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Journal articles on the topic 'American inequality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

King, Desmond. "Forceful Federalism against American Racial Inequality." Government and Opposition 52, no. 2 (2017): 356–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.52.

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Why, many Americans rightly ask, can material racial inequality and widespread segregation still persist 50 years after the enactment of key civil rights legislation and eight years after the election of an African American to the nation’s highest office? Many from outside the US pose similar questions about modern America. The explanation, I argue, lies with inconsistent and fluctuating levels of federal engagement to building material racial equality. National engagement fluctuates because it is energetically resisted and challenged by opponents of racial progress. This vulnerability to disr

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2

Williamson, Jeffrey G. "Five centuries of Latin American income inequality." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28, no. 2 (2010): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610910000078.

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AbstractMost analysts of the modern Latin American economy believe that it has always had very high levels of inequality. Indeed, some have argued that high inequality appeared very early in the post-conquest Americas, and that this fact supported rent-seeking and anti-growth institutions that help explain the disappointing growth performance we observe there even today. This paper argues to the contrary. Compared with the rest of the world, Latin American inequality wasnothigh either in pre-conquest 1491 or in the post-conquest decades following 1492. Indeed, it wasnoteven high in the mid-19t

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3

Du, Lijing, Michail Dewally, Ying Ying Shao, and Daniel Singer. "Banking and income inequality of the American community: an analysis." Banks and Bank Systems 11, no. 1 (2016): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(1).2016.06.

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Community banks in American urban areas are found to have a significant effect on the local distribution of income. Banking activity is seen to both decrease inequality by increasing the median level of income and simultaneously increase inequality by increasing the size of either tail of the income distribution. The net effect of banks providing liquidity to the American local economy and increasing access to the banking infrastructure is to decrease income inequality in these communities

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4

Du, Lijing, Michail Dewally, Ying Ying Shao, and Daniel Singer. "Banking and income inequality of the American community: an analysis." Banks and Bank Systems 11, no. 1 (2016): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(1).2016-06.

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5

Kelly, Nathan J., and Christopher Witko. "Federalism and American Inequality." Journal of Politics 74, no. 2 (2012): 414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022381611001678.

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6

Griffin, R. "Inequality: recent American perspectives." Journal of Income Distribution 7, no. 1 (1997): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6437(97)80007-8.

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7

SWIDLER, ANN. "Inequality and American Culture." American Behavioral Scientist 35, no. 4-5 (1992): 606–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000276429203500414.

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8

American Political Science Associat. "American Democracy and Inequality." Dissent 52, no. 2 (2005): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dss.2005.0009.

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9

Macdonald, David. "Trust in Government and the American Public’s Responsiveness to Rising Inequality." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 4 (2019): 790–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919856110.

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The United States has become increasingly unequal. Income inequality has risen dramatically since the 1970s, yet public opinion toward redistribution has remained largely unchanged. This is puzzling, given Americans’ professed concern regarding, and knowledge of, rising inequality. I argue that trust in government can help to reconcile this. I combine data on state-level income inequality with survey data from the Cumulative American National Election Studies (CANES) from 1984 to 2016. I find that trust in government conditions the relationship between inequality and redistribution, with highe

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10

Martin, Waldo E. "Precious African American Memories, Post-Racial Dreams & the American Nation." Daedalus 140, no. 1 (2011): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00059.

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This interdisciplinary essay explores a fundamental paradox at the heart of American race relations since the 1960s: “the changing same.” The more things change; the more they remain the same. Combining historical and social-scientific evidence with autobiographical reflections, this discussion critically probes the paradoxical decline and persistence of two dimensions of our enduring racial quagmire: racial inequality and white supremacy. The essay argues that these powerful and interrelated elements of America's continuing racial dilemma demand a massive democratic movement to alleviate both

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11

Oldfield, Kenneth. "Are the Nation's Leading Political Science Programs Practicing the Egalitarian Values Espoused in American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality, And if Not, How Can They?" PS: Political Science & Politics 41, no. 03 (2008): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096508080761.

