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Journal articles on the topic 'AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Frey, Bruno S., and Reiner Eichenberger. "American and European Economics and Economists." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.4.185.

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America and Europe differ with regard to what economics is understood to be, how it is practiced, and how professional academic economists behave. Specifically, 1) American (U.S. and Canadian) economists contribute by far the largest share of journal publications and are cited much more often than European economists, while (West-) European economists consider other aspects of their professional activities more relevant, in particular participating in local and national affairs; 2) economic research by Americans tends to focus on abstract issues defined within the profession itself and involves fads, while the activities of European economists (though not necessarily their research) are more concerned with practical issues and follow a more steady course: and 3) American academics are geared to postgraduate teaching, while in Europe they are mostly engaged in undergraduate teaching. These differences can be explained by the different market conditions faced by American and European economists: in America, the academic market is much larger, and the degree of government intervention is typically much smaller. This paper explores how this leads to different focuses for European and American economists. In addition, it asks whether the ongoing economic unification in Europe may not alter these patterns.

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2

Herrera, Michael B., Spiridoula Kraitsek, Jose A. Alcalde, Daniel Quiroz, Herman Revelo, Luz A. Alvarez, Millor F. Rosario, et al. "European and Asian contribution to the genetic diversity of mainland South American chickens." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 2 (February 2020): 191558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191558.

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Chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) from the Americas have long been recognized as descendants of European chickens, transported by early Europeans since the fifteenth century. However, in recent years, a possible pre-Columbian introduction of chickens to South America by Polynesian seafarers has also been suggested. Here, we characterize the mitochondrial control region genetic diversity of modern chicken populations from South America and compare this to a worldwide dataset in order to investigate the potential maternal genetic origin of modern-day chicken populations in South America. The genetic analysis of newly generated chicken mitochondrial control region sequences from South America showed that the majority of chickens from the continent belong to mitochondrial haplogroup E. The rest belongs to haplogroups A, B and C, albeit at very low levels. Haplogroup D, a ubiquitous mitochondrial lineage in Island Southeast Asia and on Pacific Islands is not observed in continental South America. Modern-day mainland South American chickens are, therefore, closely allied with European and Asian chickens. Furthermore, we find high levels of genetic contributions from South Asian chickens to those in Europe and South America. Our findings demonstrate that modern-day genetic diversity of mainland South American chickens appear to have clear European and Asian contributions, and less so from Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Furthermore, there is also some indication that South Asia has more genetic contribution to European chickens than any other Asian chicken populations.

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3

Grant, Daragh. "Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili on the Juridical Status of Native American Polities." Renaissance Quarterly 72, no. 3 (2019): 910–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rqx.2019.255.

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Over the course of the sixteenth century, Europeans writing about the ius gentium went from treating indigenous American rulers as the juridical equals of Europe's princes to depicting them as little more than savage brutes, incapable of bearing dominium and ineligible for the protections of the law of peoples. This essay examines the writings of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili to show how this transformation in European perceptions of Native Americans resulted from fundamental changes in European society. The emergence of a novel conception of sovereignty amid the upheavals of the Protestant Reformation was central to this shift and provided a new foundation for Europe's continued imperial expansion into the Americas.

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4

Allen, Mary J., and Beth M. Rienzi. "International Attitudes toward Americans." Psychological Reports 70, no. 2 (April 1992): 477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.2.477.

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The lost-letter technique was used to analyze European and American attitudes toward an anonymous American citizen. Analysis of the return rates (55%, range 43 to 76%) for the 270 dropped letters suggested that Europeans and Americans have similar attitudes toward Americans, and these attitudes are not affected by nationality, city size, or recent political change.

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5

Johnson, L. C. "European-american Elderly." Journal of Gerontology 42, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/42.3.348.

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6

Balucani, Clotilde, Vanessa Arnedo, Jeremy Weedon, Didier Leys, Jean-Louis Mas, Martin Brown, James C. Grotta, et al. "Transatlantic Differences in Management of Carotid Stenosis: BRIDGing the Gap in StrokE Management (BRIDGE) Project." Neurohospitalist 8, no. 3 (January 17, 2018): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941874417747772.

