Journal articles: 'American literature Masculinity in literature'

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Shek, Yen. "Asian American Masculinity: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Men's Studies 14, no. 3 (2006): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.1403.379.

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Reilly, John M., and Michael K. Johnson. "Black Masculinity and the Frontier Myth in American Literature." African American Review 37, no. 4 (2003): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1512399.

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Pollard, Scott. "Transvestism, Masculinity and Latin American Literature: Gender Shares Flesh (review)." College Literature 32, no. 3 (2005): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lit.2005.0045.

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Morgan, William M. "Wounded Hearts: Masculinity, Law, and Literature in American Culture (review)." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 53, no. 3 (2007): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2007.0047.

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Anderson, Crystal S. "Chinatown Black Tigers: Black Masculinity and Chinese Heroism in Frank Chin's Gunga Din Highway." Ethnic Studies Review 26, no. 1 (2003): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2003.26.1.67.

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Images of ominous villains and asexual heroes in literature and mainstream American culture tend to relegate Asian American men to limited expressions of masculinity. These emasculating images deny Asian American men elements of traditional masculinity, including agency and strength. Many recognize the efforts of Frank Chin, a Chinese American novelist, to confront, expose, and revise such images by relying on a tradition of Chinese heroism. In Gunga Din Highway (1994), however, Chin creates an Asian American masculinity based on elements of both the Chinese heroic tradition and a distinct brand of African American masculinity manifested in the work of Ishmael Reed, an African American novelist and essayist known for his outspoken style. Rather than transforming traditional masculinity to include Asian American manhood, Chin's images of men represent an appropriation of elements from two ethnic sources that Chin uses to underscore those of Asian Americans. While deconstructing the reductive images advocated by the dominant culture, Chin critiques the very black masculinity he adopts. Ultimately he fails to envision modes of masculinity not based on dominance, yet Chin's approach also can be read as the ultimate expression of Asian American individualism.

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Ramsey, Priscilla R. "Jeffrey B. Leak, Racial Myths and Masculinity in African American Literature." Journal of African American History 91, no. 3 (2006): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jaahv91n3p352.

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Haralson, Eric L. "Mars in Petticoats: Longfellow and Sentimental Masculinity." Nineteenth-Century Literature 51, no. 3 (1996): 327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2934014.

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From "A Psalm of Life" and "The Village Blacksmith" to Evangeline and The Song of Hiawatha, Longfellow provided middle-class Americans with models of self-comportment and means for coping with the anxieties and stresses of a commercial society on the move. Mixing tones of melancholy and patient resolution, the poetry served to attenuate polarized gender roles and, especially, to authorize a sentimental or domestic style of masculinity in opposition to more aggresive, competitive, business-oriented modes of "manliness." Though this body of verse employs martial imagery and masculinist terms in order to evoke the tenor of mind and will required by an increasingly complex socioeconomic environment, Longfellow converts these images and terms to elaborate a "feminized" ideal of personal and social behavior: sublimative, spiritualized, quietly persistent. The figure of Evangeline crosses gender lines to instruct both men and women how to bear up under the burden of American "modernity," while that of Hiawatha blends gender traits to embody a soft-but-still-manly masculinity, with implications for both heterosexual and homosocial relations. The efficacy and the very premises of Longfellow's cultural service, which secured his enormous popularity in the antebellum period, were called into question with the advent of realist antisentimentalism, and the poet's work suffered permanent devaluation under the canons of the modernist taste.

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Macdonald, Christine. "Wounded Hearts: Masculinity, Law, and Literature in American Culture (review)." American Literary Realism 40, no. 2 (2008): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/alr.2008.0005.

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Palmer, Jamie L. "Ineffective Masculinity." Men and Masculinities 21, no. 4 (2017): 455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x17696184.