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The American Political Science Association (APSA) has roughly 14,000 members. In fall 2002, APSA appointed a “Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy” (TFIAD). The group's 15 members represented various prestigious American universities, including, for example, Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. TFIAD was tasked with assessing the relationship between economic inequality in America and changes in political participation rates in our representative democracy.

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12

Katz, Michael B., Mark J. Stern, and Jamie J. Fader. "The New African American Inequality." Journal of American History 92, no. 1 (2005): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3660526.

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13

Galbraith, James, and Jaehee Choi. "The Politics of American Inequality." Intereconomics 55, no. 1 (2020): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-020-0870-8.

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14

Wilde, Melissa J., Patricia Tevington, and Wensong Shen. "Religious Inequality in America." Social Inclusion 6, no. 2 (2018): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i2.1447.

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Sociology has largely ignored class differences between American religious groups under the assumption that those differences “are smaller than they used to be and are getting smaller all of the time” (Pyle &amp; Davidson, 2014, p. 195). This article demonstrates that profound class differences remain amongst American religious groups. These differences are as large as—or larger than—commonly examined forms of inequality such as the gender pay gap and the race achievement gap. Using the most popular categorization of American religious groups, we find that regardless of the particular meas

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15

COATSWORTH, JOHN H. "Inequality, Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America." Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no. 3 (2008): 545–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x08004689.

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AbstractThis essay examines three recent historical approaches to the political economy of Latin America's relative economic backwardness. All three locate the origins of contemporary underdevelopment in defective colonial institutions linked to inequality. The contrasting view offered here affirms the significance of institutional constraints, but argues that they did not arise from colonial inequalities, but from the adaptation of Iberian practices to the American colonies under conditions of imperial weakness. Colonial inequality varied across the Americas; while it was not correlated with

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16

Xu, Ping, James C. Garand, and Ling Zhu. "Imported Inequality? Immigration and Income Inequality in the American States." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 16, no. 2 (2015): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532440015603814.

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17

Kuo, Entung Enya, Michael W. Kraus, and Jennifer A. Richeson. "High-Status Exemplars and the Misperception of the Asian-White Wealth Gap." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 3 (2019): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619867940.

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In this research, we test the central hypothesis that perceptions of Asian Americans as a high-status “model minority” lead to overestimates of the extent of wealth equality between Asian and White Americans. We test this hypothesis across three studies that manipulate the salience of high- or low-status Asian American exemplars before soliciting estimates of Asian-White wealth equality. A meta-analysis of the results revealed that participants significantly overestimated Asian-White wealth equality and that making low- versus high-status Asian American exemplars salient decreased this tendenc

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18

Perry, Samuel L., and Andrew L. Whitehead. "Christian America in Black and White: Racial Identity, Religious-National Group Boundaries, and Explanations for Racial Inequality." Sociology of Religion 80, no. 3 (2018): 277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sry046.

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Abstract Recent research suggests that, for white Americans, conflating national and religious group identities is strongly associated with racism, xenophobia, and Islamophobia, prompting some to argue that claims about Christianity being central to American identity are essentially about reinforcing white supremacy. Prior work has not considered, however, whether such beliefs may influence the racial views of nonwhite Americans differently from white Americans. Drawing on a representative sample of black and white Americans from the 2014 General Social Survey, and focusing on explanations for

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19

McCall, Leslie, Derek Burk, Marie Laperrière, and Jennifer A. Richeson. "Exposure to rising inequality shapes Americans’ opportunity beliefs and policy support." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 36 (2017): 9593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706253114.

