Relevant bibliographies by topics / American Colonization Society. African Americans Liberia

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'American Colonization Society. African Americans Liberia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "American Colonization Society. African Americans Liberia"

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Fisher, Colin. "Antebellum Black Climate Science: The Medical Geography and Emancipatory Politics of James McCune Smith and Martin Delany." Environmental History 26, no. 3 (May 24, 2021): 461–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emab024.

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Abstract This article argues that two prominent antebellum Black physicians—James McCune Smith and Martin Delany—developed competing scientific theories of nature’s impact on the human body in response to the climatic theories of the American Colonization Society, polygenist race scientists, and southern defenders of slavery. It further argues that the physicians’ divergent conclusions regarding nature’s agency played a significant role in underwriting arguably the most important and consequential political debate in antebellum Black America—namely, the dispute between integrationists who advocated remaining in the United States and fighting for equality and emigrationists who argued that America was so hopelessly racist that African Americans should evacuate and even form their own nation. McCune Smith’s rejection of Liberian colonization, his call to stay in the United States and fight for inclusion, and his hopeful vision of the American future rested in large part on his climate science. Employing statistical evidence, he argued that all humans were healthiest in temperate rather than tropical climates and that a beneficial North American natural environment was slowly eliminating the racial distinctions that underwrote American racism and slavery and giving all Americans, regardless of ancestry, the physical features of Native Americans. Delany’s politics were also profoundly shaped by climate science, but, unlike McCune Smith, he agreed with polygenist race scientists that climate could not alter biological race. He further concluded that, while Black people remained healthy in all climates, white people degenerated physically, mentally, and morally when they migrated from a temperate to a subtropical or tropical climate. Since the North American natural environment could not eliminate the racial features referenced by white racists and slaveholders and because enfeebled whites would always need Black labor in the subtropical South, Delany took a pessimistic view of the American future and advocated that African Americans emigrate and form a new Black nation in a tropical location fatal to white people. The article demonstrates that, long before the rise of the environmental justice movement, prominent abolitionists wed the Black freedom struggle to sophisticated and even proto-ecological scientific models of the body’s place in nature.
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Raley, J. "Colonizationism versus Abolitionism in the Antebellum North: The Anti-Slavery Society of Hanover College and Indiana Theological Seminary (1836) versus the Hanover College Officers, Board of Trustees, and Faculty." Midwest Social Sciences Journal 23 (November 1, 2020): 80–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22543/0796.231.1030.

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In March 1836, nine Hanover College and Indiana Theological Seminary students, almost certainly including Benjamin Franklin Templeton, a former slave enrolled in the seminary, formed an antislavery society. The society’s Preamble and Constitution set forth abolitionist ideals demanding an immediate emancipation of Southern slaves with rights of citizenship and “without expatriation.” Thus they encountered the ire of Hanover’s Presbyterian trustees—colonizationists who believed instead that free blacks and educated slaves, gradually and voluntarily emancipated by their owners, should leave the United States and relocate to Liberia, where they would experience greater opportunity, equality, and justice than was possible here in the United States and simultaneously exercise a civilizing and Christianizing influence on indigenous West Africans. By separating the races on two different continents with an ocean between them, America’s race problem would be solved. The efforts of the colonizationists failed, in part because of a lack of sufficient resources to transport and resettle three million African Americans. Then, too, few Southern slaveholders were willing to emancipate their slaves and finance those former slaves’ voyages, and most free blacks refused to leave the country of their birth. In Liberia, left largely to their own resources, colonists encountered disease, the enmity of local tribes, the threat of slavers, and difficulties in farming that left these former slaves struggling for existence, even if free blacks who engaged in mercantile trade there fared well. In the United States, the trustees’ conviction that American society was racist beyond reform, together with their refusal to confront the system of slavery in the South in hope of preserving the Union and their refusal to allow even discussion of the subject of slavery on the Hanover campus, left their central question unanswered: Would it ever be possible for people of color and whites to reside together in the United States peaceably and equitably? The trustees’ decision exerted another long-term impact as well. Although today the campus is integrated, Hanover College would not admit an African American student until 1948.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "American Colonization Society. African Americans Liberia"

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Outland, Aaron. "The American Colonization of Liberia & the Origins of Africa's First Republic." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/694.

