Journal articles: 'American football'

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Lopez, Rebecca M. "American Football." Strength and Conditioning Journal 37, no. 6 (December 2015): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000176.

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Hoffman, Jay R. "The Applied Physiology of American Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 3 (September 2008): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.3.387.

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American football is the most popular sport in the United States. Its popularity is likely related to the intense, fast-paced, physical style of play. The importance of strength and conditioning to success in football has been long understood. In fact, the strength and conditioning profession in North America can take its roots from American football. However, only recently has scientific study confirmed the positive relationships between strength, speed, and power to success in this sport. Although strength and conditioning are integral to every American football program, the collaboration with sport scientists has not been as fruitful. Only limited studies are available examining the physiological effects of actual competition and physiological adaptations or maladaptations during a season of competition. Most studies on American football have primarily focused on physical performance characteristics of these athletes and how various training paradigms can be used to improve performance.

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MCCLUSKEY, JOHN MICHAEL. "“This Is Ghetto Row”: Musical Segregation in American College Football." Journal of the Society for American Music 14, no. 3 (August 2020): 337–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175219632000022x.

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AbstractA historical overview of college football's participants exemplifies the diversification of mainstream American culture from the late nineteenth century to the twenty-first. The same cannot be said for the sport's audience, which remains largely white American. Gerald Gems maintains that football culture reinforces the construction of American identity as “an aggressive, commercial, white, Protestant, male society.” Ken McLeod echoes this perspective in his description of college football's musical soundscape, “white-dominated hard rock, heavy metal, and country music—in addition to marching bands.” This article examines musical segregation in college football, drawing from case studies and interviews conducted in 2013 with university music coordinators from the five largest collegiate athletic conferences in the United States. These case studies reveal several trends in which music is used as a tool to manipulate and divide college football fans and players along racial lines, including special sections for music associated with blackness, musical selections targeted at recruits, and the continued position of the marching band—a European military ensemble—as the musical representative of the sport. These areas reinforce college football culture as a bastion of white strength despite the diversity among player demographics.

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Khimenes, Kh, Yu Briskin, M. Pityn, I. Hluhov, and K. Drobot. "Monopoly and Rivalry in American Football in History and Nowadays." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 5 (October 24, 2020): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.364.

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Professional sports leagues today are trying to increase their income and looking for new sources for this. In the United States, most leagues in one sport are monopoly structures. Considering the National Football League in this context, it is worth noting its rather strict policy towards possible competitors at the football market. At the same time, throughout the history of American football, there have been attempts to organize competing structures that have been more or less successful. The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the formation American football organizations in North America at different times, the factors of successes and failures. Material and methods. The main material on which the study was based was data from the Internet, official websites of American football organizations and official ratings of Forbes magazine. To achieve the stated purpose, we used the following research methods: data analysis and generalization; theoretical interpretation and explanation; analysis of documentary materials. Results and discussion. The study results showed that during the formation and development of American football in the United States, except for the National Football League, six other organizations tried to create competition for it at one time or another. Among them were All-American Football Conference, American Football League, World Football League, United State Football League, Xtreme Football League, and Alliance of American Football. All these organizations generally sought to be better than National Football League through more progressive steps towards the development of football, but the conservatism of the National Football League always allowed it to remain the winner. Most of the newly formed leagues could not withstand the uncompromising financial struggle for high-class athletes, but the XFL and AAF, which was created in the 21st century, were defeated by precautionary measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and the game seasons were canceled. Conclusion. The key factors formation of organizations that sought to develop American football in the United States (except the National Football League) were: the growing popularity of this sport; a large number of athletes, who aspired to develop in this sport, but could not do it in National Football League; the emergence of enthusiasts with significant financial resources, who sought to invest in football projects and at the same time increase their own resources; technological progress, in particular in football. However, none of these organizations stayed long in the football business and lost to the National Football League. The reasons for this were: improper distribution of financial resources in the middle of the leagues; unjustified steps in the desire to be more progressive than the National Football League; the dominant authority of the National Football League; external factors (wars, epidemics / pandemics, global economic and political crises, etc.)

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Shimojyo, Hitoshi, Yutaka Miyanaga, and Tsuyoshi Matsumoto. "American Football Injuries." Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry 4, no. 2 (1994): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5997/sposun.4.2_29.