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Advancing literature on Cuban–American relations through an analysis grounded in hegemonic and relational, or “subordinate” masculinities, this work explores representations of Cuban male leaders in the US media. Using ethnographic content analysis to examine 763 articles on Cuba from 1959 to 2010 in Time and Newsweek, data reveal narratives of ineffective masculinity as articulated through emergent themes and images that portray Cuban men involved in the revolutionary or political process as (a) simultaneously hypermasculine, that is, motivated by anger, violence, or idealism and (b) hypomasculine or displaying inadequacies in either their professional efforts and/or their physical characteristics. The findings supported by ineffective masculinity add to the literature by recognizing that these male leaders are deemed deficient; however, this deficiency does not rely on tropes of femininity. It is through this analysis that one may recognize the ways in which representations of Cuban male leaders may relate but differ from portraits of other nonwhite men. These findings might reasonably pave the way for possible variations in portrayals of “ineffective masculinity” and hegemonic masculinity where future research may question what role the trope ineffective masculinity may have on the maintenance of racial inequalities and ideologies especially of men of color in international relations with the United States.

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Arroyo, Jossiana. "Transvestism, Masculinity, and Latin American Literature. Gendes Share Flesh de Ben Sifuentes-Jáuregui." Revista Iberoamericana 70, no. 207 (2004): 604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.2004.5570.

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West, Kathryn. "Black Masculinity and the Frontier Myth in American Literature by Michael K. Johnson." Western American Literature 41, no. 2 (2006): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.2006.0075.

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Ramkissoon, Marina W., Patricia Anderson, and Junior Hopwood. "Measurement Validation of the Jamaican Macho Scale Among African American Males." Journal of Men’s Studies 25, no. 3 (2017): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826517693387.

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Measures of masculinities have expanded in recent decades to reflect greater diversity. A comparative reading of the literature suggests that African American men may endorse the same macho ideology shared by Afro-Jamaican men, which is captured by the Jamaican Macho Scale. The current article examines whether the Macho Scale is relevant to explaining masculinity among African American males using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques. A sample of 203 African American male college students from a large university in the Eastern United States participated in a self-administered survey, which included the Macho Scale items. Results supported a two-factor model of macho ideology, specifically sexual dominance and virility, and procreative need, in the American context. Future research should examine understudied masculinity ideology constructs in the American setting and attempt to map the full content domain of African American masculinity ideologies.

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Loughran, Colin. "“Counterfeit Machismo”: Joan Didion, American Masculinity, and the Monroe Doctrine." Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 54, no. 4 (2013): 422–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00111619.2011.614292.

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VIGOYA, MARA VIVEROS. "Contemporary Latin American Perspectives on Masculinity." Men and Masculinities 3, no. 3 (2001): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x01003003002.

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Song, Kirsten Younghee, and Victoria Velding. "Transnational Masculinity in the Eyes of Local Beholders? Young Americans’ Perception of K-Pop Masculinities." Journal of Men’s Studies 28, no. 1 (2019): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826519838869.

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The advancement in communication technology has created myriad online media sources through which people from different cultural backgrounds meet more frequently and easily than ever before. In this highly interconnected world, intercultural sensitivity has been the utmost important quality for global citizenship. Empirical literature on how gender norms operate across countries in the realm of a global circulation of media contents is limited. This study examines how young American individuals perceived masculinity embodied through Korean pop male band members’ bodies. Survey data suggest that U.S. cultural norms played a significant role in research participants’ ( N = 772) perception of Korean band members’ masculinity. Respondents perceived them neither highly masculine nor feminine. Such ambiguous gender images are similar to the stereotypes of Asian American males in the United States. Moreover, respondents’ perception of and evaluation of band members’ masculinity largely conform to what the concept of hegemonic masculinity suggests as ideal. Findings imply that participants construct the difference between Korean pop band members’ masculinity and the Western hegemonic masculinity ideal, and subsequently reproduce cultural distance.

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FERRY, PETER. "The Beard, Masculinity, and Otherness in the Contemporary American Novel." Journal of American Studies 51, no. 1 (2016): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875815002704.

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This article identifies the humble beard as a device used in twenty-first-century American literature to examine the contemporary condition of American masculinity. Drawing on readings from key writers of post-9/11 fiction, such as John Updike, Moshin Hamid, and Don DeLillo, the article calls for the need to move on from the reductive rendering of the beard as an irrefutable representation of Otherness to see the beard as a device used to explore the construction of masculinities in relation to key issues such as racialization, sexuality and the queering of the Other, and nationhood in the globalized and globalizing arena of the United States. Reading Amy Waldman's nuanced engagement with the beard in The Submission (2011) alongside key works on hegemonic masculinity, whiteness, and globalized masculinities, the article underlines the power of the beard in the contradictions and complexities of a changing American masculinity now performed beyond the physical borders of “the nation” on the global stage.