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The American Colonization of Liberia is a unique example of statecraft, reflecting the domestic political concerns of free blacks and colonizationists in the United States. The founding of Liberia reflects the objectives of these two factions.
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Van, Sickle Eugene S. "The missionary presence and influences in Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1842." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1227.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 60 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-59).
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Sims-Alvarado, Falechiondro Karcheik. "The African-American Emigration Movement in Georgia during Reconstruction." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/29.

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This dissertation is a narrative history about nearly 800 newly freed black Georgians who sought freedom beyond the borders of the Unites States by emigrating to Liberia during the years of 1866 and 1868. This work fulfills three overarching goals. First, I demonstrate that during the wake of Reconstruction, newly freed persons’ interest in returning to Africa did not die with the Civil War. Second, I identify and analyze the motivations of blacks seeking autonomy in Africa. Third, I tell the stories and challenges of those black Georgians who chose emigration as the means to civil and political freedom in the face of white opposition. In understanding the motives of black Georgians who emigrated to Liberia, I analyze correspondence from black and white Georgians and the white leaders of the American Colonization Society and letters from Liberia settlers to black friends and families in the Unites States. These letters can be found within the American Colonization Society Papers correspondence files and some letters reprinted in the ACS’s monthly periodical, the African Repository. To date, no single work has been published on the historical significance of black Georgians who emigrated to Liberia during Reconstruction. What my research uncovers is that that 31 percent of the 3,184 passengers transported to West Africa by the American Colonization Society from 1865 to 1877 were Georgians, thereby making Georgia, the leading states to produce the highest numbers of blacks to resettle in Liberia and the logical focal point for the African-American emigration movement during Reconstruction.
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Murray, Robert P. "Whiteness in Africa: Americo-Liberians and the Transformative Geographies of Race." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/23.

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This dissertation examines the constructed racial identities of African American settlers in colonial Liberia as they traversed the Atlantic between the United States and West Africa during the first half of the nineteenth century. In one of the great testaments that race is a social construction, the West African neighbors and inhabitants of Liberia, who conceived of themselves as “black,” recognized the significant cultural differences between themselves and these newly-arrived Americans and racially categorized the newcomers as “white.” This project examines the ramifications for these African American settlers of becoming simultaneously white and black through their Atlantic mobility. This is not to suggest that those African Americans who relocated to Liberia somehow desired to be white or hoped to “pass” as white after their arrival in Africa. Instead, the Americo-Liberians utilized their African whiteness to lay claim to an exotic, foreign identity that also escaped associations of primitivism. This project makes several significant contributions to scholarship on the colonization movement, whiteness, and Atlantic world. Importantly for scholarship on Liberia, it reestablishes the colony as but one evolving point within the Atlantic world instead of its usual interpretative place as the end of a transatlantic journey. Whether as disgruntled former settlers, or paid spokesmen for the American Colonization Society (ACS), or visitors returning to childhood abodes, or emancipators looking to free families from the chains of slavery, or students seeking medical degrees, Liberian settlers returned to the United States and they were remarkably uninterested in returning to their formerly downtrodden place in American society. This project examines the “tools” provided to Americo-Liberians by their African residence to negotiate a new relationship with the white inhabitants of the United States. These were not just metaphorical arguments shouted across the Atlantic Ocean and focusing on the experiences of Americo-Liberians in the United States highlights that these “negotiations” had practical applications for the lives of settlers in both the United States and Africa. The African whiteness of the settlers would function as a bargaining chip when they approached that rhetorical bargaining table.
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Ouattara, Gnimbin Albert. "Africans, Cherokees, and the ABCFM Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century: An Unusual Story of Redemption." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07302007-160102/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Charles G. Steffen, committee chair; Mohammed Hassen Ali, Wayne J. Urban, committee members. Electronic text (322 p.) : digital, PDF file. Title from file title page. Description based on contents viewed Dec. 5, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 284-318).
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Books on the topic "American Colonization Society. African Americans Liberia"

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Reef, Catherine. This our dark country: The American settlers of Liberia. New York: Clarion Books, 2002.

