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Larsson, Joakim, and Henrik Sjökvist. "American Football : A Markovian Approach." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188987.
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This bachelor's thesis in applied mathematics & industrial economics is an attempt to model drives in American football using Markov chains. The transition matrix is obtained through logit regression analysis on historical data from the NFL. Different outcomes of drives are modelled as separate absorbing states in the Markov chain. Absorption probabilities are calculated representing the probabilities of each outcome. Results are tested against a Markov chain with the transition matrix based on frequency analysis. Three scoring rules unanimously declare the regression based model to be superior. The application of the model pertains to live sports betting. With the insight provided by the Markovian model, a bettor should be able to make statistically informed betting decisions. The prospect of creating a start-up based on the Markovian betting model is discussed.Denna kandidatuppsats i tillämpad matematik & industriell ekonomi är ett försök till att modellera drives i amerikansk fotboll med hjälp av Markovkedjor. Övergångsmatrisen fås genom logit-regressionsanalys av historisk data från NFL. Olika utfall av drives modelleras som separata absorberande tillstånd i Markovkedjan. Absorptionssannolikheter beräknas, vilka representerar sannolikheterna för de olika utfallen. Resultaten testas mot en Markovkedja där övergångsmatrisen fås genom frekvensanalys. Tre olika poängregler föredrar enhälligt den regressionsbaserade modellen. Modellens tillämpning berör sportbetting. Med hjälp av Markovmodellen bör en spelare kunna ta statistiskt underbyggda beslut i deras betting. Möjligheterna att skapa ett företag baserat på Markovmodellen diskuteras.
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Gleason, Benjamin H., James B. Kramer, and Michael H. Stone. "Agility Training for American Football." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4630.
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Agility and change of direction training is an under-studied topic in American football. A considerable amount of research has been performed with athletes competing in other contact sports. As such, evaluating methods that have shown to improve agility in other sports may lead to new methods to enhance football performance. A framework of the methods used by a highly successful NCAA Division-1 football championship subdivision team is included as a model that may show promise in enhancing football performance.
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Lewis, Marc Theron. "Athlete Monitoring in American Collegiate Football." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102738.
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American football is one of the most popular sports in the United States. However, in comparison to other mainstream sports such as soccer and rugby, there is limited literature using scientific principles and theory to examine the most appropriate ways to monitor the sport. This serves as a barrier to American football practitioners in their development and implementation of evidence-based sport preparation programs. Therefore, the primary aim of this line of research (i.e., dissertation) is to illustrate the efficacy of commonly used athlete monitoring tools within the sport of American collegiate football, while proposing a systematic framework to guide the development of an athlete monitoring program. This aim was achieved through a series of studies with the following objectives: 1) to quantify the physical demands of American collegiate football practice by creating physiological movement profiles through the use of integrated microtechnology metrics and heart rate indices, 2) to determine the positional differences in the physical practice demands of American collegiate football athletes, 3) to examine which integrated microtechnology metrics might be used to most efficiently monitor the training load of American collegiate football athletes, 4) to demonstrate the suitability of using the countermovement jump (CMJ) to assess training adaptations in American collegiate football athletes through examining weekly changes in CMJ performance over the course of two 4-week periodized training blocks (8 weeks total), and 5) to examine the effect of acute fatigue on CMJ performance in American football athletes. The first study from this line of research quantified the physical demands of American collegiate football by position groups and found significant differences in both running based and non-running based training load metrics. In addition, the first study utilized a principal component analysis to determine 5 'principal' components that explain approximately 81% of the variance within the data. The second study utilized a univariate analysis and found significant changes in CMJ performance due the effect of time with significant improvements in CMJ 'strategy' variables over the training period. Finally, the third study used effects sizes to illustrate a larger magnitude of change in CMJ 'strategy' variables than CMJ 'output' variables due to effect of acute fatigue. Results from studies 2 and 3 suggest the importance of monitoring CMJ strategy variables when monitoring training adaptations and fatigue in American collegiate football athletes. This line of research provides practitioners with a systematic framework through which they can develop and implement evidence-based sport preparation programs within their own organizational context. In addition, this line of research provides practitioners with recommendations for which metrics to monitor when tracking training load in American collegiate football using integrated microtechnology. Finally, this line of research demonstrates how to assess training adaptations and fatigue using the CMJ within the sport of American collegiate football, while providing an empirical base through which the selection of CMJ variables can take place. Collectively, this line of research uses scientific principles and theory to extend the current literature in American collegiate football, while providing practitioners with a guide to athlete monitoring within the sport.Doctor of Philosophy
American football is one the most popular sports in the United States. Despite its popularity, there is limited research using scientific principles and theories to examine ways to most effectively monitor the sport. Broadly, athlete monitoring refers to the process of providing informational feedback from the athlete to practitioners. This allows practitioners to make decisions informed by data. Therefore, this line of research (i.e. dissertation) aimed to use a variety of commonly used athlete monitoring tools to monitor American collegiate football athletes, while proposing a framework to guide in the development of an athlete monitoring program. This line of research consisted of a series of 3 studies. In study #1, it was found that integrated microtechnology units and heart rate sensors could be used to determine the physical demands of American collegiate football practice, as well as differences in the physical demands of practice by position group. In addition, a set of 5 training load constructs were found through which training load in American collegiate football athletes may be appropriately monitored. In study #2, it was found that countermovement jump (CMJ) strategy variables indicating how the jump occurred may provide more insight into strength and power training adaptations than CMJ output variables that indicate what occurred as a result of the jump in this highly trained athletic population. Finally, in study #3, it was found that CMJ strategy variables may be more sensitive to acute fatigue from a football-specific training session than CMJ output variables in American collegiate football athletes. Collectively, this research suggest that integrated microtechnology units, heart rate sensors, and the CMJ using a force testing platform may be used to monitor American collegiate football athletes. Moreover, this research suggests which variables to utilize when monitoring this population using these tools through the proposed athlete monitoring framework.