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Background and Purpose: Management of carotid stenosis remains controversial despite several trials evaluating carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid angioplasty/stenting (CAS). We compared attitudes in the management of carotid stenosis between selected experts within Europe and North America. Methods: A 3-phase Delphi survey was e-mailed to select stroke experts from Europe (n = 390) and North America (n = 289). Those completing the initial survey were shown all responses after each survey round. Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement. Results: For phases 1, 2, and 3, response rates were 32%, 62%, and 73%, respectively. Overall, 100 (15%) of 679 participated in all 3 phases, 19% Europeans versus 9% North Americans ( P = .0007). The European group reached consensus in 6 of 15 statements; The North American group reached consensus in 4 of 15. Ninety percentage of Europeans versus 70% of North Americans ( P = .017) stated CEA is superior to CAS for symptomatic carotid stenosis. This difference was not significant in the final model (adjusted odds ratio: 3.72 [95% confidence interval: 0.95-14.5]). Sixty-nine percentage of North Americans agreed there is a stronger indication for CAS over CEA in patients younger than 65 years for symptomatic carotid stenosis, whereas 55% of Europeans ( P = .023) disagreed. For asymptomatic carotid stenosis, when asked how likely they would recommend CAS, 62% North Americans said “sometimes” versus 60% of Europeans said “never” ( P = .06). Conclusion: The majority of North American and European respondents did not consider the 2 procedures equivalent and seemed to indicate that CEA was preferred for the management of carotid stenosis. These findings need to be further explored to help establish evidence-based guidelines.

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7

SÜRMELİ, KADER. "EUROPEAN MODERNISM IN AMERICAN GRAPHIC DESIGN." E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy 9, no. 2 (April 17, 2014): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2014.9.2.d0151.

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8

Thomas, Erik R., and Phillip M. Carter. "Prosodic rhythm and African American English." English World-Wide 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2006): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.3.06tho.

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Prosodic rhythm was measured for a sample of 20 African American and 20 European American speakers from North Carolina using the metric devised by Low, Grabe and Nolan (2000), which involves comparisons of the durations of vowels in adjacent syllables. In order to gain historical perspective, the same technique was applied to the ex-slave recordings described in Bailey, Maynor and Cukor-Avila (1991) and to recordings of five Southern European Americans born before the Civil War. In addition, Jamaicans, Hispanics of Mexican origin who spoke English as their L2, and Hispanics speaking Spanish served as control groups. Results showed that the North Carolina African Americans and European Americans were both quite stress-timed overall, with no significant difference between them. Spanish emerged as solidly syllable-timed, while Jamaican English and Hispanic English were intermediate. The ex-slaves were significantly less stress-timed than either younger African Americans or European Americans born before the Civil War. This finding suggests that African American English was once similar to Jamaican English in prosodic rhythm.

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9

DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell. "APPALACHIAN BLACK FIDDLING: HISTORY AND CREATIVITY." African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21504/amj.v11i2.2315.

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Discussions on Appalachian music in the United States most often evoke images of instruments such as the fiddle and banjo, and a musical heritage identified primarily with Europe and European Americans, as originators or creators, when in reality, many Europeans were influenced or taught by African-American fiddlers. Not only is Appalachian fiddling a confluence of features that are both African- and European-derived, but black fiddlers have created a distinct performance style using musical aesthetics identified with African and African-American culture. In addition to a history of black fiddling and African Americans in Appalachia, this article includes a discussion of the musicking of select Appalachian black fiddlers.

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10

Goldstein, Judith. "Ideas, institutions, and American trade policy." International Organization 42, no. 1 (1988): 179–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300007177.

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Nowhere is America's hegemonic decline more evident than in changing trade patterns. The United States trade balance, a measure of the international demand for American goods, is suffering historic deficits. Lowered demand for American goods has led to the under-utilization of both labor and capital in a growing number of traditionally competitive American industries. Conversely, Americans' taste for foreign goods has never been so great. Japanese cars, European steel, Third World textiles, to name a few, are as well produced as their American counterparts and arrive on the U.S. market at a lower cost.

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11

Cokley, Kevin, Brittany Hall-Clark, and Dana Hicks. "Ethnic Minority-Majority Status and Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Perceived Discrimination." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 33, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.33.3.u1n011t020783086.

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This study examines the role of perceived discrimination as a mediator of the relationship between ethnic minority-majority status and mental health in a sample of college students, of whom 246 were members of an ethnic minority (African American, Latino American, or Asian American) and 167 were European Americans. Ethnic minority students were significantly higher in perceived discrimination and significantly lower in mental health. African Americans were most likely to perceive racial discrimination, followed by Latino Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans. Asian Americans reported the poorest mental health. Results of mediational analyses by ethnic status (minorities and majority) and across ethnic group pairings (Americans and European Americans, Latino Americans and European Americans, Asian Americans and European Americans) confirmed in every instance that perceived discrimination accounts for a modest part of the relationship between ethnic minority-majority status and mental health. We address the implications for mental health practice on college campuses.

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12

Kalibatseva, Zornitsa, and Frederick T. L. Leong. "Cultural Factors, Depressive and Somatic Symptoms Among Chinese American and European American College Students." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 1556–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118803181.

