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Journal articles on the topic 'American Association (Baseball league)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Jones, Justine, Kathryn Johnston, Lou Farah, and Joseph Baker. "Predicting Seasonal Performance in Professional Sport: A 30-Year Analysis of Sports Illustrated Predictions." Sports 9, no. 12 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9120163.

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In 2017, Sports Illustrated (SI) made headlines when their remarkable prediction from 2014 that the Houston Astros (a team in one of the lowest Major League Baseball divisional rankings) would win the World Series, came true. The less-publicised story was that in 2017, SI predicted the Los Angeles Dodgers to win the Major League Baseball (MLB) title. Assessing the forecasting accuracy of experts is critical as it explores the difficulty and limitations of forecasts and can help illuminate how predictions may shape sociocultural notions of sport in society. To thoroughly investigate SI’s foreca

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Koch, Brandon Lee D., and Anna K. Panorska. "The Impact of Temperature on Major League Baseball." Weather, Climate, and Society 5, no. 4 (2013): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00002.1.

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Abstract Major League Baseball is played from the beginning of April through the end of October each year, encompassing three of the four meteorological seasons: spring, summer, and fall. The 30 teams play in cities across the United States and Canada in many types of weather. This work studies the impact of temperature on a Major League Baseball game by examining the association between temperature and several Major League Baseball game statistics, including runs scored, batting average, slugging percentage, on-base percentage, home runs, walks, strikeouts, hit-batsmen, stolen bases, and erro

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Foster, George, Norm O’Reilly, Carlos Shimizu, Neal Khosla, and Ryan Murray. "Determinants of Regional Sport Network Television Ratings in MLB, NBA, and NHL." Journal of Sport Management 28, no. 3 (2014): 356–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0133.

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This paper examines the determinants of live game Regional Sport Network (RSN) average annual ratings in three major North American professional sport leagues: Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the National Hockey League (NHL). A conceptual model of the determinants of club RSN ratings is constructed based on a marketing management framework. Five categories of determinants are identified: Product-Club, Product-Player, Brand-Club, Brand-Player, and Place. Data were collected over a 12-year period (1999–2011) for a total of 46 independent variables. The

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Smith, Danielle K., and Jonathan Casper. "Making an Impact: An Initial Review of U.S. Sport League Corporate Social Responsibility Responses During COVID-19." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 3 (2020): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0241.

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COVID-19 has brought about an unprecedented time where a majority of major American sporting organizations have ceased competition. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions, historically an avenue for sport organizations to positively impact society, provide a compelling avenue of study during this time. While researchers have observed the role of CSR and crisis communication when the crisis arises from within the organization, there is a need to understand CSR shifts and responses when the crisis is on a societal level. This commentary examines efforts of major U.S. sport league CSR prog

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Gould, Heath P., Robert D. Winkelman, Joseph E. Tanenbaum, et al. "Epidemiology, Treatment, and Performance-Based Outcomes in American Professional Baseball Players With Symptomatic Spondylolysis and Isthmic Spondylolisthesis." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 11 (2020): 2765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520945727.

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Background: Repetitive lumbar hyperextension and rotation during athletic activity affect the structural integrity of the lumbar spine. While many sports have been associated with an increased risk of developing a pars defect, few previous studies have systematically investigated spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in professional baseball players. Purpose: To characterize the epidemiology and treatment of symptomatic lumbar spondylolysis and isthmic spondylolisthesis in American professional baseball players. We also sought to report the return-to-play (RTP) and performance-based outcomes ass

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LaPrade, Christopher M., Deepak V. Chona, Mark E. Cinque, et al. "Return-to-play and performance after operative treatment of Achilles tendon rupture in elite male athletes: a scoping review." British Journal of Sports Medicine 56, no. 9 (2022): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104835.

