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Journal articles on the topic 'American and Japanese'
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1
Zunz, Olivier. "Exporting American Individualism." Tocqueville Review 16, no. 2 (January 1995): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.16.2.99.
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The exporting of goods and capital has been Japan's much heralded success story of the postwar global order, much to the dismay of Americans who had been the prime builders of the Pax Americana on which the world's economy now rests. But despite today's headlines, U.S.-Japanese relations are not just about trade. This paper is about the exporting not of goods but of ideas and the connection between ideology and economic policy. I suggest that the Japanese's peculiar response to American ideas on individualism has helped them develop an ultimately successful economic alternative to American democracy: a non-individualistic capitalism.
2
DOAN, NATALIA. "THE 1860 JAPANESE EMBASSY AND THE ANTEBELLUM AFRICAN AMERICAN PRESS." Historical Journal 62, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 997–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000050.
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AbstractThe 1860 Japanese embassy inspired within the antebellum African American press an imagined solidarity that subverted American state hierarchies of ‘civilization’ and race. The bodies of the Japanese ambassadors, physically incongruous with American understandings of non-white masculinity, became a centre of cultural contention upon their presence as sophisticated and powerful men on American soil. The African American and abolitionist press, reimagining Japan and the Japanese, reframed racial prejudice as an experience in solidarity, to prove further the equality of all men, and assert African American membership to the worlds of civility and ‘civilization’. The acceptance of the Japanese gave African Americans a new lens through which to present their quest for racial equality and recognition as citizens of American ‘civilization’. This imagined transnational solidarity reveals Japan's influence in the United States as African American publications developed an imagined racial solidarity with Japanese agents of ‘civilization’ long before initiatives of ‘civilization and enlightenment’ appeared on Japan's diplomatic agenda. Examining the writings of non-state actors traditionally excluded from early historical narratives of US–Japan diplomacy reveals an imagined transnational solidarity occurring within and because of an oppressive racial hierarchy, as well as a Japanese influence on antebellum African American intellectual history.
3
Lu, Sidney Xu. "Eastward Ho! Japanese Settler Colonialism in Hokkaido and the Making of Japanese Migration to the American West, 1869–1888." Journal of Asian Studies 78, no. 03 (June 20, 2019): 521–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911819000147.
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This article examines how Japanese colonial migration to Hokkaido in the first two decades of the Meiji era paved the way for Japanese trans-Pacific migration to the United States in the 1880s. It elaborates how Japanese leaders carefully emulated the Anglo-American settler colonialism in Japan's own expansion in Hokkaido by focusing on the emergence of the overpopulation discourse and its political impact in early Meiji. This colonial imitation also inspired the Japanese expansionists to consider the American West an ideal destination for Japanese emigration in the late nineteenth century. This study thus challenges the nation-centered and territory-bound history of the Japanese empire by showing that Japan's colonial expansion in Northeast Asia and Japanese trans-Pacific migration to North America were intertwined since the very beginning of the Meiji era.
4
Nee, Victor, and Herbert Y. Wong. "Asian American Socioeconomic Achievement." Sociological Perspectives 28, no. 3 (July 1985): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389149.
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The analysis emphasizes the need to examine structural and cultural factors in the sending and receiving countries over a historical process to understand how immigrants are incorporated in American society. The article argues that Chinese were slower to make the transition from sojourner to immigrant due to structural characteristics of Chinese village society; whereas Japanese immigrants were not tied by strong family bonds to Japan and made a more rapid transition. The differential timing of family formation and family-run businesses in America account for the more rapid assimilation of Japanese Americans. Changing labor markets after World War II provided new opportunity structures favorable to the socioeconomic mobility of native-born Chinese and Japanese Americans.
5
Bhattacharyya, Nitusmita. "Existential Crisis of the Japanese American Woman: A Study of Post War Japanese American Fiction." ENSEMBLE 2, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2020-0202-a006.
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The Japanese American women, during the Second World War, suffered from subjugation at different levels of their existence. They had been subjected to marginalization based on their sexual identity within their native community. They were further made to experience discrimination on the basis of their racial status while living as a member of the Japanese diaspora in the United States during the War. The objectification and marginalization of the women had led them to the realization of their existence as a non -entity within and outside their community. However, the internment of Japanese Americans followed by the declaration of Executive Order 9066 by President Roosevelt and the consequent experience of living behind the barbed wire fences left them to struggle with questions raised on their claim to existence and their identity within a space where race and gender contested each other. In my research paper, I have made a humble attempt at studying the existential crisis of the Japanese American women in America during the War.
6
Yaguchi, Yujin. "Japanese Reinvention of Self through Hawai‘i’s Japanese Americans." Pacific Historical Review 83, no. 2 (November 2012): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2014.83.2.333.
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This article investigates the relationship between Asian American and modern Japanese history by analyzing the image of Japanese Americans in postwar Japan. Based on a book of photographs featuring Japanese immigrants in Hawai‘i published in 1956, it analyzes how their image was appropriated and redefined in Japan to promote as well as reinforce the nation’s political and cultural alliance with the United States. The photographs showed the successful acculturation of Japanese in Hawai‘i to the larger American society and urged the Japanese audience to see that their nation’s postwar reconstruction would come through the power and protection of the United States. Japanese Americans in Hawai‘i served as a lens through which the Japanese in Japan could imagine their position under American hegemony in the age of Cold War.