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This study seeks to fill a gap in the existing empirical literature about the relationship between somatic and depressive symptoms and their associations with cultural factors among Chinese American and European American college students. In particular, the study examined how three culturally relevant psychological constructs, self-construal, loss of face, and emotion regulation, associate with depressive and somatic symptoms among Chinese American and European American college students and if they can explain possible group differences in depressive symptoms. The sample consisted of 204 Chinese American and 315 European American college students who completed an online survey. Based on multiple regression analyses, European American students reported higher levels of somatic symptoms on the Patient Health Questionnaire–15 (PHQ-15) than Chinese Americans. There was no initial group difference in depressive symptoms based on Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale (CES-D) scores. Correlations between depressive and somatic symptoms, independent and interdependent self-construal, and cognitive reappraisal and independent self-construal were stronger for European Americans than Chinese Americans. Somatic symptoms, loss of face, and expressive suppression were positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas independent self-construal and cognitive reappraisal were negatively associated with depressive symptoms for both groups. When controlling for gender and somatic symptoms, being Chinese American and male was significantly and positively associated with depressive symptoms measured with the CES-D. These ethnic and gender differences in depressive symptoms were explained by independent self-construal, loss of face, cognitive reappraisal, and expressive suppression. Clinical implications include the incorporation of specific culturally relevant constructs and avoidance of race-, ethnicity-, and gender-based stereotypes to reduce health disparities in depression treatment.

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Ferguson, Christopher J., and Charles Negy. "The Influence of Gender and Ethnicity on Judgments of Culpability in a Domestic Violence Scenario." Violence and Victims 19, no. 2 (April 2004): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.19.2.203.64103.

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Using an experimental analog design, in this study we examined 503 European American, African American, and Latino undergraduate students’ responses to a domestic violence scenario in which the ethnicity and gender of the perpetrator were manipulated. Results indicated that participants perceived perpetration of domestic assault significantly more criminal when committed by a man than when committed by a woman. That finding was robust across European Americans, African Americans, and Latinos and was expressed by both genders. Also, European American participants expressed significantly more criticism toward African American perpetrators of assault than they did toward European American and Latino perpetrators of the exact offense, suggestive of racial bias consistent with stereotypes about African Americans being excessively aggressive. Finally, Latino participants expressed significantly more sympathy toward women who assault their husbands than toward assaulting husbands. Implications of the findings are discussed.

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14

Connell-Szasz, Margaret. "Whose North America is it? “Nobody owns it. It owns itself.”." American Studies in Scandinavia 50, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v50i1.5698.

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Responding to the question, “Whose North America is it?,” this essay argues North America does not belong to anyone. As a Sonoran Desert Tohono O’odham said of the mountain: “Nobody owns it. It owns itself.” Contrasting Native American and Euro-American views of the natural world, the essay maintains that European immigrants introduced the startling concept of Cartesian duality. Accepting a division between spiritual and material, they viewed the natural world as physical matter, devoid of spirituality. North America’s First People saw it differently: they perceived the Earth/Universe as a spiritual community of reciprocal relationships bound by intricate ties of kinship and respect. This clash has shaped American history. From the sixteenth century forward, many European immigrants envisioned land ownership as a dream. Creators of the Declaration of Independence and US Constitution thrust “happiness”/“property” into the nation’s mythology. Southern Euro-Americans claimed “ownership” of African Americans, defining them as “property”; Native Americans resisted Euro-Americans’ enforcement of land ownership ideology; by the late 1800s, Euro-Americans’ view of the natural world as physical matter spurred massive extraction of natural resources. The Cartesian duality persisted, but, given its dubious legacy, Native Americans question the wisdom of this interpretation of the natural world.

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15

Molnar, Thomas J., and John M. Capik. "Eastern Filbert Blight Susceptibility of American × European Hazelnut Progenies." HortScience 47, no. 10 (October 2012): 1412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.10.1412.

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Eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by Anisogramma anomala, is a devastating disease of Corylus avellana, the European hazelnut of commerce, and is considered the primary limiting factor of production in eastern North America. Conversely, C. americana, the wild American hazelnut, is generally highly tolerant of EFB, although it lacks many horticultural attributes necessary for commercial nut production. Hybrids of C. americana and C. avellana combine the EFB resistance of the wild species with the improved nut quality of the European species. However, inheritance of EFB resistance from C. americana remains unclear with existing hybrids derived from a very limited selection of parents. To investigate this topic, C. americana and advanced-generation C. americana × C. avellana hybrids were crossed with susceptible C. avellana and the resulting seedlings exposed to EFB through field inoculations and natural disease spread. In the winter after their fifth growing season, plants were rated for the presence of EFB using an index of 0 (no disease) through 5 (all stems containing cankers). The three progeny related to C. americana ‘Rush’ segregated for resistance in a ratio of one resistant to one susceptible, suggesting the presence of a single dominant R gene. A wide array of disease responses was observed for the other progenies with some expressing little EFB resistance or tolerance and others showing a distribution of disease phenotypes typical of control by multiple genes. Overall, the results indicate that both qualitative and quantitative resistance is present in C. americana. They also suggest that the choice of C. americana parent as well as the C. avellana parent will play a significant role in obtaining useful levels of EFB resistance in hybrid offspring, although the degree of disease expression in the parents may not be a useful predictor of progeny performance. Thus, more research is needed to understand inheritance of resistance, especially in advanced-generation backcrosses to susceptible C. avellana.