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Economic inequality has been on the rise in the United States since the 1980s and by some measures stands at levels not seen since before the Great Depression. Although the strikingly high and rising level of economic inequality in the nation has alarmed scholars, pundits, and elected officials alike, research across the social sciences repeatedly concludes that Americans are largely unconcerned about it. Considerable research has documented, for instance, the important role of psychological processes, such as system justification and American Dream ideology, in engendering Americans’ relative

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20

MYRZHYKBAYEVA, Ainur, Gulnur RAIKHANOVA, Serikzhan BAIBOSSYNOV, Azamat ZHANSEITOV, and Argyn TUKEYEV. "THE TRENDS AND THE REASONS BEHIND SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED INEQUALITY: THE CASE OF BRAZIL." Public Administration and Civil Service, no. 2-77 (June 29, 2021): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2021-315.

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This article combines individual data from household surveys in the Latin American countries to obtain a regional income and analyse its distribution and recent changes. It concentrates upon whether distributive changes in the countries over the past decade have improved income distribution between individuals or widened gaps. The region’s indicators of global inequality declined considerably during 1997-2014. This decline in global inequality is explained essentially by the reduction of inequality within Latin American countries, especially in Brazil. The incomes of the inhabitants of Latin A

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21

Waldinger, Roger. "Immigration: The New American Dilemma." Daedalus 140, no. 2 (2011): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00089.

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The American dilemma was once distinctively American, rooted in the particular history of the United States and in the conflict between liberal principles and exclusionary practice. The contemporary American dilemma takes a different form, arising from the challenges that emerge when international migration confronts the liberal nation-state. Solving the earlier dilemma called for extending and deepening citizenship so that it would be fully shared by all Americans. However, that more robust citizenship is only for Americans, who alone can cross U.S. borders as they please. Consequently, right

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22

Hill, Catharine B. "American Higher Education and Income Inequality." Education Finance and Policy 11, no. 3 (2016): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00178.

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This paper demonstrates that increasing income inequality can contribute to the trends we see in American higher education, particularly in the selective, private nonprofit and public sectors. Given these institutions’ selective admissions and commitment to socioeconomic diversity, the paper demonstrates how increasing income inequality leads to higher tuition, costs, and financial aid. A numerical example is presented that estimates how much lower tuition, spending (costs), and financial aid would have been if household incomes in the United States had grown by the same aggregate amount betwe

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23

Kaplan, Paul J. "American Exceptionalism and Racialized Inequality in American Capital Punishment." Law Social Inquiry 31, no. 1 (2006): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2006.00005.x.

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24

Macedo, Stephen, and Christopher F. Karpowitz. "The Local Roots of American Inequality." PS: Political Science & Politics 39, no. 01 (2006): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096506060094.

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25

Martin, Isaac William. "American Inequality in the Long Run." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 49, no. 2 (2020): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306120902417b.

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26

Duncan, Greg J., and Richard J. Murnane. "Growing Income Inequality Threatens American Education." Phi Delta Kappan 95, no. 6 (2014): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172171409500603.

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27

Cowell, Frank A. "THE STRUCTURE OF AMERICAN INCOME INEQUALITY*." Review of Income and Wealth 30, no. 3 (2005): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00556.x.

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28

Burtless, Gary. "Growing American Inequality: Sources and Remedies." Brookings Review 17, no. 1 (1999): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20080831.

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29

Massey, D. S. "Globalization and Inequality: Explaining American Exceptionalism." European Sociological Review 25, no. 1 (2008): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn036.

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30

Hanson, Sandra L., and John K. White. "Nation Dreaming: A Consideration of the American Dream in Poland, the U.S., and among Polish Americans." International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 4 (2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i4.4858.

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This paper examines the cooperation and influences between Poland and the U.S on their respective dreams, including the influence of the American Dream on Polish Americans and their potential distinctness from those who remain in Poland. Attitudes involving the American Dream that are examined include beliefs about freedom, liberty, democracy, getting ahead, status/mobility, and inequality. Although scholars have compared these belief systems across countries, there has been no distinct focus on Poland and the U.S., and those who immigrate between these countries. A conceptual framework that c

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31

Muller, Edward N., Mitchell A. Seligson, Hung-der Fu, and Manus I. Midlarsky. "Land Inequality and Political Violence." American Political Science Review 83, no. 2 (1989): 577–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962407.

