Journal articles: 'American South'

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Colburn, Forrest D. "Liberalism Takes Root in Central America." Current History 103, no. 670 (February 1, 2004): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.670.74.

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Central America's unlikely route to liberal democracy may not have been perceived as leading to durable regimes. However, democracy has been resilient and even stable in Central America. Indeed, Central Americans, accustomed to being perceived as poor and unstable by their Mexican and South American brethren, have been smug about the locus of Latin America's ills being shifted to South America.

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Prashad, Vijay. "From Multiculture to Polyculture in South Asian American Studies." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 8, no. 2 (September 1999): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.8.2.185.

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In 1997, Contours of the Heart: South Asians Map North America won the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation (Maira and Srikanth). This was unexpected, not because of the quality of the book, but principally because of the little attention hitherto given to those who write about the “new immigrants” of the Americas (including South Asians, Filipinos, Southeast Asians, Africans, and West Asians). Prior to 1997, scholars and writers of South Asian America had been known to skulk in the halls of even such marginal events as the Asian American Studies Association and complain about the slight presence of South Asian American panels. That complaint can now be put to rest.

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Thomas, W. W. "The American genera of Simaroubaceae and their distribution." Acta Botanica Brasilica 4, no. 1 (July 1990): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33061990000100002.

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A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies of Simaroubaceae is presented and the distribution patterns of the American genera are discussed. Engler's six subfamilies are evaluated and the three subfamilies represented in the Americas and their included genera are discussed in detail. The eight American genera fall into three broad distributional categories: widely distributed throughout the neotropics, limited to northern South America, and disjunct between the West Indies, Central America and Mexico and southern South America. These distributions are discussed and interpreted.

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Carrillo, Juan D., Søren Faurby, Daniele Silvestro, Alexander Zizka, Carlos Jaramillo, Christine D. Bacon, and Alexandre Antonelli. "Disproportionate extinction of South American mammals drove the asymmetry of the Great American Biotic Interchange." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 42 (October 5, 2020): 26281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009397117.

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The interchange between the previously disconnected faunas of North and South America was a massive experiment in biological invasion. A major gap in our understanding of this invasion is why there was a drastic increase in the proportion of mammals of North American origin found in South America. Four nonmutually exclusive mechanisms may explain this asymmetry: 1) Higher dispersal rate of North American mammals toward the south, 2) higher origination of North American immigrants in South America, 3) higher extinction of mammals with South American origin, and 4) similar dispersal rate but a larger pool of native taxa in North versus South America. We test among these mechanisms by analyzing ∼20,000 fossil occurrences with Bayesian methods to infer dispersal and diversification rates and taxonomic selectivity of immigrants. We find no differences in the dispersal and origination rates of immigrants. In contrast, native South American mammals show higher extinction. We also find that two clades with North American origin (Carnivora and Artiodactyla) had significantly more immigrants in South America than other clades. Altogether, the asymmetry of the interchange was not due to higher origination of immigrants in South America as previously suggested, but resulted from higher extinction of native taxa in southern South America. These results from one of the greatest biological invasions highlight how biogeographic processes and biotic interactions can shape continental diversity.

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Lee, Jooyoung. "Underdevelopment of American Studies in South Korea: Power and Ignorance." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18, no. 3-4 (2011): 274–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656111x614274.

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AbstractThis article asks why the disciplines of American Studies and U.S. history are so markedly underdeveloped in South Korea (Republic of Korea) and what this underdevelopment implies about U.S.-South Korean relations. Under Japanese colonial rule, the study of English in Korea was important for studying abroad, but few students studied America itself. Under American occupation and the following military rule in South Korea, American studies were not attractive to nationalist youth even though the English language remained useful. American cultural diplomacy fostered a small group of Americanists, but university enrollments were small. In the 1980s, Americans were blamed for their support of authoritarian rule. Japanese-trained historians saw American history as too short to be significant, and Japanese institutional legacies were an obstacle. Americans have also been too constricted in imagining who Koreans were, where Korean ambitions lay, and how Korean society worked. In a sense, the very differences between the two nations hindered them from realizing what those differences were.

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Agostinis, Giovanni, and Kevin Parthenay. "Exploring the determinants of regional health governance modes in the Global South: A comparative analysis of Central and South America." Review of International Studies 47, no. 4 (May 17, 2021): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210521000206.

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AbstractWhat explains the variation in how states collectively deal with public health challenges across different regions? We tackle this puzzle by comparing the regional health governance efforts pursued within the Central American Integration System (SICA) and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). We show that Central America's health governance has been driven by external actors, whereas South America's was driven by states within the region, and remained insulated from external actors’ influence. We argue that the explanation for such variation lies in the interplay of state capacity and regional leadership. In Central America, weak state capacity combined with the absence of a regional leader willing to provide governance resources. This opened up space for external actors to contribute actively to regional health governance, complementing the governance of Central American governments. In South America, Brazil's regional leadership mobilised neighbouring states’ capacities by promoting a South-South cooperation agenda based on intra-regional exchanges among national health bureaucracies, which, however, proved vulnerable to intergovernmental conflicts. Through the comparison of Central and South America, the article bridges the gap between global health governance scholarship and comparative regionalism, providing new insights on the determinants and effects of regional health governance modes in the Global South.