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16

Martin, Philip L., and Mark J. Miller. "European-American Immigration Convergence." International Migration Review 28, no. 3 (1994): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546823.

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17

King, Richard H. "American Dilemmas, European Experiences." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56, no. 3 (1997): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40023177.

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18

Martin, Philip L., and Mark J. Miller. "European-American Immigration Convergence." International Migration Review 28, no. 3 (September 1994): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800309.

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Will similarities in the nature of the twin problems of controlling unwanted immigration and absorbing newcomers lead to a convergence of European and American immigration and integration policies? A conference of 70 leading American and European researchers and policymakers in Charleston, South Carolina on May 13–14, sponsored by the European Communities Studies Association, discussed the gap between immigration goals and realities on both sides of the Atlantic, and worried about whether current steps taken to promote integration will be successful. They reached apparent consensus on three points: 1) immigration pressures in Europe and the United States are rising and are unlikely to abate soon; 2) there is no compelling economic or demographic case for opening borders to mass migration; 3) there are no clear historical or contemporary models that provide beacons to guide integration policies.

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19

Wallace, William. "American Hegemony: European Dilemmas." Political Quarterly 73, s1 (August 2002): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.73.s1.8.

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20

Mueller, Dennis C. "American and European Economists." Kyklos 48, no. 2 (May 1995): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1995.tb02435.x.

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21

Brandon, L. Jerome, and Larry D. Proctor. "Do the Same Central Anthropometric Variables that Best Predict Blood Pressure in European Americans also Best Predict Blood Pressure in African Americans?" Ethnicity & Disease 30, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.2.349.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine if central anthropometric variables that best estimate blood pressure risks in European Americans also best estimate blood pressure risks in African Americans.Design: The participants were 357 normotensive African and European American volunteers with a mean age of 32.6 ± 12.4 years. Participants were evaluated for central adiposity with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, abdomen and thigh skinfolds, waist and hip circumferences, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio, body mass index, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Descriptive statistics, partial correlations, ANOVA and stepwise regressions were used to analyze the data.Results: Central adiposity anthropometric indices made different contributions to blood pressure in African and European American men and women. When weight was held constant, waist circumference shared stronger partial relationships with blood pressure in African Americans (r = .30 to .47) than in European Americans (r = .11 to .32). Waist circumference in combination with other indices was a predictor of systolic and diastolic blood pressures in European American men (P<.05) but only a predictor for diastolic blood pressure in African American men and women (P<.01). Hip circumference was the only predictor for systolic blood pressure (P<.01) in African American men and women.Conclusions: Further research on the relative contributions of central anthropometric indices to blood pressure in African and European Americans is warranted. A better understanding of this relationship may help reduce hypertensive morbidity and mortality disparities between African and European Americans. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(2):349-356; doi:10.18865/ed.30.2.349

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22

Hong, Jun Sung, Bee Ryou, and Alex R. Piquero. "Do Family-Level Factors Associated With Bullying Perpetration and Peer Victimization Differ by Race? Comparing European American and African American Youth." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 21-22 (June 19, 2017): 4327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517714441.

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Patterns of—and correlates associated with—bullying perpetration and peer victimization have received widespread research attention. Somewhat less research has considered how protective factors in the parental domain help to buffer against both adverse behaviors. And perhaps more importantly, even less research has considered potential racial differences in the manner in which family-level variables relate to both bullying perpetration and peer victimization. Using a nationwide sample of adolescents, the present study examines (a) how parent/guardian support, mother’s parental monitoring, father’s parental monitoring, and family satisfaction buffer against bullying perpetration and peer victimization; and (b) whether these relationships vary across race. Data are derived from the 2009 to 2010 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study in the United States. A total of 8,998 adolescents were included in the study sample, which consisted of 6,521 European Americans and 2,477 African Americans. Findings show that both European American and African American youth who received parental/guardian support were less likely to report being bullied. Among both African American and European American sub-samples, results showed that mother’s parental monitoring was negatively associated with both bullying perpetration and peer victimization. Father’s parental monitoring was negatively associated with peer victimization and bullying perpetration for European Americans only. Both European and African American youth who reported being satisfied with their family were less likely to report being bullied while European American youth who reported higher family satisfaction were less likely to engage in bullying. In sum, several family variables help to buffer against both bullying perpetration and peer victimization, but for the most part these relationships are race-invariant.

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23

Gassert, Philip. "The Anti-American as Americanizer: Revisiting the Anti-American Century in Germany." German Politics and Society 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2009.270102.