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Hare, Daniel Edmundson. "Aerodynamic analysis of a tumbling American football." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1570129.
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In this study, the aerodynamic effects on an American football are characterized, especially in a tumbling, or end-over-end, motion as seen in a typical kickoff or field goal attempt. The objective of this study is to establish aerodynamic coefficients for the dynamic motion of a tumbling American football. A subsonic wind tunnel was used to recreate a range of air velocities that, when coupled with rotation rates and differing laces orientations, would provide a test bed for aerodynamic drag, side, and lift coefficient analysis. Test results quantify effect of back-spin and top-spin on lift force. Results show that the presence of laces imposes a side force in the opposite direction of the laces orientation. A secondary system was installed to visualize air flow around the tumbling ball and record high-speed video of wake patterns, as a qualitative check of measured force directions.
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McCluskey, John M. "Music as Narrative in American College Football." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/music_etds/57.
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American college football features an enormous amount of music woven into the fabric of the event, with selections accompanying approximately two-thirds of a game’s plays. Musical selections are controlled by a number of forces, including audio and video technicians, university marketing departments, financial sponsors, and wind bands. These blend together in a complex design that offers audible and visual stimulation to the audience during the game’s pauses. The music chosen for performance in these moments frequently communicates meaning beyond entertainment value. Selections reinforce the game’s emotional drive, cue celebrations, direct specific audience actions, and prompt behaviors that can directly impact the game. Beyond this, music is performed to buttress the successes of the home team, and to downplay its failures. As this process develops over the course of the game, the musical selections construct a sonic narrative that comments on the game’s action, enhancing or suppressing audience members’ emotional reactions to the events on-field, and informing their understanding of the game’s developments. By preparing for and responding to in-game situations, music creates a coherent narrative out of football’s unpredictable events.
This project demonstrates the use of musical narrative in American college football via close consideration of case studies of games representing five of the most prominent college athletic conferences, the Atlantic Coast Conference, the Big 10, the Big 12, the Pac 12, and the Southeastern Conference. These sources include interviews with college football’s musical agents, including sound operators, band directors, and producers, as well as documentation of the games’ on-field developments and the music that accompanies them. Finally, this project utilizes of musical narrative as a new means of critically considering the power lines of race and gender in college football culture.
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Stone, Michael H., Brian D. Johnston, and R. J. Elbin. "American Football: Lessons Learned from Sport Science and Sports Medicine: Strength and Conditioning for American Football: A Brief Overview." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4534.
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Wismer, Lacey Elaine. "British American football : national identity, cultural specificity and globalization." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6026.
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This thesis explores the hybridity and distinctiveness of British American football. Sports have socio-historical links to specific nation-states, thus encoding them with culturally specific values. Despite a movement towards cultural convergence, especially of popular culture, aspects of sport have remained resistant to dominant globalization trends. My thesis reveals that the globalization of American football to Britain has been a process which makes concessions to the local, while still retaining many of its global characteristics. Through an ethnographic study of one team, I spent an entire season becoming an „insider‟ and understanding the British American football culture from the perspective of the participants themselves. Analysis of data collected through participant observation and interviews revealed a number of themes which defined British American football as a hybrid and distinctive sport. First, that British American football was distinctive within the domestic British sports space because of its unique combination of American characteristics. Second, that „glocalization‟ influences the structuring of British American football under the amateur code, in order for the sport to better fit within the British sporting habitus. Finally, that the two branches of American football in Britain, the NFL and the British grassroots, were found to be involved in a disparate relationship which involved each branch concentrating on their own separate agendas for the sport. In conclusion, the American football played in Britain is British American football and this study importantly demonstrates that while a sport can retain its roots in terms of its physical appearance and playing structure, in order for it to infiltrate a foreign sports space, concessions must be made to the local sporting culture. The single most important thread that ran throughout this thesis was that American football could, and has, taken on multiple meanings, which were dependent upon the national context in which it was being played. It emphasizes the idea of globalization as glocalization; that the local is important in the global aspirations of the sport of American football. British American football has placed a uniquely British stamp on an otherwise purely American pastime.
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Schussler, Eric. "Assessment, Feedback and Head Accelerations in Youth American Football." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468412296.
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Blackburn, Botswana Toney Thompson Carolyn. "Racial stacking in the National Football League reality or relic of the past? /." Diss., UMK access, 2007.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Education and Dept. of Sociology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007."A dissertation in education and social science." Advisor: Carolyn Thompson. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed July 30, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-121). Online version of the print edition.
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Dzikus, Lars. "From violence to party a history of the presentation of American football in England and Germany /." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1123873905.
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Wolf, Dominik [Verfasser]. "Reading the Game : Anglo-American Perspectives on Football Fandom in the Age of Premier League Football [[Elektronische Ressource]] / Dominik Wolf." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060045338/34.
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Westerberg, Jacob. "A deep learning approach for action classification in American football video sequences." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-333663.
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The artificial intelligence is a constant topic of conversation with a field of research that is pushed forward by some of the world's largest companies and universities. Deep learning is a branch of machine learning within artificial intelligence based on learning representation of data such as images and texts by processing the data through deep neural networks. Sports are competitive businesses that over the years have become more data driven. Statistics play a big role in the development of the practitioners and the tactics in order to win. Sport organizations have big statistic teams since statistics are manually obtained by these teams. To learn a machine to recognize patterns and actions with deep learning would save a lot of time. In this thesis a deep learning approach is used to examine how well it can perform to classify the actions pass and run in American footbal lgames. A deep learning architecture is first trained and developed on a public video dataset and then trained to classify run and pass plays on a new American football dataset called the All-22 dataset. Results and earlier research show that deep learning has potential to automatize sport statistic but is not yet ready to overtake the role statistic teams have. Further research, bigger and more task specific datasets and more complex architectures are required to enhance the performance of this specific type of deep learning based video recognition.
