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1
Morgan, Vincent L., and Katherine R. Morgan. "Walter Granger and the History of American Paleontology." Paleontological Society Special Publications 8 (1996): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200002847.
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BRINKMAN, PAUL D. "Establishing vertebrate paleontology at Chicago's Field Columbian Museum, 1893—1898." Archives of Natural History 27, no. 1 (February 2000): 81–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2000.27.1.81.
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By the late nineteenth century, as a consequence of the costly, far-flung, labor-intensive, and specimen-centered nature of the discipline, American vertebrate paleontology had become centralized at large collections maintained by a few universities and major natural history museums. Foremost among the latter group were the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; the American Museum of Natural History, New York; the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC; the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; and the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago. There is an extensive body of popular and historical literature reviewing the establishment and early development of the vertebrate paleontology programs at most of these institutions, especially the American Museum. The Field Columbian Museum, however, has received relatively little attention in this literature. The present paper begins to redress this imbalance by reviewing the establishment of vertebrate paleontology at the Field Columbian Museum from the museum's foundation in 1893, through the end of 1898, when the museum added a vertebrate paleontologist to its curatorial staff. An account of the Field Columbian Museum's first expedition for fossil vertebrates in the summer of 1898 is included.
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Rainger, Ronald. "Collectors and Entrepreneurs: Hatcher, Wortman, and the Structure of American Vertebrate Paleontology Circa 1900." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.l1n05k0783584203.
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John Bell Hatcher (1861-1904) and Jacob L. Wortman (1856-1926) were two of the most prominent figures in late nineteenth-century American vertebrate paleontology. Working at leading centers for the science, including Yale's Peabody Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, each was responsible for significant discoveries of fossil vertebrates and notable contributions to taxonomy and biostratigraphy. Yet both had itinerant and, by their own admissions, highly frustrating careers. Traditionally their problems have been explained in terms of personality, as a result of their sensitive, volatile temperaments. Yet their careers and difficulties also reflect the structure of American vertebrate paleontology at the time, a discipline centered in museums and under the direction of wealthy, powerful entrepreneurs. Men such as Othniel Charles Marsh and Henry Fairfield Osborn financed and helped to promote work in vertebrate paleontology, but the context within which such work was conducted also limited opportunities for Hatcher, Wortman, and others.
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Batten, Roger. "Robert Parr Whitfield: Hall's Assistant Who Stayed too Long." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.d36v317p64885205.
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R. P. Whitfield was born near Utica in 1828. He had no formal education. He was deeply committed to natural history and joined a Utica society at 17 and bought a microscope and soon became well known as a naturalist illustrator. At 20 years of age he began working in a scientific instrument business at Utica and within a year became a partner. He caught the attention of Col. Jewett, a curator of the State Cabinet and joined the Hall paleontology group in 1856. He was Hall's chief illustrator for 10 years, gradually learning the trade and becoming Hall's chief assistant. In 1869, trouble developed over the authorship of a paper on Devonian clams and their relationship quickly deteriorated to the point that Whitfield looked for a position elsewhere, securing such at the American Museum of Natural History in 1877. Even when he left, Hall accused him of breach of contract but evidence indicates that Hall knew that he had the job in New York following the purchase of Hall's collection by the American Museum of Natural History. Whitfield became an active producer of papers on a wide variety of paleontology averaging 3-4 per year and became a major influence in Paleontology in the 1880-1900 period. He died shortly after he was retired at the age of 82 in 1910.
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Colbert, Edwin. "W. D. Matthew's Early Western Field Trips." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.ng758437p6253341.
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William Diller Matthew, who entered Columbia College in 1891 with the avowed intention of becoming a mining geologist, was influenced by Henry Fairfield Osborn to change his interests to vertebrate paleontology. In 1895 Osborn hired Matthew as assistant curator at the American Museum of Natural History, where he began his lifelong studies of fossil mammals. In line with his chosen field of research, Matthew made a series of collecting trips to western North America, from 1897 to 1908, devoted largely to the accumulation of fossil mammals, thus establishing a basis for much of his research.
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Jia, Hepeng. "Paleontology: advancing China's international leadership." National Science Review 6, no. 1 (November 12, 2018): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy132.
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Abstract In recent years, Chinese scientists have achieved significant progress in paleontological discoveries and scientific studies. Series of studies published in top journals, such as Science, Nature and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), have astonished the world by presenting beautiful fossils that furnish robust evidence to enrich the understanding of organismic evolution, major extinctions and stratigraphy. It has been portrayed as the heyday in the paleontology of China. What is the status of the field? What factors have caused the avalanche of fossil discoveries in China? What implications can these new discoveries provide for our understanding of current evolution theories? How, given their significant contribution to the world's paleontology scholarship, can Chinese scientists play a due leadership role in the field? At an online forum organized by the National Science Review (NSR), its associate editor-in-chief, Zhonghe Zhou, asked four scientists in the field as well as NSR executive editor-in-chief Mu-ming Poo to join the discussion. Jin Meng Paleobiologist at American Museum of Natural History Mu-ming Poo Neurobiologist at Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shuzhong Shen Stratigrapher at Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shuhai Xiao Paleobiologist and geobiologist at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Zhonghe Zhou (Chair) Paleobiologist at Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences
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PEMBERTON, S. GEORGE, and ERIN A. PEMBERTON. "ROLE OF ICHNOLOGY IN THE HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY." Earth Sciences History 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-37.1.63.
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ABSTRACT Vertebrate ichnology in North America has a long and distinguished history, starting with the remarkable discoveries by Edward Hitchcock of dinosaur footprints and trackways in the Connecticut River Valley. Hitchcock assembled a unique collection that is currently housed in the Beneski Museum of Natural History, Amherst College, and his work essentially constituted the beginnings of ichnology as a viable sub-discipline of paleontology. Although his original interpretation that these Late Triassic locomotion traces were bird tracks was incorrect, he indirectly linked birds and dinosaurs. Other talented amateurs including John Collins Warren, James Deane, Dexter Marsh and Roswell Field worked on these track sites and some were prolific authors. Three major books have significance, Dr. John Collins Warren published his book Remarks on Some Fossil Impressions in the Sandstone Rocks of Connecticut River in 1854 making it the second book ever published exclusively on ichnology and the second American publication (and first American scientific publication) to be illustrated with a photograph, a salt print, used as the frontispiece depicting what he interpreted as the fossilized tracks of prehistoric birds. James Deane published a book in 1861entitled Ichnographs from the Sandstone of Connecticut River containing photographs and etchings. Finally, Edward Hitchcock published The Supplement to the Ichnology of New England in 1865 that contained seven albumen prints by the professional photographer J. Lovell of Amherst. These volumes pioneered the use of photography in American scientific publications.
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Dutro, J. Thomas. "Brachiopods Between Treatises—A North American Perspective 1965–2000." Paleontological Society Papers 7 (November 2001): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000863.
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The Paleontological Society Short Course this year features the history of brachiopod research, especially since the beginning of the revision of Part H, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, in the early 1990s. The first version of Part H was published in 1965 and the only previous Paleontological Society Short Course to deal with brachiopods was held in 1981 at the Cincinnati meeting of the Geological Society of America. At that time, the day was split between the bryozoans and brachiopods, with a nod to the phoronids, under the rubric of lophophorates.