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Frailey, Carl David, and Kenneth E. Campbell. "Two new genera of peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from upper Miocene deposits of the Amazon Basin." Journal of Paleontology 86, no. 5 (September 2012): 852–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-012.1.

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Two new, extinct taxa of peccaries from upper Miocene deposits of the western Amazon Basin provide the first data documenting the presence of these North American mammals in South America in the Miocene. One, Sylvochoerus woodburnei n. gen. n. sp., is allied morphologically to Tayassu pecari, whereas the second, Waldochoerus bassleri n. gen. n. sp., is more similar to Pecari tajacu. Both new taxa reflect an intermediate position between middle Miocene peccaries and modern Tayassu and Pecari. The specimens reported here were unstudied, but when collected they were referred to living species of Tayassu and Pecari based on their general similarity to species of those two living genera, and they were dated to the Pleistocene, presumably based on a long–standing model of the Great American Faunal Interchange. The presence of peccaries in South America at approximately the same time that South American ground sloths began appearing in upper Miocene deposits of North America, and soon after the appearance of gomphotheres in South America, indicates that dispersal between the Americas was earlier and involved more taxa than previously interpreted. Molecular divergence data are consistent, in part, with a late Miocene dispersal of peccaries to South America.

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Herrera, Michael B., Spiridoula Kraitsek, Jose A. Alcalde, Daniel Quiroz, Herman Revelo, Luz A. Alvarez, Millor F. Rosario, et al. "European and Asian contribution to the genetic diversity of mainland South American chickens." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 2 (February 2020): 191558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191558.

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Chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) from the Americas have long been recognized as descendants of European chickens, transported by early Europeans since the fifteenth century. However, in recent years, a possible pre-Columbian introduction of chickens to South America by Polynesian seafarers has also been suggested. Here, we characterize the mitochondrial control region genetic diversity of modern chicken populations from South America and compare this to a worldwide dataset in order to investigate the potential maternal genetic origin of modern-day chicken populations in South America. The genetic analysis of newly generated chicken mitochondrial control region sequences from South America showed that the majority of chickens from the continent belong to mitochondrial haplogroup E. The rest belongs to haplogroups A, B and C, albeit at very low levels. Haplogroup D, a ubiquitous mitochondrial lineage in Island Southeast Asia and on Pacific Islands is not observed in continental South America. Modern-day mainland South American chickens are, therefore, closely allied with European and Asian chickens. Furthermore, we find high levels of genetic contributions from South Asian chickens to those in Europe and South America. Our findings demonstrate that modern-day genetic diversity of mainland South American chickens appear to have clear European and Asian contributions, and less so from Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Furthermore, there is also some indication that South Asia has more genetic contribution to European chickens than any other Asian chicken populations.

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Neves, Walter A., Joseph F. Powell, Andre Prous, Erik G. Ozolins, and Max Blum. "Lapa vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphological affinities of the earliest known American." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 4 (December 1999): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000400001.

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Several studies concerning the extra-continental morphological affinities of Paleo-Indian skeletons, carried out independently in South and North America, have indicated that the Americas were first occupied by non-Mongoloids that made their way to the New World through the Bering Strait in ancient times. The first South Americans show a clear resemblance to modern South Pacific and African populations, while the first North Americans seem to be at an unresolved morphological position between modern South Pacific and Europeans. In none of these analyses the first Americans show any resemblance to either northeast Asians or modern native Americans. So far, these studies have included affirmed and putative early skeletons thought to date between 8,000 and 10,000 years B.P. In this work the extra-continental morphological affinities of a Paleo-Indian skeleton well dated between 11,000 and 11,500 years B.P. (Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1, or "Luzia") is investigated, using as comparative samples Howells' (1989) world-wide modern series and Habgood's (1985) Old World Late Pleistocene fossil hominids. The comparison between Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1 and Howells' series was based on canonical variate analysis, including 45 size-corrected craniometric variables, while the comparison with fossil hominids was based on principal component analysis, including 16 size-corrected variables. In the first case, Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1 exhibited an undisputed morphological affinity firstly with Africans and secondly with South Pacific populations. In the second comparison, the earliest known American skeleton had its closest similarities with early Australians, Zhoukoudian Upper Cave 103, and Taforalt 18. The results obtained clearly confirm the idea that the Americas were first colonized by a generalized Homo sapiens population which inhabited East Asia in the Late Pleistocene, before the definition of the classic Mongoloid morphology.

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10

Souza, Matheus Almeida, Daniel Goble, Paige Arney, Edgar Ramos Vieira, Gabriela Silveira-Nunes, Leonardo Intelangelo, Michelle Almeida Barbosa, and Alexandre Carvalho Barbosa. "Balance Differences between North and South American Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional, Age and Sex Matched Study." Healthcare 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030499.

