitment system. Unfortunately, their large and significant contributions to the Union's war effort are all but lost, as historians have tried to capture the more exciting and extraordinary side of BNA recruitment. Such an unbalanced portrayal of BNAs characterizes them as inferior soldiers, and that is a disservice to both BNAs, and to the units in which they served. Much of the misunderstanding surrounding BNAs stems from the lack of a common definition for BNA, and through a failure by researchers to appreciate the significance of the changing nature of the Civil War soldiers' enlistment motivations. My study, on the other hand, concentrates on average BNAs and, in the process, tries to come to grips with their true reasons for enlisting. In the end, the payoff is a more balanced depiction of BNA troops; and the discovery that BNAs were not a homogeneous group of men. There were two basic types: those who resided in the United States before their enlistment, and those who crossed the frontier from the British provinces to volunteer. Both types were willing recruits, but otherwise they showed unique characteristics and enrollment behaviour. American resident BNAs enlisted in patterns much like their American neighbours and friends, while British North American resident BNAs were, in the main, driven by the enlistment bounty. The distinction is important if a better understanding of BNAs is to be achieved.

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Smylie, Eric. "Americans who did not wait: the American Legion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1915-1917." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332591/.

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This study examines the five American Legion battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force formed in 1915 specifically to recruit American volunteers for the Canadian overseas contingent of the First World War. This study reviews the organization of Canada's militia and Anglo-American relations before examining the formation of the American Legion, the background of its men, and the diplomatic repercussions it sparked. This study is based largely on material in the Public Archives of Canada including war records and the personal papers of several participants. During its brief existence, the American Legion precipitated constitutional, diplomatic, and political problems. The issues the American Legion raised were mostly solved by America's entry in the war. The episode hastened the maturity of Canada as a nation.

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Kohn, Edward P. (Edward Parliament) 1968. "This kindred people : Canadian-American relations and North American Anglo-Saxonism during the Anglo-American rapprochement, 1895-1903." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36625.

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At the end of the nineteenth century, English-Canadians and Americans faced each other across the border with old animosities. Many Canadians adhered to familiar ideas of Loyalism, imperialism and anti-Americanism to differentiate the Dominion from the republic. In the United States, on the other hand, lingering notions of anglophobia and "Manifest Destiny" caused Americans to look upon the British colony to the north as a dangerous and unnatural entity. America's rise to world power status and the Anglo-American rapprochement, however, forced Americans and Canadians to adapt to the new international reality. Emphasizing their shared language, civilization, and forms of government, many English-speaking North Americans drew upon Anglo-Saxonism to find common ground. Indeed, Americans and Canadians often referred to each other as members of the same "family" sharing the same "blood," thus differentiating themselves from other races. As many of the events of the rapprochement had a North American context, Americans and English-Canadians often drew upon the common lexicon of Anglo-Saxon rhetoric to undermine the old rivalries and underscore their shared interests. Though the predominance of Anglo-Saxonism at the turn of the century proved short-lived, it left a legacy of Canadian-American goodwill, as both nations accepted their shared destiny on the continent and Canada as a key link in the North Atlantic Triangle.

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Kaufman, Anne Lee. "Shaping infinity American and Canadian women write a North American west /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/173.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2003.
Thesis research directed by: English Language and Literature. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Smylie, Eric Paul. "Americans Who Would Not Wait: The American Legion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1915-1917." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc177171/.

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This dissertation examines the five battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force designated as the American Legion. Authorized in Canada between 1915 and 1917, these units were formed to recruit volunteers from the United States to serve in the Canadian Overseas Contingent during the First World War. This work reviews the organization of Canada’s militia and the history of Anglo-American relations before examining the Canadian war effort, the formation of the American Legion, the background of its men, and the diplomatic, political, and constitutional questions that it raised. Much of the research focuses on the internal documents of its individual battalions (the 97th, 211th, 212th, 213th and 237th) and the papers of Reverend Charles Bullock now housed at the Public Archives of Canada. Documentation for the diplomatic furor the American Legion caused comes largely through the published diplomatic documents, British Foreign Office records held at the Public Record Office at Kew, and United States Department of State files at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. The most useful sources for American Legion correspondence are the Beaverbrook papers held at the House of Lords Record Office, the papers of Canadian Prime Minister Sir Robert Laird Borden, and those of the Governor-General, the Duke of Connaught found in the Public Archives of Canada. During its brief existence the American Legion precipitated diplomatic and political problems in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Dominion of Canada. Among the issues raised by the controversy surrounding the American Legion were: the relationship between the dominion government in Canada and the British government; the structural problems of imperial communications; the rise of a Canadian national identity and the desire for greater autonomy; and, the nature of citizenship and expatriation. This dissertation is also a long overdue account of the thousands of United States citizens who left their homes and families to join the American Legion in order to fight another country’s war.

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Brison, Jeffrey D. "Cultural interventions, American corporate philanthropy and the construction of the arts and letters in Canada, 1900-1957." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0010/NQ52851.pdf.

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Fehrle, Johannes [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Hochbruck. "Revisionist westerns in Canadian and U.S. American literature." Freiburg : Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1122647484/34.

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Pinto, Meg. "Reconciliation in Canadian museums." Thesis, University of East Anglia (United Kingdom), 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3708258.

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Since the late 1980s, Canadian museum personnel have been actively engaged in collaboration with Aboriginal communities on issues to do with exhibition design and collections management. Despite these collaborative successes, tensions between museum employees and Aboriginal community members are commonplace, indicating that problems still remain within the relationships that have developed.