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Huske, Jared Thomas 1987. "An Analysis of the Reasons Behind the Lack of Black Head Football Coaches at the NCAA Division I-A Level and Recommendations on Improvements to Solve this Problem." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9913.
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ix, 70 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.The lack of minority head coaches at the Division I-A level is not a new trend, nor one that is improving. In a sport where less than 10% of head coaches are minorities, a survey was randomly sent out to several head and assistant coaches at the collegiate level. The survey showed most coaches believe there are discrepancies in the hiring process that impair minorities, there tends to be unfair favoritism towards nonminority coaches after a termination and minority coaches are less likely to be recommended for a head coaching position. To encourage the diversity among head coaches, recommendations should include diversifying the hiring search committee, adding a rule similar to the National Football League's Rooney Rule and adding additional graduate assistant positions.
Committee in Charge: Dr. James R. Terborg, Business Administration; Dr. Philip Collis McCullum, Educational Leadership; Dr. Renee A. Irvin, Planning, Public Policy and Management
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Harvey, Devin T. "From junior college to university contributing factors to completion of a bachelors degree for African American scholarship football players /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1806884931&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Hughes, Raymond Finley. "Desegregating the holy day : football, blacks and the Southeastern Conference /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487688507503898.
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Morris, Christopher W. "The Effect of Fluid Periodization on Athletic Performance Outcomes in American Football Players." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/24.
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For decades strength and conditioning professionals have been seeking optimal training volumes and intensities to yield maximum performance outcomes without the onset of injury. Unfortunately, current studies apply experimental training techniques without considering the individuals’ response to the imposed training load. Due to the vast genetic variability and extraneous environmental factors that affect one’s ability to recover, results from such studies are controversial and inconclusive. Athlete monitoring systems offer an objective assessment that is purported to evaluate an individual’s physiological readiness to adapt to an overload stimulus and thus allow for daily manipulations in training loads (i.e., fluid periodization). However, little is known about the efficacy of this technology to enhance training outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fluid periodization on performance outcomes in American football players. Sixty-one Division 1 collegiate American football players (Age: 19.7 ± 0.9 yr; Height: 1.88 ± 0.3 m; Mass: 107.3 ± 11.1 kg) participated in this study and were stratified into experimental (n=33) and control (n=28) groups. Performance outcomes were measured prior to and following the summer training program. Physiological readiness parameters (heart rate variability and direct current brain wave potential outcomes) were measured daily in the experimental group only with Omegawave technology prior to training sessions and adjustments in training volumes or intensity were made based upon physiological readiness outcomes. The control group trained according to the daily prescribed workout. The findings from this study indicate that the experimental group significantly improved in vertical jump, vertical power, aerobic efficiency and broad jump (P < 0.01) compared to the control group. Additionally, significant improvements and effect sizes between groups were noted for fat-free mass (relative improvement: 54%, effect size: 0.30), vertical jump (relative improvement: 157%, effect size: 1.02), vertical power (relative improvement: 94%, effect size: 0.86), broad jump (relative improvement: effect size: 592%, 0.81), triple broad jump (relative improvement: 338%, effect size: 0.63), aerobic efficiency (relative improvement: 154%, effect size: 1.02), and medicine ball overhead throw (relative improvement: 50%, effect size: 0.26). In addition, the experimental group achieved these improvements with less core (-9.5%) and accessory (-13.2%) training volume (P < 0.01). In conclusion, fluid periodization produced greater improvements in performance outcomes at a reduced training load compared to a similar unmodified periodization scheme. These findings highlight the importance of modifying training parameters based upon the daily physiological state of the athlete.
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McGough, Erin Patrick. "Analyzing the Relationship Between Player Personnel and Optimal Mixed Strategies in American Football." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1248121168.
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White, Kristopher C. "Hegemony in American Capitalism: The Exploitation of Race and Socioeconomic Status in Football." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1531933118599888.
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Ward, P. A. "An evaluation of the physical demands of American football training in the NFL." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9042/.
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American football is one of the most popular sports in the United States. However, unlike other football codes, little is known about its physical demands. Aside from a limited amount of research conducted on college players during training and matches, no research exists on players at the elite level, in the National Football League (NFL). Therefore, the primary aim of this thesis was to evaluate the physical demands of training in the NFL. This aim was achieved by establishing a systematic approach to training evaluation using three main phases of study: (1) Evaluation of monitoring strategies in American football; (2) Description of American football training demands with an emphasis on periodization; and, (3) Examination of the consequences of training with an emphasis on injury risk. The first study of this thesis (Chapter 3) showed that three commercially available inertial sensors were able to differentiate between fundamental American football actions (e.g., sprinting, change of direction, and collisions) during movement tasks in a controlled setting and may be useful for quantifying the physical demands of training. During training sessions, Session Rating of Perceived Exertion exhibited a variety of individual responses making sRPE challenging to use when exclusively evaluating the physical demands of training (Chapter 4). Therefore, more objective measures (e.g., GPS and inertial sensors) were evaluated during training (Chapter 5) and indicate that commonly used measures of distance and velocity may not adequately describe the physical demands for some position groups. As such, inertial sensors offer more flexibility to classify a broad range of activities within the sport. A number of inertial sensor metrics are available to the practitioner in commercially used systems. Chapter 6 utilized a principal components analysis to reduce eleven variables to 3 principal components, explaining 79% of the variance within the data. These findings suggest that a small number of variables (e.g., Player Load and IMA) may be adequate when describing the training demands of the sport. Given the reduction in measures to report, Chapter 7 used Player Load and IMA to describe the periodization strategies across a season and within the training week employed by the coaches of one NFL team. Training load was observed to decreases across the season with no clear periodization structure. Conversely, within the weekly micro-cycle, coaches appear to employ some pattern of periodization whereby training load is seen to systematically decrease as the game nears. The final phase of this thesis (Chapter 8) investigated the consequences of American football training by exploring the relationship between training load measures (Player Load, IMA, and Impacts) and non-contact soft tissue injury. Several logistic regression models were compared using Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The best model suggested that sessions with greater volume (PLTotal) and intensity (ImpactsHigh) were associated with non-contact soft tissue injury in American football players and may have implications for practitioners when designing training programs within the sport. Collectively, this thesis has the potential to not only offer practitioners within American football a way forward in terms of evaluating training demands but also may be influential to the broader scope of sports science given some of the novel statistical approaches taken to understanding training load monitoring.