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This study aimed to characterize the risk of falling in low-, moderate- and high-risk participants from two different geographical locations using a portable force-plate. A sample of 390 older adults from South and North America were matched for age, sex, height and weight. All participants performed a standardized balance assessment using a force plate. Participants were classified in low, moderate and high risk of falling. No differences were observed between South and North American men, nor comparing North American men and women. South American women showed the significantly shorter center of pressure path length compared to other groups. The majority of the sample was categorized as having low risk of falling (male: 65.69% and female: 61.87%), with no differences between men and women. Moreover, no differences were found between North vs. South Americans, nor between male and female groups compared separately. In conclusion, South American women had better balance compatible with the status of the 50–59 years’ normative age-range. The prevalence of low falls risk was~61–65%; the prevalence of moderate to high risk was~16–19%. The frequency of fall risk did not differ significantly between North and South Americans, nor between males and females.

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11

Morrow, Juliet E., and Toby A. Morrow. "Geographic Variation in Fluted Projectile Points: A Hemispheric Perspective." American Antiquity 64, no. 2 (April 1999): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694275.

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This paper examines geographic variation in fluted point morphology across North and South America. Metric data on 449 North American points, 31 Central American points, and 61 South American points were entered into a database. Ratios calculated from these metric attributes are used to quantify aspects of point shape across the two continents. The results of this analysis indicate gradual, progressive changes in fluted point outline shape from the Great Plains of western North America into adjacent parts of North America as well as into Central and South America. The South American “Fishtail” form of fluted point is seen as the culmination of incremental changes in point shape that began well into North America. A geographically gradual decline in fluting frequency also is consistent with the stylistic evolution of the stemmed “Fishtail” points. Although few in number, the available radiocarbon dates do suggest that “Fishtail” fluted points in southern South America are younger than the earliest dates associated with Clovis points in western North America. All of these data converge on the conclusion that South American “Fishtail” points evolved from North American fluted points.

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12

Prance, Ghillean T., and Vanessa Plana. "The American Proteaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97023.

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The American Proteaceae are outliers from the main centres of diversity of the family in Australia and South Africa. There are about 83 species in eight genera which all belong to the monophyletic subfamily Grevilleoideae. Three genera, Embothrium, Oreocallis and Lomatia, are placed in the tribe Embothrieae (sensu Johnson and Briggs), four Euplassa, Gevuina, Panopsis and Roupala in the Macadamieae and the single genus Orites in the Oriteae. There are five genera endemic to America and three also have species in Australia and New Guinea (Gevuina, Lomatia and Orites). The Proteaceae appear to have arrived in South America via two routes. The larger genera Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala, which are all endemic to America and have a general distribution in northern South America and south-eastern Brazil, are derived from Gondwanaland before it separated from South America. The remaining genera are distributed either in temperate South America or in the high Andes and appear to have arrived more recently via the Australia–Antarctica–South American connection. Three of these genera have species in both regions. The centres of species diversity of Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala fall outside hypothesised forest refugia, indicating that they are not true rainforest species but species of seasonal habitats like those achieved at higher altitudes where they are commonly found. Two genera,Panopsis and Roupala, have reached Central America after the central American land bridge was formed six million years ago. The exact relationship to genera on other continents is still unclear and there is a need for a cladistic biogeographic analysis of the group based on both morphological and molecular data.

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13

Torres, Sonia. "US Americans and 'Us' Americans: South American perspectives on Comparative American Studies." Comparative American Studies An International Journal 1, no. 1 (March 2003): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/147757003x327239.

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14

Grimm, Alice M., and Chris J. C. Reason. "Does the South American Monsoon Influence African Rainfall?" Journal of Climate 24, no. 4 (February 15, 2011): 1226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3722.1.

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Abstract Teleconnections between the South American monsoon and southern African rainfall are investigated for years with Benguela Niño or Niña events in the South Atlantic. During these events, it is found that substantial rainfall anomalies also occur over South America in addition to those previously known for southern Africa. The appearance of large rainfall anomalies in the South American monsoon region prior to the onset of the Benguela Niño proper suggests that anomalous convection over South America may influence the evolution of both the SST anomalies and the African rainfall anomalies associated with Benguela Niño events. This teleconnection between South America and southern African rainfall may occur directly, via atmospheric circulation anomalies induced by convection over South America, or indirectly, via the effect of induced circulation anomalies on regional SST. To investigate these teleconnections, a vorticity equation model, which is linearized about a realistic basic state and which includes the divergence in this state and the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind, is applied to the events. The model is forced with anomalous divergence patterns observed during the events, and the steady-state solutions show that anomalies of convection during the South American monsoon produce the main circulation anomalies observed during the Benguela Niño events and hence influence rainfall and circulation patterns over Angola and other southern African countries. An influence function analysis confirms this result, indicating that South America is the most efficient source region to produce the observed anomalies, and also shows that there is no influence of convection over Africa on the South American monsoon. Based on these linear model and observational results, it is concluded that the South American monsoon can influence the evolution of Benguela Niños and associated rainfall anomalies in southern Africa.