This thesis examines the implications of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada for the future of museum practice. It argues that unresolved colonial trauma is preventing those in the museum field from moving past an initial phase of relationshipbuilding to a successful era of partnership. When viewed through the lens of trauma, the museum field is heavily influenced by denial on the part of museum personnel as to the extent of violence committed against Aboriginal peoples at Indian Residential Schools and the resulting level of dysfunction present in current relationships between Aboriginal communities and non-Aboriginal museum employees. I provide a revised account of Canadian history, which includes the aspects of colonialism that are most often censored, in order to situate these problems as part of the historical trauma that is deeply embedded in Canadian society itself.

John Ralston Saul’s concept of the Métis nation is used as a framework for reconciliation, portraying Canada as a country that is heavily influenced by its Aboriginal origins despite the majority belief that the national culture has been derived from European social values. As a response to this proposition, the Circle is presented as the primary Canadian philosophical tenet that should guide both museum practice and Canadian society in the future.

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Dragosz, Alex. "Is Canada contracting PAC disease?, a comparative study of Canadian and American interest groups." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64908.pdf.

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Primm, Charles Tiffin. "Divergent paths : Canadian and American labor since the 1930s." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28454.

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The purpose of this thesis is to determine the major causes of the divergence which has occurred between Canadian and American labor during the past three decades. Employing a comparative case study methodology, I examine the history of the two labor movements during three distinct periods: 1) the formative period for modern industrial relations, roughly 1930-1960; 2) the two decades of divergence, 1960-1980, when Canadian union density grew to nearly double the American level; and 3) the 1980s, a period of major economic restructuring that has witnessed the accelerated decline of American labor while Canadian labor continues to maintain its membership base. I conclude that the primary factors for divergence are: 1) the different political cultures of Canada and the United States; 2) the more favorable labor laws in Canada; and 3) the differences in the ideologies and actions of the unions themselves. During the 1980s, the presence of a relatively strong social democratic movement, better labor legislation, and the rejection of American-style "business unionism" by Canadian unions helps to account for why union density in Canada remains over double the American level.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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Ravelli, Bruce Douglas. "Canadian-American value differences : media portrayals of Native issues." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ32765.pdf.

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Kohn, Edward P. "This kindred people, Canadian-American relations and North American Anglo-Saxonism during the Anglo-American rapprochement, 1895-1903." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64592.pdf.

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Clancy, Sandra J. "Imagining affirmative action and equal opportunity, American failures, Canadian challenges." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27623.pdf.

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Hazelton, Hugh. "Latinocanadá, a critical anthology of ten Latin American writers of Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26380.pdf.

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Coughlin, Michael G. "Colonial Catholicism in British North America: American and Canadian Catholic Identities in the Age of Revolution." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108063.

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Thesis advisor: André Brouillette
Thesis advisor: Maura Jane Farrelly
The purpose of this thesis is to better understand American colonial Catholicism through a comparative study of it with Catholicism in colonial Canada, both before and after the British defeat of the French in 1759, in the period of the American Revolution. Despite a shared faith, ecclesiastical leaders in Canada were wary of the revolutionary spirit and movement in the American colonies, participated in by American Catholics, and urged loyalty to the British crown. The central question of the study is as follows: why did the two groups, American Catholics (the Maryland Tradition) and Canadian Catholics (the Quebec Tradition), react so differently to British colonial rule in the mid eighteenth-century? Developing an understanding of the religious identities of American and Canadian Catholics and their interaction during the period will help shed light on their different approaches to political ideals of the Enlightenment and their Catholic faith
Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry
Discipline: Sacred Theology

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McKercher, Asa. ""Not easy, smooth, or automatic": Canada-US relations, Canadian nationalism, and American foreign policy, 1961--1963." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28409.

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An historical consensus has coalesced around the view that Canadian-American relations reached a nadir from 1961-1963. The argument is that due to differences of both personality and policy John Diefenbaker, Canada's Prime Minister, and US President John Kennedy loathed each other. Scholars have subsequently debated over who was more to blame for this, but their analyses have been incomplete because the American side has largely been ignored. As most, if not all, of the historians who have examined the Diefenbaker-Kennedy era have been Canadian, American archival sources have been used sparingly. Drawing upon the rich documentary collection in the US National Archives and the Kennedy Presidential Library, this thesis argues, in contrast to what many have contended, that US foreign policy was in fact quite complimentary towards Diefenbaker's government. This was primarily because American policy-makers were aware of the potent force of Canadian nationalism, which their experiences with Diefenbaker only confirmed.

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Zschoch, Mark Alexander. "On a common wavelength, convergent Canadian and American spectrum allocation policy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq24283.pdf.

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Fortin, Philippe. "The Canadian securities industry and North American free trade : legal perspectives." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2462/.

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The revolution in the financial services sector is dramatically changing the way in which the securities industry conducts its activities. With existing current differences between nations in the regulation of financial institutions acting as barriers to the efficient operation of markets, cooperation among governments is needed to ensure that the new international setting is both stable and competitive. In North America, fresh initiatives are gradually leading towards the harmonization of regulation, particularly in the securities sector. As a result, the industry must adjust itself to this newly evolving reality. The aim of this paper is to focus on the principles regulating the Canadian securities industry in its newest configuration under a North American free trade area. To begin the study, a picture is drawn of the Canadian securities industry itself and of the events leading to the arrival of what is hoped to be an eventual hemispheric free trade area. With the internationalization of Canada's financial markets, Canadian policymakers (both at the federal and provincial levels) have had to make efforts to harmonize and coordinate financial regulation affecting the securities industry. These efforts were accompanied by a series of undertakings leading towards an indisputable "Americanization" of Canadian securities policies. On another level, an assessment is made of the two most recent developments leading to a lowering of barriers to trade in financial services and to the establishment of foreign financial institutions in North American domestic markets. These are the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Finally, the work examines the impact of North American free trade on the way the players Canadian securities industry now operate at home, in the U.S. as well as in Mexico. In the end, the conclusions help to put in perspective the level of progress attained by Canadians in view of global and regional competition.