7
Peremislov, I. A., and L. G. Peremislov. "JAPANESE AESTHETICS IN AMERICAN SILVER MASTERPIECES." Arts education and science 1, no. 2 (2021): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202102010.
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Japanese culture with its unique monuments of architecture, sculpture, painting, small forms, decorative and applied arts, occupies a special place in the development of world art. Influenced by China, Japanese masters created their own unique style based on the aesthetics of contemplation and spiritual harmony of man and nature. In the context of "Japan's inspiration" the work refers to the influence of the art of the Land of the Rising Sun on American decorative arts and, in particular, on the silver jewelry industry in trends of a new aesthetic direction of the last third of the XIXth century, the "Aesthetic movement". The article provides a brief overview of the history of the emergence and development of decorative silver art in the United States. The important centers of silversmithing in the USA and the most important American manufacturers of the XIXth century are described in more detail. The article also touches on the influence of Japanese aesthetic ideas on European creative groups and on the formation of innovative ideas in European decorative arts. At the same time, an attempt is made to trace the origin, development trends, evolution and variations of "Japanesque" style in American decorative and applied art, in particular, in the works of Edward Moore and Charles Osborne (Tiffany & Co jewelry multinational company).
8
Lee, Jooyoung. "Underdevelopment of American Studies in South Korea: Power and Ignorance." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18, no. 3-4 (2011): 274–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656111x614274.
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AbstractThis article asks why the disciplines of American Studies and U.S. history are so markedly underdeveloped in South Korea (Republic of Korea) and what this underdevelopment implies about U.S.-South Korean relations. Under Japanese colonial rule, the study of English in Korea was important for studying abroad, but few students studied America itself. Under American occupation and the following military rule in South Korea, American studies were not attractive to nationalist youth even though the English language remained useful. American cultural diplomacy fostered a small group of Americanists, but university enrollments were small. In the 1980s, Americans were blamed for their support of authoritarian rule. Japanese-trained historians saw American history as too short to be significant, and Japanese institutional legacies were an obstacle. Americans have also been too constricted in imagining who Koreans were, where Korean ambitions lay, and how Korean society worked. In a sense, the very differences between the two nations hindered them from realizing what those differences were.
9
Gripentrog, John. "Power and Culture." Pacific Historical Review 84, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 478–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2015.84.4.478.
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This study explores how the Japanese government endeavored to shape American public opinion through the promotion of Japanese aesthetics in the several years following the Manchurian crisis—and, importantly, how this “cultural diplomacy” was received by Americans. At the center of Japan’s state-sponsored cultural initiative was the Society for International Cultural Relations (Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai, or KBS). By drawing attention to Japan’s historically esteemed cultural traditions, Japan’s leaders hoped to improve the nation’s image and leverage international power. Critical American reviews and general-interest articles on KBS programs proffered images of a society imbued with a profound sense of artistic sophistication. To this end, the KBS’s cultural diplomacy tended to reinforce a popular assumption among Americans that Japan’s body politic in the 1930s was meaningfully divided between “moderates” and “militarists.” Japan’s cultural diplomacy, however, was undermined from the start by an irreconcilable tension: to simultaneously legitimize regional expansionism and advance internationalist cooperation. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in the summer of 1937 and subsequent proclamations that presumed Japanese hegemony in Asia, naked aggression rendered any lighthearted cultural exchange increasingly irrelevant. Indeed, KBS activities in the United States dwindled—a point that made clear the limits of cultural diplomacy.
10
Peremyslov, I. A., and L. G. Peremyslova. "JAPANESE AESTHETICS IN MASTERPIECES OF AMERICAN SILVER." Arts education and science 1, no. 1 (2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/hon.202101010.
Full textAbstract:
Japanese culture with its unique monuments of architecture, sculpture, painting, small forms, decorative and applied arts, occupies a special place in the development of world art. Influenced by China, Japanese masters created their own unique style based on the aesthetics of contemplation and spiritual harmony of man and nature. In the context of "Japan's inspiration" the work refers to the influence of the art of the Land of the Rising Sun on American decorative arts and, in particular, on the silver jewelry industry in trends of a new aesthetic direction of the last third of the XIXth century, the "Aesthetic movement". The article provides a brief overview of the history of the emergence and development of decorative silver art in the United States. The important centers of silversmithing in the USA and the most important American manufacturers of the XIXth century are described in more detail. The article also touches on the influence of Japanese aesthetic ideas on European creative groups and on the formation of innovative ideas in European decorative arts. At the same time, an attempt is made to trace the origin, development trends, evolution and variations of "Japanesque" style in American decorative and applied art, in particular, in the works of Edward Moore and Charles Osborne (Tiffany jewelry multinational company).
11
Mettler, Meghan Warner. "Gimcracks, Dollar Blouses, and Transistors: American Reactions to Imported Japanese Products, 1945-1964." Pacific Historical Review 79, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 202–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.202.