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Navarro, Gabriela, Marina Mejía Saldaña, and João Augusto Maranhão de Queiroz Figueireido. "Direitos Indígena na América do Sul: Observância dos Parâmetros Interamericanos." Revista Direito e Práxis 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 580–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2179-8966/2022/65132.

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Resumo O artigo analisa a proteção legal dos povos indígenas no âmbito do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos, assim como o nível de observância desses parâmetros dentre os países da América do Sul. Ele analisa o reconhecimento judicial, constitucional e legal dos países que ratificaram a Convenção Americana, a Convenção n.169 da OIT e aceitaram a jurisdição da Corte. Objetiva-se detalhar o diálogo entre o sistema legal desses países e o SIDH, aplicando a teoria da cadeia de eficácia.

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Antoine, Pierre-Olivier, Laurent Marivaux, Darin A. Croft, Guillaume Billet, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Thomas Martin, et al. "Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1732 (October 12, 2011): 1319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1732.

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The long-term isolation of South America during most of the Cenozoic produced a highly peculiar terrestrial vertebrate biota, with a wide array of mammal groups, among which caviomorph rodents and platyrrhine primates are Mid-Cenozoic immigrants. In the absence of indisputable pre-Oligocene South American rodents or primates, the mode, timing and biogeography of these extraordinary dispersals remained debated. Here, we describe South America's oldest known rodents, based on a new diverse caviomorph assemblage from the late Middle Eocene (approx. 41 Ma) of Peru, including five small rodents with three stem caviomorphs. Instead of being tied to the Eocene/Oligocene global cooling and drying episode (approx. 34 Ma), as previously considered, the arrival of caviomorphs and their initial radiation in South America probably occurred under much warmer and wetter conditions, around the Mid-Eocene Climatic Optimum. Our phylogenetic results reaffirm the African origin of South American rodents and support a trans-Atlantic dispersal of these mammals during Middle Eocene times. This discovery further extends the gap (approx. 15 Myr) between first appearances of rodents and primates in South America.

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Ceby, Celia, and Dr Cynthia Catherine Michael. "Becoming Me: Journey from the ‘South’." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i12.10858.

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The rallying cry of “Black Lives Matter” that reverberated all through the U.S. after the George Floyd murder case brought to light the reality that racism is a living reality in the American soil. It is no legend of the past. It is not a bygone history. Therein lies the significance of the inspiring memoir by the former First Lady of the United States. Michelle Obama’s Becoming is more than a memoir. It is a social document that faithfully portrays the ground reality of ‘Being Black’ and ‘Becoming Black' in a “White Society”. In her memoir, while recounting her rise from modest origins to the closest this country has to nobility, Michelle is taking the readers on an intimate tour of everyday African-American life. Her book illustrates how all Americans must part with the idea of post-racial society, the quaint notion that race and racism are relics of the United States’ long-ago past. In the memoir, she establishes that prejudice is so woven into the fabric of America that it won’t be gone in her lifetime, or even longer. The article“Becoming Me: Journey from the ‘South” traces the early stages of her life as a “striver”, residing in the ‘South’ side of Chicago, identified with the city’s African American population

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18

Shiga, David. "South American Surprise." Science News 166, no. 23 (December 4, 2004): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4015784.

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Grattan, C. E. H., V. Suarez, and D. S. Jolliffe. "South American Leishmaniasis." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 81, no. 2 (February 1988): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100222.

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Penhall, Michele M. "South American Photography." History of Photography 24, no. 2 (June 2000): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03087298.2000.10443383.

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Budhlall, A. C. B., Annette E. Cunningham, and Charles Sheard. "South American Blastomycosis." International Journal of Dermatology 26, no. 2 (March 1987): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1987.tb00550.x.

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J.S.S. "South American Travel." Americas 51, no. 3 (January 1995): 426–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500022689.

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García, Norberto O. "South American climatology." Quaternary International 21 (January 1994): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90018-3.

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del Papa, Luis M., and Fernando J. Fernández. "South American Zooarchaeology." Quaternary International 391 (January 2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.091.

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Sedgwick, Mark. "The Glocalization of Esotericism." Nova Religio 26, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2022.26.1.35.

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This article traces the history of the South American reception of the work of the esoteric philosophers René Guénon and Julius Evola, and of the Maryami Sufi Order of Frithjof Schuon, focusing on Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru. It compares South American forms of Traditionalism with those found elsewhere, primarily in Europe and North America, understanding differences between these in terms of “glocalization,” the local adaptation of the global. Traditionalism in South America was most localized in its religio-political form, which was more important for the Right in South America than elsewhere, and least localized in its purely religious form, which was less significant in South America than elsewhere. The impact of Traditionalism in South American academia, notably in philosophy and anthropology, also reflects local conditions, as does an unusual interest in indigenous peoples.