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Brennan, Robert Gerald Lewis. "An airport management method for Canada in the 1990's : lessons from the Canadian and American experience." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28583.

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During the last forty years metropolitan airports in Canada have been controlled by a federal authority and managed with a minimum of input from local sources. The situation under which this control was first initiated has changed radically since that time; a shrinking world combined with greatly increased traffic means that airports require more efficient planning and management of resources than in the past when they were not effectively integrated into an urban planning scheme. The thesis examines the effectiveness of airport management using five criteria: the implementation of a national aviation policy, the administration of technology and aviation growth, the acquisition of funds for airport development, the effect of political suasion on airport management and the balancing of airport management goals and community goals. Several models of airport management from both Canada and the United States are used. The main aim is to show how decentralization of airport management is necessary to meet late-twentieth century and future demands. The research method for the thesis is a comparative analysis of airport management's effectiveness in Canada and the United States using the five criteria. The airports chosen for the thesis for both Canada and the United States represent the centres for moving seventy to eighty percent of the passenger traffic in these countries. It is concluded that the present Canadian federal ministerial management method has been unsuccessful in: implementing fully national aviation policies, responding effectively to the process of deregulation, reducing the political nature of development decisions at the airports, and providing funds for airport development where required. While American methods of airport management furnish useful insights they can not be applied in the same way in Canada because of different political structures. Airports under municipal control risk domination by local political issues and ineffective integration into a national and international network. The airport authority as an autonomous body offers the best structure for responding to the changing needs of a wide variety of users. The less partisan nature of the decision-making process of the airport authority would be a vast improvement over the ministerial approach for: implementation of a national aviation policy, the management of the process of deregulation, the elimination of unnecessary political intervention with airport decisions, and increased access to funds for airport development.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

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Harvey, Louis-Georges. "Importing the revolution: The image of America in French-Canadian political discourse, 1805-1837." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5834.

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Between 1805 and 1837, the image of America assumed very different meanings within French-Canadian political discourse. America, which had appeared as a globally negative model before 1815, came in the 1830's to serve as an inspiration for the establishment of a French-Canadian republic, resistance to colonial rule and eventually the necessity of rebellion against that rule. Essentially though, these changes were effected within the same pattern of political discourse, one emphasizing the continuing conflict between the forces of virtue and corruption. Indeed, it is this very pattern which can explain the prominent place of the American image. Once virtue was associated with North America and corruption with Europe, no other political image could acquire the meaning which was ultimately associated with that of the United States. The failure of the Rebellions and the survival of the French-Canadian identity under British rule should not obscure this important stage in the development of French-Canadian political discourse.

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Godefroy, Andrew B. "From alliance to dependence, Canadian-American defence cooperation through space, 1945-1999." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0007/MQ44844.pdf.

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McCrady, David Grant. "Living with strangers, the nineteenth-century Sioux and the Canadian-American borderlands." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0027/NQ32884.pdf.

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Green, Adam J. "Images of Americans: The United States in Canadian newspapers during the 1960s." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29295.

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This thesis analyses Canadian newspaper images of Americans during the 1960s. The content of the study is derived from twenty newspapers drawn from four Canadian cities---Halifax, Quebec City, Ottawa, and Vancouver---and covers five specific events during the 1960s which each prompted a flurry of commentary on Americans, American motives, and the Canadian-American relationship. These events are: the election and inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1960, the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the Watts Riot of Los Angeles in 1965, an anti-Vietnam War speech made by Privy Councillor Walter Gordon in 1967, and the voyage of an American oil tanker, the Manhattan, into the Canadian arctic in April of 1970. This work seeks to advance the study of Canadian-American relations by questioning the range and methodological treatment of evidence currently used to evaluate Canadian perceptions of the United States. In its place, this study presents a systematic examination of Canadian attitudes and popular opinions in the 1960s. Combining the investigation of editorial cartoons and the use of the social psychological method of the Linguistic Intergroup Bias as a form of content analysis, this thesis finds that newspaper coverage from 1960 through 1970 was a complex blend of various streams of opinion which fell into three major categories: positive orientations towards Americans, negative orientations towards Americans, and apathy towards the Canadian-American relationship. This range of opinion did not provide substantial evidence of correlated predictors in terms of ideology, geography, or language, and thus suggests the possible need for a revision of previously held conclusions. In particular, this study challenges the notion that most Canadians in the 1960s had negative impressions and opinions of the United States. The study's final assessment presents three overlapping conclusions. First, the findings suggest that Canadian newspapers were much more willing to express negative opinions concerning the United States at the end of the decade than at the beginning. However, the evidence shows that Canadian newspapers in the 1960s were not "anti-American". Third, the findings suggest that there was no single or dominant "Canadian" perception of the United States. Therefore, this study finds that Canadian newspaper discussion of Americans in the 1960's contained a versatile and diverse range of opinion, much of which was absent of substantial negative sentiment directed towards the United States.

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Stevens, Robin Colette. "The Uncertainties of Life in Canada: A Comparison of the African American Communities at Wilberforce and Buxton in Ontario, Canada from 1820-1872." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu149071014775098.

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Lomas, Donna Louise. "Canada’s evolution towards dominion status : an analysis of American-Canadian relations, 1919-1924." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25458.