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This article examines the changing extent of the Cold War's influence on popular American perceptions of goods made in Japan. Although the National Security Council recommended in 1948 that the United States rebuild Japan's devastated economy to strengthen an anti-communist ally in East Asia (and America's position there), U.S. merchants, consumers, manufacturers, and journalists did not consistently go along with this official economic policy. The American press initially depicted the Japanese economy as needing assistance and producing only cheap, inconsequential products, but as Japan's economy began to recover in the mid-1950s and Japanese manufacturers produced better quality goods, concerns over competition revived racialized wartime rhetoric. Japan's emergence as a successful exporter of high-end merchandise by the 1960s seemed to prove the strength of American-style free market capitalism.
12
Kuroki, Yusuke. "Comparison of Suicide Rates Among Asian Americans in 2000 and 2010." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 77, no. 4 (November 26, 2016): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222816678425.
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This brief report used the mortality data to separately examine suicide rates of the six largest Asian American groups: Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. In 2000, Japanese American men (13.8 per 100,000) showed significantly higher suicide rate than Chinese, Indian, and Vietnamese American men (7.3, 4.0, and 6.1 per 100,000), whereas Chinese, Korean, and Japanese women (3.7, 3.9, and 4.3 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than Indian women (1.2 per 100,000). In 2010, Korean and Japanese American men (19.9 and 15.7 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than men of other Asian groups. Korean and Japanese American women (8.1 and 5.0 per 100,000) showed higher suicide rates than Indian and Filipino American women (1.5 and 1.8 per 100,000). The findings challenge the notion that Asian Americans are at low risk for suicide and underscore the importance of examining ethnic variation in suicide behaviors among Asian Americans.
13
Azuma, Eiichiro. "Toward a Transnational History of Wartime Japanese Americans: Nisei and Imperial Japan's Race Propaganda." Journal of American Ethnic History 42, no. 2 (January 1, 2023): 5–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.2.01.
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Abstract This essay examines a wartime experience of Japanese Americans (Nisei) in Japan, proposing to view them as US–originated immigrants abroad. Several thousand Nisei resided in their ancestral land at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and many struggled with negative public perceptions associated with their enemy birthland as well as pressures to be assimilated into their racial home. Based on the belief in blood ties, the official demands for these Nisei included not only the prioritizing of racial belonging over birthright citizenship but also their total commitment to Japan's anti-American war. Through an analysis of rarely consulted primary sources, this essay first explains these Nisei's efforts at double ethnicization: safeguarding an identity as a US–reared subgroup of Japan's imperial subjects while distinguishing them from their compatriots stateside. Their wartime history also entailed incorporation into Japan's psychological warfare, but resident Nisei managed to exploit their cultural attributes rooted in American upbringing—“special talents” that were deemed invaluable for anti–US propaganda. While working as radio announcers and scriptwriters, many Nisei authored numerous materials about racist America based on their pre-migration experience as a persecuted US minority. Only by serving as messengers and producers of race propaganda knowledge could they legitimately remain “Nisei,” or Japanese of US background, in the land that abhorred things American. This transnational story of wartime Nisei formed a grossly understudied aspect of American (im)migration and ethnic history—one that seldom views native-born US citizens as immigrants or an ethnic group in a foreign land.
14
Yamamoto, Noriko, Takeshi Sato, Yusaku Omodaka, Hisae Matsuo, Suguru Hasuzawa, Masahide Koda, and Niwako Yamawaki. "The Differences in Attitude Toward Mental Health Services Between Japanese and American College Students." Asian Social Science 18, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v18n5p23.
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To examine the different patterns in utilization of psychological services between Japanese and American college students, a total of 316 American students (122 men and 194 women) and 362 Japanese students (147 men and 215 women) participated in this study. We used the following psychological instruments: Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help scale, Interpersonal Openness (openness regarding professional psychological help) and Confidence Self-construal scale, Sex Role Inventory, and Recognition of Psychological Help. This study concluded that collectivism is a significant predictor of recognizing the need for mental health services in the U.S., while it is not in Japan. Compared to American and female participants, Japanese and male participants feel greater stigmas toward mental health professionals. Openness to psychological help collectivism was a significant predictor for openness among the American sample, while it was not in the Japanese sample. Collectivism was a significant predictor for openness among the American sample, while it was not in the Japanese sample. Individualism was a significant predictor for confidence in America, but it was not in Japan. As predicted, Japanese participants feel greater stigma and less recognition, openness, and confidence toward mental health services than Americans. It is important for mental health professionals to educate college students that individual who seek help have high masculine traits to ameliorate the negative attitude toward mental health professionals.
15
Tomioka, Michiyo, and Jay Maddock. "Predictors of Smoking and Alcohol Use in Japanese and Japanese-American College Students." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v5i2.1231.