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Werneck, André O., Se-Sergio Baldew, J. Jaime Miranda, Óscar Incarbone, Danilo R. Silva, Jaime Leppe Zamora, Enrique Chavez Cevallos, et al. "The South American Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Network (SAPASEN)." Global Health Promotion 27, no. 3 (August 26, 2019): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975919859577.

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The present article describes the South American Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Network, which was designed to provide ongoing transnational empirical evidence about physical activity and sedentary behavior in South America. The first goal of this initiative was to form a representative body of researchers and policy makers from all South American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela) to establish priorities and targets for the short, medium and long term. Examples are given of connecting physical activity and sedentary data from existing surveys in several of the partner countries. The main objective of the South American Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Network will be to impact policies on physical activity and sedentary behavior in South America according to the singularities of each country or region. By encouraging an inclusive and collaborative effort, we expect that the South American Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Network will support the connection between researchers from South America as well as provide a better comprehension of the epidemiology of physical activity and sedentary behavior regionally.

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Webb, S. David. "Ecogeography and the Great American Interchange." Paleobiology 17, no. 3 (1991): 266–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010605.

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When the isthmian land bridge triggered the Great American Interchange, a large majority of land-mammal families crossed reciprocally between North and South America at about 2.5 Ma (i.e., Late Pliocene). Initially land-mammal dynamics proceeded as predicted by equilibrium theory, with roughly equal reciprocal mingling on both continents. Also as predicted, the impact of the interchange faded in North America after about 1 m.y. In South America, contrary to such predictions, the interchange became decidedly unbalanced: during the Pleistocene, groups of North American origin continued to diversify at exponential rates. Whereas only about 10% of North American genera are derived from southern immigrants, more than half of the modern mammalian fauna of South America, measured at the generic level, stems from northern immigrants. In addition, extinctions more severely decimated interchange taxa in North America, where six families were lost, than in South America, where only two immigrant families became extinct.This paper presents a two-phase ecogeographic model to explain the asymmetrical results of the land-mammal interchange. During the humid interglacial phase, the tropics were dominated by rain forests, and the principal biotic movement was from Amazonia to Central America and southern Mexico. During the more arid glacial phase, savanna habitats extended broadly right through tropical latitudes. Because the source area in the temperate north was six times as large as that in the south, immigrants from the north outnumbered those from the south. One prediction of this hypothesis is that immigrants from the north generally should reach higher latitudes in South America than the opposing contingent of land-mammal taxa in North America. Another prediction is that successful interchange families from the north should experience much of their phylogenetic diversification in low latitudes of North America before the interchange. Insofar as these predictions can be tested, they appear to be upheld.

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Lino, Sonia Cristina. "Onde está Waldo Frank? God bless a América Hispânica." Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 22, no. 44 (December 2009): 522–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-21862009000200011.

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Este artigo busca apresentar um pouco da biografia pessoal e intelectual do escritor norte-americano Waldo Frank (1889-1967) que, embora nunca traduzido no Brasil, exerceu influência no pensamento latino-americano na primeira metade do século XX. Suas principais ideias são analisadas a partir de três de seus livros publicados no período: Our America (1919), America Hispana (1931) e South American Journey (1943).

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Baigún, Claudio Rafael Mariano, John Michael Nestler, Norberto Oscar Oldani, R. Andrew Goodwin, and Larry J. Weber. "Can north american fish passage tools work for South american migratory fishes?" Neotropical Ichthyology 5, no. 2 (2007): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252007000200004.

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In North America, the Numerical Fish Surrogate (NFS) is used to design fish bypass systems for emigrating juvenile salmon as they migrate from hatchery outfalls and rearing habitats to adult habitat in the oceans. The NFS is constructed of three linked modules: 1) a computational fluid dynamics model describes the complex flow fields upstream of dams at a scale sufficiently resolved to analyze, understand and forecast fish movement, 2) a particle tracking model interpolates hydraulic information from the fixed nodes of the computational fluid model mesh to multiple locations relevant to migrating fish, and 3) a behavior model simulates the cognition and behavior of individual fish in response to the fluid dynamics predicted by the computational fluid dynamics model. These three modules together create a virtual reality where virtual fish exhibit realistic dam approach behaviors and can be counted at dam exits in ways similar to the real world. Once calibrated and validated with measured fish movement and passage data, the NFS can accurately predict fish passage proportions with sufficient precision to allow engineers to select one optimum alternative from among many competing structural or operational bypass alternatives. Although South American fish species are different from North American species, it is likely that the basic computational architecture and numerical methods of the NFS can be used for fish conservation in South America. Consequently, the extensive investment made in the creation of the NFS need not be duplicated in South America. However, its use in South America will require that the behavioral response of the continent's unique fishes to hydrodynamic cues must be described, codified and tested before the NFS can be used to conserve fishes by helping design efficient South American bypass systems. To this end, we identify studies that could be used to describe the movement behavior of South American fishes of sufficient detail that they could be used to develop, calibrate and validate a South American version of the NFS.