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Gaetano, David. "Native America's Pastime: How Football at an Indian Boarding School Empowered Native American Men and Revitalized their Culture, 1880-1920." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1558090258915317.
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Fisher, Jocelyn Alexis. "The experience of media and race in the National Football League an existential phenomological study /." Click here to access dissertation, 2008. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2008/jocelyn_a_fisher/fisher_jocelyn_a_200801_ms.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008."A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Under the direction of Daniel R. Czech. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-91) and appendices.
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Deren, Tomasz. "An Analysis of Thermoregulatory Sweating and Heat Balance in American Football Linemen and Backs." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20644.
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This thesis examined why NCAA Division 1 American football “linemen” experience greater heat strain than “backs” during summer training camps. In study #1, exercise at a heat production of 350 W/m2 in a hot environment (Tdb:32.4±1.0ºC; Twb:26.3±0.6ºC) resulted in greater local sweating on the upper body (head, arm, shoulder and chest; all <0.05) and a greater core temperature (P=0.033) in linemen despite a ~25% lower heat production per unit mass (L:6.0±0.5 W/kg; B:8.2±0.8 W/kg). In study #2, greater convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients (P<0.05) were found in backs during live summer training camp drills, but these did not lead to a greater dry heat transfer or evaporative capacity. However, the maximum metabolic rate per unit mass was lower in linemen due to differences surface area-to-mass ratio. In conclusion, the greater heat strain previously reported in linemen likely arises, in part, from differences in sweating efficiency and body morphology.
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Wu, Lyndia C., Calvin Kuo, Jesus Loza, Mehmet Kurt, Kaveh Laksari, Livia Z. Yanez, Daniel Senif, et al. "Detection of American Football Head Impacts Using Biomechanical Features and Support Vector Machine Classification." NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627166.
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Accumulation of head impacts may contribute to acute and long-term brain trauma. Wearable sensors can measure impact exposure, yet current sensors do not have validated impact detection methods for accurate exposure monitoring. Here we demonstrate a head impact detection method that can be implemented on a wearable sensor for detecting field football head impacts. Our method incorporates a support vector machine classifier that uses biomechanical features from the time domain and frequency domain, as well as model predictions of head-neck motions. The classifier was trained and validated using instrumented mouthguard data from collegiate football games and practices, with ground truth data labels established from video review. We found that low frequency power spectral density and wavelet transform features (10 similar to 30 Hz) were the best performing features. From forward feature selection, fewer than ten features optimized classifier performance, achieving 87.2% sensitivity and 93.2% precision in cross-validation on the collegiate dataset (n = 387), and over 90% sensitivity and precision on an independent youth dataset (n = 32). Accurate head impact detection is essential for studying and monitoring head impact exposure on the field, and the approach in the current paper may help to improve impact detection performance on wearable sensors.
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Ross, Charles Kenyatta. "Outside the lines : the African American struggle to participate in professional football, 1904-1962 /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487940308432552.
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Alba, Micah Adam. "Comparison of two training programs on acceleration out of the break in American football /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2759.pdf.
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Alba, Micah Adam. "Comparison of Two Training Programs on Acceleration Out of the Break in American Football." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1655.
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Athletes of American football need the ability to stop, start, and reach top speed in an efficient manner. Football players on the defensive side of the ball require the skill of stopping a backward run and accelerating to a forward run. This action is termed the break. Football players receive year-round training in an effort to improve performance. Yet, many times, these athletes may not focus specifically on the muscular systems that are unique to the position they play. The law of specificity states that the more specific the training is for the action required, the more beneficial the outcome. This study utilized seventeen defensive players of a Division IA football team and compared the effect of two training programs on acceleration during the break. The first program was a standard conditioning program (SCP) for football players. The second program was the SCP combined with three ballistic-plyometric drills (BPD) designed to improve the acceleration of the break. The groups were pre tested and divided into either the SCP or the BPD using a matched pair ABBA procedure by position, from fastest to slowest. After six-weeks of training, the BPD group made a 24.9% (p<0.05) improvement in acceleration from 11.14 ± 0.43 m•sec2 to 13.78 ± 0.44 m•sec2. While the SCP group pre tested at 11.9 ± 0.41 m•sec2 and post tested at 12.42 ± 0.34 m•sec2 for a 6.3% change that was not statistically significant. We conclude that the addition of three specific ballistic-plyometric drills to a SCP will improve acceleration out of a break in American football players.
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Iacovelli, Jaclyn Nicole. "Effect of field condition and shoe type on lower extremity injuries in American football." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1148.