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The purpose of this study has been to address an imbalance existing in the historiography relating to American-Canadian relations in the period between 1919-1924. Relying primarily on American sources, this study has attempted to argue that the Canadian government had a unique opportunity to inititiate and execute an independent foreign policy by exploiting her position within the British Empire as well as her close relationship with the United States. In contrast to a number of Canadian studies which have argued that the United States impeded Canada's diplomatic growth in the post World War I period, this work maintains that the United States tried to encourage Canada to assume a more autonomous position because it was in America's interest to do so. Canada's similar attitudes with the United States towards the questions of the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Asian immigration and Article Ten in the League of Nations' Covenant convinced the United States that the Canadian government was potentially useful to the American government in helping to protect its international interests in institutions where it was not represented. The evidence presented in this study maintains that it was the Canadian and British governments that were reluctant to carry out the final steps of appointing a separate Canadian representative to Washington in the early 1920s. As a result, Canada lost her opportunity to establish an independent policy because the United States found alternative methods of protecting its international interests.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

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Rollo, Francesca. "An analysis of Canadian and American attitudes on the acceptability of criminal activity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28652.pdf.

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Morris, Samantha Mary. "Much more than music video : an examination of Canadian response to American paradigms." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31124.

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Although the relationship between Canadian and American culture is often discussed in terms of dominance and dependency, there is little cultural scholarship that examines how Canadians interpret American cultural products and how Canadian "replicas" of American products encompass infatuation and imitation of American popular culture while simultaneously offering critique, resistance and parody. By comparing the evolution of MuchMusic and MTV and the "supertext" of the two networks---programming philosophy, musical and non-musical shows, VJ's, and television aesthetics---I address how MuchMusic functions as both an example of uniquely Canadian sensibilities and as an example of Canada's complicated relationship with the United States.

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Provost, René. "Human Rights in Times of Social Insecurity: Canadian Experience and Inter-American Perspectives." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115752.

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Canada’s experience in the war against terrorism goes back to the seventies, and continues to develop nowadays, with the last direct terrorist activity in 2017. The Canadian Government reacted to these terrorist attacks by enacting a number of statutes that reflect a changing international paradigm in relation to the fight against terrorism. Fundamental rights and liberties such as the freedom of expression, the right to private life and to personal freedom have been curtailed by these legislative measures. The practical consequences of these measures are analyzed via a comparative examination of the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In general terms, the war against terrorism produces significant impacts over the human rights.
La experiencia de Canadá en la lucha contra el terrorismo se remonta a inicios de la década de los setenta y se desarrolla hasta la época actual (los acontecimientos más recientes han tenido lugar en el año 2017). Las medidas legislativas fueron la vía adoptada por parte de Canadá para contrarrestar los ataques y reflejar el cambio de paradigma político en la esfera internacional con relación al fenómeno del terrorismo. Derechos fundamentales como el derecho a la libre expresión, a la vida privada y a la libertad personal se encuentran particularmente afectados por estas medidas. Un análisis comparativo del sistema canadiense y el sistema interamericano permite identificar las consecuencias de estas medidas. En términos más amplios, la lucha contra el terrorismo genera impactos significativos sobre los derechos humanos en general.

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Montoya, Martinez Lilliana Maria. "Translation as a metaphor in the transcultural writing of two Latino Canadian authors, Carmen Rodriguez and Sergio Kokis." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28099.

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More often than not, in theoretical discussions about translation, there has been a predominance of Western thought (Tymoczko, 2006). This dominance has been reflected principally in the concentration on linguistic aspects of translation, as well as in the importance given to written texts over any other form of expression. This fact has led to skepticism about metaphorical or non-linguistic studies of translation and non-Western approaches to this field. Nevertheless, there is a growing belief in Translation Studies that translation does not always involve a textual or linguistic practice, but that it can also take place within only one language, and even more, without implying any text at all (Bhabha, 1994; Venuti, 1992; Douglas, 1997; Young, 2003). Moving in that same direction, this thesis offers a metaphorical approach to translation that attempts to expand the boundaries of Translation Studies and resist certain previous Western-oriented conceptualizations of translation. Through examination of the works and a body to remember with and Le pavillon des mirors, written by Carmen Rodriguez and Sergio Kokis, respectively, this thesis contends that their fictional characters may be considered as both linguistically and culturally "translated beings" (Rushdie, 1991). Throughout this discussion, the concept of metaphorical translation refers to the never-ending process of transformation and transculturation that Rodriguez and Kokis' fictional characters undergo in their migrant experience. In other words, this thesis examines Rodriguez and Kokis' literary representations of migrants and their experience with translation as a transformation process. The dislocation caused by migration takes the form of social, linguistic, cultural, and psychological disarticulations, which are typified through images and metaphors of translation. These images and metaphors represent the main focus of analysis in this study. Therefore, this thesis brings about a broader idea of translation than the explicit interlingual transference of meaning. Both migration and its subsequent cultural mingling produce complex situations that are discussed in the works analyzed. First, this thesis examines the spatial and temporal related images and metaphors of translation within Rodriguez and Kokis' works. The aim here is to determine how these characters manage to overcome the loss of their place after migration and how this fact affects their roots. Second, in an attempt to evaluate whether the metaphorical translation of Rodriguez and Kokis' characters symbolizes a successful or a failed translation, this thesis considers specific aspects in characters' identity construction throughout the stories. Finally, their discourses are evaluated to discuss the linguistic conflicts stemming from the tension between mother tongue and adoptive language.

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Mason, Frederick Daniel. ""Women play sports (just not as well)": Canadian newspapers' coverage of men's and women's sports at the 1999 Pan-American Games." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ57139.pdf.

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Tokuda, Soichiro. "Where is "home" for Japanese-Americans?" Thesis, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3590779.