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ObjectiveTo examine the current evidence regarding return-to-play (RTP) and performance after Achilles tendon rupture in elite athletes treated with operative intervention.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPublished sources identified through a PubMed search of elite athletes, defined as professional or division one collegiate athletes in baseball, basketball, American football or soccer.MethodsOur search yielded a total of 2402 studies, with 13 studies fulfilling the study criteria of reporting elite athletes with objective measures of their athletic performance. A total of 709 elite athletes

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Bishop, Meghan, Matthew Astolfi, Eric Padegimas, Peter DeLuca, and Sommer Hammoud. "Venous Thromboembolism Within Professional American Sport Leagues." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 12 (2017): 232596711774553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117745530.

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Background: Numerous reports have described players in professional American sports leagues who have been sidelined with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or a pulmonary embolism (PE), but little is known about the clinical implications of these events in professional athletes. Purpose: To conduct a retrospective review of injury reports from the National Hockey League (NHL), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the National Football League (NFL) to take a closer look at the incidence of DVT/PE, current treatment approaches, and estimated time to return to pla

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Wu, Shuangxiong. "How the NCAA Is Solving Alcohol Abuse on College Campuses Through Marketing Strategies." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 18, no. 1 (2023): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/18/20230075.

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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is an American college sports league that is popular in the United States and even around the world. It includes many different kinds of sports, and almost all have a high level. Basketball is one of the representative sports in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. There is an annual sports championship that is the most popular in America and is held in March of each year. National Collegiate Athletic Association sports events have a very high degree of attention and a very strong mass base. Not only the basketball is a popular sport in Nat

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O’Reilly, Norm, Tim Stroebel, Michael Pfahl, and Jim Kahler. "An empirical exploration of sponsorship sales in North American professional sport." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 8, no. 1 (2018): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-07-2016-0035.

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Purpose Sponsorship sales in professional sport is an area of increasing attention and growing investment, but the sport management literature offers only limited research about sales strategies and tactics. As a result, practitioners and academics alike have called for investigation in the area. In response to this need, the purpose of this paper is to empirically explore sponsorship sales in professional sport. Design/methodology/approach Sponsorship sales professionals working for sport properties in the four major North American sport leagues were surveyed on a variety of sponsorship sales

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Schallmo, Michael S., Thomas H. Fitzpatrick, Hunter B. Yancey, Alejandro Marquez-Lara, T. David Luo, and Allston J. Stubbs. "Return-to-Play and Performance Outcomes of Professional Athletes in North America After Hip Arthroscopy From 1999 to 2016." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 8 (2018): 1959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518773080.

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Background: The effect of hip arthroscopy on athletic performance compared with preinjury levels for professional athletes in different sports remains unknown. In addition, while return rates have been reported for professional baseball, football, and hockey players, return rates have not been reported for professional basketball players. Hypothesis: Professional athletes in 4 major North American sports would be able to return to their sport and preoperative level of performance at a high rate after arthroscopic hip surgery. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Major League

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Smith, Earl, and Angela J. Hattery. "Bad Boy for Life: Hip-Hop Music, Race, and Sports." Sociology of Sport Journal 37, no. 3 (2020): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2018-0134.

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P Diddy’s Bad Boy for Life video provides a strategic point of departure in the quest for values and community, sui generis, in SportsWorld. This study poses an interruption to the “ideological” articulations of discourse on the relationship between hip-hop music and sports by providing an examination of empirical and scientific data inside of SportsWorld. There is a carefully crafted narrative about the coexistence among Black American athletes, SportsWorld, and hip-hop music. From the beginning of Black athletes’ entry into the White spaces of the so-called level playing field of sports—from

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McLeod, Tamara Valovich, Traci Snedden, Eric Post, et al. "Pediatric HEALTHCARE Provider Awareness, Confidence, and Use of Sports Specialization Recommendations and Application towards Youth Athlete Counseling." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (2021): 2325967121S0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00149.