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With American football becoming increasingly popular in the United States, more efforts have been made on technology and advancements to reduce the number of injuries sustained by athletes. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate how the field type, field condition, and shoe type interact with each other to induce injuries. To fill in the gap in the literature, this thesis used epidemiological methods to investigate the effect of field condition and shoe type on lower extremity injuries, specifically knee and ankle injuries, using real player data from the 2008, 2009, and 2010 football seasons from The University of Iowa. Results showed that over three seasons, 189 athletes experienced approximately 38,000 football exposures in 312 days. The athletes endured 250 injuries, in which 129 (51%) occurred in the lower extremity. Of all injuries, 34 (14%) involved the knee and 30 (12%) involved the ankle. Most of the lower extremity injuries, specifically knee injuries and ankle injuries, were of the joint (non-bone) and ligament type. Practices contributed to 73% of exposures, 11% for games, and 16% for other over the three sessions studied. 65% of all exposures occurred on an artificial surface, compared to 36% of all exposures that occurred on a natural surface. Most games were played on a natural surface (56%), while most practices occurred on an artificial surface (56%). For surface condition, 89% of all exposures were categorized as a normal condition compared to the 11% categorizes as a not normal condition. Most athletes used shoes with 9-12 cleats compared to shoes with 7, more than 12, or no cleats. In addition, most athletes used shoes with a high top at the shoe opening compared to a low top and shoes with short cleat lengths compared to long cleat lengths. The field condition variable (not normal vs. normal) was the only unadjusted GLM with significant results for all lower extremity injuries (Chi-square p-value=0.0307) and ankle injuries specifically (Chi-square p-value=0.0253). When the predictor variables were adjusted for team activity (i.e., games and practices) only the playing surface model was significant for all terms, including team activity (Chi-square p-value=0.0018), surface (Chi-square p-value=0.029), and the interaction term (Chi-square p-value=0.0189). This model was further analyzed for practice and games separately, and it was found that surface was significant in predicting lower extremity injuries in a game setting (Chi-square p-value=0.005). For all lower extremity injuries, the odds of having a lower extremity injury on an artificial surface in a game setting was 2.89 times more likely than on a natural surface. For the condition, top height, and number of cleat models, only the team activity term was found significant (Chi-square p-value=0.0143, <.0001, and 0.0038, respectively). When these models were further analyzed for practice and games separately, only field condition was found to be significant in a practice setting. For all lower extremity injuries, the odds of having a lower extremity injury in a not normal condition in a practice setting was 2.04 times more likely than in a normal condition. The cleat length model was not found to be significant when adjusting for team activity. The results of this analysis provide a foundation for future studies to understand why several extrinsic risk factors may be associated with lower extremity injuries.
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Gleason, Benjamin H., Matthew L. Sams, John T. Salley, A. Andrew Pustina, and Michael H. Stone. "Global Positioning System Analysis of a High School Football Scrimmage." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4645.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the physical demands of a high school American football scrimmage. Male high school football players (N = 25) participated in a spring scrimmage. Global positioning system data and game film were recorded throughout the entirety of the scrimmage to determine the total distance covered, the distance covered in different velocity bands, the number of accelerations and decelerations performed, and the work-to-rest ratio of the scrimmage. The athletes were divided into 2 groups: linemen (L) (N = 7) vs. nonlinemen (NL) (N = 8) for statistical analysis, and independent T-tests with Holm's sequential Bonferroni adjustment were used to determine differences in movement characteristics between the L and NL groups. Average play duration was 5.7 ± 2.1 seconds, whereas the rest interval was 33.4 ± 13.6 seconds between plays, for an overall exercise-to-rest ratio of 1:5.9. Total distance, standing and walking distance, running distance, striding distance, sprinting distance, and total high-speed running distance covered by NL was greater than L (statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05). Distances traveled in each velocity band by position and by play are also included to provide context of our findings. Data from the present study add to the pool of support for the use of position-specific training in preparing high school football players for competition.
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Salinas, Silvia M. "The Academic and Athletic Experiences of African-american Males in a Division I (Fbs) Football Program." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407844/.
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This study investigated the academic and athletic experiences of African-American males in a Division I football bowl subdivision football program. Critical race theory, identity development model, and social learning model were the theoretical frameworks used as the critical lenses in a qualitative design to examine the participants. The participants’ responses were analyzed and interpreted using thematic analysis. A qualitative research design, which included individual interviews with 10 second year African-American male football players, was used to address this research problem. The goal was to bring together both the psychological and sociological perspectives and to challenge participants to candidly describe their academic and athletic experiences and attitudes toward obtaining an undergraduate degree. Four themes were determined in the data analysis: differential treatment and determining oneself, time management, relationships, and career aspirations. In relation to the theoretical frameworks, the development of self-confidence and knowledge of balancing their academic and athletic schedules was critical for all participants. The sense of feeling different and challenged because of the differences in culture and experience was evident. From this study, university and collegiate athletics administrators may better understand the backgrounds, challenges, and learning needs of this population. As a result, higher education personnel may improve the services they provide these young men in hopes of educating and developing whole persons—physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially, and spiritually—to become well-rounded and functional in contemporary society.
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Fuentes, Johnathan. "Relationship Between Muscular Strength Testing to Dynamic Muscular Performance in Division One American Football Players." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1635.
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The purpose of this study is to develop a prediction equation for (performance variables) vertical jump, broad jump, 40-yard sprint time, and pro-agility shuttle time using body mass and 1-RM values of strength for bench press and back squat. Participants (n = 76) used in the study were members of the University of South Florida D-1 football team in fall of 2009. Squat/BM demonstrated the strongest relationship in both correlation and multiple regression data for every performance variable. Squat 1-RM and Squat/BP indicated a decreased relationship and negative impact on performance. Results indicate that with increased Squat/BM improvement for all performance variables can be achieved. In addition analysis divided the entire football team into three positions (AT, LN, and SK), and noted differences for 10 of the possible 12 mean comparisons of performance variables.
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Karton, Clara. "Profiling Brain Trauma in Professional American-style Football and the Implications to Developing Neurological Injury." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39981.
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American-style football participation is associated with high risks to a spectrum of sports-related brain injury involving acute reactions and chronic manifestations. Traditional methods of identifying injury have proven ineffective at protecting athletes and mitigating risk as they rely on the presence and recognition of inconsistent symptom expression. This is, in part, due to the lack of an objective measure of quantifying exposure.