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Gutjahr, P. "Sentimental Men: Masculinity and the Politics of Affect in American Culture." American Literature 72, no. 3 (2000): 648–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-72-3-648.

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Suh, Stephen Cho. "Negotiating Masculinity across Borders." Men and Masculinities 20, no. 3 (2016): 317–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x16634800.

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Recent studies of ethnic return migration have explained why (economic, political, and affective) and where (Asia and Europe) this phenomenon has primarily occurred. Of the research available, however, few have examined the manner in which framings and practices of gender impact the experiences of those who participate in these transnational sojourns. This study fills this void by examining how Korean American male ethnic return migrants understand and negotiate their masculine identities, as they “return” to their ancestral homeland of South Korea. Utilizing data from in-depth qualitative interviews, this study finds that respondents initially configure South Korea as a site where they may redeem their marginalized masculine identities by taking advantage of the surplus human capital afforded to them by their American status. Over time, however, “returnees” come to realize the fluidity of masculinity and its ideals, exposing the tenuousness of their claims to hegemonic masculinity even in South Korea.

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Hashemi, Mahsa. "A Few Bad Friends: Dynamics of Male Dominance and Failure of Masculine Bonding in David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross." arcadia 55, no. 1 (2020): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arcadia-2020-0002.

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AbstractDavid Mamet is often considered as the quintessential dramatist of American urban life whose stage is peopled exclusively, and at times questionably, with men. Glengarry Glen Ross is the outstanding epitome of Mamet’s avid engagement with the world of men and their primordial, instinctive thirst for dominance, authority, and the celebration of their masculine prowess. Exploring the turbulent dynamics of male interactions determined and affected by contemporary capitalism, the present study investigates the disturbed depiction of masculinity and male bonding. Mainstream masculinity has been fundamentally linked to power and organized for domination. Historically changing and politically fraught, masculinity is the product of social learning or socialization. Rather than a celebration of the camaraderie of men, as most criticisms of Mamet focus upon, it is argued that the play highlights the failure of such fellowship and the tragic consequences. In Mamet, capitalism and the market economy do to men what in a patriarchal system men do to women: marginalize, dominate, displace. Men, therefore, are losing their cultural centrality, and with that, their capacity for constructive male bonds. Glengarry Glen Ross faithfully captures the sad ethos of American capitalism. The dynamics of dominance and success, the exercise of power, and the hierarchies of control lead to a dysfunctional network of male connections and interactions. Men are expected to develop more instrumentally functioning abilities and roles while maintaining the more expressively dominant roles they used to possess. Caught in between, they are only subject to alienation. This is the paradox of contemporary American men.

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Allmendinger, B. "Invisible Natives: Myth and Identity in the American Western; Black Masculinity and the Frontier Myth in American Literature." American Literature 75, no. 4 (2003): 897–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-75-4-897.

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MacDonald, Cheryl A. "Masculinity and Sport Revisted: A Review of Literature on Hegemonic Masculinity and Men's Ice Hockey in Canada." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 3, no. 1 (2014): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v3i1.3764.

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Ice hockey is particularly significant in Canada as it acts as a primary site of socialization for boys and men. This form of socialization raises questions about masculinity on the public agenda in terms of the problematic nature of hypermasculinity in sport, stereotypical images of athletes, and questions of social responsibility as both men and athletes. These issues are presently relevant as Canada (and perhaps all of North America) finds itself in an era characterized by accounts in mainstream media of competitive athletes’ cavalier lifestyles, hazing, violence, homophobia, drug addictions, and suicides. This review of literature uses secondary research to problematize masculinity in the ice hockey context by presenting the overarching claim that male hockey players are hegemonically masculine individuals. The piece begins by defining Australian sociologist R.W. Connell’s (1987) concept of hegemonic masculinity and situating it in the contemporary academic context. Next, it offers an overview of relevant literature on masculinity and sport along with a concise examination of scholarly work on the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and ice hockey in Canada. It concludes by summarising calls for further research in the literature and by suggesting approaches to future studies in the field.