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This article contextualizes the recent debates about German and European anti-Americanism by highlighting the paradoxical nature of such sentiments. Using examples from the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, and the postwar period, this article shows that anti-Americanism arose less from divergent cultural trends and perceived "value gaps," as many recent authors have argued. Rather, anti-Americanism should be seen as a measure of America's continued influence and success. After all, anti-Americanism more often than not went hand in glove with "Americanization." Frequently, anti-Americans, namely those who are voicing anti-Americanism, were products of cultural transfer-processes emanating in the U.S. They also saw themselves allied with American anti-establishment forces. Thus, to a degree, anti-Americanism can be seen as by-product of westernization. Although the focus of this article is on Germany, the argument about the complex web of repudiation and embrace can be observed in other European (or even African, Arab, Asian, or South American) contexts as well.

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24

West, Tessa V., Katrina Koslov, Elizabeth Page-Gould, Brenda Major, and Wendy Berry Mendes. "Contagious Anxiety: Anxious European Americans Can Transmit Their Physiological Reactivity to African Americans." Psychological Science 28, no. 12 (November 6, 2017): 1796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617722551.

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During interracial encounters, well-intentioned European Americans sometimes engage in subtle displays of anxiety, which can be interpreted as signs of racial bias by African American partners. In the present research, same-race and cross-race stranger dyads ( N = 123) engaged in getting-acquainted tasks, during which measures of sympathetic nervous system responses (preejection period, PEP) and heart rate variability were continuously collected. PEP scores showed that African American partners had stronger physiological linkage to European American partners who evidenced greater anxiety—greater cortisol reactivity, behavioral tension, and self-reported discomfort—which suggests greater physiological responsiveness to momentary changes in partners’ affective states when those partners were anxious. European Americans showed physiological linkage to African American and European American partners, but linkage did not vary as a function of their partner’s anxiety. Using physiological linkage offers a novel approach to understanding how affective responses unfold during dynamic intergroup interactions.

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Ní Leathlobhair, Máire, Angela R. Perri, Evan K. Irving-Pease, Kelsey E. Witt, Anna Linderholm, James Haile, Ophelie Lebrasseur, et al. "The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas." Science 361, no. 6397 (July 5, 2018): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aao4776.

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Dogs were present in the Americas before the arrival of European colonists, but the origin and fate of these precontact dogs are largely unknown. We sequenced 71 mitochondrial and 7 nuclear genomes from ancient North American and Siberian dogs from time frames spanning ~9000 years. Our analysis indicates that American dogs were not derived from North American wolves. Instead, American dogs form a monophyletic lineage that likely originated in Siberia and dispersed into the Americas alongside people. After the arrival of Europeans, native American dogs almost completely disappeared, leaving a minimal genetic legacy in modern dog populations. The closest detectable extant lineage to precontact American dogs is the canine transmissible venereal tumor, a contagious cancer clone derived from an individual dog that lived up to 8000 years ago.

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Tsalikis, George, and Simeon Papadopoulos. "Assessing the performance of American and European Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(2).2018.15.

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Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) (LETFs) are a recent and highly successful financial innovation; yet, investors and several studies criticized them for not performing as advertised, especially in the long term. Τhis paper discusses their unique characteristics and their path-dependent price dynamics, which may result in unexpected returns. Furthermore, the authors evaluate the performance of a large sample of European and American leveraged ETFs since each fund’s inception and show that they perform as intended for daily holding periods. Leveraged ETFs are also successful in delivering the promised performance over holding periods of up to one week, their performance starts to deviate when the holding period increases to one month. Empirical evidence suggests that bear (short) ETFs deviate from their target return more quickly than their bull (long) counterparts as the holding period lengthens. A possible explanation for this is that transaction costs, which are related to daily re-balancing activity, are higher for bear funds. When comparing the daily performance of European vs American funds, the authors find them both to be equally efficient in replicating their benchmarks, although European leveraged ETFs are much smaller in their Assets Under Management (AUM) compared to US LETFs.

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Weaver, Charles N. "The Effects of Being Born in the United States on the Job Satisfaction of Asian Americans." Psychological Reports 87, no. 1 (August 2000): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.1.347.

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Analysis of the responses of Asian American ( n = 178), African American ( n = 1,026), and European American ( n = 8,118) full-time workers to 21 nationwide surveys representative of the U.S. labor force from 1972 through 1996 showed the job satisfaction of Asian Americans compared to that of the other two groups was affected by whether subjects were born in the United States. In addition, there were no gender differences in job satisfaction among African Americans and European Americans who were and were not born in the U.S., but there were such differences among Asian Americans.

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Wake, David B. "The enigmatic history of the European, Asian and American plethodontid salamanders." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 3 (2013): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002893.

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Recently published research addressing the question of relationships and biogeography of European plethodontid salamanders has refined time estimates for divergence from American relatives. The recently discovered Korean plethodontid Karsenia is either the sister-taxon of Hydromantes (which has members in Europe and California), or a close relative and co-member of a larger clade that originated in western North America, not eastern North America as formerly thought. The new information strengthens the biogeographical hypothesis that Hydromantes entered Eurasia via the Bering Land Bridge. Arguments are made favoring the placement of European and American relatives in a genus Hydromantes, with an American clade (subgenus Hydromantes) and a European clade (subgenera Atylodes and Speleomantes).