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Background: Sport specialization is increasingly common in many youth sports and has been linked to increased injury, overtraining, and burnout. Several organizations have developed safe sport recommendations in an effort to mitigate injury risk. Healthcare providers (HCPs) can be a source of education for parents and athletes on safe sports practices, but the awareness, confidence, and use of these recommendations among HCPs who work with youth athletes is limited. Hypothesis/Purpose: To evaluate the awareness, confidence, and use of sports specialization and safe sport recommendations of HCP

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Young, Matthew W., Hillary A. Plummer, and Glenn S. Fleisig. "Training Background and Characteristics of NFL, MLB, and NBA Team Physicians." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 11 (2022): 232596712211373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221137333.

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Background: An analysis of the demographics and training of head team physicians (HTPs) in professional sports would be valuable for evaluating training programs and as a resource for aspirant HTPs. Purpose: To outline common characteristics among professional sport HTPs. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: In June 2021, publicly available directories and news articles were used to identify the head orthopaedic HTPs and primary care HTPs for every team in Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the National Football League (NFL). Data regarding HTP

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O’Reilly, Olivia C., Molly Ann Day, William Thomas Cates, Jacqueline Baron, and Robert W. Westermann. "The Gender Divide: Are Female Team Physicians Adequately Represented in Professional and Collegiate Athletics?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7_suppl5 (2019): 2325967119S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00402.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the demographics of female representation among team physicians in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and professional sports organizations. We hypothesized that female team physicians are underrepresented at the collegiate and professional level despite controlling for the percentage of women in orthopaedics overall. Methods: Team physicians responsible for providing medical care to athletes in the “Power Five” conferences (Southeastern Conference [SEC], Atlantic Coast Conference [ACC], BIG-10, BIG-12, PAC-12) and select p

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Stasi, Selina Marie, John Otto Spengler, Jay Maddock, Lisako McKyer, and Heather Clark. "Shared-Use Decisions Among Administrators of Physical Activity Facilities in Pasadena, TX." Health Promotion Practice 21, no. 6 (2019): 926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839919847669.

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Background and Purpose. The American Heart Association recommends community-based research on shared use of physical activity (PA) spaces. Pasadena, a community in southeast Houston, Texas with lower socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic diversity, was the setting for our study. Efforts to increase access to PA in Pasadena include building the evidence on PA resources. The purpose of this research was to utilize survey data in a community setting to inform and target efforts around sharing PA spaces. Method. An online survey was administered to K-12 school ( n = 25) and park ( n = 30) adminis

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Romer, Robert H. "Australian-American major league baseball players?" American Journal of Physics 67, no. 2 (1999): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.19201.

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Auer, Richard E., and Michael P. Knapp. "Delving Deeper: Studying Baseball's Wild-Card Team Using Probability." Mathematics Teacher 107, no. 1 (2013): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacher.107.1.0074.

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The modern era of professional baseball playoffs began in 1903, when the champions of the American League and the National League played the first World Series. Except for one year, 1904, this playoff system was maintained until 1969. Beginning in 1969, each of the two leagues in Major League Baseball (MLB) was divided into two divisions to accommodate the addition of extra teams in each league. From then through 1993, the two divisional champions in each league played against each other in an initial playoff round to determine which teams would go on to the World Series.

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Vagasky, Chris. "One Strike, You’re Out: Lightning during Professional Baseball Games." Weather, Climate, and Society 14, no. 2 (2022): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-21-0099.1.

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Abstract Millions of people attend Major League Baseball games every year, during a season that is played primarily outdoors at the peak of the U.S. lightning season. In recent years, social media photographs and baseball game television broadcasts have revealed lightning within proximity of several baseball games without the game being delayed. Lightning data from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network within 12.8 km of 9717 Major League Baseball games between 2016 and 2019 were examined to find the extent to which lightning is a threat to games, players, staff, and fans: 717 games wer

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Bing, Won-Chul. "Sociopolitical Approach to the Launch History of the KBO League: Application of Complex System Paradigm." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (2021): 5471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105471.