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Allain, Kristi A. "“Real Fast and Tough”: The Construction of Canadian Hockey Masculinity." Sociology of Sport Journal 25, no. 4 (2008): 462–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.4.462.

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The purpose of this article is to examine issues relating to desirable hockey masculinity and how they are played out within the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). My aim is to explore how the presentation/representation of hegemonic Canadian hockey masculinity within the CHL works to marginalize non-North American hockey players. I examine how gender is performed by the players, how the CHL as an institution supports dominant notions of gender, and how ideas about gender are taken up by the media. I draw from ten semistructured narrative interviews conducted with non-North American hockey players who competed in the CHL, as well as the scholarly literature, media representations and commentary on the game, supplemental interviews, and an examination of North American and international hockey policy.

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Greven. "The Homoerotics of James' Hawthorne: Race, Aesthetics, and American Masculinity." American Literary Realism 46, no. 2 (2014): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/amerlitereal.46.2.0137.

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Willis, S. "Taking It like a Man: White Masculinity, Masochism, and Contemporary American Culture." American Literature 72, no. 3 (2000): 649–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-72-3-649.

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Hames-Garcia, M. "Prisons, Race, and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century U.S. Literature and Film; From the Plantation to the Prison: African American Confinement in Literature." American Literature 82, no. 4 (2010): 846–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-2010-052.

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Lapanun, Patcharin. "Masculinity, Marriage and Migration." Asian Journal of Social Science 46, no. 1-2 (2018): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04601006.

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This article reviews the literature on masculinity and marriages, focusing on Thai women-farang (Caucasian) men marriages and how these relationships have been conceptualised. The review highlights the shift from emphasising the political, economic and international-relations dimensions that determine marriages to agency analysis, in which individual choices are informed by local and Western cultures/norms, global opportunities and local constraints. While studies have focused on women and their agency, men’s experiences are only beginning to emerge in recent scholarship, indicating both the negotiation and vulnerability of farang men coming from a more advantageous position. Studies of Thai-farang marriages have often centred on the presence of American troops in Thailand during the Vietnam War (1965–1975), while ignoring those that date back centuries. I posit that the history of transnational marriage should be considered in terms of changing structural conditions and that the balance between structural- and agency-centred explanations must be recognised.

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Samet, Elizabeth D. "The Arts of War and Deception." American Literary History 31, no. 3 (2019): 550–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajz029.

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Abstract Three recent books—Benjamin Cooper’s Veteran Americans: Literature and Citizenship from Revolution to Reconstruction (2018), Keith Gandal’s War Isn’t the Only Hell: A New Reading of World War I American Literature (2018), and Jonathan Vincent’s The Health of the State: Modern US War Narrative and the American Political Imagination, 1890–1964 (2017)—invite us to reevaluate the tradition of US war literature. Attempting to rescue it from the misunderstanding and marginalization to which it has been subject over the years, they assess its expression of persistent anxieties about national identity, citizenship, and masculinity. Covering a broad swath of US history, from the Revolutionary period through the Cold War, these books work together to illuminate crucial aspects of the perilous, enduring connection between citizenship and violence. This work is characteristic of a renewed post-9/11 attentiveness on the part of literary and cultural critics to war and its representation. Central to any exploration of the war narratives at the very core of national identity is a recognition of the intimate relation between the arts of war and those of deception.

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Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. "Surrogate Americans: Masculinity, Masquerade, and the Formation of a National Identity." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 119, no. 5 (2004): 1325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812900101786.

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This essay explores the layered, ideologically contradictory, and psychologically overdetermined ways national identities take form. The setting is the birth of the new American nation, the opening moments of George Washington's first administration. As European Americans from Benjamin Franklin to D. W. Griffith tell us, this is a white man's story about his “Black … and Tawney …” (br)others (Franklin, qtd. in Ferguson 169).