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Laporte, Léo. "George G. Simpson (1902-1984): Getting Started in the Summer of 1924." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.1t25282v8vp24w08.
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In the middle of his first year of graduate work in vertebrate paleontology at Yale, George Gaylord Simpson began looking about for employment for the coming summer. He needed a job that would not only further his paleontological education, but also, with a wife and infant daughter to support, one that would pay him a salary, however modest. He eventually obtained a position prospecting for Tertiary mammals in Texas and New Mexico as a field assistant to William Diller Matthew of the American Museum of Natural History. By the end of the summer, Simpson established himself as an energetic and highly successful field man, having made two major fossil discoveries, thereby impressing both Richard Swan Lull, his major advisor at Yale, and Matthew, whom he would eventually succeed at the American Museum as curator of fossil mammals. When Simpson returned to Yale in the fall, Lull, despite his earlier refusal, permitted him to study the Marsh Collection of Mesozoic mammals for his dissertation. Matthew, too, was enthusiastic about Simpson's demonstrated abilities for he became Simpson's mentor, acting as informal off-campus advisor for his dissertation and eventually an advocate for Simpson's appointment at the American Museum. Simpson also learned, the hard way, about scientific protocol and professional territoriality when a short paper he wrote describing the geologic results of his work in New Mexico was suppressed by Childs Frick, honorary curator of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology who had supported the New Mexico (and Texas) excursion with his own funds. Frick's financial support of the Museum apparently gave him greater influence than Matthew who, as chairman of Vertebrate Paleontology, had initially approved Simpson's paper for publication in the Museum Bulletin.
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Vetter, Jeremy. "Field science in the Railroad Era: the tools of knowledge empire in the American West, 1869-1916." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 15, no. 3 (September 2008): 597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702008000300003.
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Focusing on the field sciences during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this paper analyzes how railroads served as tools of knowledge empire in the American West. The political economy of this region, shaped by the rise of Populism and capitalist development with federal and state government support, provided the context for cooperation between field scientists and railroad companies. Early on, the displacement of American Indians and their concentration on reservations was intertwined with the research of the Bureau of Ethnology under John Wesley Powell. Later, railroad companies became important patrons of field research, primarily through their provision of free or reduced-fare passes for travel. This research ranged from state universities undertaking research in horticulture and irrigation engineering to metropolitan natural history museums whose field work in paleontology had cultural or symbolic value.
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Liss, Julia E., and Ronald Rainger. "An Agenda for Antiquity: Henry Fairfield Osborn & Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, 1890-1935." Journal of American History 79, no. 3 (December 1992): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080895.
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Mapes, Royal H., and Roger K. Pabian. "Presentation of the Harrell L. Strimple Award of The Paleontological Society to Ted White." Journal of Paleontology 61, no. 3 (May 1987): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000028924.
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For over 30 years, Ted White has scoured the quarries and road cuts of the lower Platte River Valley in southeastern Nebraska for late Pennsylvanian invertebrate and vertebrate fossils. His years of collecting have provided information that significantly amplifies the history of the late Pennsylvanian in the entire North American Midcontinent. Some highlights of Ted's influence in paleontology show that he is an excellent and well-deserving recipient of the Harrell L. Strimple Award for 1986. Ted's work has not only led several young people into paleontological careers but has altered the course of research of many established professionals.
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Winsor, Mary P., and Ronald Rainger. "An Agenda for Antiquity: Henry Fairfield Osborn and Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, 1890-1935." American Historical Review 98, no. 4 (October 1993): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166789.
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Brinkman, P. "Bartholomew James Sulivan's discovery of fossil vertebrates in the Tertiary beds of Patagonia." Archives of Natural History 30, no. 1 (April 2003): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2003.30.1.56.
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While commanding a Royal Navy survey of the Falkland Islands in 1845, Bartholomew James Sulivan discovered and collected fossil mammals at Rio Gallegos, Patagonia. Described the following year by Richard Owen, Sulivan's specimens comprised the first collection taken from what would later be designated the Santa Cruz beds (early-middle Miocene), the most prolific fossil mammal horizon in South America and the oldest discovered by Sulivan's time. Unfortunately, Charles Darwin's conservative estimate of the age of the fossils delayed the full appreciation of Sulivan's discovery. Sulivan was only moderately successful at attracting interest in his discovery among British naturalists. By the time that the first extensive collections of Santa Cruz fossil mammals were made by Argentine paleontologists Carlos and Florentino Ameghino, in the 1890s, Sulivan's pioneering role in the history of South American vertebrate paleontology had been overshadowed and all but forgotten. An examination of Sulivan's experience provides a general model for the process whereby some contributors to science descend from initial fame to lasting obscurity.
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West, Robert. "Vertebrate Paleontology of the Green River Basin, Wyoming, 1840-1910." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.83871301283k8757.
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Paleontological exploration in the Green River Basin in the first half of the nineteenth century demonstrated the presence of vertebrate fossils there. Studies of potential wagon and railroad routes revealed additional information about the occurrence and distribution of fossiliferous rocks during the 1850s. Post Civil War government geologic and geographic surveys yielded large numbers of fossil mammals and created the setting for competition and controversy among Leidy, Cope and Marsh. Numerous publications resulted, as well as Leidy's departure from paleontology. Residents of Fort Bridger worked with all the Eastern scientists to provide information about fossil localities; many specimens also were sent east. Four Princeton expeditions in the 1870s and 1880s preceded the systematic work of the American Museum of Natural History in 1893 and 1903-1906. By 1909 the geological and vertebrate paleontologic framework of the basin was firmly established.
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Cloud, Preston. "Luminaries of the Albany Era: Beecher, Schuchert, and Hall." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.y3515m66n73p5265.
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James Hall of Albany, Director of the New York State Museum from 1866 until his death at 86 in 1897 was the most noted American geologist and paleontologist of his time. He originated the geosynclinal concept of mountain-building and ideas of gravity-mass-movement. He became the 19th century's most productive paleontologist by dint of unsparing drive, coupled with high ability and the talent and labors of six unusual "personal assistants". Among the latter were two gifted and dedicated Charleses, Beecher and Schuchert, who later established invertebrate paleontology at Yale and made it the North American mecca of the field for many years. Beecher, comfortably raised, well educated, biologically focussed, tragically short-lived, preceded his close friend and successor in Hall's employ, Schuchert, son of an impoverished immigrant cabinet maker, with only a primary school education, was geologically inclined, and long-lived. Coming to New Haven as he did, after 10 years of experience with the U.S. Geological Survey and the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History, as well as his time in Albany, Schuchert provided the ideal complement to Beecher. Both were fine collectors, preparators, and illustrators as well as first rate scientists. Both became renowned scientists in their time. And both enriched the global scientific heritage with their publications. The Albany School was clearly the place to launch a career in paleontology during the last half of the 19th century. The subsequent lives of Beecher and Schuchert testify to that.
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White, Russell D. "Guidelines for the Documentation and Care of Invertebrate Fossil Collections." Paleontological Society Special Publications 10 (2000): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008960.