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Andrews, C. "SportsTech: American football." Engineering & Technology 11, no. 11 (December 1, 2016): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2016.1124.

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Cunningham, George B., Jennifer E. Bruening, and Thomas Straub. "The Underrepresentation of African Americans in NCAA Division I-A Head Coaching Positions." Journal of Sport Management 20, no. 3 (July 2006): 387–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.3.387.

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The purpose of this study was to examine factors that contribute to the under representation of African Americans in head coaching positions. In Study 1, qualitative data were collected from assistant football (n= 41) and men’s basketball (n= 16) coaches to examine why coaches sought head coaching positions, barriers to obtaining such positions, and reasons for leaving the coaching profession. In Study 2, assistant football (n= 259) and men’s basketball coaches (n= 114) completed a questionnaire developed from Study 1. Results indicate that although there were no differences in desire to become a head coach, African Americans, relative to Whites, perceived race and opportunity as limiting their ability to obtain a head coaching position and had greater occupational turnover intentions. Context moderated the latter results, as the effects were stronger for African American football coaches than they were for African American basketball coaches. Results have practical implications for the advancement of African American football coaches into head coaching roles.

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Ingle, Zachary. "Football and Arab-American Muslim Identities in Fordson: Faith, Fasting, Football." Journal of Sport History 41, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.41.2.233.

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Abstract Rashid Ghazi’s Fordson: Faith, Fasting, Football (2011) addresses the Fordson High School football team in Dearborn, Michigan, a team composed of almost entirely of Arab-American Muslims. Ghazi tackles subjects such as being Arab-American in a post-9/11 world, how players practice and play games while fasting during Ramadan, and how a predominantly Muslim school navigates matters of church and state. This essay reads Ghazi’s little-seen documentary as an entry point to discuss the history of Arab Americans in sports.

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Waddington, Ivan, and Martin Roderick. "American Exceptionalism: Soccer and American Football." Sports Historian 16, no. 1 (May 1996): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460269609446393.

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Köyağasıoğlu, Ogün, and Seçkin Şenışık. "Comparison of anxiety status, social support, and coping mechanisms among football players and American football players." Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine 58, no. 4 (November 7, 2023): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47447/tjsm.0767.

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Objective: We aimed to assess the differences of psychological factors among football players and American football players. Methods: A total of 68 players (34 American football players and 34 football players) were investigated. Data of players (age, height, body weight, body mass index, marital status, sports experience), and their answers to State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) were collected. Results: Height, body weight and body mass index values of American football players were significantly higher than football players (p=0.033; p<0.001; p<0.001, respectively). The rate of being married of football players was significantly higher than American football players (p=0.021). Sports history of football players was significantly higher than American football players (p<0.001). The state anxiety level of American football players is significantly lower than football players (p<0.001), and total scores for social support (p=0.038), coping with adversity (p=0.013), coachability (p<0.001), concentration (p=0.002), and confidence and achievement motivation subscales (p=0.005) were significantly higher than football players. Conclusion: The psychological state of the athletes, their ability to cope with stressful conditions and the social support they receive may differ among sports branches. Therefore, considering the differences between the athletes in different sport branches may contribute when planning appropriate interventions for mental health programs.

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Nguyen, Binh K., William S. Dodd, Jessica L. McQuerry, and Jason L. Zaremski. "Shoulder Injury-American Football." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000879412.76383.b9.

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Saal, Jeffrey A. "Common American Football Injuries." Sports Medicine 12, no. 2 (August 1991): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199112020-00005.

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Snyder, Eldon E. "Football and American Identity." Journal of American Culture 29, no. 1 (March 2006): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2006.00286.x.

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Vakharia, Ajit, Michael Mijares, Rushabh M. Vakharia, Tsun Law, Fernando Manalac, and Martin Roche. "Comparison of Orthopedic Injuries in American Flag Football to American Tackle Football." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 5S (May 2018): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000536975.98576.8c.

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Omondi-Ochieng, Peter. "Copa America: a resource-based theory of football talent." Team Performance Management: An International Journal 25, no. 3/4 (June 10, 2019): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tpm-03-2018-0021.

