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Academic literature on the topic 'American Constitution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "American Constitution"

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Fröschl, Thomas. "Rezeption und Einfluss der American Constitution in den deutschen Verfassungsdebatten, 1789 bis 1949." Journal of Modern European History 6, no. 1 (2008): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944_2008_1_38.

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Perception and Impact of the American Constitution on German Constitutional Debates, 1789–1949 This article considers the impact of the American federal constitution of 1787 on German constitutional debates. Its prime chronological focus is on the nineteenth century, as this time period has so far received relatively little systematic scholarly attention. The article examines both the political rhetoric that emphasised – and often exaggerated – American influences and the practical impact these debates had on constitutions in German-speaking countries. The article highlights the extreme complexity of such developments, with very widely different perceptions of what ‹America› stood for, being used as a reference point in constitutional debates. The direct impact of American constitutional thinking on the structure and design of constitutions in German countries remained, however, very limited. It was only after the unconditional surrender of National Socialist Germany that a constitutional order emerged in the Federal Republic in 1949 that embodied significant elements of American (or more generally ‹Western›) constitutional thought, most importantly in the provisions for ‹basic rights› and a Federal Constitutional Court in the West German Basic Law.

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Tarr, G. Alan. "Civil Liberties Under State Constitutions." Political Science Teacher 1, no. 4 (1988): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896082800000362.

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Ask most political scientists about constitutional law, and they will tell you about the Federal Constitution and its interpretation by the U.S. Supreme Court. Examine a text on American constitutional law, and you will likely find the same tendency to equate constitutional law with the U.S. Constitution. Even the recent campaign for constitutional literacy during the Bicentennial of the Constitution altogether ignored the most obvious gap in Americans' constitutional knowledge—namely, the virtually total ignorance about state constitutions.This inattention to state constitutions and state constitutionalism is unfortunate, because state constitutions are assuming an increasing importance in American politics. They have served as the incubators for institutional innovations that are now receiving national attention. President Reagan's proposals for a balanced budget amendment and for an item veto both had their origins in state charters. Moreover, because most state constitutions can be amended relatively easily, they have provided an alternative avenue by which groups that are blocked in the legislative process can pursue political change. California's Proposition 13 is a case in point. Finally, state constitutions have furnished the basis for probably the most significant development in civil liberties law over the past two decades, namely, the rediscovery of state bills of rights as independent protections for civil liberties.

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Graber, Mark A. "Why Interpret? Political Justification and American Constitutionalism." Review of Politics 56, no. 3 (1994): 415–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500018908.

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This article offers a new understanding of political justification and American constitutionalism. Previous scholarship relies on philosophical justifications of constitutionalism which regard the American Constitution as the blueprint of the good society. Such claims fail to explain why persons should interpret a constitution that does not conform to their conception of political justice. Scholars could offer better reasons for interpreting an imperfect constitution if they placed greater emphasis on two other models of political justification. Institutional justifications of constitutionalism regard Constitutions as standard operating procedures for allocating the resources available for achieving the good society. Social justifications of constitutionalism regard constitutions as compromises among people of fundamentally different views. By combining philosophical, institutional and social perspectives, scholars might strengthen the case for constitutional obedience and provide better foundations for a theory of constitutional interpretation.

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Brown, Adam R., and Jeremy C. Pope. "Measuring and Manipulating Constitutional Evaluations in the States: Legitimacy Versus Veneration." American Politics Research 47, no. 5 (2018): 1135–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x18776626.

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American civil religion places the U.S. Constitution on a pedestal. Although this veneration is well-documented, it is unclear where it originates and why other constitutions do not attract the same reverence. We develop a measure of constitutional respect and conduct a randomized survey experiment testing whether new information can change respondents’ evaluations of their state or national constitutions. We find that people do respond to new information about state constitutions, but not to information about the national document, suggesting that Americans view the U.S. Constitution with the sort of veneration and reverence James Madison advocated, while viewing their state constitutions through a more Jeffersonian lens of legitimacy, one that favors continually revising these constitutions to meet the living generation’s needs.