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COLLECTIONS OF invertebrate fossils are commonly maintained in museums, at universities, and by individual researchers and interested private collectors. Twenty years ago, the Committee on North American Resources in Invertebrate Paleontology (CONARIP) estimated that there more than 550 institutions housed invertebrate paleontological macro- and micro- fossil collections (Glenister, 1977). Historically, collections have been developed, managed and maintained by paleontologists as a resource for their research (e.g., museum curator or university faculty) (Hebda, 1985). Since the early 1970s, the field of collection management has evolved and the increased professionalization of collection manager positions has been instrumental in improving the management and preservation of invertebrate fossils as well as other natural history collections (Cato, 1991; Simmons, 1993; Simmons, 1995).
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Nitecki, Matthew H. "An Agenda for Antiquity: Henry Fairfield Osborn & Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, 1890-1935.Ronald Rainger." Quarterly Review of Biology 68, no. 1 (March 1993): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417924.
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Sheets-Pyenson, Susan. "An Agenda for Antiquity: Henry Fairfield Osborn and Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, 1890-1935. Ronald Rainger." Isis 85, no. 1 (March 1994): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/356788.
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Tankersley, Kenneth Barnett, Madhav Krishna Murari, Brooke E. Crowley, Lewis A. Owen, Glenn W. Storrs, and Litsa Mortensen. "Quaternary chronostratigraphy and stable isotope paleoecology of Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, USA." Quaternary Research 83, no. 3 (May 2015): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.01.009.
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Big Bone Lick (BBL) in northern Kentucky, USA has been a critical geologic site in the historical development of North American Quaternary vertebrate paleontology since the 1700s. Sedimentology, geoarcheology, paleontology, accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were undertaken to develop a chronostratigraphy and history of erosion and deposition for the site to provide a foundation for understanding taphonomy, and species extinction and adaptation to periods of climatic and environmental change. Three geomorphic surfaces are recognized at BBL representing significant periods of floodplain aggradation since the last glacial maximum (26.5–19 ka) dating to the Oldest Dryas (Tazewell, 25–19 ka), the Older Dryas (Cary, 14–12 ka), and late Holocene (5 ka to the present). Unconformities suggest significant periods of degradation during the transitions from cold and dry to warm and moist climates from the Oldest Dryas (Tazewell) to Bølling Oscillation, from the Older Dryas (Cary) to the Allerød, and from the Younger Dryas (Valders) to the Holocene Climatic Optimum. Increased anthropogenic activities since ~ 5 ka may have increased soil upland erosion and floodplain aggradation. Stable isotopes demonstrate that the landscape has been dominated by C 3 vegetation since the last glacial maximum.
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Ruez, Dennis R., and Philip A. Gensler. "An unexpected early record of Mictomys Vetus (Arvicolinae, Rodentia) from the Blancan (Pliocene) Glenns Ferry Formation, Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Idaho." Journal of Paleontology 82, no. 3 (May 2008): 638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06-098.1.
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The cooling during the Pliocene that preceded major continental glaciation in North America is recorded by thick fluvial and lacustrine sequences at Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument (HAFO) in southcentral Idaho (McDonald et al., 1996). Fossiliferous beds at HAFO occur within the nearly 200 m of exposed Glenns Ferry Formation west of the Snake River. This formation extends from southwestern Idaho into easternmost Oregon (Malde and Powers, 1962). The Glenns Ferry Formation within HAFO contains hundreds of localities that are within the Blancan North American Land Mammal Age. Collection of specimens from these localities since the late 1920s has resulted in large repositories of fossils currently housed, in part, at the United States National Museum, the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology (UMMP), and the Idaho Museum of Natural History (IMNH); additionally, smaller collections were accumulated by other museums (McDonald et al., 1996). Today the paleontological resources of HAFO are stewarded by the National Park Service. In spite of the extensive previous collections, significant new discoveries are still being made at HAFO.
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Vieira, Ana Carolina Maciel, Mariana Gonzalez Leandro Novaes, Juliana Da Silva Matos, Ana Carolina Gelmini Faria, Deusana Maria da Costa Machado, and Luiza Corral Martins de Oliveira Ponciano. "A contribuição dos museus para a institucionalização e difusão da paleontologia." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2007_1_158-167.
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Since the calls "cabinets of curiosities", the essence of natural history was consolidating itself with the birth of the museums and the development of the Museums of Natural History. This consolidation was reached through following activities: expeditions, field trips, collection classification works, catalogues of diffusion of scientific knowledge, educativ activities and expositions. The present paper intends to discuss the importance of the museal institutions for the studies of Paleontology; since the museums of Natural History had exerted a pioneering paper in the institutionalization of certain areas of knowledge, as Palaeontology, Anthropology and Experimental Physiology, in Brazil. The Paleontological studies in museums had collaborated in the specialization and modernization of the appearance of "new museum idea". As this new concept the museum is a space of diffusion of scientific knowledge, represented as an object that reflects the identity of the society without an obligator linking with physical constructions. However, the Brazilian museums have been sufficiently obsolete, with problems that involve acquisition and maintenance of collections to production of temporary or permanent exhibitions. When the Brazilian institutions of natural history are analyzed they are not organized on the new museum conception and the digital age as the North American and European ones. Despite the difficulties found by the Museums since its birth as Institution in the 18th century, the contemporary development of Museology and Palaeontology as Science had contributed for the consolidation and institutionalization of both, helping the diffusion of scientific knowledge.
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Klaus, Angela V., and William K. Barnett. "Museum Applications For Scanning Electron Microscopy: From Mollusks To Meteorites." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013386.
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In addition to dinosaur bones and gem collections, the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is also home to nine academic research departments: Anthropology, Herpetology, Mammalogy, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Ichthyology, Ornithology, Entomology, Invertebrates, and Vertebrate Paleontology. Each of these departments supports curators, research scientists and assistants, graduate students, and post-docs engaged in a broad spectrum of research activities.The Core Microscopy Facility houses a state-of-the-art Cold Field Emission SEM equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer. This instrument is extremely versatile, as it must be in order to meet the challenges of a diverse imaging and microanalytical environment. Our applications run the gamut from high-resolution electron imaging of insect parts to quantitative x-ray microanalysis of 5 billion-year-old meteorites.Mineral scientists, archeologists, anthropologists, and artifact conservators use X-ray microanalysis extensively at the AMNH. Current projects include the analysis of chondrites (meteorites that condensed at the same time as the solar system), Neolithic pottery remains, and pigment fragments from Native American artwork.
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González-Guarda, Erwin, Alia Petermann-Pichincura, Carlos Tornero, Laura Domingo, Jordi Agustí, Mario Pino, Ana M. Abarzúa, et al. "Multiproxy evidence for leaf-browsing and closed habitats in extinct proboscideans (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Central Chile." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 37 (August 27, 2018): 9258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804642115.