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McDaniel, Matthew F. Emigration to Liberia from the Chattahoochee Valley of Georgia and Alabama, 1853-1903. Montgomery: NewSouth Books, 2013.

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3

Slavery and the peculiar solution: A history of the American Colonization Society. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005.

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Eastman, Ernest. A History of the state of Maryland in Liberia. Monrovia, Liberia: Bishop John Collins Teachers College, 2007.

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Eastman, Ernest. A History of the state of Maryland in Liberia. Monrovia, Liberia: Bishop John Collins Teachers College, 2007.

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6

Tyler-McGraw, Marie. An African republic: Black & White Virginians in the making of Liberia. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.

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Tyler-McGraw, Marie. An African republic: Black and White Virginians in the making of Liberia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.

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8

Society, Maryland Historical, ed. On Afric's shore: A history of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2003.

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9

C, Barnes Kenneth. Journey of hope: The Back-to-Africa movement in Arkansas in the late 1800s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

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African American settlements in West Africa: John Brown Russwurm and the American civilizing efforts. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "American Colonization Society. African Americans Liberia"

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Beyan, Amos J. "The American Colonization Society Civilizing Mission in Liberia and John B. Russwurm, 1829–1836." In African American Settlements in West Africa, 39–84. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979193_4.

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Preston, Daniel. "James Monroe and the Practicalities of Emancipation and Colonization." In New Directions in the Study of African American Recolonization. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054247.003.0007.

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Of all of the politicians who supported the American Colonization Society, James Monroe did the most to support the colony financially. Through his efforts, the federal government assisted in the resettlement of African Americans in Liberia. Preston considers Monroe’s motives for supporting the society and explores his ideas about race and slavery in the process.
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Gonzalez, Aston. "The Optics of Liberian Emigration." In Visualizing Equality, 145–67. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659961.003.0006.

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This chapter explores the life and work of Augustus Washington, the free African American photographer, who envisioned more rights and freedoms than those available in the United States. Anticipating a future in the United States bound by racial restraints, he packed up his successful photography studio in Hartford, Connecticut, and emigrated to Monrovia, Liberia. Washington worked closely with the American Colonization Society to convince black Americans to leave their homeland for Liberia and attempted to provoke viewers of his images to envision the potential of black rights in the United States that he enjoyed in Liberia. Washington’s images promulgating black Liberian political leadership and economic promise abroad offered a vision of freedom that belied a hierarchical, and often oppressive, Liberian society. In the wake of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, his images brought into focus the debates among African Americans about the uncertain, and perhaps imperiled, future of black people in the United States.
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Page, Sebastian N. "The American Colonization Society and the Civil War." In New Directions in the Study of African American Recolonization. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054247.003.0011.

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Page calls for a new assessment of the American Colonization Society by shifting the focus from the often-discussed Early Republic and Antebellum years to the period of the U.S. Civil War. This period is important because it covers the time in which an essentially northern-managed society suffered an abrupt severance from its associates in the South while the federal government enacted emancipation, recognized Liberia as an independent nation, and finally officially endorsed colonization. The society’s efforts during the Civil War reveal a great deal about its leaders’ understanding of their mission as well as the government’s relationship with colonization.
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Ericson, David F. "The American Colonization Society’s Not-So-Private Colonization Project." In New Directions in the Study of African American Recolonization. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054247.003.0006.

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Ericson traces the efforts of the American Colonization Society to gain the financial support of the U.S. government and the public-private partnership that ensued. He maintains that this partnership was not only one of the first of its kind on the federal level, but that it was also the most enduring prior to the Civil War. He concludes that without federal support, the society probably would never have founded Liberia and that the support was crucial to the colony’s survival.
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Murray, Robert. "Introduction." In Atlantic Passages, 1–22. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066752.003.0001.