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Drewes, Hermann. "Historical development of SIRGAS." Journal of Geodetic Science 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2022-0137.

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Abstract The Geodetic Reference System for the Americas (Sistema de Referencia Geodésico para las Américas, SIRGAS) was initiated in 1993 for South America at an international conference organised by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), the Pan-American Institute for Geography and History (PAIGH), the Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI), and the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) in Asunción, Paraguay. The corresponding South American reference network was observed in 1995 by a ten-day GPS campaign at 58 stations. The network was extended to Central and North America in 2000 and immediately afterwards converted to a frame of continuously observing GNSS stations instead of short-term campaigns. The linear station position changes (velocities) were estimated by a multi-year least squares adjustment of weekly solutions, the first being published in 2002. The total set of station velocities served for the computation of continuous surface deformation models, the first over South America was published in 2005. Today, SIRGAS is accepted by most of the American states as the official geodetic reference frame. Besides the product generation (station positions, velocities, and surface deformation), SIRGAS is active in education and training offering schools and workshops for students, surveyors, and other stakeholders.

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Villalobos, Lorena. "Comparison of the filtration structures in South American Daphnia." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 154, no. 4 (August 7, 2002): 647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/154/2002/647.

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Lima, Thayse Leal. "South-South Exchanges." Journal of World Literature 6, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-20210001.

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Abstract This article addresses circulation and exchange in the Global South by examining the case of Biblioteca Ayacucho (1973), a transnational collection of over 500 books from several Latin American countries. Conceived as an “instrument for Latin American integration,” Ayachucho sought to connect the region by assembling and disseminating its diverse cultural and intellectual traditions. I discuss Ayacucho’s strategies of transnationalization which, in addition to book publishing, also relied on networks of intellectual collaboration and exchange. Focusing on its Brazilian titles, I argue that Ayacucho articulates a model of world literature that employs a contextually grounded yet transnationally based framework. By engaging Latin American specialists and relying on local scholarship, Ayacucho offers an inclusive model of world literature that allies both distant and close reading in the construction of a transnational literature. As such, it defies established assumptions about literary circulation and center-based conceptions of world literature.

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SENGUPTA, ASHIS. "Staging Diaspora: South Asian American Theater Today." Journal of American Studies 46, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 831–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875812000011.

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This essay attempts to show how contemporary South Asian American theater deals with a wide range of South Asian American experience and in so doing has created a “new aesthetic” within American theater. The South Asian American experience is a diaspora experience, but in the contemporary wider sense of the term. The plays under study are about the old and new home, about people assimilating into the mainstream or navigating between two cultures or even negotiating a transnational identity. They deal with contested ideas of nation, nationality and allegiance, and also explore the South Asian female body in the new culture. Central to my study are the works of emerging South Asian American playwrights. I have carefully chosen a full-length play by each of them, two only in the case of short plays, and paired them under separate rubrics in such a way as to argue how they represent the diverse yet connected, changing yet pervasive, historical, cultural and psychological tropes of the South Asian American diaspora. The essay, however, does not claim that the body of work chosen for the current essay – or the rubrics, for that matter – fully expresses “South Asian America” or its theater.

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Ferreira Souza, Tamires Aparecida. "Rethinking the Regional Security Complex Theory: A South American view between 2008-2016." Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional 7, no. 1 (June 21, 2021): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18847/1.13.7.

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With this article, we propose to reformulate the Regional Security Complex Theory, by Buzan and Waever, through a South American vision, with the time frame 2008-2016. To this end, we will analyse South America through Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia, and their forms of intra and extra-regional interaction, highlighting the Colombia-United States relations, and the South American Defence Council, of the Union of South American Nations. This article is divided into a first section marked by an understanding of the Regional Complex Theory, in which we present and discuss its theoretical elements and weaknesses, and propose theoretical changes that will guide our analysis. The second section contains information about the South American Complex in the academic view, focusing on the arguments of Buzan and Waever. In the third section, we present the South American Regional Security Complex restructured, as well as the analysis of its dynamics. The central argument of the article is the need to reformulate the Theory in question for a better understanding of the complexities and unique characteristics of South America.

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Gallegos, Jacques Ramírez. "De ‘Trabalhador Migrante’ a ‘Cidadão Sul-Americano’: uma análise da política migratória multilateral." Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21057/repam.v11i1.24933.