Brain trauma profiling was defined to capture a spectrum of exposure by incorporating the primary characteristics that associate with risk of neurological injury. This profile includes strain magnitude associated with impact, frequency at which impacts are experienced, time interval between impacts, over the duration of exposure. Trauma profiling methods differentiated player field position in professional American-style football where three unique trauma profiles were identified based on similarities among the characteristics of trauma. Regional strain from common head impacts showed that distribution was independent of field position regardless of variation in impact conditions. Rather, brain regions vulnerable to strains were dictated by the frequency and magnitude that govern the position profile. The extent of tissue volume involved in common head impacts was field position dependent. Skill positions tended to experience impacts involving greater tissue volumes reaching deeper white matter structures, but were infrequent. Impacts common to line positions typically involved less brain tissue of predominately superficial cortical gray matter, but were experienced at high frequency counts.
The primary findings from this research show that brain trauma profiling may be used as an objective measurement tool to define exposure. The results indicate that exposure is not uniform and that brain trauma and injury risk can be described using unique combinations of these characteristics. Regional areas vulnerable to strain are dictated by the frequency and magnitude of impact and therefore in order to effectively protect against brain injury, both characteristics need to be managed. Lastly, this research demonstrates that either few impacts involving high brain volume or frequent impacts with little brain volume involvement may both result in brain dysfunction.
Brain trauma profiling methods has broad application in future research. This measurement tool will be useful in identifying how injury occurs in various sports, military units, and particularly important for vulnerable populations and the developing brain. This knowledge is instrumental in establishing risk prevention strategies and public health policies for specific environments.
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Olszak, Candace A. "The Impacts of Weather on a Mid-American Conference University Football Team and Players' Perceptions Regarding Weather." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1334330057.
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Phillips, Benjamin Paul. "A Community in a Cow Pasture: Football at Penn State." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1237492984.
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Seifried, Chad Stephen. "An analysis of the American outdoor sport facility developing an ideal-type on the evolution of professional baseball and football structures /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1116446330.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 416 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 390-416). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Rugg, Adam Ernest. "Ruptures in the field : The NFL as global corporate media organization and American cultural industry." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3178.
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The National Football League (NFL) stands as one of the most visible and dominant organizations within American popular culture. However, despite being at the pinnacle of its popularity and the precipice of its seemingly last obstacle of international expansion, the last decade has seen the league confronting a series of crises that have destabilized and challenged the previously coherent meanings of the sport put out by the league and broadly recirculated within popular discourses. Propelled by these crises, the previously accepted framing of the league as “America's game” has come under increased scrutiny as media, citizens, and public officials critically reevaluate the role and merits of the league in contemporary American society.
In this project I examine three cases situated in or around these crises: (1) the increased awareness of the medical dangers of playing the game, (2) the emergence of luxury stadiums, and (3) the league's philanthropic efforts. These case are an important heuristic lens for examining contemporary tensions between the NFL, identity, community, and commerce. As the league increasingly positions itself as a global media and sport corporation, it is upsetting and reshaping its historical localisms: the relationships to its fans, the cities that host its teams, and even the country which it calls home. Furthermore, the economic pressures of continual capitalist expansion as guided by neoliberal restructuring—favoring privatization, the primacy of unregulated markets, and ideologies of individual determination—require the incessant commodification of not only the NFL and its players, but also its constructed meanings. In examining these cases, this dissertation establishes and analyzes the often contradictory and contested motivations, aspirations, and meanings of the league in contemporary U.S. society.
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Korem, Erik D. "THE EFFECT OF SLEEP QUANTITY AND QUALITY ON DIRECT CURRENT POTENTIAL IN COLLEGIATE AMERICAN FOOTBALL PLAYERS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/52.
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Direct current (DC) potential is an objective measure of the functional state of the human organism. It is a sensitive and accurate indicator of short- and long-term adaptations to stress, adaptive capacities, and it is an important marker of athlete readiness. Sleep is posited to be the most efficacious strategy for improving recovery to enhance sport performance, and adequate sleep is considered vital to normal psycho-physiological function. Thus, optimal sleep may enhance the functional state, in turn enhancing an athlete’s adaptability to training stress. However, little is known about the relationship between sleep and DC potential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute (one-night) and extended (two-night) sleep quantity and quality on DC potentials in collegiate American football players. Twenty-four Division 1 American football players (Age: 20.6 ± 1.30 yr; Height: 183.4 ± 6.40 cm; Body mass: 114.40 ± 24.60 kg) wore a wrist-worn actigraphy band seven days per week over the course of 136 days, which spanned the pre-season training camp and competitive season, to measure sleep quantity and quality. DC potential was assessed six days per week using the Omegawave Ltd (Espoo, Finland) athlete monitoring system either 30 minutes upon waking or 75-120 minutes prior to the onset of the football training session. Sleep quantity was stratified into duration categories and sleep quality was stratified within sleep latency, number of awakenings, and sleep efficiency variables. Sleep quantity and quality were evaluated using acute (one night) and extended (rolling average of two consecutive nights) sleep outcomes. Within subject comparisons of DC potential were made across sleep quantity and quality categories using repeated-measures analysis of variance to examine the influence of acute and extended sleep quantity and quality on DC potential outcomes. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.025. Statistically significant main effects were identified for acute sleep (F3,16 = 4.68, p < .02, η2p = 0.47) and extended sleep durations (F2,17 = 7.71, p < 0.005, η2p = 0.48). Specifically, for acute sleep durations, there was a 17.1% increase in DC potentials (3.59, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.52, SE 1.18) for sleep durations ≥ 7 hours to < 9 hours, compared to sleeping < 6. For extended sleep, there was a 20% increase in DC potentials (4.53, p < 0.002, Cohen’s d = 0.68, SE = 1.13) when recording a two-day sleep average of ≥ 7.5 hours and < 9 hours, compared to an extended sleep duration of < 6 hours. A statistically significant main effect was also identified for extended wake episodes (F2,19 = 4.5, p = 0.025, η2p = 0.32). For extended sleep periods with > 4 wake episodes there was a 12% increase in DC potentials (2.57 ± 2.24mV, p < 0.25, Cohen’s d = 0.34) compared to extended sleep periods with 2-3 wake episodes. There was not a significant effect of acute (p ≥ 0.20) sleep quality or extended latency (p > 0.18) and efficiency (p > 0.08) on DC potentials. These findings suggest that sleep quantity affects DC bio-potentials and thus the functional state of the athlete. Specifically, sleep durations between 7.00/7.50 to 9 hours correspond with higher measures of DC potentials compared to lesser durations. Given the effect of sleep quantity on biological markers for training adaptability, practitioners should prioritize sleep in the training process and educate athletes on proper sleep hygiene and sleep quantity to enhance their readiness to train.