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Hammons, Christopher W. "Was James Madison Wrong? Rethinking the American Preference for Short, Framework-Oriented Constitutions." American Political Science Review 93, no. 4 (1999): 837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586116.

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American constitutional thought has long held that short, framework-oriented constitutions last longer than lengthy, statute-oriented constitutions. The longevity of the U.S. Constitution contributes heavily to this assumption. Not surprisingly, political scientists criticize state constitutions for their greater length and tendency to address issues better dealt with through ordinary statute law. These “defects” are frequently cited as responsible for the shorter lifespan of state constitutions. An examination of the 145 constitutions used by the American states since 1776, however, reveals a relationship among content, length, and durability that refutes the assumption that the design of the national constitution is necessarily superior. To the contrary, the analysis here reveals that longer and more detailed design of state constitutions actually enhances rather than reduces their longevity.

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Reck, Andrew J. "The Philosophical Background of the American Constitution(s)." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 19 (March 1985): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135824610000463x.

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The Constitution of the United States was constructed by men influenced by fundamental ideas of what a republic should be. These ideas hark back to the ancient philosophers and historians, and were further articulated and developed in modern times. From time to time scholars have sought to collect and reprint selections from the classical, biblical, and modern sources upon which the Founding Fathers fed. Remarkably, however, the best anthology of these sources to understand the republican idea that undergirds the Federal Constitution was prepared on the eve of the Constitutional Convention by John Adams, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, then in London as American envoy to Great Britain and eventually the second President of the United States. I refer to Adams' A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, against the attack of M. Turgot, in his letter to Dr. Price, 22 March, 1778.

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Reck, Andrew J. "The Philosophical Background of the American Constitution(s)." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 19 (March 1985): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957042x00004636.

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The Constitution of the United States was constructed by men influenced by fundamental ideas of what a republic should be. These ideas hark back to the ancient philosophers and historians, and were further articulated and developed in modern times. From time to time scholars have sought to collect and reprint selections from the classical, biblical, and modern sources upon which the Founding Fathers fed. Remarkably, however, the best anthology of these sources to understand the republican idea that undergirds the Federal Constitution was prepared on the eve of the Constitutional Convention by John Adams, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, then in London as American envoy to Great Britain and eventually the second President of the United States. I refer to Adams' A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, against the attack of M. Turgot, in his letter to Dr. Price, 22 March, 1778.

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Osuchowska, Marta, and Aleksandra Syryt. "Konstytucyjne podstawy wolności religijnej w wybranych państwach Europy i Ameryki Łacińskiej." Polski Przegląd Stosunków Miedzynarodowych, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/ppsm.2015.05.04.

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The constitutional basis for religious freedom in selected countries in Europe and Latin AmericaReligion helps man keep his own identity. It enables him to participate in a common heritage. The study provides the constitutional basis for religious freedom in the individual dimension in selected countries in Europe and Latin America. The authors discuss the provisions on religious freedom enshrined in the constitutions of Italy, Spain and Portugal, as well as Argentina, Chile and Colombia.The analysis leads to the conclusion that religious freedom is a human right protected both in the constitutions of European countries as well as in the constitutions of Latin American countries.The inclusion of the provisions on religious freedom in the individual dimension in the constitutions is due to certain similarities of the system of European and Latin American. Common features of both systems is that Europe and Latin America belong to the so-called Western civilization. The legal systems of Latin American countries formed primarily on the basis of Roman law.Although the wording of the provisions on religious freedom in the individual dimension in the constitutions of Latin American countries is similar to the editorial rules of the constitution states of Europe, in practice there are other ways to implement this freedom and guarantees its protection.

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Lewis, Andrew R., William D. Blake, Stephen T. Mockabee, and Amanda Friesen. "American Constitutional Faith and the Politics of Hermeneutics." Politics and Religion 13, no. 1 (2019): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175504831900021x.