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Baena, Verónica. "European franchise expansion into Latin America." Management Research Review 38, no. 2 (February 16, 2015): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-08-2013-0185.

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Purpose This study aims to enhance the knowledge that managers and scholars have on franchising expansion. In this sense, it is worth mentioning that although the body of literature on international management focusing on emerging markets is growing, the attention paid to the Latin American context continues to be limited. This is surprising given the substantive economic importance of the region with a population over 590 million, and a gross domestic product of approximately US$5 trillion. To cover this gap, the present study examines how a number of market conditions may drive diffusion of franchising into Latin America: geographical distance, cultural distance, political stability and economic development. The authors also controlled for the host country’s market potential, transparency, unemployment rate and efficiency of contract enforcement. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach applied to a sample of 77 Spanish franchisors operating through 4,064 franchisee outlets across 21 Latin American countries in late 2012. They are: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. Findings Results conclude that geographical distance between the host and home countries, as well as the level of host country’s political stability, economic development, market potential and transparency are able to drive the spread of international franchising across Latin American nations. Research limitations/implications This study provides readers with a general overview of the current state of global franchising diffusion overseas. Results obtained in this study are useful for understanding and predicting the demand for franchising in Latin American countries. Practical implications Economics reports argue that by 2050, the largest economies in the world will be China, the USA, India, Brazil and Mexico. This fact highlights the substantive importance of Latin America for foreign investors willing to expand their business abroad. In an attempt to give insights from the Latin American context, the present paper develops and tests a model that can be useful to franchisors willing to establish new outlets in the region. In addition, our findings offer guidance to firm managers seeking to target their franchises in Latin America. Franchisors may then use the results of this study as a starting point for identifying such regions whose characteristics best meet their needs of expansion. Originality/value This paper explores how market conditions may drive international diffusion of franchising into Latin American markets. The scant theoretical or empirical attention given to this topic has usually been examined from the USA and British base and focused on developed markets. To fill this gap, the present study analyzes the international spread of the Spanish franchise system into Latin America as a market for franchising expansion.

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Calfas, George. "A Dragon Kiln in the Americas: European-American Innovation and African-American Industry." Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 6, no. 2 (May 4, 2017): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2017.1345106.

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Baker, Broshel Lenea, and Jay Hewitt. "Stepping Aside for Elderly Persons in American versus East-Asian Cultures." Psychological Reports 88, no. 3 (June 2001): 664–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.664.

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In the current study, younger (15–30 years of age) and older (60+ years of age) Asian-American and European-American individuals ( N = 160) were observed as they approached someone of the same ethnic group on a walkway at a city market. The interaction was recorded if one stepped aside and let the other pass. Younger Asian-Americans tended to step aside for older Asian-Americans. No such trend was observed among European-Americans. Results were discussed in terms of cultural values.

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Wolff, S. L., and R. L. Jefferies. "Taxonomic status of diploid Salicornia europaea (s.l.) (Chenopodiaceae) in northeastern North America." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-196.

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The taxonomic status of diploid Salicornia europaea L. (s.l.) in northeastern North America has been evaluated based on morphological and electrophoretic variation within and between populations. Populations of two European diploid micro-species, S. ramosissima J. Woods and S. europaea (s.s.), and populations of the midwestern diploid, S. rubra A. Nels., were also examined, affording a comparison between North American S. europaea (s.l.) and recognized species. Anther length, width of the scarious border of the fertile segment, and floral perianth shape were used to subdivide North American diploid populations into two groups. These groups were morphologically distinct from S. rubra and the European microspecies. The electrophoretic profile was unique in each morphologically distinct group of populations of S. europaea (s.l.) in northeastern North America. Based on morphological, geographical, and electrophoretic differences, diploid populations of S. europaea (s.l.) from this region are assigned to one of the following two new species: S. maritima Wolff & Jefferies, sp.nov., and S. borealis Wolff & Jefferies, sp.nov. The tetraploids are retained in S. europaea (s.l.).

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Tanne, Kazuo. "Current status of clinical orthodontics in European and American countries." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 10 (December 31, 2020): 204–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/apos_119_2020.