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The Korean Baseball Organization (KBO) League is a sports culture that Koreans love and enjoy most. However, the launch of the KBO League is related to political issues in Korea. The purpose of this study is to explain the launch history of the KBO league through a sociopolitical approach. The history of the KBO league was explained by applying a complex paradigm that explains sociocultural phenomena from a new perspective. This study used historical analysis, a qualitative study approach. Literature related to Korean professional baseball, complex system theory, sports, and politics were revi

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Patell, Cyrus R. K. "Baseball and the Cultural Logic of American Individualism." Prospects 18 (October 1993): 401–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004968.

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The 1980s were tumultuous years for the sport that many Americans still call the “national game” or the “national pastime.” For major league baseball, it was a decade marked by increasingly hostile relations between labor and management, resulting in three strikes, including one that interrupted the 1981 season and lasted for fifty days, causing the season to be shortened and many of the year's records to be marked with an asterisk. In 1984, Peter Ueberroth, the man who miraculously made the Los Angeles Olympics turn a profit, was hired as Commissioner of Baseball, and he soon led the owners i

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Kaburakis, Anastasios. "C.B.C. Distribution and Marketing, Inc., v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P., 505 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 2007)." International Journal of Sport Communication 1, no. 2 (2008): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.1.2.241.

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CBC Distribution and Marketing, Inc. (CBC), operator of CDMsports.com (CDM), offering fantasy-sports products and services, brought this action against Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P. (MLBAM), to establish its right to use without license the names and, inherently crucial for fantasy-sports operators, statistical records of Major League Baseball (MLB) players. MLBAM, the interactive media and Internet company of MLB, counterclaimed that CBC’s fantasy-baseball products violated MLB players’ rights of publicity, which were licensed through the MLB Players’ Association (MLBPA) to MLBAM

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Kurtzke, John F. "The Baseball Schedule: A Modest Proposal." Mathematics Teacher 83, no. 5 (1990): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.83.5.0346.

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“How often does one baseball team play another team? What are the alternatives, and how could we figure them out?” Our local sportswriter can answer the first question–an American League team plays each team in its own division 13 times, and it plays each team in the other American League division 12 times; for a National League team, these numbers are 18 and 12, respectively. Yet if we were to ask our sportswriter about the alternatives, or how these would be determined, we would probably get a blank stare. Or the sportswriter might just say, “It's all done with computers”–the high-tech way o

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Klein, Alan M. "Baseball as Underdevelopment: The Political-Economy of Sport in the Dominican Republic." Sociology of Sport Journal 6, no. 2 (1989): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.6.2.95.

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This study examines the political-economy of baseball in the Dominican Republic from a critical perspective. As such, the presence of American major league teams is seen to have a deleterious structural effect on the autonomy and quality of baseball in the Dominican Republic. In particular, in attempting to develop the game, U.S. interests—like those of other multinationals—are underdeveloping the game. A second dimension to this study views baseball as an American popular cultural form that functions to soften the regular, hostile responses of Dominicans to American political and economic dom

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Abel, Ernest L., and Michael L. Kruger. "Birth Month and Suicide among Major League Baseball Players." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 1 (2005): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.1.21-24.

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We examined the association between month of birth and completed suicides among major league baseball players ( N = 76). More than twice as many players born in August committed suicide ( N = 19) than any other birth month. This association was statistically significant when birth month was corrected for differences in days of the month. The differences were even larger when expressed in terms of birth month for those committing suicides divided by number of major league players born in each month. The association between birth month and suicide raises the possibility that prenatal factors may

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Nichol, Matt. "Is Labor in Sport a Commodity? The Case of American and Japanese Professional Baseball." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 33, no. 2 (2023): 114–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/27461.

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An important rule that underpins international and domestic labor law is the principle that labor is not a commodity. This principle has interesting application to the labor regulation in professional team sports such as baseball that utilize drafts, salary restraints, the reserve system, and free agency. The article will examine whether these and other labor controls in Major League Baseball in the United States and Nippon Professional Baseball League in Japan commodify labor. Baseball’s labor controls and practices will be assessed to determine if labor is treated as a commodity, and if so,

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van Holm, Eric Joseph. "Minor stadiums, major effects? Patterns and sources of redevelopment surrounding minor league baseball stadiums." Urban Studies 56, no. 4 (2018): 672–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018760731.