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SILLIN, SARAH. "American Sympathizers: Confessing Illicit Feeling from the Civil War to the Vietnam War." Journal of American Studies 53, no. 3 (2018): 613–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875818000026.

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Portraits of sympathizers recur across American literature, from nineteenth-century narratives by Edward Everett Hale Jr., Loreta Velazquez, and Walt Whitman to Viet Thanh Nguyen's twenty-first-century novel. Together, their texts elucidate why this understudied trope remains provocative. Whereas nineteenth-century literature often imagines how sympathy fosters national cohesion, feeling for the enemy threatens such stability and prompts government efforts to regulate sentiment. Sympathizers may perform loyalty to claim the authority associated with white masculinity. Yet they also gain power by confessing to criminal sentiments. This figure thus embodies fantasies of rebellion, fears of national dissolution, and the state's affective power.

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Baldwin, C. "Post-World War II Masculinities in British and American Literature and Culture: Towards Comparative Masculinity Studies." Contemporary Women's Writing 8, no. 3 (2014): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cww/vpu009.

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Renner, Karen J. "Negotiations of masculinity in American ghost-hunting reality television." Horror Studies 4, no. 2 (2013): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/host.4.2.201_1.

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Saddik, Annette J. "Rap's Unruly Body The Postmodern Performance of Black Male Identity on the American Stage." TDR/The Drama Review 47, no. 4 (2003): 110–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420403322764061.

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In response to the question, Does rap bear any “social message,” Ice Cube was careful to make a distinction between the occasions when rappers are “just having fun” and when they are performing a more serious “social message.” “Gansta rap” or “reality rap” are self-conscious performances of the complexities and commodifications of black male identity in America. Gangsta rap, the most theatrical style of rap, comments on the place of black masculinity in the American value system, and imagines alternative spaces where the power structures may be redefined.

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Gordon, Neta. "The Enemy Is The Centre: The Dilemma of Normative Masculinity in Darwyn Cooke’s DC: The New Frontier." Men and Masculinities 22, no. 2 (2017): 236–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x17703157.

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The article explores Darwyn Cooke’s 2004 comic DC: The New Frontier as a retrospective history for DC’s comic book characters of the 1950s; though this history takes into account certain problematic aspects of 1950s American culture—in particular the problem of racism and fear of the minoritized other—the comic does not in any way produce a critique of normative American masculinity. Making use of a critical framework that discusses white masculinity, nostalgia, and the “falling” man, and the conceptual work of scholars such as Sally Robinson, Michael Kimmel, Elizabeth Anker, and Hamilton Carroll, this article argues that Cooke’s comic recenters the white male adventurer/hero not only as a product of nostalgia but also as a post-9/11 response to the idea of the “falling man.” Cooke promotes a fraternal code as a way to resolve the problematics of diversity, constructs the flyboy as a falling man, whose rehabilitation as an everyday hero reflects the text’s idealization of retrograde masculinity, and transforms narratives about othering into celebrations of colonialism and American manifest destiny.

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Chihara, Michelle. "The Rise of Behavioral Economic Masculinity." American Literary History 32, no. 1 (2019): 77–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajz055.

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Abstract This essay begins a cultural history of the behavioral economic narrative mode in American popular media, in relation to the academic discipline but not coincident with it. From podcasts to Michael Lewis’s books and films, the behavioral economic mode of narration changes the character or figure of economic knowledge. Instead of the distant financial expert, this mode insists on the authority of the friendly explainer. In the years around the 2008 crisis, at a moment when financial scandals seemed to be losing their power to scandalize, this mode asserted behavioral economic knowledge as the new standard of realism. As the affective structures beneath earlier capitalist realist narratives diminished in power, the behavioral economic turn marked a reassertion of narrative authority. The behavioral mode instantiated a new relationship to a familiar misogyny and is perhaps best understood as a cultural shift with varied ideological commitments to economic philosophy itself. The behavioral economic mode is characterized by scenes of objectivity training or moments where the viewer or reader is trained to understand objectivity as a performance of distance from the subject’s gender or race. Not incidentally, this performance is demanded specifically of those who do not fit the neoclassical ideal of the rational agent and who are not white and not male.

