Academic literature on the topic 'American Girl'

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Journal articles on the topic "American Girl"

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Horrocks, Allison, and Mary Mahoney. "American Girls." Public Historian 43, no. 1 (2021): 164–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2021.43.1.164.

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Since Pleasant Rowland launched the American Girl brand in 1986, the popular dolls and books have inspired generations of young people. The American Girls Podcast, developed and produced by two historians, re-examines the world of American Girl, applying historical analysis and social commentary to understand how formative the brand was for their own and others’ lives. The podcast has also cultivated a community of listeners who continue to engage with the dolls and stories in innovative ways; in this way, the show serves as a forum for ongoing conversations about the meaning of American Girl.
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Acosta-Alzuru, C. ""I'm an American Girl ... Whatever That Means": Girls Consuming Pleasant Company's American Girl Identity." Journal of Communication 52, no. 1 (2002): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joc/52.1.139.

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Acosta-Alzuru, Carolina, and Peggy J. Kreshel. "“I'm an American Girl … Whatever That Means”: Girls Consuming Pleasant Company's American Girl Identity." Journal of Communication 52, no. 1 (2002): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02536.x.

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Nickens, Rachel E. "The Production of Neoliberal Girlhood in Girl Scout Daisies and Brownies." Girlhood Studies 18, no. 1 (2025): 90–108. https://doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2025.180107.

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Abstract For over a century, Girl Scouts of the United States of America (GSUSA) has shaped the experiences of American girls with a curriculum crafted in response to changing social conditions. In this article, I examine how the contemporary GSUSA organization seeks to develop the youngest Girl Scouts. Through an analysis of the Daisy and Brownie curriculum and the skill development encouraged by activity options, I demonstrate how GSUSA produces the neoliberal girl subject via the program pillars of STEM, Entrepreneurship, and Life Skills. Starting in kindergarten, Girl Scouts are encouraged to become can-do girls or future girls prepared for the global economy. I provide further evidence of the production of neoliberal girlhood and highlight how these efforts have extended to early elementary school.
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Parkin, Katherine. "Sadie Hawkins in American Life, 1937-1957." Journal of Family History 46, no. 4 (2021): 391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03631990211021153.

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In 1937, Al Capp introduced Sadie Hawkins Day in his Li’l Abner comic strip. In its first year, Americans embraced the day with girl-chase-boy races and girl-ask-boy fall dances. Cream of Wheat used Sadie Hawkins to sell their cereal, further entrenching it in American life. Sadie Hawkins purported to be an empowering opportunity for girls. However, a belief that men feared marriage, even to beautiful women, and that women were always desperate to be dating and married, fueled the passion for this traditional, heteronormative phenomenon. Capp’s misogyny led him to sort single women into desirable and undesirable categories.
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Rosner, Molly. "The American Girl Company and the Uses of Nostalgia in Children’s Consumer Culture." Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures 6, no. 2 (2014): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jeunesse.6.2.35.

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Since the mid-1980s, thousands of girls have encountered history through the American Girl books, dolls, and merchandise. Drawing on the work of Fredric Jameson and Arjun Appadurai, both of whom comment on the ways in which historical narratives are always imbued with nostalgia, this paper argues that by creating purchasable “artifacts” for dolls, American Girl has drawn on nostalgic consumer impulses to create longing for an imagined and sanitized history. As American Girl has changed its focus from historical dolls to contemporary dolls, its message has become more focused on individuality, fashion, and personal improvement.
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Speltz, Mark. "No Ordinary American Girl." Public Historian 43, no. 1 (2021): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2021.43.1.123.

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de Jesús, Melinda Luisa. "Art School Grrls Hack the Girl Culture Final." Girlhood Studies 15, no. 3 (2022): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2022.150310.

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Since 2008 I have had the pleasure of teaching Girl Culture at California College of the Arts (CCA), a private art/design college located in the San Francisco Bay Area. This article features student zines from Girl Culture at this college. Girl Culture is part of the school’s general studies curriculum in the Humanities and Sciences at the upper division (junior and senior) level. The course title comes from Sherrie Inness’s foundational anthology defining American Girlhood Studies in the twentieth century, Delinquents and Debutantes (1998), in which she notes,"Too often girls’ culture is shunted aside by scholars as less significant or less important than the study of adult women’s issues, but girls’ culture is what helps to create not just an individual woman but all women in our society. (11, emphasis in original)"Girl Culture explores the myriad forces that have an impact on American girls’ lives today and seeks to identify the places where artists and designers can best advocate for girl-centric liberation, autonomy, and joy.
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Bussey, Nicole. "Deconstructing Desire: Criticism of Western Romantic Narratives in Mitski's "Your Best American Girl" Music Video." Nota Bene: Canadian Undergraduate Journal of Musicology 17, no. 1 (2024): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/notabene.v17i1.17194.