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Proboscideans are so-called ecosystem engineers and are considered key players in hypotheses about Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. However, knowledge about the autoecology and chronology of the proboscideans in South America is still open to debate and raises controversial views. Here, we used a range of multiproxy approaches and new radiocarbon datings to study the autoecology of Chilean gomphotheres, the only group of proboscideans to reach South America during the Great American Biotic Interchange (∼3.1 to 2.7 million years before present). As part of this study, we analyzed stable isotopes, dental microwear, and dental calculus microfossils on gomphothere molars from 30 Late Pleistocene sites (31° to 42°S). These proxies provided different scales of temporal resolution, which were then combined to assess the dietary and habitat patterns of these proboscideans. The multiproxy study suggests that most foraging took place in relatively closed environments. In Central Chile, there is a positive correlation between lower δ13C values and an increasing consumption of arboreal/scrub elements. Analyses of dental microwear and calculus microfossils have verified these leaf-browsing feeding habits. From a comparative perspective, the dietary pattern of South American gomphotheres appears to be constrained more by resource availability than by the potential dietary range of the individual taxa. This multiproxy study is aimed at increasing knowledge of the life history of gomphotheres and thus follows an issue considered one of the greatest challenges for paleontology in South America, recently pointed out by the need to thoroughly understand the role of ecological engineers before making predictions about the consequences of ecosystem defaunation.
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Stanley, George D. "Exotic terranes, late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic fossils and circum-Pacific events." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008376.
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In addition to the breakup of Pangea, other major events occurring in the ancient Pacific during late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time were the development and dispersal of exotic terranes which now characterize large portions of the eastern and western Pacific margins. While the terrane concept made sense out of the geologic crazy quiltwork pattern of these regions, considerable uncertainties still exist concerning terrane origins and their paleogeographic histories. Did terranes of the eastern and western pacific merely border Pangea or did they once exist within far-flung reaches of the ancient Pacific Ocean? Paleontology is now exploring and seeking answers to such issues based on benthic invertebrate fossils.Like examples in the western Pacific rim of Asia, the American Cordillera contains volcanic terranes with fossil content and history quite different from coeval rocks of the adjacent craton. Some terranes may have developed close to ancient North America, but others show evidence of having existed in settings far-removed from the craton. Over time, some terranes could have experienced considerable geographic displacement via tectonic processes (faulting, rift volcanism, seafloor spreading).Many terranes experienced protracted volcanic episodes of oceanic history during Permian and Triassic time. Terrane amalgamations occurred during Triassic and Jurassic time, and later in the Mesozoic were followed by accretion to the North American Craton. Some terranes such as Quesnellia, Cache Creek, Stikine, Wallowa, Eastern Klamath, and Wrangellia yield excellent benthic marine fossils—many of tropical Tethyan derivation, but other fossil assemblages are of mixed paleogeographic affiliations. Two island arc terranes, Stikinia and Wallowa, contribute to evolutionary and biogeographic issues with Triassic and Jurassic, tropical to temperate marine fossils. These include calcareous algae, sponges and corals occurring in reef sequences which can be related to better known examples from Asia and the former Tethys region. Continuing paleontological investigations into fossils from exotic terranes of the Cordilleran region, offer promise in the resolution of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic circum-Pacific events and in the attainment of unified views of global paleogeography.
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Lopes, Maria. "C. F. Hartt's Contribution to Brazilian Museums of Natural History." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.2.v747x4571u0472k5.
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Charles Frederic Hartt (1840-1878), a geologist who took part in Louis Agassiz's Thayer Expedition in 1865, returned to Brazil several times during his life: a solo trip in 1867, two of his own expeditions (while he was professor of geology at Cornell University), the Morgan Expeditions of 1870 and 1871, and his final voyage, which started in 1874. Hartt is known for his opposition to Agassiz's glacial theory of the Amazon River basin, for his contributions to Brazilian geological knowledge, and for his rôle in the Geological Commission of Brazil. Lesser known are his contributions and links to Brazilian Natural History Museums, institutions which played an important and lasting role in the development of geological sciences in Barizl. In Brazil, Hartt combined enthnographical work with his geological explorations, and he continued the ethnographical work initiated by Domingos Soares Ferreira Penna, a naturalist from Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional who later became the director of Museu Paraense. When the Museu Paraense opened in 1871, Hartt donated books and what became the museum's first geological collections: both North American samples and samples which Hartt had collected in the Amazon region, some of which were sent to the United States to be classified and then returned to Brazil. From 1876 to 1877, Hartt was employed by the Museu Nacional as head of the 3rd Section-Physical Sciences, Mineralogy, Geology and Paleontology, a position which enhanced his research, collecting, and his conferences. Even though Hartt had a three-year contract, he resigned after one year to devote all of his energies to the Comissão Geológica do Imperio do Brasil, the geological survey of Brazil which he directed. Despite his short official connection with the museum in Rio, Hartt's activities with Brazilian museums provide insight into the issues relating to the transfer and adaptation of institutional models from one country to another.
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NELSON, C. M. "RAINGER, R. An agenda for antiquity. Henry Fairfield Osborn and vertebrate paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History 1890–1935. (History of American Science and Technology series). The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa & London: 1991. Pp xiii, 376. Price: US$ 37.95. ISBN 0-8173-0536-X." Archives of Natural History 20, no. 1 (February 1993): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1993.20.1.130.
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Ausich, William I., and Thomas W. Kammer. "The study of crinoids during the 20th century and the challenges of the 21st century." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 6 (November 2001): 1161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000017212.
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Development of a phylogenetic classification has been a primary pursuit of crinoid paleontologists during the 20th century. Wachsmuth and Springer and Bather vigorously debated crinoid classification during the waning years of the 19th century, and although tremendous progress has been made a comprehensive phylogenetic classification is still the primary objective for crinoid research during the early 21st century. Twentieth century crinoid studies are divisible into four periods. The direct influence of Frank Springer and Francis Bather continued until approximately 1925. Descriptive studies dominated the period of 1926–1943 and culminated in a comprehensive classification of Paleozoic crinoids that was a combination of the ideas of Wachsmuth and Springer and Bather. The end of the third period, 1944–1978, was marked by publication of theTreatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. TheTreatisecompilation brought together classification ideas for the entire class into a truly comprehensive classification, although problems remained with the phylogenetic underpinnings of theTreatiseclassification. During the third period, pioneering work on crinoid paleobiology laid the foundation for significant paleobiology advances for the fourth, 1979–1999, period. This last period also witnessed significant advances in the taxonomy of crinoid faunas at critical intervals, the taxonomy of crinoids from new geographic areas, and working toward the solution to the origin and early evolution of the Crinoidea.Continued work on crinoids in the 21st century promises to provide significant advances both for understanding the evolutionary history of crinoids and for understanding the history of epifaunal benthic communities through time. Immediate challenges include completion of a comprehensive phylogenetic classification, which will open the door for evolutionary paleoecologic and paleobiology studies; utilization of computerized morphometric techniques in the analysis of functional morphology; systematic studies of new faunas in critical intervals; discovery of faunas in new geographic areas to better constrain knowledge of crinoid biogeography; and modern systematic revision of classic North American and European faunas.
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Bowler, Peter J. "Ronald Rainger, An Agenda for Antiquity: Henry Fairfield Osborn and Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, 1890–1935. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991. Pp. xiii + 360. ISBN 0-8173-0536-X. $37.95." British Journal for the History of Science 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400030545.
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Padian, Kevin. "An Agenda for Antiquity: Henry Fairfield Osborn and Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, 1890–1935 Henry Fairfield Osborn: Race and the search for the origins of man." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24, no. 3 (September 10, 2004): 769–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0769:aafahf]2.0.co;2.