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Purpose Guided by the resource-based theory, the purpose of this study was to predict the role of football talent in the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) rankings of the men’s national football teams in the Copa America zone. Design/methodology/approach The study used archival data of Copa American national football teams. The dependent variable was FIFA rankings, and the independent variables were football talent (measured by the stocks of amateur footballers, professional footballers and football officials). Statistical analysis was performed using Kendall tau statistic and binary logistic regression. Findings The binary logistic regression results indicated that FIFA rankings were statistically and significantly associated with the stock of football officials and professional footballers – but not amateur footballers. The predictive model explained 80 per cent of the variance. Research limitations/implications The study focused exclusively on the stock of football talent in each nation, and not alternative determinants of national football team competitiveness as economic power and quality of professional football leagues, among others. Practical implications The stocks of professional footballers and football officials are valuable sources of competitive advantage (CA) in national football team rankings. Originality/value The study highlighted the uniqueness and distinctiveness of a nation possessing large stocks of professional footballers which can boost the CA and rankings of Copa American national football teams.

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Fogel, Curtis. "Snow on the Gridiron: A Brief History of Canadian Football." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 54, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-012-0006-3.

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Snow on the Gridiron: A Brief History of Canadian FootballFootball is played throughout the far regions of the world. There is no other sport that brings so many people together locally, nationally, and internationally. Football is not, however, a unified sport with shared rules, customs and histories across time and space. In contrast, football is largely a different sport depending on where it is being played. This paper traces the development of Canadian football as a unique sport with strong similarities to and subtle differences from American football, as well as clear distinctions from forms of football played outside of North America.

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Chmiel, Corinne, Christian Giambarba, and Johannes Trachsler. "Sudden Paralysis in an American Football Player! Monster Football?" Praxis 110, no. 3 (March 2021): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a003621.

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Abstract. This case of ascending paralysis, following an episode of diarrhea, was initially misinterpreted as Guillain-Barré syndrome. The prominent hypokalemia led to the search for other differential diagnoses, initially interpreted as a rare case of periodic hypokalemic paralysis, which usually occurs in Asians after intake of large amounts of starch foods, such as Spaghetti, or rest after heavy exercise. In this case, the reason for the hypokalemia with associated paralysis was caused by a hyperhyreosis factitia through denied intake of T3.

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Crepeau, Richard C. "Le Football: A History of American Football in France." Journal of American History 104, no. 2 (September 2017): 565–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax295.

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Fabian, Thomas. "Le Football: A History of American Football in France." International Journal of the History of Sport 34, no. 16 (November 2, 2017): 1797–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2018.1463495.

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Bengtsson, Håkan, Pablo Alfredo Ortega Gallo, and Jan Ekstrand. "Injury epidemiology in professional football in South America compared with Europe." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 4 (October 2021): e001172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001172.

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ObjectiveTo describe the injury epidemiology in professional football in South America and compare it with European professional football.MethodsData about football exposures and injury occurrences were registered in Six teams participating in Copa Libertadores in 2016. These teams’ exposure and injury data were compared with teams participating in the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study during the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.ResultsA total of 271 injuries were reported in the South American cohort representing a training injury incidence of 3.2 (95% CI=2.7 to 3.7) injuries/1000 hours of training exposure and 20.9 (95% CI=17.3 to 25.1) injuries/1000 hours of match exposure. While no differences in muscle injury incidence were observed between South American and European teams, the ligament injury incidence in training among South American teams was significantly higher than European teams (0.6 vs 0.3, RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.87). In addition, a significantly higher proportion of all reported injuries among South American teams than European teams occurred in training.ConclusionsA larger proportion of injuries occur in training in South American compared with European professional football. Specifically, ligament injuries in training were more frequent among South American teams.

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Heneghan, Jack F., and Michael C. Herron. "Relative age effects in American professional football." Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 15, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2018-0030.

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Abstract We test for the existence of relative age effects in professional American football. In a sample of 18,898 football players born on or after 1940, there is an excess of January and February births – consistent with a relative age effect associated with calendar year – as well as a slight increase in September births – consistent with the fact that some football players we analyze attended high school in states with fall school cutoff dates. We consider the possibility that relative age effects may affect skilled football positions more than positions relying heavily on player weight, and we find suggestive evidence of this. Lastly, and contrary to what has recently been shown in professional hockey, we find no evidence that misguided preferences for relatively older players lead to selection-based inefficiencies in football player drafting. Our results have implications for evaluating potential football players and speak broadly to the role of physiological factors beyond player control on athletic success.