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Cohoon, Lorinda B. "Boys at Home: Discipline, Masculinity, and “The Boy-Problem” in Nineteenth-Century American Literature by Ken Parille." American Studies 52, no. 3 (2013): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ams.2013.0069.

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Hoeller, H. "A Man's Game: Masculinity and the Anti-Aesthetics of American Literary Naturalism; Women, Compulsion, Modernity: The Moment of American Naturalism." American Literature 78, no. 1 (2006): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-78-1-187.

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Horton, Paul, and Helle Rydstrom. "Heterosexual Masculinity in Contemporary Vietnam." Men and Masculinities 14, no. 5 (2011): 542–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x11409362.

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By drawing on ethnographic data collected in two different settings in northern Vietnam, this article considers the ways in which heterosexual masculinity is configured by younger men. The intersection between heterosexuality and masculinity, the article argues, epitomizes a site of contestations between moral ideals, expectations about gendered support, and sexual pleasures disguised as protests. In introducing into a Southeast Asian context, the Latin American term machismo, understood as an expression of male-centered privileges and the ways in which they foster men’s chauvinism against women (or other men), the article explores how local assumptions about the natural quintessential drive of male sexuality as well as a wife’s obligations to comply with his sexual needs together provide men with morally legitimized explanations for the buying of various kinds of female sexual services.

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Erhart, Walter. "Comparing Masculinities – True Grit (1968, 1969, 2010)." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 43, no. 2 (2018): 440–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2018-0023.

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Abstract By studying three different versions of an American Western narrative, the novel True Grit and its cinematographic adaptations, the essay starts with the plurality of masculinities embodied within the genre to outline the specific reference points, frames, and tertia comparationis that organize and structure these and other male narratives in the 20th and 21st century. While the narrative of True Grit is all about comparing men, each version centers upon a different concept these comparisons are directed toward: a nostalgic imagination of a noble masculine society gone by; a family narrative where men evolve as children, fathers, and potential husbands; a threatening masculinity representing the dark ‘other’ side of civilization. While taking a plurality of masculinities for granted, this essay aims to identify common frames and narratives of masculinities that allow for structuring the future field of comparative masculinity studies.

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Pitts, Michael. "Aging Masculinity in the American Novel by Alex Hobbs." South Central Review 35, no. 2 (2018): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scr.2018.0027.

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Steinfeldt, Jesse, Leslie A. Rutkowski, Thomas J. Orr, and Matthew C. Steinfeldt. "Moral Atmosphere and Masculine Norms in American College Football." Sport Psychologist 26, no. 3 (2012): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.3.341.

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This study examined on-field antisocial sports behaviors among 274 American football players in the United States. Results indicated that moral atmosphere (i.e., teammate, coach influence) and conformity to masculine norms were significantly related to participants’ moral behavior on the field (i.e., intimidate, risk injury, cheat, intentionally injure opponents). In other words, the perception that coaches and teammates condone on-field antisocial behaviors—in addition to conforming to societal expectations of traditional masculinity—is related to higher levels of antisocial behaviors on the football field. In addition, conformity to traditional masculine norms mediated the relationship between moral atmosphere and on-field aggressive sports behaviors, suggesting a relationship between social norms and moral atmosphere. Results of this interdisciplinary endeavor are interpreted and situated within the extant literature of both the fields of sport psychology and the psychological study of men and masculinity. Sport psychologists can use results to design interventions that incorporate moral atmosphere and conformity to masculine norms in an effort to decrease aggressive sports behaviors in the violent sport of football.

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Ulmer, Jesse Gerlach. "Shane and the Language of Men." arcadia 53, no. 1 (2018): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arcadia-2018-0005.