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Lindon, Tyler. "EXAMINATION OF VOLUME AND INTENSITIES OF WEEKDAY PRACTICES AND COMPETITIVE GAMES IN COLLEGIATE FOOTBALL PLAYERS." UKnowledge, 2017. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/46.
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The aims of the present study were to characterize the typical volume (total distance) and intensities (high-speed distance > 75% of maximum speed for weekday practices, Monday through Friday and competitive games on Saturday; compare the daily practice volume and intensities to competitive games to determine if the targeted volume and intensities are achieved as part of the periodized strategies using GPS software; and examine the relationship among total distance, high-speed distance in the prediction of player-load . Thirty NCAA Division I Football players (187.9 ± 5.5 cm; 107.4 ± 24.6 kg) were monitored using GPS receivers with integrated accelerometers during the 13-week regular season during the 2016 season. Separate one-way repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrated that competitive game loads and intensity were significantly different than weekday practices (p-value ≤ 0.05). There were significant differences among weekday practices in terms of overall volume and intensities, however the overall training goals were not met. Stepwise linear regression revealed that total distance is a significant predictor of player load. The results of the present study indicated that total distance, but not high-speed distance, could best be used to describe and track the development of a periodization model for training in Division I Collegiate Football using GPS technologies.
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Ryan, Mackenzie Anne. "An Analysis of National Football League Fandom and Its Promotion of Conservative Cultural Ideals About Race, Religion, and Gender." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1343359916.
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Lewis, Keona. "African American Athletes and the Negotiation of Public Spaces: An Examination of Athletic Capital and African American Perceptions of Success." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3431.
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This dissertation explores the culture of sport among African American male football players as well as African American perspectives on sport and success. A case study of six African American, Division 1 FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision) collegiate student athletes was conducted along with seventeen supplemental interviews with community members, parents, coaches and former athletes and fans. The participants answered questions that explored education, success, identity construction, ethnicity and sport. Archival data was also reviewed framing the discussion on football in Florida, links between education and sport participation and African American male academic achievement. While many perspectives varied, there were collective trends in relation to how African American Athletes in Florida define themselves as well as their perspectives on ethnicity and sport. The individual perspectives and collective trends are discussed in this dissertation.
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Fenex, Bart Lindy. "The "Iron cage" of division I athletics and football as status imperatives constraint and change among American universities /." Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=2019830591&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1274721240&clientId=48051.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2010.Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 24, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.
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Zanetti, Katrina. "The Association between Peak Resultant Linear Acceleration and Brain Tissue Deformation in American Football-related Helmeted Head Impacts." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31756.
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The objective of this study was to determine the degree of association of peak resultant linear acceleration with maximum principal strain, von Mises stress, and strain rate in the cerebrum. Three prevalent head impact mechanisms in the sport of
football were represented by impacting an accelerometer-outfitted Hybrid III headform. Head to head impacts were characterized using a linear impactor, falls to the ground using a monorail drop, and elbow or forearm strikes to the head by a
pendulum system. Representative inbound impact velocities were selected according to epidemiological research. Impacts were performed at nine prescribed centric and non-centric sites on the head. Finite element modeling using the University College Brain Trauma Model was employed to obtain peak values of
maximum principal strain, von Mises stress, and strain rate in the cerebrum.
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between peak resultant linear acceleration of the head and peak MPS, VMS, and strain rate in order to determine the degree of correlation between the variables. This was determined for each impact mechanism and location as well as for all mechanisms together. Significant correlations (p<0.05) between peak linear acceleration and the three metrics of tissue deformation were found for particular mechanisms of impact. For each of MPS, VMS, and strain rate, impacts conducted on the pendulum system, meant to replicate arm to head impacts, did not have a significant correlation with linear acceleration. In contrast, the head to head mechanism of impact resulted in significant correlation coefficients between linear acceleration and all metrics of tissue deformation. The strength of the correlation was not significantly different
when centric versus non-centric impact sites were compared. Overall, characteristics of a head impact such as the inbound energy, whether the vector of impact was centric or non-centric, and the degree of energy transfer that occurs through the head upon impact, likely play a role in the resulting degree of correlation between linear acceleration and brain tissue deformation.
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Crawford, Denis M. "It Wasn't a Revolution, but it was Televised: The Crafting of the Sports Broadcasting Act." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1491393327773836.
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Knight, Dawn K. "A biography of George Taliaferro and his impact on the integration of professional football." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1272767.
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George Taliaferro was a trailblazer. He was the first black quarterback in professional football, the first black quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), and the first black man to be drafted by an NFL team.Taliaferro's story of perseverance revealed the slow and difficult process of integration in high school, at Indiana University, and in his professional football career. The obstacles he faced and the lessons he learned were representative of issues related to the integration of the NFL.A combination of personal narrative and historical investigation was used in this creative project. In addition to Taliaferro's first-hand accounts, depth and perspective were added through interviews and reportage.The biography that resulted, the story of Taliaferro's resolve, became a vehicle for telling a larger story, the integration of the NFL.Department of Journalism
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Binns, Terrill Rachel Anne. "Inside NFL Marriages: A seven year ethnographic study of love and marriage in professional football." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3978.