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This study explores the issue of Japanese internment camp in the United States and Canada during World War Two. It argues that Japanese immigrants, who were totally innocent, became historical victims and experienced camp. During World War Two, the Japanese army attacked Pearl Harbor, a territory of the United States. This incident made mainstream American and Canadian society suspicious of Japanese immigrants, who had the same ethnicity and blood as the army, the "enemies." This study is an attempt to find the voice and feelings of those who had to experience trauma in camp. As subaltern figures, all they had to do was endure and accept their fate. As immigrants, who seemed not to have English fluency, they had to accept the requirements of America or Canada in order to be allowed to live. At the same time, this study seeks to analyze how Japanese-Americans and -Canadians forged their identity after overcoming the trauma of camp and the agony of assimilation. In so doing, this dissertation considers the work of four novelists who have written about these difficult issues. Chapter 1 explains how other Asians – Koreans and Chinese – were affected by the Japanese army and how mainstream society looked at Japanese immigrants. Chapters 2 and 3 explore Joy Kogawa's Obasan and Itsuka. Naomi, the protagonist, struggles to find a sense of "home-ness." Chapter 4 examines Monica Sone's Nisei Daughter. Kazuko, the protagonist, has to experience negative aspects of the United States. Chapter 5 explores Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston's Farewell to Manzanar. Jeanne, the protagonist, has to go through painful experiences and racism up to the last section of the novel. Chapter 6 analyzes John Okada's No-No Boy. Ichiro, the protagonist, suffers self-alienation. He cannot fix his identity between his duality until he can find his "home." Chapter 7 examines the authors' intentions and asks in which direction Japanese-Americans and -Canadians can move forward in the future.

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Boyes, Aaron. "Towards the ‘Federated States of North America’: The Advocacy for Political Union between Canada and the United States, 1885-1896." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34569.

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This dissertation examines the movement for political union that existed in Canada and the United States between 1885 and 1896. During this period the Dominion was plagued by economic malaise, “racial” tension, and regionalism, all of which hindered national growth and the creation of a distinct Canadian nationality. The Republic, meanwhile, experienced substantial economic growth thanks to increasing industrialization, and many Americans sought to expand the territory of their nation. It was in this atmosphere of Canadian political and economic uncertainty and American expansionism that the idea of forming one grand continental republic re-emerged. To provide a more complete understanding of the movement for political union this study examines its emergence, development, and ultimate failure. Although at no time did it become a mass or popular movement, political unionism became an important element in the public discourse in both Canada and the United States. Furthermore, this dissertation shows that political unionism was not only an English-speaking phenomenon, as several of the core group of advocates identified herein were French Canadian, and there was a serious debate about French Canada’s future in North America. Many previous studies that have explored this era in Canadian-American relations have overlooked the significance of the movement for political union, largely by focusing on the tense economic relationship and the debate over free trade. However, as this dissertation argues, economic considerations for political union were secondary amongst its proponents. They did not support political union for personal gain. Rather, supporters of the movement shared a conviction in the need to unite the continent due to a sense of shared racialism and the belief in the superiority of republicanism. This dissertation also offers a new perspective on the core group of advocates of political union. They were not “traitors” who had turned their back on Canada and wished to “sell out” the Dominion to the United States. These figures did not want “annexation”; they desired a true political union.

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Ward, John T. "The drive for citizenship: Impacts of Bill C-31 membership model, 1985-1996." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28114.

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Bill C-31, an Act to Amend the Indian Act, was passed by the Canadian Parliament on June 28, 1985. It was intended to bring the Indian Act into line with the provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, in part by allowing the reinstatement of Indian Status to women who had lost it after marrying non-Aboriginal or non-Status men. It followed from the efforts of Native women Jeannette Lavell and Sandra Lovelace in court appeals over sexual discrimination in the Indian Act. Yet there were many negative reactions to the bill. Bill C-31 introduced rules governing who could be registered as "Indian." It also contained new rules with respect to children born on or after April 17, 1985. This paper argues that these rules discriminate against children with one parent who is not recognized as "Indian" under the new rules. The primary purpose of the bill was to allow Aboriginal people to create their own criteria for managing the membership of bands. However, it caused a number of conflicts and failed to produce the results Aboriginal community hoped for. There were concerns about the increase in the Aboriginal population as people returned to reserves and inadequate funding to meet the needs arising from such population growth. Many Native persons viewed the bill as a mechanism for assimilation and argued that they should have sole responsibility over the regulation of their own memberships. Recent research on Bill C-31 is limited, in that many authors ignore the personal experiences of those who helped create and were affected by the legislation. For the most part, the literature tends to stress the growth of the Native population following the bill's implementation. A more thorough analysis would yield a greater understanding of the bill's impact on First Nations rights and self-determination. This thesis will incorporate an array of primary sources, including summary reports, scholarly studies, statistics, interviews and personal commentaries. An analysis of secondary sources will also reveal the current state of research on the topic, and show how this thesis provides a new perspective by considering matrimonial real property, blood quantum, court cases and legal Status.

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Weise, Aliya James Allen. "Humanimalities| Sacrifice and Subjectivation in Literature of the "the Animal Turn"." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13807232.