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AbstractAs more debates in American politics become constitutional questions, effective citizens must engage in constitutional interpretation. While most Americans venerate the Constitution as a part of a national, civil religion, levels of constitutional knowledge are also very low. In this paper, we analyze how ordinary Americans approach the task of constitutional interpretation. An analysis of two cross-sectional surveys indicates constitutional hermeneutics are a product of political factors, religious affiliation, and biblical interpretive preferences. We also present the results of a survey experiment where the manipulation of a clergy's interpretation of a biblical passage affects how respondents interpret both scripture and the Constitution, providing a potential causal mechanism for learning how to engage in hermeneutics.

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Hulsebosch, Daniel J. "The Ancient Constitution and the Expanding Empire: Sir Edward Coke's British Jurisprudence." Law and History Review 21, no. 3 (2003): 439–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595117.

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One of the great, unrecognized ironies in Anglo-American constitutional history is that Sir Edward Coke, the seventeenth-century mythologist of the “ancient constitution” and the English jurist most celebrated in early America, did not believe that subjects enjoyed the common law and many related rights of Englishmen while overseas. “The common law,” Coke declared in Parliament in 1628, “meddles with nothing that is done beyond the seas.” The ancient constitution was an English constitution and, though non-English subjects of the English king could enjoy its liberties and privileges while in England, it did not apply to anyone outside that realm. The jurisprudence that gave intellectual shape to colonial resistance before, and to notions of the rule of law after, the American Revolution was not intended by its primary author to benefit Americans. Whether or not the ancient constitution existed time out of mind, it did not extend to land out of sight.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "American Constitution"

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Seay, Stephen Heywood. "The transformation of the American Constitution." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/576.

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Tidwell, Wylie Jason Donte' III. "Colonial South Carolina's influence on the American constitution." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2010. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/151.

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This research examines whether or not the colonial statutes of South Carolina, created between 1600 and 1787, helped to shape the American Constitution regarding race and the institution of slavery. The research suggests that South Carolina’s persistence and insistence that the institution of racial slavery be protected by the Constitution was a major influence on the perception of slavery by its framers. The Constitution was the document that ultimately encompassed most of the political thoughts and issues found in colonial America. This research was based on the premise that the field of Black Studies was in need of an analysis and comparison of the similarities between the racism that existed in colonial America and racism after the adoption of the American Constitution and its amendments. The researcher found that South Carolina’s diligence and insistence during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, that racial slavery be protected by the Constitution, was the major influence on how the American Constitution would be worded, in reference to slavery as a means of representation and possible economical gains. The conclusions drawn from the findings suggest that, the American Constitution emerged as an inherently racist document supporting slavery as a means of furthering American economic needs. The colonists in all the British colonies (South Carolina included) passed a series of laws that helped maintain the structure of slavery and gave them control over their slave labor. However, colonial South Carolina statutes, more than other colonies, were developed to maintain slavery. These statutes were later supported by the American legal system.

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Mayo-Bobee, Dinah. "Slavery in the Constitution." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/740.

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Faber, Michael J. "Founding expectations American politics and the debate over the Constitution /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337245.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Political Science, 2008.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 28, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-12, Section: A, page: 4855. Adviser: Russell L. Hanson.

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Harris, Carissa Joan-Zall. "Civics in American Public Schools: State Constitutions and the Right to an Education." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23688.

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A literal reading of the United States Constitution finds no mention of education. Because no fundamental federal mandate exists to provide public education for citizens, the Tenth Amendment gives states the authority for public education policy. Because states have different constitutional standards for education, civics requirements have little national consistency. This thesis explores the connections between state constitutional provisions for public education and graduation requirements for civics in each state. The research examined how state constitutions address education policy and whether states with language specifically connecting education to the maintenance of democracy required more stringent civics requirements for students to graduate from secondary school. Further investigation explored whether and how state constitutions in Minnesota and Wisconsin appeared to influence the development of graduation requirements. Indeed, Minnesota, whose constitution connects education to the maintenance of democracy, had a curriculum policy process far more rooted in its constitutional traditions than did Wisconsin, which had no such constitutional language or curriculum process.<br>Master of Arts

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Mayo, Walker P. "The Federal Bill of Rights and the States before the Fourteenth Amendment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358546.

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Mayo-Bobee, Dinah. "The U.S. Constitution and Slavery Debate." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/735.