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This study investigates and identifies the predictors of cigarette smoking and alcohol use and acculturation of Japanese and Japanese American students in Hawaii. The Transtheroetical Model (TTM) was applied to investigate smoking and alcohol behavior and attitudes. A cross-sectional self-report survey was conducted through convenience sampling and the snowball sampling technique. The total 92 participants (Japanese 69.6%; Japanese Americans 30.4%) completed either English version or Japanese version of survey. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, chi-square, and regression to test significance. These analyses indicate that onset of smoking and drinking is associated with Japanese culture. To some extent acculturation is influential factor in both smoking and alcohol behavior. However, nationality and age have stronger associations with smoking; education is stronger factor to predict alcohol use than acculturation among Japanese and Japanese American students. Results indicate a need for cultural-specific interventions for Japanese and Japanese Americans.
16
Yamagata-Montoya, Aurore. "Japanese Princesses in Chicago: Representations of Japanese Women in the San Francisco Chronicle and Chicago Tribune (1872)." Artists, Aesthetics, and Artworks from, and in conversation with, Japan - Part 2, no. 9 (December 20, 2020): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32926/2020.9.yam.princ.
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In December 1871, the Iwakura Mission was sent by the Meiji government to the US and Europe. One of the aims of the mission was the observation of foreign practices and technologies. If Japan wanted to suppress the Unequal Treaties and be considered a “first rank nation”, it had to adopt the “civilized” manners and rules of North America and Europe (Nish, 1998). Five Japanese girls, aged six to sixteen accompanied the Mission to be educated in the US for a ten-year period. Their presence didn’t go unnoticed by the American Press, and the articles reporting on their stay provided an opportunity to bring up broader themes on Japanese women and Japan. The five girls were the first women to officially represent Japan in the US. Identified by the American media as “Japanese Princesses”, their reception was confronted with the American image and understanding of Japan. This article analyses the representations of the five girls, and of Japanese women in general, in the San Francisco Chronicle and the Chicago Tribune during the two months that the Iwakura Mission travelled eastward from San Francisco to Washington, via Chicago. I identify and analyse the recurring tropes: the girls’ social position, the craze they created among the Americans, their beauty, the exoticism of their kimono, the education they will receive in America. The newspapers’ representation of the girls are full of inaccuracies and mistakes, myths and exoticism. Nonetheless, the representations are overwhelmingly positive and the girls – as well as the whole of the Mission’s members – are warmly welcomed by the American press.
17
Rhody, Jim D., and Thomas Li-Ping Tang. "Learning from Japanese Transplants and American Corporations." Public Personnel Management 24, no. 1 (March 1995): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609502400102.
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In the past ten years, many Japanese manufacturers, especially automobile manufacturers, have opened plants in the United States. The Japanese have, in that time, increased their market share from one in five to nearly one in three cars that Americans drive. There are clear differences in Japanese and American business practices in the areas of organizational culture, leadership style, selection, training, employee attitudes, job satisfaction, and quality. American businesses must understand these differences and realize the most effective and efficient approach to produce goods and services that will fit in with our culture. The lessons we have learned from Japanese transplants and American corporations may have important implications to managers in public personnel management.
18
ROBERTSON, MARTA. "Ballad for Incarcerated Americans: Second Generation Japanese American Musicking in World War II Camps." Journal of the Society for American Music 11, no. 3 (August 2017): 284–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196317000220.
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AbstractDuring World War II, the United States government imprisoned approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were American-born citizens, half of whom were children. Through ethnographic interviews I explore how fragile youthful memories, trauma, and the soundscape of the War Relocation Authority (WRA) Incarceration Camps shaped the artistic trajectories of three such former “enemy alien” youth: two pianists and a koto player. Counterintuitively, Japanese traditional arts flourished in the hostile environment of dislocation through the high number ofnisei(second generation) participants, who later contributed to increasing transculturalism in American music following resettlement out of camp. Synthesizing Japanese and Euro-American classical music, white American popular music, and African American jazz, manyniseiparadoxically asserted their dual cultural commitment to both traditional Japanese and home front patriotic American principles. A performance of Earl Robinson and John Latouche's patriotic cantata,Ballad for Americans(1939), by the high school choir at Manzanar Incarceration Camp demonstrates the hybridity of these Japanese American cultural practices. Marked by Popular Front ideals,Ballad for Americansallowedniseito construct identities through a complicated mixture of ethnic pride, chauvinistic white Americanism allied with Bing Crosby's recordings of theBallad, and affiliation with black racial struggle through Paul Robeson's iconicBalladperformances.
19
Martinelli, Phylis Cancilla, and Richard Nagasawa. "A Further Test of the Model Minority Thesis." Sociological Perspectives 30, no. 3 (July 1987): 266–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389113.
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This article examines data on Japanese Americans in Arizona in terms of the model minority thesis and addresses the question of whether or not this image is a myth. Occupation and income return from education, based on the 1980 census data, are examined for Japanese American males in Arizona. The findings suggest that the model minority thesis does not apply for the Japanese Americans in Arizona; for example, white males are more than two times as likely to be in managerial positions as Japanese American males, and the latter receive less return from education than the former. It is suggested that further studies explore in depth cultural and structural factors in relation to mobility, income, and occupation for Japanese Americans and other Asian Americans.
20
Fujino, Diane C. "Cold War Activism and Japanese American Exceptionalism." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 2 (2018): 264–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.2.264.