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This dissertation argues for a greater recognition of the impact “the animal turn” has had on literary studies. The study analyzes a group of influential North American writers critically engaged with fascist formulations of bodily expendability and the entanglement of violence that crosses species boundaries. Narrative accounts of human genocide and nonhuman animal slaughter are key sites of the intersectionality of oppression in theoretical formulations by scholars of Critical Animal Studies. Such narratives offer the opportunity to explore the possibility of homology while acknowledging the limits of any analogy. Literature of “the animal turn” explores the entanglements of subjectivation across humanist and speciesist divides, one that determines in advance if it is permissible to systematically exploit and kill nonhuman animals with impunity. Emphatic in the different experiences of oppression, the narratives analyzed nonetheless identify and critique this speciesist discourse resulting in a tension that acknowledges a shared complicity in discursive violence while calling out for a new response to the question of the animal. This new response, I argue, requires a merger of the humanities and sciences: what I call a new Humanimalities.

Close readings of Gregory Maguire’s The Wicked Years, Octavia E. Butler’s Xenogenesis, Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam trilogy, Randall Kenan’s A Visitation of Spirits, Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony, Art Spiegelman’s Maus, and Yann Martel’s Beatrice and Virgil draw out implicit and explicit critiques of what Jacques Derrida characterized as the “sacrificial structure” of the Western subject. By highlighting literature’s critical engagement with the discourse of species, this dissertation explores the complicated navigations of selected narratives as they attempt to resist calculations of expendability without resorting to what one critic has characterized as an, “egalitarian pluralism of life forms and lifeways." Each narrative struggles with a utopian impulse of the total liberation for which Critical Animal Studies calls, an acknowledgement of the different experiences of non-human animal hierarchies, and an acknowledgement of their own narrative’s complicity in animal genocide.

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Albarran, Louis. "The Face of God at the End of the Road: The Sacramentality of Jack Kerouac in Lowell, America, and Mexico." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1375235381.

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Kealey, Josephene. "The Mythology of the Small Community in Eight American and Canadian Short Story Cycles." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19938.

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Scholarship has firmly established that the short story cycle is well-suited to representations of community. This study considers eight North American examples of the genre: four by Canadian authors Stephen Leacock, Duncan Campbell Scott, George Elliott, and Alice Munro; and four by American authors Sarah Orne Jewett, Sherwood Anderson, John Cheever, and Joyce Carol Oates. My original idea was to discover whether there were significant differences between the Canadian and American cycles, but ultimately I became far more interested in the way that all of the cycles address community formation and disintegration. The focus of each cycle is a small community, whether a small town, a village, or a suburb. In all of the examples, the authors address the small community as the focus of anxiety, concern, criticism, and praise, with special attention to the way in which, despite its manifold failings, the small community continues to inspire longings for the ideal home and source of identity. The narrative feature that ultimately provided the critical framework for the study is the recurring presence of the metropolis in all of the eight cycles. The city, set on the horizons of these small communities, consistently provides a backdrop against which author and characters seem to measure and understand their lives. Always an influence (whether for good or bad), the city’s presence is constructed as the other against which the small community’s identity is formulated and understood. The relationship between small community and city led me to an investigation into the mythology of the small community, a mythology that sets the small community in opposition to the city, portraying the former as the keeper of virtue and the latter as the disseminator of vice. The cycles themselves, as I increasingly discovered, challenge the mythology by identifying how the small community depends, in large part, on the city for self-understanding. The small community, however, as an idea, and a mythic ideal, is never dismissed as obsolete or irrelevant.

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Williams, Stephen T. "Policy instruments in the American and Canadian oil sectors, 1973-77 : a comparative analysis." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28309.

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This thesis compares policy instruments in the American and Canadian oil sectors from 1973 to 1977, the years immediately following the Arab oil embargo. Public policy has traditionally emphasized objectives over instruments even though instruments are at the heart of the policy making process. This case study helps to address this deficiency in the policy literature. It begins by providing a review of the instrument choice literature. Doern and Phidd's typology, which arranges instruments in terms of degrees of coercion, subsequently forms the basis for Chapter Two. Chapter Two's analysis of American and Canadian oil policy reveals that both countries agreed upon the security of supply objective. Furthermore, both deployed many similar instruments including suasion, direct expenditures, loans and guarantees, taxation, and regulation to reach the objective. However, one very important difference in instrument choice was made. While Canada deployed the most coercive policy instrument (public enterprise), the United States did not. Chapter Three offers three explanations for this specific difference. They are (1) differences in ideology, (2) market factors, and (3) differences in government institutions. The difference in ideology is the most important explanation. American ideology is decidedly more conservative than Canadian ideology. As such, American governments are less inclined to create government corporations, like national oil companies, than are Canadian governments. Furthermore, ideology is invariably reflected in a nation's party system, and neither of America's mainstream parties advocated the creation of an NOC while Canada's government party did. Market factors are also important. Countries with formidable industrial bases, such as the United States, are less likely to create public corporations than are those with weaker industrial bases. In the particular case of oil, Canada's oil industry was predominantly foreign-owned owing to insufficient pools of domestic capital. America's industry was overwhelmingly domestically-owned. Hence whereas Canada's NOC was the only oil company truly loyal to the Canadian people, an American NOC would have had to compete with home-based multinationals making it relatively unattractive to governing elites, and unnecessary to the American public. Finally, the differences between Canadian and American institutions are stark and important. Canada's parliamentary system of government fosters public corporations because corporations are easy to create and offer significant benefits to their political masters who can control them. The Canadian government set out to create an NOC in the mid-1970s and came across no obstacles. On the other hand, America's presidential system discourages public corporations. Not only did American Presidents and Congressmen not desire an NOC, but they were unable to legislate what comprehensive oil policy they did desire.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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MacLeod, Alexander. "Between a rock and a soft place : postmodern-regionalism in Canadian and American fiction." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19527.