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Considerable research effort has been invested in establishing the appropriate relationship between patterns of land distribution and political violence. In an article in the June 1988 issue of the Review, Manus I. Midlarsky proposed and tested a new measure of the distribution of land, which he called “patterned inequality.” He presented supporting evidence with data from Latin American and Middle Eastern countries. In this controversy, Midlarsky's analysis is challenged by Edward N. Mutter, Mitchell A. Seligson, and Hung-der Fu. They advocate an alternative measure of land inequality, test i

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32

Dyck, Joshua J., Wesley Hussey, and Edward L. Lascher, Jr. "American State Ballot Initiatives and Income Inequality." Politics and Governance 7, no. 2 (2019): 380–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i2.1873.

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Some have argued that the ballot initiative process prevalent in many American states might lower inequality. We contend this is improbable based on what is known about whether expansion of democracy leads to redistribution, the attitudes of citizens, and the characteristics of the initiative process. Nevertheless, the proposition needs testing. We examine three types of evidence. First, we analyze the content and passage of all post-World War II initiatives going to voters in California, a state that makes heavy use of ballot propositions. Second, we model institutional factors influencing di

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33

Teng, Yue. "EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY AND ITS DETERMINANTS: EVIDENCE FOR WOMEN IN NINE LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 1950s-1990s." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 37, no. 3 (2019): 409–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610919000107.

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ABSTRACTThis paper examines educational inequality in nine Latin American countries at the sub-country level from the 1950s to the 1990s. Educational inequality is measured by the difference in schooling years between the taller and the shorter half of the female population. Schooling years significantly increased across birth cohorts, especially before the 1980s, regardless of socio-economic stratum, region or country. However, educational inequality persisted. This finding reflects the achievement of the import substitution industrialisation era in educational development and its failure in

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34

Gasteyer, Stephen P., Jennifer Lai, Brittany Tucker, Jennifer Carrera, and Julius Moss. "BASICS INEQUALITY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13, no. 2 (2016): 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x16000242.

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AbstractIn light of 2014–2016 media coverage about the inadequate water and sanitation services for households in places like Flint and Detroit, Michigan and the Central Valley of California, this paper asks whether places with majority non-White residents in the United States disproportionately lack access to these most basic of services. Investigating this issue through the combined lenses of structural racism, environmental justice, and the human right to water and sanitation, we analyze U.S. Census American Community Survey household data at the county level. Our findings indicate strong W

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35

Midlarsky, Manus I. "Rulers and the Ruled: Patterned Inequality and the Onset of Mass Political Violence." American Political Science Review 82, no. 2 (1988): 491–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1957397.

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The theory of patterned inequality between rulers and ruled provides a valuable analytic approach to the relationship between inequality and political violence. Under conditions of a bifurcated pattern of inequality, the probability of political violence is likely to be greater than under a more generalized inequality typically measured by the Gini index. A strong systematic relationship between patterned inequality in Latin American landholdings and deaths from political violence was discovered using the exponential distribution as a model for the lower portion of the land distribution and th

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36

Jackman, Mary R., and Kimberlee A. Shauman. "THE TOLL OF INEQUALITY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 16, no. 2 (2019): 291–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x20000028.

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AbstractTo take stock of the human toll resulting from racial inequality in the United States, we estimate the number of excess deaths that accumulated among African Americans over the twentieth century as a result of the enduring racial gap in mortality rates. We assemble a wide array of demographic and vital statistics data for all years since 1900 to calculate the number of Black deaths in each half-decade that occurred in excess of what would be projected if Blacks had experienced the same gender- and age-specific mortality rates as Whites. We estimate that there were almost 7.7 million ex

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37

Heiserman, Nicholas, Brent Simpson, and Robb Willer. "Judgments of Economic Fairness Are Based More on Perceived Economic Mobility Than Perceived Inequality." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6 (January 2020): 237802312095954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120959547.