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Rigby, J., and Ann Millward. "A Look Back at the Permian Reefs of West Texas and New Mexico." Earth Sciences History 7, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.7.2.j4jk778715n4q664.
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The Permian reef complexes of West Texas and New Mexico are among the classic carbonate sequences in the world and have significantly influenced geologic thinking for over half a century. Study of the reefs can be subdivided into 6 broad periods. The first period involved early exploration of the region, establishment of regional stratigraphic relationships and attempts at dating stratigraphic units. The Guadalupian Fauna typifies this early period. The second period, during the 1920-30's, was a time of early petroleum exploration in the region, following on discovery of the Kendrick Field in Winkler County, Texas, and resulted in attempts to explain the complicated subsurface stratigraphy. Development of a marginal reef model and research on facies relationships between the basin and shelf resulted in refinement of stratigraphic nomenclature.The third period, here termed the King period, was a time of more intense study of the outcrops and their subsurface extensions. It was a time when facies became more clearly differentiated and when the great diversity and abundance of fossils in the region became appreciated. This period ended when World War II curtailed research in the region. The fourth period began after the war, with heightened interest in reefs and paleoecology. It was a time when carbonate petrology and paleoecology rose as major fields of interest. It was also a time of mega-paleontology. Tens of tons of fossiliferous limestones were processed at the U.S. National Museum and the American Museum of Natural History and collections of literally millions of fossils were assembled. The earlier publication of Geology of the Southern Guadalupe Mountains, Texas and the later publication of The Permian Reef Complex of the Guadalupe Mountains Region, Texas and New Mexico characterize the period.The fifth period is marked by the return of industry investigators to study the reefs and associated rocks, perhaps spurred as much by Dunham's "Vadose pisolites in the Capitan reef" as by any single paper. The period was one of concern about origins of the distinctive pisolites of the complex, nature of the massive Capitan Limestone, diagenesis of carbonates and by concern for understanding the economically significant rocks of the backreef sequence. The sixth period, termed the Wisconsin phase, continued research along lines of the fifth period but was a time when faculty and students of the University of Wisconsin, and their associates, re-examined all facies of the Guadalupe Mountain reef complexes as a major effort, while industry became less broadly involved. Those efforts, and those now initiated by faculty and students of the University of Nebraska and Rice University, bring us essentially to date, but much still remains to be discovered and understood about the reef complexes.
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Miller, Wade, and Dee Hall. "Earliest History of Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah: Last Half of the 19th Century." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.1.72266661544wp27v.
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Aside from the recorded travels of Juan de Rivera in 1765 and the Dominguez-Escalante party in 1776, the earliest reports involving explorations into Utah were mostly those for proposed railroad lines and trade routes, or for general knowledge of the poorly known Western Territories (1840s to 1870s). These explorations were usually conducted under the auspices of the United States Army. Scientists, including geologists/paleontologists, commonly accompanied the survey parties. The first surveys whose prime objectives were to study geology and topography were commissioned by Congress in 1867. The earliest discovery of a vertebrate fossil in Utah apparently took place on the J. N. Macomb expedition of 1859 (which generally followed the Old Spanish Trail), when J. S. Newberry collected dinosaur bones in the southeastern part of the state. F. V. Hayden's 1870 survey may have extended into northernmost Utah. It is possible that a few of the Eocene age fossils which were reported by him from southernmost Wyoming, came from here. Fossils collected during the Hayden survey prompted a vertebrate fossil collecting trip headed by J. Leidy into the same area two years later. Also in 1870, O. C. Marsh discovered and named the Uinta Basin, making a significant fossil vertebrate collection there. Numerous Eocene mammals as well as reptiles and fish were collected in the Basin proper, while a turtle shell and dinosaur teeth were recovered from the upturned Mesozoic beds on the eastern rim of the Uinta Basin. A Jurassic crocodile humerus was found by Marsh along the eastern flank of the Uinta Mountains. In subsequent years before the turn of the century several institutions sent paleontological parties into this area. E. D. Cope in 1880 identified fossil fish and a crocodile from Eocene deposits of central Utah. Pleistocene mammals were first reported by P. A. Chadbourne (1871) and C. King (1878) from Salt Lake and Utah valleys. While early expeditions for vertebrate fossils concentrated largely on adjacent states, many of America's prominent 19th Century vertebrate paleontologists collected fossils in Utah. Their work pioneered the way for present-day paleontologists.
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Berry, William. "Robert M. Kleinpell: Founder of the Berkeley School of Stratigraphic Paleontology." Earth Sciences History 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.27.1.f4277q6775053834.
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Robert M. Kleinpell (1905-1986) has been called the founder of a ‘Berkeley School of West Coast Cenozoic Stratigraphic Paleontology’. Through his personal experiences in carrying out oil exploration in California's Cenozoic stratigraphic successions, his extensive inquiry into the fundamentals of stratigraphic paleontology, and his teaching activity while held in a Japanese prison camp during World War II, Kleinpell developed the basic ingredients for his school of stratigraphic paleontology. His school attracted numbers of students interested in obtaining employment in the oil industry when Kleinpell joined the Department of Paleontology at University of California, Berkeley, in 1953. Kleinpell told his students that the first step toward a basic understanding of stratigraphic geology came from field mapping and recording of all relevant data. The data included collecting fossils from precisely-positioned stratigraphic levels. The fossil occurrence information was then plotted carefully to ascertain associations of taxa that appeared to be unique. The associations that appeared to be unique in time, based on their stratigraphic positions (Kleinpell came to term these ‘congregations’), were used to recognize zones and stages. Kleinpell was firm in his conviction that the zones and stages that he and his students recognized in American West Coast Cenozoic strata were closely similar in principle to the zones and Zonengruppe of Albert Oppel who had worked with ammonite faunas in the European Jurassic. Kleinpell did not publish a diagram or definition of the zones that he espoused because, he said, Oppel had already defined that type of zone. Hollis Hedberg, Kleinpell's former fellow-student in graduate study at Stanford, did include a discussion of the ‘zone’ of Oppel and Kleinpell in the 1976 International Stratigraphic Guide. Subsequent international and American stratigraphic guides and codes have omitted Hedberg's discussion and illustration of the Oppel zone. The West Coast Cenozoic zones and stages, recognized using the methodology established by Oppel, are a primary characteristic of the Berkeley School of Stratigraphic Paleontology.
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Cain, Joseph. "Building a Temporal Biology: Simpson's Program for Paleontology During an American Expansion of Biology." Earth Sciences History 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.11.1.t33h7464x4121428.
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A central, though overlooked, dimension of George Simpson's (1944) book, Tempo and Mode in Evolution, involved its emphasis on cooperative and historical approaches to evolutionary studies. Together, these two orientations formed Simpson's program in temporal biology, and during the late 1930's and early 1940's, Simpson not only pursued this program, he loudly advocated and actively promoted it. Vertebrate paleontology had lost considerable prestige in evolutionary studies during this period (both at Simpson's home institution and within biology generally), and Simpson fought to empower and enfranchise his discipline. Tempo and Mode was part of that effort, which took place in the broader context of the evolutionary synthesis.