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This study calls for a re-evaluation of contemporary regionalist literary theory. It argues that traditional models of the discourse have been too heavily influenced by nineteenth century realist aesthetics and political ideologies. Because most scholars continue to interpret regionalist texts according to a resolutely empirical reading of geography, literary regionalism has fallen out of touch with the new kinds of "unrealistic," generic landscapes that now dominate North American culture in the postindustrial era. Drawing heavily on recent work by postmodern geographers such as Edward Soja, David Harvey, Michael Dear and Derek Gregory, this project updates regionalist theory by "re-placing" the artificially stabilized reading of geography that dominated the nineteenth century with a more self-consciously spatialized reading of what Soja calls our contemporary "real-and-imagined" places. By grafting together traditional regionalism and postmodern spatial theory we improve on both contributing discourses. In a "postmodern-regionalist" literary criticism, traditional regionalism sheds its reputation for theoretical naivete, while the elusive abstractions of postmodern theory gain a real-world referent, and a specific geographical index. When we "read postmodernism regionally" - - when we aggressively interrogate where this kind of fiction comes from and the places it represents - - we realize that the canons of postmodern fiction in Canada and the United States have been influenced by two very different spatial epistemologies. Rather than being "determined" by their real geographies, Canadian and American postmodernism have been more directly influenced by two different readings of geography. Works by Thomas Pynchon, Toni Morrison, and Don DeLillo demonstrate that American postmodernism often interprets social space according to what Henri Lefebvre calls the idealistic "the illusion of transparency," while texts by Canadian postmodernists such as Robert Kroetsch, Wayne Johnston and Guy Vanderhaeghe tend to fall under Lefebvre's more materialistic "illusion of opacity." The ambiguous figure of Douglas Coupland - - a Canadian writer most critics treat as an American - - puts the spatial conventions of postmodernism in both countries in sharp relief. In an American postmodernism, dominated by generic suburban settings, regions will almost always be seen as imaginary projections, while in a Canadian postmodernism, dominated by the Prairies, regions will almost always retain some sense of their material reality.

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Stanford, Lamarr O. "A comparison of American and Canadian government enforcement procedures involving regulatory violations by airmen /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61744.

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Szamosi, Leslie T. (Leslie Thomas) Carleton University Dissertation Management Studies. "Eastern Europe and product country images; analysis of Canadian American and Australian consumer preferences." Ottawa, 1995.

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Kimpan, Patricia Cathleen. "Cross border workers' compensation and NAFTA analysis of coverage in American and Canadian jurisdictions /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2526.

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Talbot, Robert. "Alexander Morris His intellectual and political life and the numbered Treaties." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27922.

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Alexander Morris (1826--1889) is best remembered for his service as Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories (1872--1877), and for acting as the chief Canadian negotiator for Treaties 3--6 with the Amerindian peoples of western Canada. Ideologically speaking, Morris was a conservative, an imperialist, and a devout Christian. Historians have generally argued that Euro-Canadian officials like Morris failed to appreciate the significance of the treaties and the long-term reciprocal relationship that they entailed for Amerindian peoples. It is argued here, however, that Morris's understanding of the treaty relationship may have been much closer to the Amerindian perspective than previously believed. Over time, and through a series of interactions and intellectual exchanges with Amerindian leaders, Morris was able to transcend his social formation and empathize significantly with their viewpoint.

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McIntosh, Irene Elizabeth. "Improving Child Welfare: African Canadian Youth's Postcare Options." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2454.

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Thousands of youth exit Ontario's Child Welfare System (CWS) each year and perform poorly after returning to the community. However, understanding African Canadian youths' perspectives about their experiences and needs was problematic because no outcome data was available in the Canadian database. Using a phenomenological design grounded in a constructivist framework, the purpose of this study was to explore the meaning(s) that African Canadian youth ascribed to positive outcomes on exiting the CWS. A purposeful sample included 10 participants (6 females and 4 males, ranging in age from 19-24). The data collection method was face-to-face interviews with hand coding used to transcribe the data. Inductive analysis of themes and member checking ensured the trustworthiness of the interpretations. The 9 resulting themes related to concerns about their stay in care, as well as readiness for exiting CWS successfully: in-care instability (multiple foster homes and changes), unpreparedness for the transition, counselling/lack of counselling, behavioral management, education, maintaining motivation homelessness, shelter living, extended care connections, Extended Care and Maintenance (ECM), and Youth Voice in decision making. These themes represented issues that African Canadian youth believed would improve transitioning from CWS to independent living, particularly in negotiating community connections and resources. Social change can occur when policy makers and stakeholders acknowledge the problems and special needs of these youth by implementing the resources, services, and supportive programs to assure continuity of care and more successful outcomes.

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Unger, René Andreas Albert. "Rethinking the North American political economy of trade, interest groups and the state in the construction of Canadian-American foreign economic policy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0001/NQ38333.pdf.

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Carriere, April Bella Lilas. "Taking Root: Media, Community, and Belonging in Ottawa." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35247.

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This thesis employs a post-anarchist influenced lens and develops a collective capacity framework in order to explore how the media consumption and production practices of the Chinese Canadian, Latin American, and Somali Canadian communities in Ottawa, Canada, can strengthen these communities’ ability to facilitate the process by which immigrants become community members and form a sense of belonging in Ottawa. The thesis explores both how ethno-cultural media can help newcomers to form a sense of belonging and become part of a local ethno-cultural community, as well as how such media can help members of minority ethno-cultural communities become part of the broader local community and to form a sense of belonging in Ottawa, and Canada more broadly. Throughout, the thesis identifies and explores the differences that emerge between the three communities in order to gain better insight into the potential benefits of ethno-cultural media. In order to explore and to answer these questions, the thesis employs quantitative and qualitative methods. It relies on analysis of secondary literature, raw data from the OMMI 2012 Survey, raw content coding of local Chinese and Spanish language media carried out as part of the Ottawa Multicultural Media Initiative, and primary research consisting of content coding of a Somali Canadian television program. The main contribution of this thesis lies in offering a new lens through which to assess the integrative potential of ethno-cultural media. Approaching the question from a bottom-up, relationship-centred perspective has yielded different findings than those generally reported in Canadian ethno-cultural media research. Although there were significant differences in terms of media use and media production between the three communities, the findings revealed that all three used ethno-cultural media in ways that had the potential to help them in the process of settling down and taking root in a new city, and of helping them to form a sense of belonging.