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Mitski Miyawaki, a Japanese American indie-rock artist professionally known as Mitski, wrote her 2016 song, “Your Best American Girl,” from the perspective of a woman who is unable to have a relationship with her love interest due to their different racial and cultural backgrounds. The accompanying music video engages with the song’s social message while adding nuance and complexity to it. Many of the lyrics portray Mitski’s feelings of isolation as an Asian American woman, especially through their employment of Japanese cultural symbols, while the music video uses parody, camera angles, and Americana iconography to further illustrate Mitski’s experiences of isolation. This essay analyzes the subtle ways in which “Your Best American Girl” subverts Asian stereotypes and destabilizes white patriarchal structures that are perpetrated by popular media, particularly through white centrality in the indie-rock genre. Comparison of “Your Best American Girl” to Lana Del Rey’s “Born to Die” music video reveals how “Your Best American Girl” uses parody techniques to criticize this white centrality. Further, its references to PJ Harvey allows Mitski to occupy a similar position of musical authenticity and command respect. Through lyrical, musical, and visual storytelling, “Your Best American Girl” chronicles Mitski’s journey towards self-acceptance, while critiquing the pervasive whiteness in romantic narratives.
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Goerisch, Denise. "Operation Thin Mint: Popular Geopolitics of Care and Post-9/11 Girlhood." YOUNG 27, no. 2 (2018): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1103308818769747.

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In response to the events of 9/11, the Girl Scouts of San Diego created a service programme within the annual Girl Scout cookie sale called Operation Thin Mint, which sends cookies to soldiers serving overseas. Representations of American patriotism and national identity are featured prominently throughout the cookie sale as girls come to embody America’s role in overseas military conflicts, an embodiment of everyday geopolitical processes that frame the US military as protector of American innocence, ideals and values. Scouts come to engage with political and economic systems that position them beyond their communities as they ‘sell the nation’ to consumers as a form of care, blurring the boundaries between the public and private spheres as well as the local and global. Based on an in-depth ethnographic study on the Girl Scout cookie sale, this article will examine the complex gendered relationship between the American military, girls’ bodies and care.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "American Girl"

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Medina, Veronica E. "Theorizing American girl." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4975.

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Thesis (M,A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 30, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Cook, Rachel E. "You're Wearing the Orange Shorts? African American Hooters Girls and the All American Girl Next Door." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/wsi_theses/21.

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Hooters restaurants are typically staffed by Caucasian women that resemble the company’s idea of an “All American Girl, Surfer Girl, Girl Next Door” image, promoted in employee training materials. However, my experience working for this company has been in a predominantly African American-staffed Hooters, atypical for the corporation. Through a mixed methods approach encompassing content analysis, participant observation, autoethnography, and interviews, this research seeks to understand the ideal Hooters Girl image promoted by the corporation, and the performance of that ideal in an atypical Hooters location.
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Horrex, Emma. "From representation to reception : the gang girl and girl gang in contemporary American film." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:15425.

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Gonzalez, Karen Brown. "The drowned girl." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002403.

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Wahome, Samatha. "Ain’t I a Girl: Black Girls Negotiating Gender, Race, and Class." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313436849.

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Haire-Sargeant, Lin. "American girl to new woman : themes of transformation in books for girls, 1850-1925 /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2004.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2004.<br>Director: Carol Houlihan Flynn. Submitted to the Dept. of English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 296-307). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Shang, Mei. "On “Not Asian Enough” – Textual Analysis of Cultural Representation of All-American Girl." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1304608739.

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Perez, Sonja Zepeda. "Mis(s) Education: Narrative Construction and Closure in American Girl." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556826.