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Blum, Ann. ""A Better Style of Art": The Illustrations of the Paleontology of New York." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.5635758n4521384g.
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James Hall, like other authors and editors of 19th-century American state and federal surveys, learned first hand that publishing illustrations was time-consuming, frustrating and expensive. But illustrations were indispensible, providing the graphic communication of morphology that justified the author's taxonomic decisions. That essential information, however, passed through the hands of an illustrator and either an engraver or lithographer before it reached the scientific audience that would test and judge it. Artists and printers, therefore, needed close supervision; plates required careful proofing and sometimes cancellation. Hall, like his colleagues, vastly underestimated the time and expense that his project would entail. The plates illustrating the Palaeontology reflected changes occurring in American science and printing. Over the decades spanned by the publication, picture printing techniques changed from craft to industry, and converted from engraving to lithography; so did the New York survey. Meanwhile, the scientific profession developed illustration conventions to which publications with professional intent increasingly conformed. These conventions combined standards of "accuracy" with issues of style to reflect both scientific activity and its social context. The early illustrations drawn by Mrs. Hall were no less "accurate" although clearly less polished than the collaborations between R.P. Whitfield and F.J. Swinton, or the later work of J.H. Emerton and E. Emmons, Jr. The artists and printers of the Palaeontology plates emulated and contributed to the emerging national style of zoological and paleontological illustration, and thus helped consolidate the "look" of American science.
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Taylor, Kenneth. "American Geological Investigations and the French, 1750-1850." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.2.60770865651k4301.
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By the middle of the nineteenth century, leaders of the French geological community were taking a keen interest in North American geological phenomena and investigations. Most of this French attention to American geology developed during the first half of the nineteenth century. French geological preoccupations in America during that period tended to focus especially on issues of stratigraphic correlation and paleontology, with discernible concern also for the North American glacial (drift) phenomena, mineral ores, and meteorite observations. The growth of French regard for American geologists and for America as a geological resource, up to 1850, displays features of international cooperation and communication especially plain in such a location-specific science. Historical development of communal scientific activity is seen in travel accounts, and in exchanges of publications and specimens. The Société Géologique de France, founded in 1830, quickly became an important vehicle for commerce in geological knowledge between America and France. French respect for American geological work in the first part of the nineteenth century illustrates the comparatively early maturity of American geological science.
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Hernick, Linda. "Edwin Bradford Hall: Devonian Sponge Collector Extraordinaire." Earth Sciences History 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.22.2.t4m3388558qr2226.
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James Hall (1811-1898), second State Paleontologist of New York, is considered by many to be the "Father of American Paleontology." However, Hall could never have achieved this stature without his legion of amateurs. Among the most dedicated and prolific of these was Edwin Bradford Hall (1825-1908). His collection of 5,500 Devonian glass sponges, the largest collection in the world, provided James Hall with the material to write his massive 1898 monograph on these problematical fossils.
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Murphey, Paul, K. E. Townsend, Anthony Friscia, James Westgate, Emmett Evanoff, and Gregg Gunnell. "Paleontology and stratigraphy of Middle Eocene rock units in the southern Green River and Uinta Basins, Wyoming and Utah." Geology of the Intermountain West 4 (February 17, 2017): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v4.pp1-53.
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The Bridger Formation is restricted to the Green River Basin in southwest Wyoming, and the Uinta and Duchesne River Formations are located in the Uinta Basin in Utah. These three rock units and their diverse fossil assemblages are of great scientific importance and historic interest to vertebrate paleontologists. Notably, they are also the stratotypes from oldest to youngest for the three middle Eocene North American Land Mammal Ages—the Bridgerian, Uintan, and Duchesnean. The fossils and sediments of these formations provide a critically important record of biotic, environmental, and climatic history spanning approximately 10 million years (49 to 39 Ma). This article provides a detailed field excursion through portions of the Green River and Uinta Basins that focuses on locations of geologic, paleontologic, and historical interest. In support of the field excursion, we also provide a review of current knowledge of these formations with emphasis on lithostratigraphy, biochronology, depositional, and paleoenvironmental history, and the history of scientific exploration.
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Murphey, Paul C., K. E. Beth Townsend, Anthony R. Friscia, James Westgate, Emmett Evanoff, and Gregg F. Gunnell. "Paleontology and stratigraphy of Middle Eocene rock units in the southern Green River and Uinta Basins, Wyoming and Utah." Geology of the Intermountain West 4 (June 1, 2017): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/giw.v4i0.11.
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The Bridger Formation is restricted to the Green River Basin in southwest Wyoming, and the Uinta and Duchesne River Formations are located in the Uinta Basin in Utah. These three rock units and their diverse fossil assemblages are of great scientific importance and historic interest to vertebrate paleontologists. Notably, they are also the stratotypes from oldest to youngest for the three middle Eocene North American Land Mammal Ages—the Bridgerian, Uintan, and Duchesnean. The fossils and sediments of these formations provide a critically important record of biotic, environmental, and climatic history spanning approximately 10 million years (49 to 39 Ma). This article provides a detailed field excursion through portions of the Green River and Uinta Basins that focuses on locations of geologic, paleontologic, and historical interest. In support of the field excursion, we also provide a review of current knowledge of these formations with emphasis on lithostratigraphy, biochronology, depositional, and paleoenvironmental history, and the history of scientific exploration.
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Dott, R. "The American Countercurrent - Eastward Flow of Geologists and Their Ideas in the Late Nineteenth Century." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.2.0k746746w5146l57.
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Whereas the trans-Atlantic flow of geological knowledge previously had been overwhelmingly westward, by the mid-nineteenth century, an eastward countercurrent had begun. That flow increased rapidly after the Civil War, when geology was at the forefront in the maturation of science in America. H.D. Rogers was appointed Regius Professor at the University of Glasgow in 1855. James Hall was chosen to be Organizing President of the first International Geological Congress in Paris (1878) and the first English-speaking foreign correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of France (1884). James D. Dane was almost as well known abroad as Hall, especially for his mountain-building theory. Increasingly, American theoretical contributions had to be reckoned with in such fields as Mountain Building, Structural and Precambrian Geology, Geomorphology and Glacial Geology, and Paleontology. By the first decade of the twentieth century, America had seized the initiative on several fronts, but especially in experimental petrology and physics of the earth's interior through the creation of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
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Podgorny, Irina. "Bones and Devices in the Constitution of Paleontology in Argentina at the End of the Nineteenth Century." Science in Context 18, no. 2 (June 2005): 249–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889705000475.
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Whereas historiography of the debates on “early man in America” isolates Florentino Ameghino's ideas on human evolution from his paleontological and geological work, this paper presents Ameghino's ideas on human ancestors in regard to the controversies over the origin and dispersion of mammals. Therefore, this paper analyzes the constitution of paleontology in Argentina at the end of nineteenth century by describing, firstly, the Ameghino brothers' organization of research. By tackling this aspect I want also to discuss the place of science in late nineteenth-century Argentina. Secondly, I will sketch “Ameghino's ideas” about Patagonia as a center of distribution of mammals, the age of Patagonian strata, and the South American origin of humankind. The Ameghino brothers' logistics of fieldwork created not only the means for finding a remarkable fossil fauna but also a trap that undermined their scientific credibility. Therefore, I will focus on the problem of fieldwork in “distant” places and of scientific wandering in Patagonia. In the polemics presented here, language, transportation systems, visual representations, and technical devices were crucial elements for the creation of paleontological objects.