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St, Germain Jill. "A comparison of Canadian and American treaty-making policy with the Plains Indians, 1867-1877." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0001/MQ32381.pdf.

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Osborne, Mary E. ""An Everlasting Service": The American and Canadian Legions Remember the First World War, 1919-1941." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/33.

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The public tends to think of war memorials as fixed monuments, but I argue that the American and Canadian Legions served as living memorials that acknowledged veterans’ war-time service by providing service to veterans and to the public. This dissertation focuses on how Legionnaires interacted with one another and with their local communities during the interwar years to construct memories of the First World War. By analyzing local chapter records from Michigan, New York, and Ontario, Canada, this case study highlights the contrast between the organizations’ national and local activities. The local posts’ and branches’ wide range of activities complicated the national organizations’ collective memories of the First World War. A new way to construct a holistic depiction of veterans’ organizations is to study them as living memorials. From this perspective, all of their day-to-day activities fulfill the larger purpose of preserving and perpetuating the memory of their war experiences. At the national level, the American and Canadian Legions advocated for legislation to benefit veterans, but it was primarily at the local level where rank-and-file members shaped the Legions’ collective memories of the war. This study explores elements of those memories, including sacrifice, service, and camaraderie, through the tensions that sometimes arose between the national leadership and the local chapters and compares the American and Canadian Legionnaires’ experiences.

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Marsh, Alexandra Whitney. "GEORGE F. WALKER’S BETTER LIVING: PLAYING WITH DIFFERENCE; A CANADIAN FAMILY ON AN AMERICAN STAGE." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1353022505.

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Wagatsuma, Paulo Augusto de Melo. "The language of redress: the memory of the internment in Japanese American and Canadian literature." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ECAP-8TULDB.

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This thesis is a comparative reading of the novels No-No Boy and Obasan, written respectively by the American author John Okada and the Canadian poet and novelist Joy Kogawa, both of Japanese descent. These novels discuss the Japanese American and Canadian internments during World War II. The object is to analyze how these two novels both reflect and contribute to making the collective and cultural memory of these groups by discussing the effects of the internment during the war and afterwards. First, I discuss concepts such as collective memory, a domain made up of individual memories which binds and determines them, and cultural memory, a set of cultural manifestations chosen as symbols of the memory of groups, be they nations or minorities. After that, I discuss how literature, more specifically prose fiction, can deal with memories by allowing different points of view and giving voice to individuals who might otherwise find no other means of expression. Based on that, I analyze how No-No Boy and Obasan use fiction to address the sequels of the internment by presenting characters that were directly affected by it. The narratives allow Japanese Americans and Canadians to present their views of the events, question the prejudices they faced and the military necessity alleged by the authorities, as well as to show their effort to be recognized as what they already considered themselves to be, Americans and Canadians in culture and loyalty. Okada's and Kogawa's narratives interfere directly with media and government discourses of the time by quoting and refuting them in order to bring to light the truth about the reasons of the internment and to humanize our knowledge of the its consequences. In this way, No-No Boy and Obasan contribute to the collective memory of Japanese Americans and Canadians and to our understanding of the struggle of ethnic minorities in the United States and Canada.
Esta dissertação faz uma leitura comparada dos romances No-No Boy e Obasan, escritos respectivamente pelo norte-americano John Okada e pela canadense Joy Kogawa, ambos de descendência japonesa. Essas obras discutem o internamento da população nipo-descendente nos Estados Unidos e Canadá durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O objetivo é analisar como os dois romances refletem e contribuem para a construção da memória coletiva e cultural das comunidades nipônicas americana e canadense ao discutir os efeitos do internamento durante a guerra e após. Primeiramente, discutem-se conceitos como memória coletiva, um domínio que ao mesmo tempo é composto de memórias individuais e determina estas, e memória cultural, manifestações culturais eleitas como símbolos da memória coletiva dos grupos, sejam esses nações ou minorias. Em seguida, discute-se como a literatura, mais especificamente a narrativa ficcional, tem a capacidade de lidar com memórias ao permitir diversos pontos de vista e dar voz àqueles que não teriam outro canal de expressão. Com base nessa discussão, analisa-se como No-No Boy e Obasan usam a ficção para tratar das sequelas do internamento, usando para isso personagens diretamente afetados. As narrativas permitem aos nipo-americanos e canadenses apresentar a sua versão dos acontecimentos, questionar os preconceitos que sofriam e a necessidade militar alegada pelas autoridades, além de mostrarem o esforço dos nipo-descendentes, enquanto uma minoria étnica, para serem reconhecidos como aquilo que se consideravam, americanos e canadenses em cultura e lealdade. As narrativas de Okada e Kogawa interferem diretamente com os discursos midiáticos e governamentais da época, que são citados e refutados, para trazer à tona a verdade sobre os motivos do internamento e humanizar nosso conhecimento de suas consequências. Desta forma, No-No Boy e Obasan contribuem para a memória coletiva dos nipo-americanos e canadenses e para o entendimento das dificuldades enfrentadas por minorias étnicas nos EUA e Canadá.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'American and Canadian'

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