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This study contrasts Japanese American activism, centering on citizenship struggles surrounding the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act, to show alternatives to the emergence of the model minority trope. This complexity of activity worked to create and contest the making of a “successful” minority and ideas about U.S. democracy and equality at mid-century. Through a nuanced interpretation, this article reveals how certain narratives relied on a social progress framework and shifting global Cold War politics to create a “Japanese American Exceptionalism.” The little-known history of Japanese American Cold War progressivism shows the forging of deep solidarities and the refusal to promote domestic rights based on empire building. By inserting Japanese Americans into the “Long” freedom movement historiography, this article further examines intergenerational continuities and ruptures.
21
Hong, Jane. "“A Cross-Fire between Minorities”." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 4 (2018): 667–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.4.667.
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This article examines the Japanese American Citizens League’s (JACL) postwar campaign to secure U.S. citizenship eligibility for first-generation Japanese (Issei) as a civil rights effort that brought Japanese Americans into contention with African American and Afro-Caribbean community leaders during the height of the U.S. Cold War in East Asia. At the same time, JACL’s disagreements with Chinese Americans and Japanese American liberals precluded any coherent Japanese or Asian American position on postwar immigration policy. The resulting 1952 McCarran-Walter Act formally ended Asians’ exclusion from U.S. immigration and naturalization, even as a colonial quota in the law severely restricted black immigration from the Caribbean and galvanized black protest. This episode of black-Japanese tension complicates scholarly understandings of the liberalization of U.S. immigration and naturalization laws toward Asian peoples as analogous with or complementary to black civil rights gains in the postwar years. In so doing, it suggests the need to think more critically and historically about the cleavages between immigration and civil rights law, and between immigrant rights and civil rights.
22
Goldstein, Judith. "Ideas, institutions, and American trade policy." International Organization 42, no. 1 (1988): 179–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300007177.
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Nowhere is America's hegemonic decline more evident than in changing trade patterns. The United States trade balance, a measure of the international demand for American goods, is suffering historic deficits. Lowered demand for American goods has led to the under-utilization of both labor and capital in a growing number of traditionally competitive American industries. Conversely, Americans' taste for foreign goods has never been so great. Japanese cars, European steel, Third World textiles, to name a few, are as well produced as their American counterparts and arrive on the U.S. market at a lower cost.
23
Broiles, David. "When Myths Collide: An Analysis of Conflicting U.S.-Japanese Views on Economics, Law, and Values." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 1, no. 1 (March 1994): 109–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v1.i1.3.
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This paper examines why Americans so often feel compelled to describe the Japanese in such strong terms. Americans are threatened by Japan. It is not that Japan is stronger, or bigger. The problem is that the Japanese are perceived as different. The difference threatens American assumptions about the American way. This will be illustrated by first reviewing what the problem is between the United States and Japan - centering on the trade imbalance. Then some scholars' analyses of this problem are reviewed, not to find the cause of the problem, but to identify common themes. The common theme is that Japan and the United States do things differently. The differences are reflected in the way government and business relate, in the different role of law in the two societies and in different perceptions about values inherent in the individual or the community. These dif- ferences are described, at least as reflected in the scholarly literature on the subjects. Finally, the hope is that by recognizing that the Japanese challenge the American myth about the market economy, and how it should function in terms of individualism and societal relations, one can come to the conclusion that the strong terms used to describe Japanese conduct mask the real problem: that Japan challenges America's myth about itself.
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Hayashi, Brian Masaru. "“Frank Knox’s Fifth Column in Hawai’i: The U.S. Navy, the Japanese, and the Pearl Harbor Attack”." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 27, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 142–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02702003.
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Secretary of Navy Frank Knox declared a week after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor that fifth columnist activities were partly responsible for the success of Imperial Japanese forces. Who and what he meant when he used the phrase “fifth columnist activities” is subject to debate. Most assume he was referring to all Japanese Americans or Japanese nationals residing in Hawai’i. But this essay, based on Knox’s personal correspondence, supplemented with the Pearl Harbor Attack hearings’ published reports, Judge Advocate General records, and the 14th Naval District Intelligence Officer reports, finds that Knox was referring to the Japanese Consul-General Office and a small handful of Japanese American assistants who voluntarily carried out the task of keeping the U.S. Fleet and military installations under surveillance, thereby contributing to the success of the Imperial Japanese attack.
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Liu, Kun, Kang-Ming Chang, and Ying-Ju Liu. "Facial Feature Study of Cartoon and Real People with the Aid of Artificial Intelligence." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 13468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013468.