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Minor league baseball stadiums are a popular redevelopment anchor in mid-sized to small American cities seeking to revitalise their downtowns. This paper uses a panel study of 16 minor league baseball stadiums built around the time of the 2000 census to understand how they affect immediately adjacent census tracts on measures of residential development one decade later. Regressions show that census tracts near new stadiums have larger increases in their median home prices and new housing construction relative to similar areas in the rest of their cities. However, when compared with a sample of

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Green, Gary, John D’Angelo, Jon Coyles, Ian Penny, John G. Golfinos, and Alex Valadka. "Association Between a Rule Change to Reduce Home Plate Collisions and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Other Injuries in Professional Baseball Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 11 (2019): 2704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519861525.

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Background: Improved player safety is an important goal of professional baseball. Prevention of mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) is an area of emphasis because of the potential for long-term as well as short-term sequelae. Hypothesis: A rule change can lower the incidence of concussions and other injuries in professional baseball. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study included a retrospective review of data entered concurrently into professional baseball’s electronic medical record system. All minor and major league teams are required to use this system.

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Weiller, Karen H., and Catriona T. Higgs. "The All American Girls Professional Baseball League, 1943–1954: Gender Conflict in Sport?" Sociology of Sport Journal 11, no. 3 (1994): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.11.3.289.

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The increase of women workers in industry during World War II coincided with an increase in sport participation and competition. From 1943 to 1954, the All American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) allowed talented women athletes a chance to play professional baseball. The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of women’s professional baseball and its connection with the social, cultural, and economic roles for women in society. An open-ended questionnaire allowed former players to respond to the social and cultural forces that impacted on women in society and sport during

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Kenow, Laura J. "The All-American Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL): A Review of Literature and Its Reflection of Gender Issues." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 19, no. 1 (2010): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.19.1.58.

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The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) was the first, and to date, the only women’s professional baseball league in United States history. Yet many people are unaware of the league’s existence. The purposes of this paper are to (1) review the historical and research literature on the AAGPBL, (2) examine the reflections on gender issues within this literature, and (3) discuss how these issues contributed to the success and failure of the AAGPBL. The published historical documentation and archived artifacts of the AAGPBL are quite thorough; however, research on the league i

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Klein, Alan M. "Tender Machos: Masculine Contrasts in the Mexican Baseball League." Sociology of Sport Journal 12, no. 4 (1995): 370–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.4.370.

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This study examines the social and cross-cultural aspects of masculinity through an ethnographic assessment of a Mexican League baseball team. The institution and meaning of “machismo” are examined along three indices of emotion: expression of vulnerability and hurt, reactions to children, and expression of physicality. The view widely held by North Americans that Latino and Latin American men are one-dimensional machos is critiqued. It is argued that, rather than comprising a single category, machismo exists along a continuum of masculinity from more to less macho. Cross-cultural comparisons

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Selvaratnam, Vinu. "Recovering From the Houston Astros’ Sign-Stealing Scandal: A Case Study on Protecting a Professional Sport Organization’s Reputation Through Crisis Communication." Case Studies in Sport Management 10, no. 1 (2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2020-0028.

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In early 2020, the Commissioner of Major League Baseball, Rob Manfred, announced the Houston Astros sign-stealing scandal after months of investigation. It was one of the biggest scandals in baseball since the steroid era. After the fallout of this scandal, Major League Baseball’s reputation has suffered as stakeholders have increasingly lost faith in the organization’s ability to function ethically. This case study focuses on Manfred’s newly appointed Chief Communications Officer, Bhavna Krishnamurthy, who is tasked with repairing the organization’s reputation. The case presents a real-life i

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Holt, Joshua, Philip Stearns, Tracey Bastrom, Morgan Dennis, Jerry Dwek, and Andrew Pennock. "PROGRESSIVE ELBOW MRI ABNORMALITIES IN LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL PLAYERS ARE COMMON: A 3-YEAR LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl (2019): 2325967119S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00060.