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While American Girl markets itself as a brand that teaches girls about our nation’s history and empowers girls to "stand tall, reach high, and dream big," this dissertation, "Mis(s) Education: Narrative Construction and Closure in American Girl" challenges this widely held belief. The American Girl Historical Character Series (hereafter AGHC series) is a textual site that writes a history that relies more on national myths of freedom, independence, and the pursuit of the American Dream through struggle. To dig deeper into this book series, I analyze how intersections of power in particular, nation, gender, race, and consumerism are constructed within the pages of the AGHC series. I assert that these books create a narrative construction and closure within the series. In place of a dialogic history that allows the reader to question historical and/or contemporary issues of power, a dominant narrative of history-one that relies on national myths prevails. While AG prides itself as a brand that first and foremost celebrates and empowers girls to become their very best, the historical series also imposes traditional gender roles for girls. It is this "rhetoric of empowerment" that this dissertation uncovers. Such an imagined empowerment is infused with ambivalence. AGHC series readers are also constructed as consumers who are being taught to celebrate consumerism and the Almighty Dollar.
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Atchison, Erin Jane. "Convention, individuality, and feminine musicianship : the piano girl in nineteenth century American literature." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24753.

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The nineteenth-century piano was not just a means of making music, but a cultural myth. In literature it is a complex conduit for ideas about femininity, social expectations, and status. Nevertheless, the literary significance of the “piano girl” – the woman who played the piano as an accomplishment – has been largely ignored by the critics, particularly in the field of American literature, where piano-playing characters superficially conform to conventional expectations about domestic music in greater numbers than their European counterparts. Not all texts, however, are so happy to accept a prescribed model of feminine musicianship, and in this thesis I analyse several key texts by James Fenimore Cooper, Margaret Fuller, Elizabeth Stoddard, Henry James, and Kate Chopin, and show how their representations of the piano girl challenge the often contradictory rhetoric of their day. Through the socio-cultural and historic understanding of the piano and musicianship in the United States, the piano girls in these texts reveal a complex pattern of ambivalence towards the role of domestic music in the performance of womanhood, and its relationship to the contingent realities of nineteenth century American society. In Chapter One, I introduce the narrative significance and literary antecedents of music in four of Cooper’s novels, and in Chapter Two, I discuss Fuller’s concerns about the piano as a feminine object in <i>Summer on the Lakes</i>, <i>in 1843, </i>with reference to her music criticism and other contemporary fiction. Chapter Three analyses Stoddard’s representation of the piano girl in <i>The Morgesons</i>; the chapter combines Romanticism and musical subjectivity with domesticity and consumer theory. In Chapter Four, I locate the exceptional musicianship of Madame Merle within the wider context of feminine music in James’ <i>The Portrait of a Lady.</i> Through a consideration of the discursive meaning of repertoire in Chopin’s <i>The Awakening</i>, Chapter Five explores the complex relationship between musical performance, selfhood and gender expectation.
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Lawall, Kathryn. "Protecting the Innocents: The Inter-American System and Securing the Girl-Child’s Rights." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1110918383.

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Books on the topic "American Girl"

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Fagerholm, Monika. The American girl. Other Press, 2010.

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Cabot, Patricia. All-American girl. Thorndike Press, 2003.

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Cabot, Patricia. All-American Girl. HarperCollins Publishers, 2002.

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Cabot, Patricia. All-American Girl. HarperCollins, 2002.

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Cabot, Patricia. All-American Girl. HarperCollins, 2002.

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Chandler, Christy Howard. The American girl. Angel City Press, 1999.

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Rand, Suzanne. All American girl. Bantam, 1986.

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Rand, Suzanne. All-American girl. Bantam Books, 1986.

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Williams-Sonoma, ed. American girl baking. Weldon Owen, Incorporated, 2016.

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(Firm), American Girl, and Williams-Sonoma, eds. American girl: Parties. Weldon Owen, Incorporated, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "American Girl"

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Davion, Victoria. "The American Girl." In Criticism and Compassion. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119463030.ch20.

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Almereyda, Michael. "Another Girl, Another Planet." In 100 American Independent Films. British Film Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-92349-6_3.

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Ferdinand, Renata Harden. "Black Girl Expectations." In An Autoethnography of African American Motherhood. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367822897-2.

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Freeman, Clara B. "Brown Girl Challenge." In Michelle Obama’s Impact on African American Women and Girls. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92468-7_31.

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"AMERICAN GIRL." In Ballads. punctum books, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.2354027.80.