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Waltzman, Dana, Kelly Sarmiento, Owen Devine, Xinjian Zhang, Lara DePadilla, Marcie-jo Kresnow, Kelley Borradaile, et al. "Head Impact Exposures Among Youth Tackle and Flag American Football Athletes." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13, no. 5 (February 23, 2021): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738121992324.

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Background: Promoted as a safer alternative to tackle football, there has been an increase in flag football participation in recent years. However, examinations of head impact exposure in flag football as compared with tackle football are currently limited. Hypothesis: Tackle football athletes will have a greater number and magnitude of head impacts compared with flag football athletes. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Using mouthguard sensors, this observational, prospective cohort study captured data on the number and magnitude of head impacts among 524 male tackle and flag football athletes (6-14 years old) over the course of a single football season. Estimates of interest based on regression models used Bayesian methods to estimate differences between tackle and flag athletes. Results: There were 186,239 head impacts recorded during the study. Tackle football athletes sustained 14.67 (95% CI 9.75-21.95) times more head impacts during an athletic exposure (game or practice) compared with flag football athletes. Magnitude of impact for the 50th and 95th percentile was 18.15 g (17.95-18.34) and 52.55 g (51.06-54.09) for a tackle football athlete and 16.84 g (15.57-18.21) and 33.51 g (28.23-39.08) for a flag football athlete, respectively. A tackle football athlete sustained 23.00 (13.59-39.55) times more high-magnitude impacts (≥40 g) per athletic exposure compared with a flag football athlete. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that youth athletes who play tackle football are more likely to experience a greater number of head impacts and are at a markedly increased risk for high-magnitude impacts compared with flag football athletes. Clinical Relevance: These results suggest that flag football has fewer head impact exposures, which potentially minimizes concussion risk, making it a safer alternative for 6- to 14-year-old youth football athletes.

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Bruce, Hannah J., Yorghos Tripodis, Michael McClean, Monica Korell, Caroline M. Tanner, Brittany Contreras, Joshua Gottesman, et al. "American Football Play and Parkinson Disease Among Men." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 8 (August 11, 2023): e2328644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28644.

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ImportanceParkinsonism and Parkinson disease (PD) are known to result from repetitive head impacts from boxing. Repetitive head impacts from American football may also be associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative pathologies that cause parkinsonism, yet in vivo research on the association between football play and PD is scarce and limited by small samples and equivocal findings.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between football participation and self-reported parkinsonism or PD diagnosis.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study leveraged data from the online Fox Insight study. Participants completed online questionnaires and self-reported whether they currently had a diagnosis of Parkinson disease or parkinsonism by a physician or other health care professional. In November 2020, the Boston University Head Impact Exposure Assessment was launched for data collection on repetitive head impacts. Data used for this manuscript were obtained from the Fox Insight database on June 9, 2022. A total of 1875 men who endorsed playing any organized sport were included. Former athletes were divided into those who participated in football (n = 729 [38.9%]) and those who participated in other sports (reference group).ExposuresSelf-reported participation in football, duration and level of football play, age at first exposure.Main Outcomes and MeasuresLogistic regression tested associations between PD status and history of football play, duration of football play, highest level played, and age at first exposure, controlling for age, education, history of diabetes or heart disease, body mass index, history of traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness, and family history of PD.ResultsIn this sample of 1875 men (mean [SD] age, 67.69 [9.84] years) enriched for parkinsonism or PD (n = 1602 [85.4%]), 729 (38.9%) played football (mean [SD] duration, 4.35 [2.91] years). History of playing football was associated with higher odds of having a parkinsonism or PD diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% CI, 1.19-2.17). Among the entire sample, longer duration of play was associated with higher odds of having a parkinsonism or PD diagnosis (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06-1.19). Among football players, longer duration of football play (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.23) and higher level of play (OR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.28-6.73) were associated with higher odds of having parkinsonism or PD.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of participants enriched for PD, participation in football was associated with higher odds of having a reported parkinsonism or PD diagnosis.

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Abdul, Temilola, and Jacob Reisner. "Cervical Spine Injury - American Football." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 53, no. 8S (August 2021): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000763936.42067.30.

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Shurley, Jason P., and Justin K. Newman. "Spondylolysis in American Football Players." Strength and Conditioning Journal 38, no. 5 (October 2016): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000244.