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Edling, Max. "The American Constitution and the Federalist concept of the State, 1787-1788." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251726.

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Ingraham, Kevin R. ""True Principles of Liberty and Natural Right"| The Vermont State Constitution and the American Revolution." Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10752319.

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<p> The Vermont state constitution was the most revolutionary and democratic plan of government established in America during the late eighteenth century. It abolished adult slavery, eliminated property qualifications for holding office, and established universal male suffrage. It invested broad power in a unicameral legislature, through which citizens might directly express their will through their elected representatives. It created a weak executive with limited power to veto legislation. It mandated annual elections for all state offices, by which the people might frequently accept, or reject, their leaders. It thus established a participatory democracy in which ordinary citizens enjoyed broad access to power. It was, in the words of Ethan Allen, government based on “true principles of liberty and natural right.” </p><p> Over the course of the revolutionary period, furthermore, the people of Vermont defended their democratic system against repeated attempts to weaken it. The constitution included a mechanism by which, every seven years, a Council of Censors would be elected which had the power to propose revisions to the plan of government. Constitutional conventions met in 1786 and 1793 to consider these recommendations, and though the delegates accepted a number of minor revisions, they rejected innovations that would have significantly altered the state’s system of participatory democracy. In this sense, the experience of Vermont during this period differed from that of other states, which had by the end of this period established systems that concentrated power in the hands of a limited number of citizens. </p><p> The people of Vermont established this form of government for a number of reasons. Perhaps the most important factor was that Vermont was a rural, agrarian and backcountry region, populated by small subsistence farmers with a common set of interests and grievances. Here, and elsewhere across America during this period, small farmers often clashed with political and economic elites over issues of taxation and the conditions of land ownership. When confronted with policies they perceived to be unjust, they often rose up to defend their interests. However, unlike other rebellions during this period, the New Hampshire Grants insurgency succeeded, and led to the establishment of an independent state. Moreover, the grievances that motivated these backcountry insurgents included political dimensions. Subsistence farmers demanded a greater voice in the governments that had promulgated policies they perceived to be unjust. Living under more democratic forms of government, they realized, would enable them to enact laws that promoted their interests. </p><p> This study informs our understanding of the American Revolution in a number of ways. For one, events in Vermont demonstrate the importance of internal divisions and conflict in the Revolution. Rural farmers challenged the land-owning and mercantile elite of New York, and won. In the process, they created the most revolutionary and democratic constitution in America. Vermont thus went further than any other state in fulfilling the promise of the Revolution. Ironically, however, this very achievement illustrates the limits of the Revolution. In other states, common people continued to face significant restrictions on their access to power. Universal suffrage for white males, for example, was not achieved until the mid-nineteenth century, and slavery was not abolished until 1865. Perhaps, then, the Revolution is best understood not as a watershed event that radically changed American society, but rather as one episode in a much longer continuum of change. </p><p> This study also seeks to change Vermont’s place in the historiography of the Revolution. As an independent republic, unrecognized by any outside power, historians often treat it as an anomaly. As a result, it is often neglected. Vermont, however, deserves to be taken seriously. Though it was not formally recognized by other states, its government exercised full authority and sovereignty within its borders. Its constitution, furthermore, embodied the purest expression of radical republican ideals in America at the time. It was a singular achievement of the American Revolution. Rather than be relegated to the shadows, therefore, Vermont deserves to be at the forefront of the discussion. By doing so we may more clearly understand the nature of the American Revolution itself, with all its achievements, limitations, and contradictions.</p><p>

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Flint, Brian M. "LOSING THE COLONIES: HOW DIFFERING INTERPRETATIONS OF THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION CAUSED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/483.

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Faced with an economic crisis following the French and Indian War, the British Parliament, along with a young and inexperienced King George III changed its longstanding policy towards the North American colonies. Prior to 1763, Parliament allowed the colonies to generally govern themselves. After 1763, Parliament began to pass legislation aimed at increasing revenue received from the colonies. As the colonies protested these new taxes on constitutional grounds Parliament began a process of implementing and repealing different attempts at controlling the economic system in the colonies. Due to differing interpretations of the British Constitution regarding Parliament's authority over the colonies, resistance to the change in policy by Parliament escalated in the 1760s and 1770s. It is this difference in interpretation that eventually led the colonists to open rebellion in 1775.