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The introduction summarizes the content of the chapters and places the research in a broader context. This book focuses on the experiences and beliefs of the African American settlers and Africans in the colony of Liberia and on its earliest years as a republic after independence in 1847. Readers will notice that while Murray examines Liberia and Liberians broadly, he often focuses his analytical gaze upon the independent colony of Maryland in Liberia, established by the Maryland State Colonization Society (MSCS) in 1834. The MSCS desired to shift colonization in a more antislavery direction and did not believe it could accomplish this goal within the confines of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color (the American Colonization Society or ACS).
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Burin, Eric. "The Cape Mesurado Contract." In New Directions in the Study of African American Recolonization. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054247.003.0012.

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Burin takes on the notion that colonization was a pipedream that allowed its supporters to sidestep the dilemmas that sprung from the existence of slavery and racism by looking at how the movement’s supporters transformed their ideas into action. He maintains that colonization was more than a form of escapism and that supporters of Liberia shaped society in significant ways. Perhaps most significantly, they converted their notions about colonization into the founding of Liberia, which started out as a colony but became a nation. As one of the world’s first black republics, it profoundly affected debates over slavery, freedom, and race. Significantly, this nation still exists and influences the world today.
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Lindsay, Lisa A. "Leaving Home." In Atlantic Bonds: A Nineteenth-Century Odyssey from America to Africa. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631127.003.0003.

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In late 1852, twenty-four year old Church Vaughan boarded a ship bound for Liberia. The vessel had been chartered by the American Colonization Society, an organization founded by white philanthropists and politicians to send African Americans “back” to Africa. As this chapter details, the Society’s mission and efforts were fraught with racist condescension. Since its beginning, African Americans and their allies were repelled by the white supremacy inherent in the Society’s mission and its kowtowing to slaveholders, and relatively few enrolled in the emigration scheme. By the early 1850s, however, new developments pushed increasing numbers of African Americans, like Vaughan, to look toward the continent of their ancestors. As sectional divisions tore at the United States, southern politicians devised new laws to limit free black people’s mobility, inhibit their ability to make a living, and generally equate them with slaves. As Church reached adulthood, predatory officials threatened his family’s livelihood, while the old ties of patronage that had protected them in an earlier era disappeared. Even if emigration did offer a chance for a new life where black people governed themselves, it was a hard bargain to make. This chapter includes an account of some of Church Vaughan’s Liberia-bound shipmates, who chose to leave the United States only under terrible duress. Church Vaughan almost did not leave either.
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Lindsay, Lisa A. "The Love of Liberty." In Atlantic Bonds: A Nineteenth-Century Odyssey from America to Africa. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631127.003.0004.

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Within months of his arrival in Liberia in 1853, Church Vaughan was able to undertake more of the rights and duties of citizenship than he ever had before. He trained and served with a militia; he received a land grant to establish his own homestead; and he was eligible to vote. Yet Vaughan spent less than three years in Liberia. What motivated him to leave? As this chapter details, Vaughan learned that settler society was in its own way as exclusive and exploitative as the one he had left behind in South Carolina. From the beginnings of American colonization, a series of military battles and lopsided treaties had either displaced local African peoples or else brought them under the “protection” of the Liberian administration, subject to the foreigners’ laws and unfavorable trading agreements. Liberia’s boosters described this process as bringing civilization, especially since one of their goals was to stop slave trading between local leaders and transatlantic purchasers. Yet Liberians’ use of indigenous labor for their own enterprises closely resembled slavery, as some contemporaries pointed out. When presented with the opportunity to leave Liberia—for a place reputed to be roiled by warfare and slave-trading, no less—Vaughan took it.
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Lindsey, Susan E. "I Have Been in the Legislature." In Liberty Brought Us Here, 103–11. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813179339.003.0018.

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In January 1846, Wesley Harlan, now nineteen, visits Monrovia, sixty miles northwest of his home. As he walks around the capital, he recalls his arrival in Liberia ten years earlier. Now he’s come to Monrovia to attend a church conference and to witness the legislature in action. Following his visit, Wesley writes to James Moore, a former neighbor in Kentucky. Wesley provides valuable information about the colony and an extensive overview of the major settlements. James Moore later forwards Wesley’s letters to the American Colonization Society, which publishes them in their periodical, The African Repository.
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