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AbstractJane Tompkins has argued that a deeply conflicted relationship exists between men and language in the Western. Deploying too much language emasculates Western heroes, men who privilege action over talk. For support, Tompkins turns to a number of moments in Shane, the 1953 film adaptation of the 1949 novel of the same title by Jack Schaefer. Tompkins argues that the film constructs a model of masculinity that wholly rejects language, a move that is destructive and exploitative to self and others. However, a close reexamination of the novel reveals a model of masculinity that is more positive and flexible towards language and gender than Tompkins’s views on the Western suggest. A close rereading of the novel shows that men in Westerns do not always use talk and silence to subjugate women and others, and that the valuing of language over action does not always end in violence or exploitation. Furthermore, the film adaptation of the novel will be examined, a work that occupies a more cherished place in American culture than the novel, a situation that is the reverse of traditional cultural hierarchies in which the literary source material is privileged over the film adaptation. Ultimately, the novel and film are engaging in different ways, yet Schaefer’s novel, rather than being relegated to middle school literature classrooms, rewards serious critical and scholarly attention, particularly in the context of the film adaptation and critical discourse on the representation of masculinity in the Western.

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Eschrich, Joey. "“Behold the Man!”." Men and Masculinities 14, no. 5 (2011): 520–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x11409361.

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Films depicting the life of Jesus of Nazareth appear simple and easily readable, and this understanding of the films as mere dramatic interpretations of the gospels contributes to a lack of attention to issues of social identity. This study addresses the gap in critical inquiry, locating a profound anxiety about gender at the center of these religiously oriented films. Close readings of five mainstream American films reveal that the texts are structured by binary oppositions with other characters that position Jesus as the epitome of a divine masculinity defined against femininity, homosexuality, and hypermasculinity. These binaries are loaded with a discourse of ethnicity that links Jesus’ counterfactual whiteness with notions of masculinity and spiritual goodness. Though the films construct a relatively stable set of prohibitions on Jesus’ masculinity, they leave his gendered persona murky and undefined, providing little guidance about what ideal, transcendent masculinity can or should be.

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Shields, Juliet. "Savage and Scott-ish Masculinity in The Last of the Mohicans and The Prairie: James Fenimore Cooper and the Diasporic Origins of American Identity." Nineteenth-Century Literature 64, no. 2 (2009): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2009.64.2.137.

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This essay reassesses James Fenimore Cooper's literary relationship to Walter Scott by examining the depiction of Scots in The Last of the Mohicans (1826) and The Prairie (1827). Read as companion texts, these novels represent the imperial migrations of Scots as a cause of Native Americans' unfortunate, but for Cooper seemingly inevitable, eradication. They also trace the development of an American identity that incorporates feudal chivalry and savage fortitude and that is formed through cultural appropriation rather than racial mixing. The Last of the Mohicans' Scottish protagonist, Duncan Heyward, learns to survive in the northeastern wilderness by adopting the Mohicans' savage self-control as a complement to his own feudal chivalry; in turn, The Prairie's Paul Hover equips himself for the challenges of westward expansion by adopting both the remnants of this chivalry and the exilic adaptability and colonial striving that Cooper accords to Scots. I suggest that the cultural appropriation through which Heyward and Hover achieve an American identity that incorporates Scottish chivalry and savage self-command offers a model for the literary relationship between Cooper's and Scott's historical romances. The Leatherstocking Tales borrow selectively from the Waverely Novels, rejecting their valorization of feudal chivalry while incorporating their representation of cultural appropriation as a mechanism of teleological social development.

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Robertson, Michael. "Book Review: A Man's Game: Masculinity and the Anti-Aesthetics of American Literary Naturalism; Hemingway's Theaters of Masculinity." Men and Masculinities 8, no. 4 (2006): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x05277700.

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Loureiro-Rodríguez, Verónica. "Y yo soy cubano, and I’m impatient." Spanish in Context 14, no. 2 (2017): 250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.14.2.05lou.

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Abstract This article examines Cuban-American rapper Pitbull’s use of Spanish in his seven English albums, drawing from the literature on lyrical code-switching and Sarkar and Winer’s (2006) socio-pragmatic framework for the analysis of multilingual code-switching in Quebec rap. It was found that Pitbull’s highest rates of Spanish language use appear in songs with hegemonic masculinity as main topic, and that Spanish switches are used mostly for emphasis/translation, and for enacting a hypersexual, hypermasculine identity consistent with rap and reggaeton expectations of masculinity. Pitbull’s use of Spanish legitimizes Latinos’ code-switching practices and allows him to articulate a bilingual/bicultural Latino rapper identity, but also perpetuates stereotypes that link Spanish and Spanish-speaking men to sex and sexuality.