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Findler, Patrick. "Should Kids Play (American) Football?" Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 42, no. 3 (August 26, 2015): 443–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2015.1079132.

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Karpakka, J. "American football injuries in Finland." British Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.27.2.135.

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Baltzer, A. W. A., P. D. Ghadamgahi, M. Granrath, and H. J. Pössel. "American football injuries in Germany." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 5, no. 1 (January 25, 1997): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001670050024.

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RHEA, MATTHEW R., RANDY L. HUNTER, and TAD J. HUNTER. "COMPETITION MODELING OF AMERICAN FOOTBALL." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20, no. 1 (February 2006): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200602000-00010.

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Armstrong, Lawrence E. "Exertional Heatstroke in American Football." Current Sports Medicine Reports 9, no. 3 (May 2010): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181de7d7f.

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Bingaman, James. "Australian Football in America During COVID-19." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0217.

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Despite its relative obscureness in the United States, Australian football has graced American airwaves since the 1990s. The outbreak of COVID-19 in the spring of 2020 paved the way for the Australian Football League to be one of the only professional sports leagues broadcasting games live on American television. Although the Australian Football League would later suspend the season, for at least one weekend, Australian football was the most popular sport in the United States. This short essay pulls from news articles, social media posts, and existing literature to explore this unique time in the American sports landscape by investigating the response to Australian football from fans, the response from media outlets, and the future directions of Australian football in the United States. The increase in exposure could help the Australian Football League become the next big spectator sport in the United States as well as help grow the game at a local, grassroots level.

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Newman, Jacob, Andrew Sumsion, Shad Torrie, and Dah-Jye Lee. "Automated Pre-Play Analysis of American Football Formations Using Deep Learning." Electronics 12, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030726.

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Annotation and analysis of sports videos is a time-consuming task that, once automated, will provide benefits to coaches, players, and spectators. American football, as the most watched sport in the United States, could especially benefit from this automation. Manual annotation and analysis of recorded videos of American football games is an inefficient and tedious process. Currently, most college football programs focus on annotating offensive formations to help them develop game plans for their upcoming games. As a first step to further research for this unique application, we use computer vision and deep learning to analyze an overhead image of a football play immediately before the play begins. This analysis consists of locating individual football players and labeling their position or roles, as well as identifying the formation of the offensive team. We obtain greater than 90% accuracy on both player detection and labeling, and 84.8% accuracy on formation identification. These results prove the feasibility of building a complete American football strategy analysis system using artificial intelligence. Collecting a larger dataset in real-world situations will enable further improvements. This would likewise enable American football teams to analyze game footage quickly.

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Maeda, Kenji, and George Moll. "American Football Sets Players’ Body Mass Index." Global Pediatric Health 5 (January 1, 2018): 2333794X1878554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x18785540.

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Objectives. Document American football, National Football League (NFL), Lean State (LS) or Heavy State (FS) Public High School (PHS), sets similar player position mean body mass indexes (BMI). Review health risks related to BMI. Methods. Public accessible 2014-2015 football rosters were used to calculate individual player’s BMI for four PHS teams about each LS and FS Capital City and 32 NFL teams. Mean BMI were compared for male player positions: quarterback (Q), backfield (B), and line (L) players. Results. Q, B, and L mean BMI were not significantly different for LS and FS PHS and NFL, but mean BMI was significantly ( P < .01) different for Q or B versus L. Conclusion. Football sets similar BMI for player positions with PHS line prone to obese BMI (considered healthy for NFL players) regardless of regional BMI trends. We propose PHS football set player BMI upper limit 30 to support public health and sports safety goals.

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Beissel, Adam S. "Transnational Corporations of Football Kin: Migration, Labor Flow, and the American Samoa MIRAB Economy." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 1 (August 9, 2019): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723519867684.