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Hernick, Linda. "Silas Watson Ford: A Major But Little-Known Contributor to the Cambrian Paleontology of North America." Earth Sciences History 18, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 246–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.18.2.71355x54266626l1.
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Silas Watson Ford (1848-1895), telegrapher and paleontologist born in Glenville, New York, in 1848, made significant contributions to Cambrian paleontology from 1871 to 1888. The focus of his work was the allochthonous Taconic rock that lies east of the Hudson River in easternmost New York. His discovery of a ‘Primordial’ fauna in this region was instrumental in helping to resolve the uncertainty surrounding the age of this older portion of the Taconics. While most of his papers were published in the American Journal of Science, a series of seven papers on the ‘Silurian Age’ was published by the New York Tribune in 1879. For this work he was subsequently awarded an honorary master's degree by Union College.Ford was hired by his contemporary, Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850-1927), to work for the U.S. Geological Survey from 1884 to 1885. Highly regarded by James Hall (1811-1898), James Dwight Dana (1813-1895), Joachim Barrande (1799-1883), and many other prominent geologists of the time, he was often consulted for his expertise in collecting and describing Cambrian-age fossils.While Walcott's career continued to flourish, Ford faded into obscurity after 1888. Plagued by personal problems, he was forced to give up his personal library, his fossil collection, and finally, his career. He died in 1895 at the age of 47, with his passing virtually unnoticed by his professional colleagues.
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Bustamante, Camilo, Carlos J. Archanjo, Agustin Cardona, and Marcela Restrepo. "Magnetic fabric of the Parashi stock and related dyke swarm, Alta Guajira (Colombia): The Caribbean-South American plates oblique convergence." Andean Geology 48, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov48n2-3332.
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Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anhysteretic remanence (AAR) were used to evaluate the emplacement history of the Parashi stock and related dyke swarm situated in NW Colombia. The average magnetic susceptibility of 4.5×10-2 SI, in conjunction with low-coercivity components provided by the isothermal remanence and thermomagnetic curves with net Verwey and Curie transitions, indicates that multidomain magnetite records the anisotropy directions. The similar orientation and shape of the AMS and AAR ellipsoids indicate the absence of very fine magnetite with an inverse fabric. The magnetic foliation is the best-defined fabric element in these rocks and outlines a concentric structure, elongated parallel to the NE-SW direction of the pluton. Crystallisation age of the stock and dykes (51-47 Ma), along with pressure of emplacement determination indicate that the stock and the dyke swarm probably formed simultaneously, and they were emplaced in the shallow crust (
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Lindsay, Debra. "The Mesozoic/Defining Disciplines: Late Nineteenth-Century Debates Over the Jurassic-Cretaceous Boundary." Earth Sciences History 30, no. 2 (November 15, 2011): 216–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.30.2.q766027r217j2742.
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The last two decades of the nineteenth century were exciting times in American paleontology, with disputes over Jurassic dinosaurs between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh appearing in the press. Less well known is the dispute over defining the Mesozoic that began in 1888 when Marsh invited Lester Frank Ward, a colleague with whom he had been working on the Potomac Formation for the United States Geological Survey, to speak on the plant fossils found there. Initially agreeing with Marsh that the Potomac was a Jurassic formation, work on fossil cycads led Ward to conclude that the Potomac was Lower Cretaceous. As Ward and Marsh grappled with the question of how to determine the age and identity of Mesozoic systems, they joined other paleontologists and geologists such as William J. McGee, Albert Charles Seward, and Samuel W. Williston in a debate that often reflected scientific training and sub-specializations as much as stratigraphic principles, becoming caught up in a trans-Atlantic dispute in which their reputations were on the line as they claimed that ‘their’ fossils were key determinants of Mesozoic systems. In the end, Marsh's reputation as a paleontologist was far better established than that of Ward, who moved on to another career as a sociologist at Brown University, but cycad discoveries from Maryland, Colorado and Wyoming, and fieldwork, trumped laboratory studies—even when performed by a master systematist—as the Potomac Formation proved to be Lower Cretaceous.
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Salgado Salomón, María Eugenia, Carolina Barroetaveña, Tuula Niskanen, Kare Liimatainen, Matthew E. Smith, and Ursula Peintner. "Loose Ends in the Cortinarius Phylogeny: Five New Myxotelamonoid Species Indicate a High Diversity of These Ectomycorrhizal Fungi with South American Nothofagaceae." Life 11, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11050420.
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This paper is a contribution to the current knowledge of taxonomy, ecology and distribution of South American Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray. Cortinarius is among the most widely distributed and species-rich basidiomycete genera occurring with South American Nothofagaceae and species are found in many distinct habitats, including shrublands and forests. Due to their ectomycorrhizal role, Cortinarius species are critical for nutrient cycling in forests, especially at higher latitudes. Some species have also been reported as edible fungi with high nutritional quality. Our aim is to unravel the taxonomy of selected Cortinarius belonging to phlegmacioid and myxotelamonioid species based on morphological and molecular data. After widely sampling Cortinarius specimens in Patagonian Nothofagaceae forests and comparing them to reference collections (including holotypes), we propose five new species of Cortinarius in this work. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated rDNA ITS-LSU and RPB1 sequences failed to place these new species into known Cortinarius sections or lineages. These findings highlight our knowledge gaps regarding the fungal diversity of South American Nothofagaceae forests. Due to the high diversity of endemic Patagonian taxa, it is clear that the South American Cortinarius diversity needs to be discovered and described in order to understand the evolutionary history of Cortinarius on a global scale.
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Martin, Elissa, Susan Butts, Leanne Elder, Lawrence Gall, Christina Lutz, Christopher Norris, and Jessica Utrup. "Cretaceous World TCN: Digitizing the Western Interior Seaway at the Yale Peabody Museum." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 15, 2018): e26115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26115.