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"Making Americans: The American Girl Doll and American Girl Place." In Performing Consumers. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203449042-11.

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"Racialized, Glorified American Girls." In Ziegfeld Girl. Duke University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822399032-005.

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"Racialized, Glorified American Girls." In Ziegfeld Girl. Duke University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11sn2hq.8.

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Gordon, Caroline. "An American Girl." In The Added Dimension. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780823296736-012.

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"4. Racialized, Glorified American Girls." In Ziegfeld Girl. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822399032-006.

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Conference papers on the topic "American Girl"

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Cerritos, David, and Xiomara Martínez. "Development of STEM Competences and Soft Skills for future engineers: Science Girl Camp." In 2024 IEEE 42nd Central America and Panama Convention (CONCAPAN XLII). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/concapan63470.2024.10933598.

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ZHOU, JIHONG ZHO. "THE CONSTRUCTION OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN’S IDENTITY IN PAULE MARSHALL’S BROWN GIRL, BROWNSTONES AND PRAISESONG FOR THE WIDOW." In 2023 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOCIAL SCIENCE. Destech Publications, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/isss2023/36060.

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In the context of homeland writing, this paper will interpret the two novels of contemporary African-American female writer Paule Marshall: Brown Girl, Brownstones and Praisesong for the Widow. This paper focuses on the identity loss caused by the cultural dilemmas faced by African- Americans in various social spaces, and how they finally complete the reconstruction of their self-identity through the pursuit of identity.
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Romić, Iva. "The Emergence of the “Final Girl” in Stephen King’s The Shining." In 10th Annual Conference of the Croatian Association for American Studies: Breaking Stereotypes in American Popular Culture. University of Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences; Croatian Association for American Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/9789533791258.07.

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Dress, C., and C. Siracusa. "Progressive Dyspnea, Chronic Cough and Eosinophilia in Adolescent Girl." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a1746.

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Sumner, J., and B. A. Nelson. "Primary Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia in an Otherwise Healthy 3-Year-Old Girl." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a5361.

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Endara-Bravo, Andres S., and Supat Thammasitboon. "Non 24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder In A Sighted Teenage Girl." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a5250.

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Maguire, A., R. Kamerman-Kretzmer, M. Han, and K. Nandalike. "Six Months Old Girl with Recurrent Pneumonia; The Diagnosis That Helped the Sister." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a5317.

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Morales, Esmeralda E., Lea Davies, and Arthur C. Ogborn. "Mounier Kuhn Syndrome With A Fatal Outcome In A 15-Year-Old Girl." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a3372.

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Gresham, Robert. "The American Filmmaking Manipulation of a Translated Novel: David Fincher’s adaptation of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo." In The 4th International Conference on Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts. Global Ks, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/4th.icsha.2023.04.006.

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Ota, C., M. Kimura, Y. Matsuda, S. Iwasawa, S. Kure, and Y. Okada. "Bilateral Lung Transplantation in A 9-Year-Old Girl with Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a5016.

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Reports on the topic "American Girl"

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Näslund-Hadley, Emma. Education among Adolescent Mothers, Non-mothers and All. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005980.

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Teen mothers in Latin America complete 1.8 to 2.8 fewer years of education than Latin American women who delay bearing children. Pregnancy is often believed to be the reason why girls drop out of school.
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Polen, Lisa, Kelly Hallman, Stephanie Martinez, and Kassel Franco Garibay. Supporting Native American girls during the COVID-19 pandemic. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy17.1017.

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Binstock, Georgina, and Emma Näslund-Hadley. The Miseducation of Latin American Girls: Poor Schooling Makes Pregnancy a Rational Choice. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008683.

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Our interest in understanding the determinants of adolescent childbearing and how adolescent childbearing influences educational trajectories derive from a concern about the inverse relationship between educational outcomes and adolescent fertility. Through in-depth interviews with 118 women, we contrast the educational trajectories of adolescent and adult childbearers in urban neighborhoods in Paraguay and Peru. The findings suggest that adolescents who face obstacles that discourage academic achievement and high aspirations in life are also more likely to bear children.
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Zoido, Pablo, Alison Elías, María Soledad Bos, and Emiliana Vegas. Latin America and the Caribbean in PISA 2015: How Do Boys and Girls Perform? Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006346.

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Näslund-Hadley, Emma, and Haydée Alonzo. Gender, Education, and Skills in Latin America: Evidence from the Regional Learning Assessment. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013270.