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There is an impression that there are many facial differences between different American animated characters. Japanese animated characters, on the other hand, tend to be typecast, with large eyes, sharp chins, and angular faces. In essence, the subject matter of animation is primarily based on the culture of the people who make it, and the designers of the characters also have their own sense of national belonging; therefore, is it possible that the characters in animation are designed with more reference to their own people? In this study, the facial features of characters are extracted from the data of animation with high awards, box office, and ratings in America and Japan. R-language analysis of four sets of facial features data, comparing American and Japanese animated characters, was conducted using: U.S. and Japanese live action; American animated characters with American live action; and Japanese animated characters with Japanese live action. Results revealed that 23 of the 42 observations for the American animated character sample and the American live action sample were ≤0.05. Among them, 15 reference values were ≤0.001. In the group of Japanese animated characters, compared to Japanese live action, only 12 of the 42 observations were ≤0.05. Among them, seven reference values ≤ 0.001. These data prove that the design of faces of American and Japanese animated characters are exaggerated and, based on proportions of their own faces, American animators prefer to design a diverse cast of characters, which is perhaps related to the diverse ethnic structure of the United States. It is true that Japanese animated characters mostly have a single face design, and although this face has Western characteristics, it retains more of its own Japanese characteristics. However, the ‘formulaic’ style of Japanese animated characters can easily lead to aesthetic fatigue, and without continued innovation in storytelling, the character-based Japanese animation industry may be in decline.
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Imamura, Makiko, Yan Bing Zhang, and Jake Harwood. "Japanese sojourners’ attitudes toward Americans." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2011): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.21.1.09ima.
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Guided by the intergroup contact hypothesis, the authors examined the associations among Japanese sojourners’ (N = 94) perceived linguistic competence with English, communication accommodation of their most frequent American contact, relational solidarity with the contact, and their attitudes toward Americans as a cultural group. Results indicated that participants’ linguistic competence with English and perceptions of Americans’ communication accommodation positively predicted their relational solidarity with their most frequent American contact. In addition, relational solidarity mediated the relationships between both linguistic competence and communication accommodation and cognitive and behavioral attitudes. Results were discussed in light of communication accommodation theory, the contact hypothesis and prior literature in intergroup and intercultural communication.
27
Hansen, Wilburn. "Examining Prewar Tôôgôô Worship in Hawaii Toward Rethinking Hawaiian Shinto as a New Religion in America." Nova Religio 14, no. 1 (August 1, 2010): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.67.
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Daijingu Temple of Hawaii, a Shinto shrine founded by Japanese immigrant workers in the early twentieth century is unique among shrines in American territory for holding the only recorded pre-Pacific War worship services for a Japanese war hero. Admiral Tôôgôô Heihachirôô was deified for defeating a Russian naval force in the Battle of the Sea of Japan, and was worshiped at Daijingu in services attended by members of the Japanese Imperial Navy as well as Japanese-Americans from the local community. Although this could suggest that the Japanese-American Shinto community was cheering on the Japanese Imperial navy in their military endeavors, this is not the best explanation for their participation. These rituals benefited the shrine community economically. Furthermore, these activities and the rest of Daijingu Shrine history suggest that Shinto in Hawaii requires consideration as a new American religion rather than as Japanese Shinto in diaspora.
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Prestwich, Roger. "Cross-Cultural Negotiating: A Japanese-American Case Study from Higher Education." International Negotiation 12, no. 1 (2007): 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234007x191902.
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AbstractThis article discusses a cross-cultural negotiation process between a new Japanese university and an established American university to create a joint business venture – a dual-degree program. The parties failed to sign a contract, and there were indicators during negotiations pointing to the likelihood of a failed outcome. Negotiation style convergence was evident, with the Japanese adopting an erabi ('either-or') style and the Americans an awase ('more-or-less') style. The 7-Step framework used to structure the negotiation discussion may be better suited to analyzing Japanese negotiation processes than American. The implications will be of value to Japanese and American/Western businesspeople or educational administrators involved in joint venture-type negotiations.
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TAIRA, KOJI. "Japan, an Imminent Hegemon?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 513, no. 1 (January 1991): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716291513001013.
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Japan has been thrust into a leading role in world affairs by its own economic success and by the confluence of two powerful global trends: (1) hegemonic cycles that anticipate the rise of a new hegemon as a consequence of the relative decline of the United States, and (2) the end of history itself, which revolutionizes the meaning of hegemony and international order. Japan's hegemonic qualifications are examined with respect to economic resources by which to finance hegemony and its ability and will to lead the world. Japanese-style hegemony is inferred from the known characteristics of government-business relations in Japan and evaluated in the context of U.S.-Japanese relations. It is concluded that the Pax Americana is hardly dead and that Japan finds it more advantageous to fit into modified American hegemony than to go it alone by replacing America as a new hegemon.
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Arianti, Theresia. "Positive Politeness Used in the Interviews Conducted by Desi Anwar to Dewi Soekarno and Bill Gates." JL3T ( Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching) 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v8i1.3405.
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Interview is a popular means of gathering information in our society. However, there is little research on cross-cultural interviews which has been conducted. This research is a descriptive qualitative study which aims to examine Desi Anwar’s choice of positive politeness strategies in relation to her interviewees’ cultural backgrounds, i.e., Dewi Soekarno (Japanese) and Bill Gates (American). The interviews are transcribed and coded based on the positive politeness strategies used and the cultures of Japanese and American communication styles. The instrument used in analyzing the data is Excel Matrix. Findings show that the interview with Dewi Soekarno (Japanese interviewee) contains more positive politeness strategies than the interview with Bill Gates (American interviewee). The positive politeness strategies used in the interview with Dewi Soekarno are Exaggeration, Repetition, Including Both S and H, and also Compliments. This result is contradictory to Japanese and American communication styles, which Japanese do not prefer positive politeness; while Americans do. This study will shade some light on positive politeness used in cross-cultural interviews involving Japanese and American interviewees. Since both interviewees in this research are from different genders, it would be satisfactory if future research includes this aspect into consideration.