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Background Significant effort has been made by multiple organizations including Little League Baseball, USA Baseball, Major League Baseball, and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons to minimize the rate of shoulder and elbow injury among Little League Baseball players. Despite this effort, recent MRI studies have shown high rates of elbow pathology in this athletic population. The purpose of the current study was to track a cohort of Little League baseball players over three years with serial examinations and MRI to determine the natural history, progression, and risk factors of previo

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Bakshi, Neil K., Paul M. Inclan, Jacob M. Kirsch, Asheesh Bedi, Cristine Agresta, and Michael T. Freehill. "Current Workload Recommendations in Baseball Pitchers: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 1 (2019): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519831010.

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Background: Several recommendations have been made regarding pitch counts and workload for baseball players of different levels, including Little League, high school, collegiate, and professional baseball. However, little consensus is found in the literature regarding the scientific basis for many of these recommendations. Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence regarding immediate and long-term musculoskeletal responses to increasing pitching workload in baseball pitchers of all levels. A secondary purpose of this review was to evaluate the extent to which wor

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Breckenridge, R. Saylor, and Pat Rubio Goldsmith. "Spectacle, Distance, and Threat: Attendance and Integration of Major League Baseball, 1930–1961." Sociology of Sport Journal 26, no. 2 (2009): 296–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.26.2.296.

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We examine the effect of the visibility of African American, Latino, and Jewish baseball players on attendance at Major League Baseball games between 1930 and 1961. We invoke the sociological concepts of “social distance,” “spectacle,” and “group threat” and incorporate data focusing on the era of integration to expand on previous research in this arena. Notably, African American and Latino player visibility—but not that of other groups—is revealed to increase attendance at games. This effect weakens for losing teams and in cities with relatively larger minority populations. The findings sugge

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Dreier, Peter. "Union Busting at the Baseball Hall of Fame: The Blacklisting of Union Leader Marvin Miller." Labor 21, no. 2 (2024): 94–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-11018473.

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Abstract From the time he retired in 1982 as executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) until 2019, the baseball establishment blacklisted Marvin Miller from the Baseball Hall of Fame. This article recounts how Miller, one of the most influential figures in baseball history, was excluded for so many years by the corporate-backed plutocracy that runs the sport. The Hall of Fame's board of directors stacked the committees responsible for voting on candidates with owners and executives who despised Miller and the players union. It also reveals how and why he was e

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Kent, Wes P., and Scott C. Sheridan. "The Impact of Cloud Cover on Major League Baseball." Weather, Climate, and Society 3, no. 1 (2011): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011wcas1093.1.

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Abstract Although it is often suggested that direct sunlight may affect a player’s vision, no published studies have analyzed this interaction. In this research, a variety of statistical tests were utilized to study how baseball variables respond to different cloud cover conditions. Data from more than 35 000 Major League Baseball games, spanning the seasons from 1987 through 2002, were studied. Eleven baseball variables covering batting, pitching, and fielding performance were included. Overall responses were analyzed, as well as individual responses at 21 different stadiums. Home and away te

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Kaufman, James C. "A Triarchical Model of Batting Abilities: Applying Psychological Statistics to Baseball." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 1 (1997): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.1.299.

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A triarchical model of batting ability in baseball (Power, Skill, and Speed) was hypothesized. Factor analysis of data obtained from 77 players on the four 1996 playoff teams produced three meaningful oblique factors, giving support to the proposed model. The factor structure and specific pattern of factor loadings were quite stable as coefficients of congruence of .97 to .99 were obtained between factors extracted from separate analyses of the National League players ( n = 38) and the American League players ( n = 39).

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Margolis, Benjamin, and Jane Allyn Piliavin. "“Stacking” in Major League Baseball: A Multivariate Analysis." Sociology of Sport Journal 16, no. 1 (1999): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.16.1.16.