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Books on the topic "American Constitution"

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1923-, Levy Leonard Williams, Karst Kenneth L, and Mahoney Dennis J, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Macmillan, 1986.

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Library, Princeton University, ed. Princeton University Latin American pamphlet collection. Photographic Services, Princeton University Library, 1989.

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How democratic is the American Constitution? Yale University Press, 2001.

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P, Thelen David, ed. The Constitution and American life. Cornell University Press, 1988.

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How democratic is the American Constitution? 2nd ed. Yale Nota Bene, 2003.

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Latin American constitutions: The constitution of Cádiz and its legacy in Spanish America. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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1923-, Levy Leonard Williams, Karst Kenneth L, and Mahoney Dennis J, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Macmillan, 1986.

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1923-, Levy Leonard Williams, Karst Kenneth L, and West John G, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Macmillan Pub. Co., 1992.

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1923-, Levy Leonard Williams, Karst Kenneth L, and Mahoney Dennis J, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Macmillan, 1990.

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Heffernan, William C. Privacy and the American Constitution. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43135-2.

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Book chapters on the topic "American Constitution"

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Bond, Jon R., Kevin B. Smith, and Lydia M. Andrade. "The American Constitution." In Analyzing American Democracy, 4th ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003164432-3.

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Bond, Jon R., and Kevin B. Smith. "The American Constitution." In Analyzing American Democracy. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429438035-2.

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Smith, Raymond A. "The U.S. Constitution." In The American Anomaly. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351034821-2.

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Sellers, M. N. S. "The United States Constitution." In American Republicanism. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13347-5_11.

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Wasserman, Gary, and Elliott Fullmer. "The Constitution." In The Basics of American Politics, 17th ed. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003329343-2.

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Jillson, Cal. "The Revolution and the Constitution." In American Government. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351239226-1.

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Jillson, Cal. "The Revolution and the Constitution." In American Government. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041764-2.

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Jillson, Cal. "The Revolution and the Constitution." In American Government. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003029304-1.

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Sellers, M. N. S. "Polybius and the Roman Constitution." In American Republicanism. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13347-5_9.

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Jillson, Cal. "The Revolution and the Constitution." In American Government, 12th ed. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003303954-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "American Constitution"

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Su, Minghua. "Analysis on constitution of American college republicans." In 2016 2nd Chinese Youth’s Health Forum – Physiology, Psychology and Education. Asian Academic Press Co., Limited, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24104/rmhe/2017.01.02005.

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Тимонин, М. А. "EPISODES OF THE PAMPHLET WAR: EXPERIENCE IN STUDYING CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PREREQUISITES INDEPENDENCE OF THE USA." In ИНСТИТУТЫ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ГРАЖДАНИНА В ИСТОРИИ РОССИИ. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56777/lawinn.2023.27.52.016.

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Актуальной задачей отечественной историко-правовой науки на современном этапе ее развития является выработка нового взгляда на предысторию США. Целью работы является анализ процесса формирования конституционно-правовых предпосылок независимости США, в том числе, борьбы колонистов за неукоснительное соблюдение одного из принципов британской конституции на территории Северной Америки, выраженного лозунгом - нет налогов без представительства. Исследование позволило выявить незавершенность британского конституционного права на всех его уровнях, включая право самой метрополии и её колоний. Чем и воспользовались лидеры американских патриотов, которые к своей выгоде использовали как неустойчивость, так и неопределенность правоотношений, сложившихся между имперским центром и колониями. An urgent task of the national historical and legal science at the present stage of its development is to develop a new look at the prehistory of the United States. The purpose of the work is to analyze the process of formation of the constitutional and legal prerequisites for the independence of the United States, including the struggle of the colonists for strict observance of one of the principles of the British Constitution in North America, expressed by the slogan - no taxes without representation. The study revealed the incompleteness of British constitutional law at all its levels, including the law of the metropolis itself and its colonies. This was what the leaders of the American patriots took advantage of, who used to their advantage both the instability and the uncertainty of the legal relations that had developed between the imperial center and the colonies.