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GAYLE, CURTIS ANDERSON. "China in the Japanese Radical Gaze, 1945–1955." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 5 (September 2009): 1255–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x08003867.
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AbstractJapanese images of China have much to tell us about the way Japan sees its own modernisation and its place in the international system. Contrary to popular belief, Japan did not turn unabashedly toward the USA after 1945. During the first decade after World War II, a number of important Japanese radical historians and thinkers decided that modernisation could be accomplished without the help of the West. Just when many in Japan were looking to America and Europe as exemplars of modernisation, others looked instead to revolutionary China and its past struggles against Japanese colonialism in the construction of a very different historical position from that ordinarily associated with the early post-war years. Certain Japanese historians, inspired by the push toward decolonisation in Asia, set about writing the history of the present in ways that aligned Japan with modern Chinese history. Even though China had just been liberated from Japanese colonial rule, Japanese Marxists saw their own position—under American imperialism—as historically and politically congruous with China's past war of resistance against Japan (1937–45). Through campaigns to develop a kind of cultural Marxism on the margins of Japanese society, they sought to bring about post-war Japanese ‘national liberation’ from American hegemony in ways that consciously simulated past Chinese resistance to Imperial Japan. Replacing Japan's own cultural Marxist traditions from the pre-war era with the more palpable and acceptable example of China, they also hoped a new form of Asian internationalism could remedy the problem of Japan's wartime past. The historical irony associated with this discursive twist deferred to future generations the problem of how the Left* would come to terms with the past.
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Robinson, Greg. "Norman Thomas and the Struggle Against Internment." Prospects 29 (October 2005): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001824.
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Historians of the wartime removal and mass incarceration of West Coast Americans of Japanese ancestry, commonly called theJapanese American internment, have examined with care and thoroughness the actions of the government and of the anti-Japanese-American forces that instigated the signing of Executive Order 9066. Most scholars, with the exception of Robert Shaffer, have paid comparatively little attention to the writings and activities of those non-Japanese Americans who opposed the internment policy. This is no doubt a result of the fact that the number of people who publicly challenged or opposed the government was small, especially at the outset, and that they were unable to mobilize public opinion in favor of Japanese Americans. However, the study of these dissenters is vital to understanding the internment, not as an exercise in political courage or feel-good humanitarianism, but because it points up the level of general awareness of the injustice done to Japanese Americans. By revealing the existence and contours of public debate over the treatment of Japanese Americans, it both suggests, at least heuristically, the availability of possible alternatives to internment and at the same time demonstrates the limits of most people's willingness to follow such alternatives.
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Daniels, Roger. "Educating Youth in America's Wartime Detention Camps." History of Education Quarterly 43, no. 1 (2003): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2003.tb00116.x.
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Pupil for pupil, more has been written about Japanese American students than about those of any other ethnic group in America. They enter into our historical consciousness with the abortive attempt of the San Francisco School Board to segregate Japanese American students in 1906–07 which led to the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907–08 between the United States and Japan. As Henry Yu has recently reminded us, scholars were fascinated by the achievements of “oriental” students in American schools in the 1920s. Sociologists and educational psychologists, especially at Stanford University and the University of Chicago and often in conjunction with the Institute of Pacific Relations and/or Robert E. Park's Survey of Race Relations, produced a substantial corpus of work that focused on second-generation Asian Americans and stressed such things as test scores and life course studies. Conceived as studies in Americanization they almost totally ignored the community-run language schools: the lack of sophisticated studies examining these schools remains one of major gaps in the historiography of ethnic education in America.
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Hlinak, Matt. "El judo llega a California: judo vs. lucha en el oeste de los Estados Unidos, 1900-1920." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 4, no. 3 (July 16, 2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v4i3.174.
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<p>This essay analyzes Japanese-American immigration into the American West through the prism of athletics, specifically by examining a series of contests between judoka and wrestlers from 1900 to 1920 in California. The popularity of these matches demonstrates the complex relationship between Japanese-Americans and the dominant European-American culture of the western states during this period. This complexity will be shown first by looking at the way in which martial arts are closely linked to national and ethnic identity. The strong barnstorming tradition in both judo and wrestling led to a number of matches of great interest to European-Americans of the period. These matches appealed to an interest in Japanese culture, a desire to see stereotypes reinforced, and nationalist tendencies during an age of uncertainty.</p>
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Tamayo, David. "The Perilous Borderlands." California History 97, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.2.59.