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This research studied stacking—position segregation by race or ethnicity in team sports—in the 1992 Major League Baseball season using a multivariate analysis, with control variables of height, weight, age, power, speed, and skill. The strong relationship between race and centrality found in previous studies was confirmed; African-American players were predominantly in the outfield positions, Latino players in the middle infield positions, and white players in the most central position of catcher, as well as the other infield positions. The multiple regression analyses revealed direct effects

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Marcum, John P., and Theodore N. Greenstein. "Factors Affecting Attendance of Major League Baseball: II. A Within-Season Analysis." Sociology of Sport Journal 2, no. 4 (1985): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2.4.314.

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This study examines game-by-game attendance data for one National League team (St. Louis Cardinals) and one American League team (Texas Rangers) for the 1982 season to explore factors related to attendance at professional sporting events. Multiple regression analyses indicate that the major factors affecting attendance are day of the week, opponent, and type of promotion. Recent and season-long performance measures for both the home and visiting teams have relatively little effect on daily attendance.

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Ruiz, Leonardo, Judy L. Van Raalte, Thaddeus France, and Al Petitpas. "Sueños de Béisbol: Hopes, Experiences, and Expectations of Professional Baseball Players in the Dominican Republic." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 14, no. 1 (2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0091.

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More than 1,400 Latin American professional baseball players, age 16-21, are employed by 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) academies in the Dominican Republic. The popular press has highlighted scandals related to professional youth baseball player recruitment, selection, and exploitation in the academies, but little attention has been given to the academy experiences of youth baseball players from the perspective of the players themselves. For this research, 11 professional baseball players residing at an MLB Academy in the Dominican Republic participated in semi-structured interviews. Players d

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Arth, Zachary W., Darrin J. Griffin, and Andrew C. Billings. "(Inter)National Pastime: Depicting Nationality in Local and National Major League Baseball Broadcasts." International Journal of Sport Communication 12, no. 3 (2019): 354–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0131.

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This study examined Major League Baseball (MLB) broadcasters’ descriptions of players through the lens of self-categorization theory. Two core variables were assessed: nationality (American or non-American) and broadcast type (local or national). Broadcaster language in 30 games from the 2016 MLB season was analyzed. Two forms of examination revealed that American players were more frequently described as successful due to their intelligence, whereas non-American players were more likely to be depicted as failing due to an ascribed lack of strength and were discussed more in terms of emotional

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Chen, Chih-Cheng, Tian-Shaing Kuo, Kuang-Tsan Hung, Jung-Chang Wang, Ming-Yao Chen, and Chung-Yu Tsai. "Predicting Team Advancement in Major League Baseball Postseason Using Borda Count." Financial Engineering 2 (November 5, 2024): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232032.2024.2.35.

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The prediction of sports competition outcomes has long been a topic of interest in academia and among sports enthusiasts. This study focuses on Major League Baseball (MLB) as its research subject, encompassing the years 2020, 2021, and 2022. By employing a set of established evaluation criteria, comprising five pitching and five hitting indicators from previous literature, the regular-season performance of the 30 MLB teams across both leagues (National League and American League) over the three-year period was compiled. Subsequently, a data normalization technique combined with the Borda count

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Chen, Chih-Cheng, Tian-Shaing Kuo, Kuang-Tsan Hung, Chung-Yu Tsai, and Ming-Yao Chen. "Predicting Team Advancement in Major League Baseball Postseason Using Borda Count." International Journal of Applied Sciences & Development 3 (March 26, 2024): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232029.2024.3.2.

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The prediction of sports competition outcomes has long been a topic of interest in academia and among sports enthusiasts. This study focuses on Major League Baseball (MLB) as its research subject, encompassing the years 2020, 2021, and 2022. By employing a set of established evaluation criteria, comprising five pitching and five hitting indicators from previous literature, the regular-season performance of the 30 MLB teams across both leagues (National League and American League) over the three-year period was compiled. Subsequently, a data normalization technique combined with the Borda count

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Giddings, Lisa A., and Michael Haupert. "Earning Like a Woman: Salaries versus Marginal Revenue Products in the AAGBPL and MLB: 1947-1952." Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 2 (2018): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518758145.