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Fatima Hajizada, Fatima Hajizada. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN VERSION OF THE BRITISH LANGUAGE." In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC – PRACTICAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN MODERN & SOCIAL SCIENCES: NEW DIMENSIONS, APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mssndac-01-10.

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English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.

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4

Matei, Ion, Johan de Kleer, and Raj Minhas. "Learning constitutive equations of physical components with constraints discovery." In 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.2018.8431510.

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5

Thandaga Nagaraju, Hemanth, James Nance, Bhavani Sankar, Ghatu Subhash, and Raphael Haftka. "Evaluation of Constitutive Relationship for Silicon Carbide Cladding Material." In 2020 American Nuclear Society Winter Meeting. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1866233.

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6

Matei, Ion, Johan De Kleer, Maksym Zhenirovskyy, and Alexander Feldman. "Learning constitutive equations of physical components with predefined feasibility conditions." In 2019 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.2019.8814675.

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7

LI, RUI, and DIANYUN ZHANG. "A Fabric Architecture Based Constitutive Model for Fiber Reinforced Rubbers." In American Society for Composites 2017. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc2017/15400.

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8

LI, RUI, and DIANYUN ZHANG. "A Visco-hyperelastic Constitutive Model for Fiber-Reinforced Rubber Composites." In American Society for Composites 2018. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc33/26145.

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9

SAIN, TRISHA, and SHAWN CHESTER. "A Thermo-Mechanically Coupled Constitutive Model for Curing of Polymers." In American Society for Composites 2019. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc34/31362.

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10

Wolenski, Anderson Renato Vobornik, Anelize Borges Monteiro, Roque Luiza da Silva Pitangueira, Samuel Silva Penna, and Felício Bruzzi Barros. "GFEM NONLINEAR ANALYSIS USING MICROPLANE CONSTITUTIVE MODELS." In XXXVI Iberian Latin American Congress on Computational Methods in Engineering. ABMEC Brazilian Association of Computational Methods in Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20906/cps/cilamce2015-0563.

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Reports on the topic "American Constitution"

1

Afsaruddin, Asma. NEGOTIATING VIRTUE AND REALPOLITIK IN ISLAMIC GOOD GOVERNANCE. IIIT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.002.20.

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These words of John Lewis represent a scathing criticism of the contemporary failures of the United States, the oldest and possibly most vibrant democratic nation-state in the world. The words also express a deep disappointment that the principles of equality and justice enshrined in the US constitution have been honored more in the breach when they pertain to African-Americans, many of whose ancestors arrived on these shores long before those of their Euro-American compatriots.

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2

Wallis, John Joseph. Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and Constitutional Change. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10451.

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3

Rojas Scheffer, Raquel. http://mecila.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/WP-27-Rojas-Scheffer_Online.pdf. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/rojasscheffer.2020.27.

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Households that hire domestic workers are a space of compulsive encounters where people of different origins and social class meet, experiencing physical proximity that makes the social distance that prevails between them even more noticeable. Drawing on current research and scholarship on paid domestic work in Latin America, this paper explores the different ways of analysing the encounters of women from highly unequal social positions in the narrowness of the private household, arguing that the combination of physical proximity and affective ties fosters the (re)production of social inequalities and asymmetries of power. But while it is within the convivial relations of these households that inequality becomes evident, it is also there where it can be negotiated, fought, or mitigated. Households that hire domestic workers are thus a privileged site for observing negotiations and disputes concerning social inequalities, and hence, a critical context to study the reciprocal constitution of conviviality and inequality.

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4

Legislative Best Practices for Securing Women’s Rights to Community Lands. Rights and Resources Initiative, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/tkzh7332.

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This brief highlights key attributes of national constitutions, laws, and regulations that play a fundamental role in protecting indigenous and rural women’s rights to community forests and other community lands. These legislative best practices were derived from a 2017 analysis of over 400 national laws and regulations, Power and Potential, which evaluates the extent to which women’s rights to community forests are recognized by national law in 30 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) across Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

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