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When women marry NFL players and subsequently become NFL wives, they are thrust out of the lives they have known and into a form of secondary socialization among other NFL wives. In this dissertation, I use ethnography and narrative inquiry, the first- person narratives of four NFL wives, interactive interviews with dozens of NFL wives, friendship as method, and my personal autoethnographic experiences to describe the social interactions between NFL wives, the themes of their marriages, and the trajectories of their identity formation and transformation of NFL wives during their time in the league.
I also use autoethnography and writing as a method of inquiry to explore my own story before I was an NFL wife, while I was an NFL wife and after I was no longer an NFL wife, to uncover the processes of change in my own identity and marriage as I navigated both graduate school and the NFL.
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Bell, Lydia Foster. "Balancing Act: Negotiations of the Athletic and Academic Role Amongst Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision Student-Athletes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194286.
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Informed by the words and experiences of 41 Division I-Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) student-athletes, this qualitative study reveals the complexities of the student-athlete academic experience shaped by the expectations of their athletic role, the campus climate, and the NCAA Academic Reform Package. Using role-identity as a theoretical framework, it examines how, over time, these student-athletes have shaped their athletic and academic role-identities, and the roles played in such shaping by those in their academic and athletic role-sets. The study critically examines the academic decisions made by these student-athletes, questions the isomorphic academic and athletic rubric, and proposes suggestions for the enhancement of the student-athlete experience within the confines of the academic reform policies.
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Ayiku, Tiffany Quiana. "The relationships among college self-efficacy, academic self-efficacy, and athletic self efficacy for African American male football players." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2701.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Counseling and Personnel Services. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Himel, Matthew T. "Big Game Cats and Defining Football’s Value: College Football’s Popularity, Controversies, and Expansion." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2521.
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This thesis directly approaches intercollegiate football from a cultural perspective. The football’s popularity exploded during the Twentieth-Century. Television, merchandizing, and a national sporting culture are associated with this development. However, controversies often muddied the waters of that popularity. Football’s brutality, athletic scholarships, and controversies within athletics departments overshadowed the immense popularity of intercollegiate football. During the Twenty-First Century, several universities started new football programs. Two of which being Georgia State University and Southeastern Louisiana University. Given the context balancing popularity and controversy, the administrators demonstrated how the image of intercollegiate football has changed over the course of the past century. This thesis analyzes how the administrators sold the new football programs to their respective institutions and concludes that both universities emphasized the sport’s popularity, avoided controversy, recognized the large potential for financial loss, and concentrated the new programs benefit being increased indirect and intrinsic values.
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Pharion, Jeffrey L. "Transformational Leadership in Coaching." Ashland University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ashland1413120189.
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Velasquez, Scott E. "Images of gender arrangements of three American social organizations: a content analysis of top ranked Google images of individuals preforming organizational roles." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32872.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work
Don L. Kurtz
This study explores existing beliefs and often unspoken social structural arrangements related to male privileges by examining three different, but rather important, American social organizations—the NFL, U.S. military and higher education institutions. With queries from the Google image database, I analyzed images for themes from search terms of organizations thereby tapping into the consciences of society. Since a high volume of images are produced by Google Image search, a maximum of 25 results of each search term are included as potential sources of images for this study. The primary category of non-specific gender search terms of Google images are: NFL Players, U.S. soldiers, and college students. In addition, this study also utilized a subset category of gender and sexuality specific Google search terms that are related to the primary category search terms. The subset category of gender and sexuality specific Google search terms of images are: women of the NFL, NFL gay players, U.S. female soldiers, U.S. gay soldiers, college volleyball players, and fraternity life. Both the U.S. military and the NFL presented images of men preforming competitive or aggressive activities that can be defined as masculine labors. These images are reflections of the ideal masculine male playing a special role in U.S. society—the “warrior” male. Yet most images depicted U.S, soldiers in clean combat uniform with military weapons at a ready to engage in battle. This suggests that either U.S. military have some control over images that can be displayed on popular websites. Even though page ranking software gives the appearance that popular websites are the product of algorithm but there is some evidence that ranking can be manipulated by organizations. Colleges take manipulating popular websites to another level to reach their potential clients. Unlike the U.S. military and the NFL’s search terms results that presented images of men preforming masculine activities, college students’ search term results images are images of students displaying activities that show individuals in the act of being polite and pleasant to others, as well as being supportive. I suggest that the idea behind presenting images with a feminine slant is to attract the group that is most likely to attend college after high school, which is female. College websites will most likely to have staged images of study groups and professors teaching to a small group of students. The websites featured staged images of students, in which students are almost flawless in appearance, a phenomena that could only be achieved through doctoring, cosmetics, and computer retouching. This type of images is more likely to be attractive to potential students that are searching the internet for potential colleges to attend in the future. Moreover, Photoshop images of students assist colleges and universities in controlling the images they want to introduce to potential students and media. Colleges are prudent on how much to display in images of heterosexual relationships. Most staged images that displayed heteronormativity are male and female students studying within each other personal space. It would seem that images of homosexual relationships are still taboo on college websites because there are no staged images that indicated homosexual relationship between college students. I believe that these reflections are presented as organizational websites’ marketing strategies. The marketing strategies of website designers are to implement a group think mentality of those seeking information of a specific term. This action is caused by search engine page ranking software in order to organize highly interconnected websites toward one idea thus influencing a large number of potential and current customers’ decisions. In today’s technologically connected society, societal perception of what constitutes masculinity, femininity and sexuality starts with a well-designed website. The findings will perhaps have important implications for understanding to how the negative outcomes of male privileges remain entrenched in social institutions and benefit certain segments of society at the cost of others.
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Lewis, Scott Charles. "Reframing The National Football League: An Organizational Analysis Of The Construction Of A Modern Spectacle." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001363.
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