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This article exploits heretofore unexplored data from the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League that existed in the United States from 1943 to 1954 to measure and compare the economic loss to male and female professional baseball players. While female ballplayers earned a fraction of male salaries, they captured nearly twice as much of the revenues that they generated, indicating a smaller degree of exploitation. We hypothesize that in addition to the difference in structures of the two leagues, reservation wages explain the large difference in exploitation rates between the male and

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Teske, Lucas G., Edward C. Beck, Garrett S. Bullock, Kristen F. Nicholson, and Brian R. Waterman. "Lower Extremity Biomechanics Predicts Major League Baseball Player Performance." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7 (2021): 232596712110152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211015237.

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Background: Although lower extremity biomechanics has been correlated with traditional metrics among baseball players, its association with advanced statistical metrics has not been evaluated. Purpose: To establish normative biomechanical parameters during the countermovement jump (CMJ) among Major League Baseball (MLB) players and evaluate the relationship between CMJ-developed algorithms and advanced statistical metrics. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: MLB players in 2 professional organizations performed the CMJ at the beginning of each baseball season from 2013 t

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Arbena, Joseph L. "Robet F. Burk, Much More than A Game: Players, Owners and American Baseball Since 1921. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001 xi + 372 pp. $45.00 cloth; $19.95 paper; Charles P. Korr, The End of Baseball as We Knew It: The Players Union, 1960–81. Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press, 2002. 336 pp. $34.95 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (April 2004): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904430130.

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Critics, fans and journalists alike, of the players' role in the prolonged major league baseball work stoppage of 1994–1995, generally ignore two key realities of the history of the national pastime. First, at least since the founding of the National League in 1876, baseball at the highest levels has been primarily a business. Neither owners nor players played mainly for “the love of the game.” For the latter it was a way to make a living; for the former it was a way to make a profit.

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MIYAZAKI, Tsuyoshi, Sora MATSUO, Hiromu SHIMADA, Hiroshi TANAKA, and Mari UEDA. "Fundamental study on ambient noise reduction for analysis of hitting sound of professional baseball players." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 270, no. 3 (2024): 8114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2024_4048.

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In recent years, the sound of a hitting ball during a baseball game has focused attention on the American Major League Baseball and Japanese professional baseball. It is reported that information such as the direction and distance of a batted ball can be detected from the sound. The sounds of players hitting the ball are sometimes expressed using various onomatopoeic. In our previous study, we recorded the sound of a baseball hit during hitting practice for players of a university baseball team in the Tokyo metropolitan area in Japan. Relationships between the acoustic characteristics of the s

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Sliwak, Ryan, Sandra Lee, and Noelany Pelc. "Domestic Violence in Sport: Complexities and Ethical Issues for Psychologists." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 3 (2020): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723520910817.

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The prevalence of domestic violence in the sports community continues to be a controversial topic of discussion. The conversation that surrounds domestic violence and athletes often occurs through a sports-only lens. Policies have been implemented by the various professional leagues, such as the Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), and National Football League (NFL), to combat numerous incidents of domestic violence. Policies vary for each respective league. Discussion of domestic violence in sport has barely scratched the surface of identifying the complexity of

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Anthony, Tyler, Tim Kahn, Briana Madison, Rodney J. Paul, and Andrew Weinbach. "Similarities in fan preferences for minor-league baseball across the American Southeast." Journal of Economics and Finance 38, no. 1 (2011): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12197-011-9214-7.

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Ji, Haoming. "Research on the Economic Impact of the NBA Business League." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 42, no. 1 (2023): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/42/20232099.

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The NBA is the acronym for the National Basketball Association, and is also the four major professional sports organizations in the United States, including the baseball league, the football league, the hockey league and the basketball league, with the strongest leadership, the highest level of globalization and the greatest international influence. This paper explains the connection between basketball and the economy, such as the broadcasting of basketball games and how it drives the formation and growth of the market for related products such as sneakers and jerseys, as well as analyzing how

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