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Are judgments of the fairness of the American economy based on perceptions of economic inequality, mobility, or both? In two experiments, the authors varied information on levels of U.S. inequality and mobility, measuring effects on individuals’ judgments of economic fairness and meritocracy. Although both treatments influenced perceptions of economic fairness and meritocracy, the mobility effect was generally larger. The two treatments did not interact, countering a common claim that high social mobility legitimizes high inequality. Effects on preferences for government action to reduce inequ

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38

Stoneman, Betty. "Ideological Domination: Deconstructing the Paradox of the American Dream and the Working Class Promise." Stance: an international undergraduate philosophy journal 7, no. 1 (2014): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/s.7.1.105-114.

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The “American Dream” and “Working Class Promise” ideologies are ubiquitously dispersed in American society. These ideologies posit values of equality and opportunity. In this paper, I deconstruct these two ideologies in order to examine the effects these ideologies have on income inequality, social inequality, and social immobility. I argue these ideologies create a paradox in society whereby the more theseideologies are believed, the more the ideologies exacerbate income inequality, social inequality, and social immobility.

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39

Prickett, Pamela. "Complexity Beyond Intersections: Race, Class, and Neighborhood Disadvantage among African American Muslims." Social Inclusion 6, no. 2 (2018): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i2.1416.

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This study uses the case of African American Muslims to examine the intersection of religious inequality with other forms of disadvantage. It draws on more than six years of ethnographic and historical research in an African American Muslim community in a poor neighborhood in Los Angeles, comparing the experiences of community members with existing research on first- and second-generation Muslim immigrants. It addresses the three most prominent axes of difference between African American and immigrant Muslims—race/ethnicity, class, and neighborhood disadvantage—to explicate the ways in which r

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40

Bane, Mary Jo. "Catholic Social Teachings, American Politics and Inequality." Journal of Catholic Social Thought 11, no. 2 (2014): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcathsoc20141127.

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41

Arriagada, Irma. "Changes and inequality in Latin American families." CEPAL Review 2002, no. 77 (2002): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/235491f6-en.

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42

Arriagada, Irma. "Changes and Inequality in Latin American Families." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 37, no. 4 (2006): 511–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.37.4.511.

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43

Roemer, John. "Ideological and Political Roots of American Inequality." Challenge 54, no. 5 (2011): 76–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/0577-5132540505.

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44

Bértola, Luis, Leandro Prados de la Escosura, and Jeffrey G. Williamson. "Latin American Inequality in the Long Run." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28, no. 2 (2010): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610910000054.

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45

Wolff, E. N. "Transmitting Inequality: Wealth and the American Family." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 39, no. 2 (2010): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306110361589q.

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46

Rehm, Philipp. "Risk Inequality and the Polarized American Electorate." British Journal of Political Science 41, no. 2 (2010): 363–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123410000384.

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Why has the American political landscape grown more partisan since the 1970s? This article provides a novel account of the determinants of partisanship. The author argues that partisanship is not only shaped by the traditionally suggested socio-economic factors, but also by the uncertainty of future income (risk exposure): rich individuals facing a high degree of risk exposure (or poor people facing low risk exposure) are ‘cross-pressured’; while their income suggests that they should identify with the Republicans, their income prospects make them sympathize with the Democrats. These two trait

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47

di Leonardo, Micaela. "Global Inequality, War, and the American Scene." North American Dialogue 8, no. 1 (2005): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nad.2005.8.1.1.

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48

Telles, Edward, and Stanley Bailey. "Understanding Latin American Beliefs about Racial Inequality." American Journal of Sociology 118, no. 6 (2013): 1559–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/670268.

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49

Rasmussen, Chris. "American Cities in the Age of Inequality." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2018): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218816634.

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50

Conforti, Joseph M. "The legitimation of inequality in American education." Urban Review 24, no. 4 (1992): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01108357.

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