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In the U.S. territory of American Samoa, gridiron football has emerged as an important driver of a stock-flow relationship in which the stock of overseas-resident migrant athletic laborers sustains the flow of remittances to their extended family in their homeland. Within this article, I consider the significance of gridiron football within American Samoa’s MIRAB ( Migration, Remittances, Aid and Bureaucracy) economy, a model of Pacific Island microeconomies characterized by migration, remittances, foreign aid, and public bureaucracy. Based on a series of personal interviews with high school football players between the ages of 15 and 18 years on the Eastern football team squad, as well as more than a dozen coaches, parents, educator, and directors associated with the production of American Samoan High School football ( n = 60), I critically examine the social, cultural, and economic determinants involved in the collective decision-making process of footballers to emigrate to the U.S. mainland. I find that family units in the American Samoa operate as, to rephrase Bertram and Watters, transnational corporations of football kin, working collectively to develop and train skilled football laborers toward the accumulation of various forms of economic and social remittances for the benefit of the individual and extended family unit. More broadly, gridiron football in American Samoa produces a stock-flow relationship whereby a stock of Samoan gridiron footballers migrates to U.S. colleges and universities to support the flow of remittances and aid that sustains the island’s MIRAB economy.

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Siebert, Christian H., Oliver Miltner, Ulrich Kramer, Lars Hagemann, and Marco Ezechieli. "Arena Football, das neue Gesicht des American Football in Europa." Sport-Orthopädie - Sport-Traumatologie - Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology 27, no. 2 (January 2011): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orthtr.2011.02.008.

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Taylor, Katie. "‘Here's the football heroine’: female American football players, 1890–1912." Sport in History 40, no. 4 (September 6, 2020): 576–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2020.1814399.

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Clarke, Neil, and Mark Noon. "Editorial: Fatigue and Recovery in Football." Sports 7, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7080192.

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The football codes (soccer, American football, Australian rules football, rugby league, and union and Gaelic football) are intermittent team sports with bouts of high-intensity activity interspersed with low-intensity activities or rest [...]

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Brosch, Jared R., and Meredith R. Golomb. "American Childhood Football as a Possible Risk Factor for Cerebral Infarction." Journal of Child Neurology 26, no. 12 (October 3, 2011): 1493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073811418114.

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Three adolescent football players who had ischemic stroke associated with football practice and play are described. The literature on stroke associated with childhood sports and football in particular is reviewed, and the multiple mechanisms by which football can contribute to ischemic stroke are discussed.

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Probst, Daniel T., Susan E. Mackinnon, and Heidi Prather. "Isolated Axillary Nerve Injury in an Elite High School American Football Player: A Case Report." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 11, no. 6 (September 4, 2019): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119868478.

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An elite high school American football athlete sustained a traumatic, isolated, axillary nerve injury. Axillary nerve injuries are uncommon, but serious injuries in American football. With the advent of nerve transfers and grafts, these injuries, if diagnosed in a timely manner, are treatable. This case report discusses the multidisciplinary approach necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of an elite high school American football player who presented with marked deltoid atrophy. The athlete’s injury was diagnosed via electrodiagnostic testing and he underwent a medial triceps nerve to axillary nerve transfer. After appropriate postsurgical therapy, the athlete was able to return to American football the subsequent season and continue performing at an elite level. This case report reviews the evaluation and modern treatment for axillary nerve injuries in the athlete, including nerve transfers, nerve grafts, and return to play.

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Ploeg, Andrew J. "Going global: Fantasy sports gameplay paradigms, fan identities and cultural implications in an international context." European Journal of Cultural Studies 20, no. 6 (October 11, 2017): 724–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549417732995.

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This article investigates the cultural implications of the internationalization of contemporary fantasy sports. In particular, it exposes previously unexplored distinctions between season-long North American and European fantasy sports (the two most prominent world markets). In order to contextualize these distinctions, first, this article provides a concise history of both North American and European fantasy sports, delineating briefly the philosophies that shaped them. Second, it examines the contrasting paradigms (i.e., the models by which fantasy sports are imagined, designed and played) of North America and Europe’s most popular fantasy sports – North American and European football – paradigms that reflect to various extents the hypercommodification and dehumanization of the athletes involved. On the basis of this examination, the article argues that the two frameworks produce disparate fan identities – that of ‘owners’ in North American fantasy football and of ‘managers’ in European fantasy football. Third, it makes a case for three possibilities as to how and why these differences may have arisen. Thus, the article utilizes the differences in the two models as a foundation for its contentions regarding the potential reasons for these distinctions and their cultural significance. This article forms part of the Special Issue ‘On the Move’, which marks the twentieth anniversary of European Journal of Cultural Studies.

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Bayram, John M., David F. Hamilton, and David H. Saunders. "Epidemiology of American Football Injuries at Universities in the United Kingdom." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 232596712096020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120960206.