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Current status of clinical orthodontics in European and American countries was examined by means of a questionnaire survey through internet. In the European and American countries, most popular technique in daily orthodontic practice is preadjusted straight wire edgewise technique. In major developed countries in Europe and America, the treatment fee is considerably high, whereas the fee is relatively low in the countries under development and/or after economic crisis. Rate of non-extraction treatment among all the cases treated with multi-bracket appliances is significantly higher in Europe and America than in Asia except in a few countries. In the European and American countries, treatment system for jaw deformity patients is well developed with higher availability of the social health insurance than in Asia. The maximum CLP prevalence of 0.200 is found in Germany and Austria and the mean is around 0.140 or one to 700 births. In general, CLP treatment is covered by social health insurance in European and American countries. In Europe and America, lingual orthodontic technique has not become popular because patients never want to hide orthodontic appliance. Higher cost of lingual appliance and lack in information and technical skills may be the reasons of less frequent use of lingual appliance. Many interviewees replied that usage of TADs has not become so popular in USA and Canada as compared to that in Asia. In another word, the initial fascination with TADs wore off and are now used in selected patients as needed. This may be due to more harmonious maxillofacial structure with longer and wider dentitions in Caucasians which also results in higher rate of non-extraction treatment with multibracket appliances in European and American countries.

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Park, Yong S., and Bryan S. K. Kim. "Asian and European American cultural values and communication styles among Asian American and European American college students." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 14, no. 1 (2008): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.1.47.

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NOLTE, GEORG, and HELMUT PHILIPP AUST. "European exceptionalism?" Global Constitutionalism 2, no. 3 (September 17, 2013): 407–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381713000038.

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AbstractThe paper discusses recent propositions that, after a period of ‘American exceptionalism’, forms of ‘European exceptionalism’ are now emerging. The paper first asks what makes a political entity ‘exceptionalist’. For this purpose inspiration is sought in the defining features of ‘American exceptionalism’. The paper then discusses whether ‘Europe’ displays comparable features in the fields of international legal policy and domestic rights culture. It also asks whether there are other aspects of European governance which could make it plausible to speak of a European exceptionalism. The paper concludes that it is misleading to use the term ‘European exceptionalism’ because the underlying phenomena are not comparable with what is usually understood as ‘American exceptionalism’.

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Haro, Elizabet, Yu-Hsiu Hung, Hyun Seung Yoo, and Robin Littlejohn. "Implicit Biases in Blame Allocation of Accidents across Organizational Components (Worker, Supervisor and Organization)." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 53, no. 16 (October 2009): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120905301613.

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The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between implicit biases and blame allocation of accidents across organizational components (workers, supervisors, and organization). The ‘European American-African American’ and created ‘Latino-African American’ Implicit Association Tests (IAT) were used to measure the participants' implicit biases. The Accident Blame Allocation instrument was used to measure the participants' blame allocations, which included accident scenarios with pictures of male and female faces of European Americans, African Americans and Latinos. A total of 102 students, aged from 18 to 23, participated in the study. Results of the two IATs showed that the participants did not have obvious preference tendencies toward any ethnicity, and the ‘European American-African American’ and ‘Latino-African American’ IATs have a positive correlation with score of 0.48 ( p < 0.0001). Results of this study showed that implicit bias did not significantly correlate with accident blame allocation but that the participants' attitudes toward different ethnic groups affected their accident blame allocation patterns.

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Calleo, David P. "The American Problem." Ethics & International Affairs 3 (March 1989): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1989.tb00220.x.

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While the world enjoys a post-WWII Pax Americana, American foreign policy faces a curious dilemma: how to adjust to its own success in the ever-changing political climate. According to Calleo, the United States “has been driven to manipulate its finances in a fashion that increasingly harms the American economy and threatens the liberal world economy.” Placing little confidence in the endurance of NATO in the post-cold-war era, the author urges the United States to “become the ally of its allies rather than their managing protector,” as it has been historically, leaving Europe to take responsibility for its own security. Calleo argues that American and European interests can only grow more divergent with time; hence “the best antidote to European free-riding is American devolution.”

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Stern, Steve J. "Paradigms of Conquest: History, Historiography, and Politics." Journal of Latin American Studies 24, S1 (March 1992): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00023750.

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The Quandary of 1492The year 1492 evokes a powerful symbolism.1The symbolism is most charged, of course, among peoples whose historical memory connects them directly to the forces unleashed in 1492. For indigenous Americans, Latin Americans, minorities of Latino or Hispanic descent, and Spaniards and Portuguese, the sense of connection is strong. The year 1492 symbolises a momentous turn in historical destiny: for Amerindians, the ruinous switch from independent to colonised history; for Iberians, the launching of a formative historical chapter of imperial fame and controversy; for Latin Americans and the Latino diaspora, the painful birth of distinctive cultures out of power-laden encounters among Iberian Europeans, indigenous Americans, Africans, and the diverse offspring who both maintained and blurred the main racial categories.But the symbolism extends beyond the Americas, and beyond the descendants of those most directly affected. The arrival of Columbus in America symbolises a historical reconfiguration of world magnitude. The fusion of native American and European histories into one history marked the beginning of the end of isolated stagings of human drama. Continental and subcontinental parameters of human action and struggle, accomplishment and failure, would expand into a world stage of power and witness. The expansion of scale revolutionised cultural and ecological geography. After 1492, the ethnography of the humanoid other proved an even more central fact of life, and the migrations of microbes, plants and animals, and cultural inventions would transform the history of disease, food consumption, land use, and production techniques.2In addition, the year 1492 symbolises the beginnings of the unique world ascendance of European civilisation.