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This article examines four decades of anti-Japanese paranoia in popular American media, particularly in California, from the early 1900s to the eve of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. It illustrates the overlooked influence that this hysteria had in shaping American perceptions of Japanese immigrants in Baja California, Mexico, and the consequences of those views for these borderlands prior to 1941. Drawing on California and U.S. national newspapers, contemporary novels, and U.S. government records, the article shows that the presence of Japanese immigrants in Baja California was for decades used as a pretense by American interest groups seeking to annex the peninsula. Beneath these alleged security concerns were strong economic interests, among which obtaining sole control over the Colorado River figured prominently. Decades of annexation calls based on a supposed Japanese threat, this article argues, influenced the Mexican government's 1942 decision to place its citizens of Japanese descent in internment camps.
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Choi, Anne Soon. "The Japanese American Citizens League, Los Angeles Politics, and the Thomas Noguchi Case." Southern California Quarterly 102, no. 2 (2020): 158–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/scq.2020.102.2.158.
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This article examines the political mobilization of Japanese Americans by the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) against the 1969 firing of Los Angeles County Coroner Thomas Noguchi. By challenging the racism in the Noguchi case, the JACL opened a public discussion of the racism behind wartime incarceration, rejecting the quiescence that had marked Japanese Americans as the “model minority.” Activism in the Noguchi case proved the potential of grassroots organizing and built experience in forming cross-racial political alliances, effectively shaping political narrative in the media, and exercising clout in city politics. For Japanese Americans and the JACL, these experiences shaped a new political sensibility that underscored civil rights and served as a precursor to the later redress movement.
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Shibayama, Futoshi. "U.S. Strategic Debates over the Defense of Japan: Lessons for the Twenty-first Century." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 9, no. 1-2 (2000): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656100793645930.
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AbstractWhat is the current meaning of Japan's military power and what contribution has that power made to America's strategic position in East Asia, even the world, over the past fifty-five years? Could there have been an alternative to Japanese rearmament? Answers to these and other related questions lie in the American debates on the nature of Japan's defense situation in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Regional and global strategic circumstances have obviously changed over the past half-century, just as have weapons systems themselves. Strategic controversies from 1945, however, endure as the fundamental framework for considering Japanese military power and its possible alternatives.
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Suzuki, Masao. "Success Story? Japanese Immigrant Economic Achievement and Return Migration, 1920–1930." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 4 (December 1995): 889–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700042200.
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Even in a country whose patron saint is the Horatio Alger hero, there is no parallel to their [the Japanese American] success strory.The view that Japanese and other Asian Americans constituted an economic success story gained popularity in the mass media and among scholars during the 1960s. At a time when the demands of the Civil Rights movement were challenging the government to redress the racism ingrown in American society, Japanese and other Asian Americans were often held up as “model minorities” who had overcome discrimination through their own efforts and without aid from government laws or service programs2. This practise has led to a debate over both the extent of the successs of Asian Americans and the reasons for their economic achievement3.
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Klopf, Donald W., Catherine A. Thompson, Satoshi Ishii, and Aino Sallinen-Kuparinen. "Nonverbal Immediacy Differences among Japanese, Finnish, and American University Students." Perceptual and Motor Skills 73, no. 1 (August 1991): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1991.73.1.209.
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The Self-assessment of Immediacy scale was administered to 165 Japanese, 229 Finnish, and 147 American university students. The Japanese scored significantly differently from the Finns and Americans, whose means were not significantly different from each other. Means for the women in the three groups were significantly different from the men's.
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Lotchin, Roger W. "A Research Report." Southern California Quarterly 97, no. 4 (2015): 399–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ucpsocal.2015.97.4.399.
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Public opinion polls taken between 1939 and 1945 questioned Americans’ attitudes toward Japan and Germany and toward the people of Japan and Japanese Americans. The polls’ quantified responses provide previously overlooked data that should be taken into account by scholars of Japanese American and World War II history.
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Kotaki, Masaya. "American vs. Japanese Style." Seikei-Kakou 28, no. 11 (October 20, 2016): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.28.463.
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Togami, Cynthia N., David J. O'Brien, and Stephen S. Fugita. "The Japanese American Experience." International Migration Review 27, no. 2 (1993): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547136.
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Ichioka, Yuji, David J. O'Brien, and Stephen S. Fugita. "The Japanese American Experience." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 24, no. 1 (1993): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205142.
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Ng, Wendy L., David J. O'Brien, and Stephen S. Fugita. "The Japanese American Experience." Social Forces 72, no. 2 (December 1993): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2579866.
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Kitano, Harry H. L., David J. O'Brien, Stephen S. Fugita, Stephen S. Fugita, and David J. O'Brien. "The Japanese American Experience." Contemporary Sociology 21, no. 4 (July 1992): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075847.
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Miksch, Karen L., and David Ghere. "Teaching Japanese-American Incarceration." History Teacher 37, no. 2 (February 2004): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1555653.
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Chiasson, Lloyd E. "The Japanese-American Encampment." Newspaper Research Journal 12, no. 2 (March 1991): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953299101200210.
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Odaka, K. "American factory - Japanese factory." Social Science Japan Journal 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2001): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/4.1.59.
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Koikari, Mire. "‘‘Japanese Eyes, American Heart’’." Men and Masculinities 12, no. 5 (August 25, 2009): 547–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x09337092.
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Hayashi, Kristen. "Japanese American National Museum." California History 96, no. 1 (2019): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2019.96.1.58.
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