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Latin America has achieved considerable progress in expanding access to education, yet significant gender disparities persist in educational outcomes. These gaps are evident in enrollment, completion rates, and performance across key subjects such as mathematics, language, and science. This study explores the multifaceted drivers of these disparities, including societal norms, family expectations, and economic conditions that differentially impact boys and girls. Using data from the 2019 Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (ERCE), the analysis highlights persistent gender-based achievement gaps across Latin American countries. Girls typically outperform boys in language and science, while boys excel in mathematics. However, these trends vary across demographic groups, with Indigenous students facing compounded barriers. Indigenous girls score lower in mathematics compared to Indigenous boys and non-Indigenous peers, while Indigenous boys underperform in language and science relative to their counterparts. The findings indicate that observable factors, such as access to resources, do not fully account for these disparities. Instead, societal expectations, parental perceptions, and cultural attitudes toward education emerge as critical drivers.
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Marques Garcia Ozemela, Luana, Diana Ortiz, and Anne-Marie Urban. Violence against Women and Girls with Disabilities: Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001581.

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McClanahan, Wendy, and Tracey A. Hartmann. Raising the Barre and Stretching the Canvas: Implementing High Quality Arts Programming in a National Youth Serving Organization. Research for Action, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.59656/a-ya7708.001.

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Avis, w. Drivers of Gender-based Violence in Migration in Latin America. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.008.

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This rapid evidence review explores the multifaceted drivers of gender-based violence (GBV) in migration across Latin America. It provides an overview of the interconnected factors influencing migration decisions, experiences throughout the migrant cycle, and the persistent challenges faced by migrant women and girls, including trafficking and exploitation. The report highlights the urgent need for comprehensive support systems to address GBV and safety mechanisms for migrant populations. It concludes by drawing attention to the direct influence on migration flows across the region which is linked with cyclical challenges of inequity and poverty.
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Fonseca, Jodie, Laiba Bahrawar, Margaret M. Dubeck, Yasmin Sitabkhan, Christopher Cummiskey, and Devanshi Unadkat. Girls Have Academic Advantages and So Do Boys: A Multicountry Analysis of Gender Differences in Early Grade Reading and Mathematics Outcomes. RTI Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2023.rr.0049.2305.

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This paper contains a new analysis of gender differences in early grade reading and mathematics outcomes in 19 USAID-funded studies over the past decade from 14 locations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The paper addresses gaps in the literature related to learning patterns for girls and boys in lower- and middle-income countries and in early primary school. We analyzed the results from reading and mathematics assessments in grades 2 and 3, including differences in oral reading fluency (ORF) and quantitative comparison scores between boys and girls, as well as differences in score distributions by gender. In line with results from assessments in upper grades and in wealthier countries, we found that girls consistently outperformed boys in reading. In mathematics, boys slightly outperformed girls, although the differences were typically not large. Global experience has shown that patterns in poor performance become more entrenched the further learners progress through the grades, suggesting that early interventions for boys in reading and girls in mathematics could have long-term benefits. At the same time, both girls and boys typically score below expectations in the two subjects across countries, necessitating targeted strategies to improve outcomes for both genders early in their educational trajectories.
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Galiani, Sebastián, Claudia Piras, Hugo R. Ñopo, and Suzanne Duryea. The Educational Gender Gap in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010870.

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Abstract:
This paper analyzes the evolution of gender differences in school attendance and attainment in Latin America and the Caribbean, for both adults who left the educational system and children in school. For individuals 21 years old and above the paper uses a cohort analysis of school attainment. The results indicate that the schooling gap has closed for the cohort born at the end of the 1960s. Since then, the gap has reversed such that within the cohort born in 1980, females have, on average, ¿ of a schooling year more than males. During the four decades of birth cohorts of our analysis (1940-1980) the gender gap in attainment has moved in favor of females at a pace of 0.27 years of schooling per decade. A decomposition exercise suggests that the changes in the schooling gap are mainly explained by the educational attainment of females at the higher levels, rather than improvements in the early years of education. An analysis of attendance and attainment among girls and boys between 6 and 18, for Bolivia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru (the countries that have not closed the gap in adult schooling attainment) reveals noticeable gender differences, favoring boys, only among older children of the lowest income quintiles and indigenous ethnicity.
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