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Paul, David C. "Consensus and Crisis in American Classical Music Historiography from 1890 to 1950." Journal of Musicology 33, no. 2 (2016): 200–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2016.33.2.200.

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In the late nineteenth century American publishers began to answer a burgeoning demand for histories of classical music. Although some of the authors they contracted are well-known to scholars of music in the United States—most notably Edward MacDowell and John Knowles Paine—the books themselves have been neglected. The reason is that these histories are almost exclusively concerned with the European musical past; the United States is a marginal presence in their narratives. But much can be learned about American musical culture by looking more closely at the historiographical practices employed in these histories and the changes that took place in the books that succeeded them in the first half of the twentieth century. In particular, they shed light on the shifting transatlantic connections that shaped American attitudes toward classical music. Marked at first by an Anglo-American consensus bolstered by the social evolutionary theory of prominent Victorians, American classical music histories came to be variegated, a result of the influence of Central European émigrés who fled Hitler’s Germany and settled in North America. The most dramatic part of this transformation pertains to American attitudes toward the link between music and modernity. A case study, the American reception of Gustav Mahler, reveals why Americans began to see signs of cultural decline in classical music only in the 1930s, despite the precedent set by many pessimistic fin-de-siècle European writers.

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LEI, DAPHNE. "The Production and Consumption of Chinese Theatre in Nineteenth-Century California." Theatre Research International 28, no. 3 (October 2003): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883303001147.

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The history of the earliest documented Chinese opera performances in California (1852) and their successors during the following decades reveal how Chinese theatre in the diaspora was produced and consumed by Chinese immigrants, European visitors and Americans. On the one hand, a familiar repertoire eased the nostalgia and reinforced the national consciousness of Chinese immigrants, while on the other, the ethnocentric reading and writing of Chinese theatre helped establish an eternal frontier in the ‘old West’ to protect American national identity in late nineteenth-century California's periods of economic and political turmoil. Finally, the exoticism of California's Chinese theatre in America contributed to a European sense of American cultural uniqueness. Chinese opera performances played a crucial role in the invention of Californian identity.

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NICHOLS, ROGER L. "Western Attractions." Pacific Historical Review 74, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2005.74.1.1.

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North America,and in particular the United States, has fascinated Europeans as the place of the "exotic other " for at least the last two centuries. This article surveys American and European art, novels,radio programs, Western films, and television Westerns from the 1820s to the present. It posits that the presence of Indians, fictional Western heroes,gunmen,and a perceived general level of violence made frontier and Western America more colorful and exciting than similar circumstances and native people in other parts of the world. This resulted in a continuing interest in the fictional aspect of the American frontier and Western historical experiences.

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Burgos, Juan M. "Anglo-American and European Personalism." American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 93, no. 3 (2019): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/acpq2019521181.

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The aim of this paper is to explore the differences between the Idealist personalism present in Britain and America, and the Realist personalism, proper to all the different branches of European or Continental Personalism: dialogic, communitarian, phenomenological, classical ontological, and modern ontological. After making clear that not all the British personalists are idealists, but mainly those linked to personal idealism, we will discuss whether we can speak of personalism in a similar sense as idealistic and realistic personalism. Secondly, we will analyze four points in order to compare the peculiar traits of personalism in these philosophies: the phenomenality of matter; the problem of experience; metaphysics and person; and corporeality, personality, and person. Special attention is paid to A. S. Pringle-Pattison and Borden Parker Bowne, as the leaders of idealistic personalism in Britain and the United States.

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Bradley, D. "European Elites Envy American Cohesion." Science 260, no. 5115 (June 18, 1993): 1738–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5115.1738.

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Del Pero, Mario, Tibor Frank, Martin Klimke, Helle Porsdam, and Stephen Tuck. "American History and European Identity." American Historical Review 119, no. 3 (June 2014): 780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.3.780.

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Knox, William, and Alan McKinlay. "American corporations and European labor." Labor History 51, no. 2 (May 2010): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00236561003729404.

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Pileri, Stefano A., Lorenzo Leoncini, and Brunangelo Falini. "Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification." Current Opinion in Oncology 7, no. 5 (September 1995): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001622-199509000-00003.

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Mathison, David L. "European and American Executive Values." Business Ethics: A European Review 2, no. 2 (April 1993): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1993.tb00024.x.

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Facey-Crowther, David R. "European and Native American Warfare." History: Reviews of New Books 27, no. 4 (January 1999): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1999.10528479.

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White, Edward M., and Rüdiger Ahrens. "European Vs American Higher Education." Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 21, no. 5 (October 1989): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00091383.1989.9939182.

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Freedland, Stephen J. "European Urology: An American Perspective." European Urology 61, no. 6 (June 2012): 1197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.040.

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