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Yale Peabody Museum (YPM) is a partner in the Western Interior Seaway Thematic Collections Network (TCN), along with the University of Kansas (lead) and seven other institutions (National Science Foundation Award # DBI-1601884). This project seeks to digitize the fossil organisms of the Western Interior Seaway, a shallow sea that covered inland North America from 100 to 65 million years ago. The resultant data will be a resource for K-16 education and will enable scientists to answer fundamental questions about the changing environment of a marine ecosystem during a key time in the history of life. The data generated will be ideal for use with an assortment of modern quantitative tools like paleoecological niche modeling (PaleoENM) and will help improve paleoclimate and paleoceanographic models. Less than two years into this three-year project, the YPM has digitized nearly 70,000 Cretaceous fossils from the seaway. Specimens are georeferenced and most have multiple images. To achieve project goals, we have overcome obstacles of digitizing multi-specimen concretions and foraminifera microslides by developing high-throughput digitization workflows that incorporate the open-source Inselect program and scripts to streamline image naming, image formatting, and uploading to our Axiell EMu collection management system. To facilitate use of the data in K-16 environments, an easy to use collections interface has been built using the iDigPaleo platform (idigpaleo.org). Cretaceous World (cretaceousworld.org) pulls data from iDigBio for all Cretaceous World TCN providers. Students can browse specimens using filters, rather than entering specific search terms. Navigation is simplified using common names harvested from the Encyclopedia of Life. Specimens are displayed as images accompanied by collection and locality data and plotted on a map. Registration provides access to tools supporting annotation, measurement, specimen record commenting, and social media sharing. Images can be curated as galleries and used for education. This includes sharing of galleries between students and teachers and PDF or PowerPoint exports. Fifty-eight 3D models of vertebrates and invertebrates have been placed on morphosource.org and will be made available via a 3D embedded viewer on cretaceousworld.org for use in K-16 education. Undergraduate students from Dartmouth, Oberlin, Southern Connecticut State University, and Yale, have participated in the project and served as mentors for high school interns. These interns, recruited from the Peabody EVOLUTIONS afterschool program, gained first-hand experience in collections-based research, digitization, and imaging techniques, while learning about the science of paleontology and the process of curating museum collections, and researching and reconstructing food webs in this fascinating ancient ecosystem.
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McMillan, R. "The Discovery of Fossil Vertebrates on Missouri's Western Frontier." Earth Sciences History 29, no. 1 (June 8, 2010): 26–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.29.1.j034662534721751.
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Fossil-bearing sites containing predominantly mastodon, Mammut americanum, remains were discovered west of the Mississippi River on the Osage River in Upper Louisiana only a few decades after the discovery by Longueuil of similar remains at Big Bone Lick in Kentucky. The first excavations were conducted in the 1790s by Pierre Chouteau, a fur trader and member of the founding family of St Louis. Chouteau's work was documented by several early travelers, including Georges-Henri-Victor Collot and later by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, among others. It was from Chouteau's excavation that the first mastodon molar from west of the Mississippi River reached Baron Georges Cuvier in Paris, having been sent from Philadelphia by Benjamin Smith Barton. Early nineteenth-century travelers continued to mention the Osage River locality and, by 1816, William Clark displayed fossil specimens in his St Louis Museum. By 1840 the indefatigable fossil collector and museum entrepreneur, Albert C. Koch, began extensive digging in the Osage River basin along with sites in the Bourbeuse River valley and at Kimmswick along the Mississippi River in Missouri. Koch's extensive collection of mastodon bones enabled him to assemble a mounted specimen that he named the Missourium, an exaggerated and poorly reconstructed skeleton that was later identified and properly reassembled by Richard Owen at the British Museum. The specimen was later purchased by the trustees of that museum. The publicity surrounding Koch's work stimulated a veritable ‘bone rush’ to the Osage River in the years preceding the Civil War, with some of the fossils making their way into the collections of the American Philosophical Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Following the Civil War, interest shifted to the Mississippi valley and the Kimmswick site just south of St Louis, where ongoing excavations became an attraction during the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St Louis. C. W. Beehler, a St Louis resident, was responsible for the work, a venture that attracted scientists from the Smithsonian as well as other institutions. While none of the principals in the early exploration of fossil sites in Missouri had scientific training, the fact that their collections were passed on to scientific practitioners in Philadelphia, Washington, Paris, and London contributed to the expanding body of information that aided in the development of the field of vertebrate paleontology.
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Pederiva, Cristina, Maria Elena Capra, Claudia Viggiano, Valentina Rovelli, Giuseppe Banderali, and Giacomo Biasucci. "Early Prevention of Atherosclerosis: Detection and Management of Hypercholesterolaemia in Children and Adolescents." Life 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040345.
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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main cause of death and morbidity in the world. There is a strong evidence that the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood and that hypercholesterolaemia is a CHD major risk factor. Hypercholesterolaemia is a modifiable CHD risk factor and there is a tracking of hypercholesterolaemia from birth to adulthood. Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is the most common primitive cause of hypercholesterolaemia, affecting 1:200–250 individuals. Early detection and treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in childhood can literally “save decades of life”, as stated in the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus. Multiple screening strategies have been proposed. In 2008, the American Academy of Pediatrics published the criteria for targeted screening, while some expert panels recommend universal screening particularly in the young, although cost effectiveness has not been fully analysed. Blood lipid profile evaluation [total cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides] is the first step. It has to be ideally performed between two and ten years of age. Hypercholesterolaemia has to be confirmed with a second sample and followed by the detection of family history for premature (before 55 years in men and 60 years in women) or subsequent cardio-vascular events and/or hypercholesterolaemia in 1st and 2nd degree relatives. The management of hypercholesterolaemia in childhood primarily involves healthy lifestyle and a prudent low-fat diet, emphasising the benefits of the Mediterranean diet. Statins are the cornerstone of the drug therapy approved in USA and in Europe for use in children. Ezetimibe or bile acid sequestrants may be required to attain LDL-C goal in some patients. Early identification of children with severe hypercholesterolaemia or with FH is important to prevent atherosclerosis at the earliest stage of development, when maximum benefit can still be obtained via lifestyle adaptations and therapy. The purpose of our review is to highlight the importance of prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolaemia starting from the earliest stages of life.
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Thanh, Nguyen Trung, Paul Jing Liu, Mai Duc Dong, Dang Hoai Nhon, Do Huy Cuong, Bui Viet Dung, Phung Van Phach, Tran Duc Thanh, Duong Quoc Hung, and Ngo Thanh Nga. "Late Pleistocene-Holocene sequence stratigraphy of the subaqueous Red River delta and the adjacent shelf." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12618.
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The model of Late Pleistocene-Holocene sequence stratigraphy of the subaqueous Red River delta and the adjacent shelf is proposed by interpretation of high-resolution seismic documents and comparison with previous research results on Holocene sedimentary evolution on the delta plain. Four units (U1, U2, U3, and U4) and four sequence stratigraphic surfaces (SB1, TS, TRS and MFS) were determined. The formation of these units and surfaces is related to the global sea-level change in Late Pleistocene-Holocene. SB1, defined as the sequence boundary, was generated by subaerial processes during the Late Pleistocene regression and could be remolded partially or significantly by transgressive ravinement processes subsequently. The basal unit U1 (fluvial formations) within incised valleys is arranged into the lowstand systems tract (LST) formed in the early slow sea-level rise ~19-14.5 cal.kyr BP, the U2 unit is arranged into the early transgressive systems tract (E-TST) deposited mainly within incised-valleys under the tide-influenced river to estuarine conditions in the rapid sea-level rise ~14.5-9 cal.kyr BP, the U3 unit is arranged into the late transgressive systems tract (L-TST) deposited widely on the continental shelf in the fully marine condition during the late sea-level rise ~9-7 cal.kyr BP, and the U4 unit represents for the highstand systems tract (HST) with clinoform structure surrounding the modern delta coast, extending to the water depth of 25-30 m, developed by sediments from the Red River system in ~3-0 cal.kyr BP.ReferencesBadley M.E., 1985. Practical Seismic Interpretation. International Human Resources Development Corporation, Boston, 266p.Bergh G.D. 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"The Division of Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History." Choice Reviews Online 40, no. 05 (January 1, 2003): 40–2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-2808.
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