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ResumoO presente artigo examina o tratamento dos assuntos migratórios na América do Sul de uma perspectiva multilateral. A tese central do texto é que tanto a CAN como o Mercosul tiveram uma visão unidimensional do assunto, na qual prevalecem os enfoques econômico-comerciais e veem os migrantes como “mão de obra”. Ao contrário dessa visão esta a UNASUL, que vem pensando o tema de maneira integral, superando a histórica divisão entre “migrantes desejáveis” e “não desejáveis” e recuperando a categoria de cidadania sul-americana como um elemento central para a integração regional.Palavras-chaves: migração, multilateralismo, integração, cidadania sul-americana. De ‘Trabajador Migrante’ a ‘Ciudadano Suramericano’: un análisis de la política migratoria multilateralResumenEl presente artículo examina el tratamiento de los asuntos migratorios en América del Sur desde una perspectiva multilateral. La tesis central del texto es que tanto la CAN (Comunidad Andina de Naciones) como MERCOSUR (Mercado Común del Sur) han tenido una mirada unidimensional donde prevalecen los enfoques económico comerciales y ven a los migrantes como ‘mano de obra’. Por el contrario, desde la UNASUR (Unión de Naciones Suramericanas) se ha pensando el tema de manera integral superando la histíricoa división entre ‘migrantes deseables’ y ‘no deseables’ y recuperando la categoría de ciudadanía suramericana como un elemento central para la integración regional.Palabras Claves: migración, multilateralismo, integración, ciudadania suramericana From 'Migrant Worker' to 'South American Citizen': an analysis of multilateral migration policySummaryThis article examines the treatment of migratory issues in South America from a multilateral perspective. The central argument holds that both the CAN (the Community of Andean Nations), and the MERCOSUR have a vision of migratory issues that is largely dictated by the prevalence of economic and commercial interests; a maniquean perspective that has reduced the role of migrants to that of a source of labor. UNASUR (Union of South American Nation), however, has set itself apart from other regional counterparts by approaching migratory issues from a more holistic perspective, thus overcoming the historical division between desireable and undesireable migrants, and thus recuperating the invaluable notion of South American citizenship as a bedrock of regional integration. Keywords: migration, multilateralism, integration, Sout Amerian citizenship.

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Allen, Robert C., Tommy E. Murphy, and Eric B. Schneider. "The Colonial Origins of the Divergence in the Americas: A Labor Market Approach." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 863–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000629.

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This article introduces the Americas in the Great Divergence debate by measuring real wages in various North and South American cities between colonization and independence, and comparing them to Europe and Asia. We find that for much of the period, North America was the most prosperous region of the world, while Latin America was much poorer. We then discuss a series of hypotheses that can explain these results, including migration, the demography of the American Indian populations, and the various labor systems implemented in the continent.

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Blethen, H. Tyler, and Celeste Ray. "Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South." Journal of Southern History 68, no. 4 (November 2002): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069793.

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Battershell, Gary, and Celeste Ray. "Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2001): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40038266.

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McCORMACK, PATRICIA A. "Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South." American Anthropologist 106, no. 3 (September 2004): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2004.106.3.631.2.

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Sullivan, Jas M., Michael Henderson, T. Wayne Parent, and Jonathan Winburn. "African Americans and American Values: Does South Matter?" Social Science Quarterly 99, no. 1 (March 8, 2017): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12394.

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Lovalerie King. "Ambiguous Adventure: African Americans and the American South." Southern Literary Journal 42, no. 1 (2009): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/slj.0.0059.

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Van Vugt, William E. "Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South." Journal of American Ethnic History 21, no. 3 (April 1, 2002): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502860.

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Chomsky, Noam. "Impacts of free market and US foreign policy on Colombian and Latin American revolution." Revista Guillermo de Ockham 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/22563202.1684.

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<p>After several coups assisted by US agencies since the fifties in Latin America, and deep economic crises in the eighties and the nineties in South America explained by “the rule of markets” enforced by multilateral organizations, the US leadership in the Americas has been lost, and democratic countries have turned against neoliberalism with wide popular support inside a new “South American revolution” with important projects of integration. Colombia has become the capital in South America for US leadership in economics and politics, and the only country that still has guerrillas, paramilitary armies, and internal conflict. What has been the role of the US in Colombian conflict? What is in stake with the new peace process in Colombia? How this process will affect the US leadership in Latin America? These are some questions that will be reviewed by Noam Chomsky, one of the most influential thinkers of our times.</p>

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HART, PETER W. "Differences in bleaching responses from fungal- versus bacterial-derived enzymes." March 2012 11, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.3.21.

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Several mills in North America have been successful in using xylanase enzymes expressed from Trichoderma reesei (a fungus) as part of their bleaching sequence for many years. These mills process hardwood and softwood species, with and without oxygen delignification. These mills also use three-, four-, and five-stage bleaching sequences. North American mills tend to report increased pulp brightness ceilings and decreased bleaching costs as benefits associated with the application of enzymes in the bleaching process. Laboratory testing suggests that eucalyptus pulp is highly susceptible to fungal- and bacterial-derived enzyme bleaching and should result in significant cost savings in South American mills. At least four different mills in South America have attempted to perform enzyme bleaching trials using bacterial-derived enzymes. Each of these mill trials resulted in significantly increased operating costs and/or unsustainable operating conditions. More recently, one of these South American mills performed a short trial using a commercially available, fungal-derived enzyme. This trial was technically successful. This report attempts to determine why the South American mill experiences with bacterial-derived enzymes have been poor, while North American mills and the one South American mill trial have had good results with fungal-derived enzymes. Operating conditions and trial goals for the North and South American mills also were examined.