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Background: College-level American football injury data are routinely collected; however, data relating to American football injuries at universities in the United Kingdom have never been reported. Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of UK university American football injuries. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: An online survey tool was used to collect the injury data of 410 players from 56 UK university teams who participated in the 2014-2015 British Universities and College Sports American football season. Survey data were collected from January to February 2016 and were analyzed to determine the incidence and patterns of injury. Results: Overall, 710 injuries and 204 concussions were self-reported among the 410 participants, of which 334 (81.5%) were injured and 131 (32.0%) experienced concussion symptoms. The rate of injury per 100 athlete-seasons was greater in defensive players (195.3) than offensive players (155.1). The most common injuries were knee and ankle ligament injuries. Most injuries were classified as severe (time loss of >4 weeks). Conclusion: UK university American football injuries differ markedly from those reported for US colleges. UK university players appear to have less playing experience, greater concussion risks, more severe injuries, and a greater proportion of injuries in defensive players versus offensive players.

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Ashton, Jake, Derek Van Rheenen, and Laura Pryor. "American College Football and Homophobia: An Empirical Study." Journal of Education and Culture Studies 4, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): p171. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v4n3p171.

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This study examines how male hegemony in team sports, such as football, promote homophobia as a form of symbolic violence and a powerful mechanism of social control. The research included the survey administration of the Attitudes Toward Gay Men (ATG) scale (Herek, 1984, 1994) to one Division I college football team on the west coast of the United States, measuring participants’ relative levels of homophobia. Findings indicate that approximately two-thirds (n=65) of the members of this college football team reported a positive attitude towards homosexuality within this study, while roughly one-third of respondents had negative attitudes toward gay men. Level of religious faith, regardless of denomination, was the best predictor of participants’ attitudes toward homosexuality. Finally, the article discusses the study’s limitations, directions for future research and implications to enhance a more open and inclusive climate within American college football.

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Conde-Pipo, Javier, Jose Antonio Latorre, Nuria Gimenez-Blasi, Fatima Olea-Serrano, Bernardo Requena, and Miguel Mariscal-Arcas. "Comparative Analysis of Body Composition Profiles among Latin American Elite Football Players Competing in Europe." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2023): 6778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116778.

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It has yet to be determined whether or not differences in body composition are present between international and non-international players playing in the same elite professional club competition. Similarly, it is not yet clear whether or not differences in body composition exist according to ethnic origin where relative homogeneity is to be expected among soccer players. There is no single anthropometric profile that guarantees sporting success, as success differs according to characteristics. The aim of this study was to assess the description, comparison, and correlation of the body composition profile of Latin American professional football players playing in European leagues. The sample was composed of 238 Latin American male football players from European professional football leagues of Spain, Italy and England during the competition period. Differences were found in all measures. The present study shows that Latin American professional football players playing in Europe have significant differences in various body composition variables such as weight, height, WC, skinfold and fat values. This means that training, revalidation after injury and the classifications of sporting performance carried out in European football clubs should take into account the anthropometric difference between Latin American and European players.

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Wilberger, Jack E. "Minor Head Injuries in American Football." Sports Medicine 15, no. 5 (May 1993): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199315050-00005.

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Pincivero, Danny M., and Tudor O. Bompa. "A Physiological Review of American Football." Sports Medicine 23, no. 4 (April 1997): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199723040-00004.

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Crepeau, Richard C., and David L. Porter. "Biographical Dictionary of American Sports: Football." Journal of American History 75, no. 4 (March 1989): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1908794.

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Rihn, Jeffrey A., David T. Anderson, Kathleen Lamb, Peter F. Deluca, Ahmed Bata, Paul A. Marchetto, Nuno Neves, and Alexander R. Vaccaro. "Cervical Spine Injuries in American Football." Sports Medicine 39, no. 9 (September 2009): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11315190-000000000-00000.

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Ribbat, Christoph. "Sport. American Football ,Abends In Deutschland." POP 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/pop-2019-080110.

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Bergfeld, J. "Use of helmets in American football." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2, no. 1 (March 1999): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80106-6.

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Murrell, GAC, S. Maddali, SA Rodeo, R. Barnes, and RF Warren. "Muscle cramps in American Football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2, no. 1 (March 1999): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80151-0.

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Journal articles on the topic 'American football'

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