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Nemoto, Kumiko. "Global Production, Local Racialized Masculinities: Profit Pressure and Risk-taking Acts in a Japanese Auto-parts Company in the United States." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 3-4 (2018): 476–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x18775468.

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Expansion of global production in the automotive industry has made America’s local plants increasingly racially varied but also more financially pressured. However, research on global firms under financial pressure that focuses on the workplace dynamics of managers and production workers of different races and nationalities remains limited. This article examines the organizational processes of masculinity enactment of three groups of men—Japanese managers, American managers, and American production workers—in a financially pressured Japanese auto-parts company. It describes how Japanese managers rationalized account manipulation as a profit recovery scheme and American workers validated this approach as being self-sacrificing and representative of heroic leadership; white American managers asserted their authority over engineers, women, and Japanese men by using intimidation and emasculation; and a production worker displayed his compensated masculinity by forcing his team to engage in hiding defective products. This article discusses the implications of these acts and their legitimization of unethical behaviors with the goal of increasing corporate profits from the perspectives of masculinities and of management.

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Rogers, Charles R., Jamie A. Mitchell, Gabriel J. Franta, Margaret J. Foster, and Deirdre Shires. "Masculinity, Racism, Social Support, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Uptake Among African American Men: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 5 (2015): 1486–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988315611227.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly preventable when CRC screening is utilized, yet CRC screening completion among African American men is relatively low and their mortality rates remain 50% higher juxtaposed to their White counterparts. Since a growing body of literature indicates masculinity, racism, and social support each have strong influences on CRC screening uptake, this systematic review examined the connections between these three sociocultural factors and CRC screening uptake among African American men. Potential studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Cited reference searching for the final sample was employed to identify and assess additional studies for inclusion using Scopus. The methodological quality of the reviewed evidence was also evaluated. Nineteen studies met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Thirteen studies employed nonexperimental research designs; a quasi-experimental design was present in four, and two utilized experimental designs. Studies were published between 2000 and 2014; the majority between 2009 and 2013. Social support was most frequently addressed (84%) while masculinity and racism were equally studied with paucity (11%) for their influence on CRC screening. After evaluating conceptual and methodological characteristics of the studies, 42% fell below average in quality and rigor. The need for increased attention to the sociocultural correlates of CRC screening for African American men are highlighted in this systematic review, and important recommendations for research and practice are provided. Alongside a call for more rigorous research, further research examining the influence of masculinity and racism on CRC screening completion among African American men is warranted.

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Ty, Eleanor. "Abjection, Masculinity, and Violence in Brian Roley's "American Son" and Han Ong's "Fixer Chao"." MELUS 29, no. 1 (2004): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141798.

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Winterich, Julie A., Sara A. Quandt, Joseph G. Grzywacz, et al. "Masculinity and the Body: How African American and White Men Experience Cancer Screening Exams Involving the Rectum." American Journal of Men's Health 3, no. 4 (2008): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988308321675.

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Past research on prostate and colorectal cancer disparities finds that barriers to screening, such as embarrassment and offensiveness, are often reported. Yet none of this literature investigates why. This study uses masculinity and health theory to examine how men experience two common screenings: digital rectal exams (DREs) and colonoscopies. In-depth interviews were conducted with 64 African American and White men from diverse backgrounds, aged 40 to 64, from North Carolina. Regardless of race or education, men experienced DREs more negatively than colonoscopies because penetration with a finger was associated with a gay sexual act. Some men disliked colonoscopies, however, because they associated any penetration as an affront to their masculinity. Because beliefs did not differ by race, future research should focus on structural issues to examine why disparities persist with prostate and colorectal cancer. Recommendations are provided for educational programs and physicians to improve men’s experiences with exams that involve the rectum.

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Clarke, Michael Tavel. "Men in Black: Recent Studies of African American Masculinity in the Early Twentieth Century." Canadian Review of American Studies 37, no. 3 (2007): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras.37.3.453.

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Journal articles on the topic 'American literature Masculinity in literature'

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