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Armúa-Fernández, María Teresa, Mauricio Burutarán, Valentin Bazzano, María Laura Félix, Oscar Castro, and José Manuel Venzal. "Molecular Characterization of Spirometra decipiens Complex (Eucestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) from Uruguay." Taxonomy 1, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy1030021.

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This study used a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cox1 gene for the reconstruction of the interrelationship of the adult and larval stages of Spirometra obtained from Cerdocyon thous, Leopardus munoai, Canis familiaris, Didelphis albiventris and Philodryas patagoniensis in Uruguay. The phylogenetic analysis showed that they were grouped with Spirometra decipiens from the Americas with a high bootstrap support. According to recent studies, American Spirometra species split into two S. decipiens complexes. Our findings strongly suggest that S. decipiens complex 1 is widely distributed in South America, and that wild and domestic canids are definitive hosts. Most of the samples (n = 10) grouped adults and plerocercoids that were retrieved from mammals and reptiles and seem to be the same taxon found in a Lycalopex gymnocercus from Argentina. A second clade was formed with Spirometra sp. found in a L. munoai as well as other wild felids such as a Puma concolor and a Leopardus pardalis (both from Argentina). On the other hand, S. decipiens complex 2 is present in South America and North America. South American clade parasitizes wild (and possibly domestic) felids and reptiles as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively, whereas the North American clade found in snakes and captive meerkats (acting either as second intermediate or paratenic hosts) has unconfirmed definitive hosts.

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Buckley, Michael. "Ancient collagen reveals evolutionary history of the endemic South American ‘ungulates’." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1806 (May 7, 2015): 20142671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2671.

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Since the late eighteenth century, fossils of bizarre extinct creatures have been described from the Americas, revealing a previously unimagined chapter in the history of mammals. The most bizarre of these are the ‘native’ South American ungulates thought to represent a group of mammals that evolved in relative isolation on South America, but with an uncertain affinity to any particular placental lineage. Many authors have considered them descended from Laurasian ‘condylarths’, which also includes the probable ancestors of perissodactyls and artiodactyls, whereas others have placed them either closer to the uniquely South American xenarthrans (anteaters, armadillos and sloths) or the basal afrotherians (e.g. elephants and hyraxes). These hypotheses have been debated owing to conflicting morphological characteristics and the hitherto inability to retrieve molecular information. Of the ‘native’ South American mammals, only the toxodonts and litopterns persisted until the Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene. Owing to known difficulties in retrieving ancient DNA (aDNA) from specimens from warm climates, this research presents a molecular phylogeny for both Macrauchenia patachonica (Litopterna) and Toxodon platensis (Notoungulata) recovered using proteomics-based (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) sequencing analyses of bone collagen. The results place both taxa in a clade that is monophyletic with the perissodactyls, which today are represented by horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs.

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Mitchell, Kieren J., Sarah C. Bray, Pere Bover, Leopoldo Soibelzon, Blaine W. Schubert, Francisco Prevosti, Alfredo Prieto, Fabiana Martin, Jeremy J. Austin, and Alan Cooper. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America." Biology Letters 12, no. 4 (April 2016): 20160062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0062.

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The Tremarctinae are a subfamily of bears endemic to the New World, including two of the largest terrestrial mammalian carnivores that have ever lived: the giant, short-faced bears Arctodus simus from North America and Arctotherium angustidens from South America (greater than or equal to 1000 kg). Arctotherium angustidens became extinct during the Early Pleistocene, whereas Arctodus simus went extinct at the very end of the Pleistocene. The only living tremarctine is the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ), a largely herbivorous bear that is today only found in South America. The relationships among the spectacled bears ( Tremarctos ), South American short-faced bears ( Arctotherium ) and North American short-faced bears ( Arctodus ) remain uncertain. In this study, we sequenced a mitochondrial genome from an Arctotherium femur preserved in a Chilean cave. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the South American short-faced bears were more closely related to the extant South American spectacled bear than to the North American short-faced bears. This result suggests striking convergent evolution of giant forms in the two groups of short-faced bears ( Arctodus and Arctotherium ), potentially as an adaptation to dominate competition for megafaunal carcasses.

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Curcio, Ana. "President's Page: Resources and geophysical opportunities in South America." Leading Edge 41, no. 4 (April 2022): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle41040228.1.

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The southern region of the American continent, or South America, is home to significant oil and gas, mineral, and renewable energy resources (Figure 1). Additionally, most South American countries provide a modern legal framework and incentives for investment in clean energy.

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Ramírez, María Eliana, and Akira F. Peters. "The South American species of Desmarestia (Phaeophyceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2430–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-301.

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The South American species of Desmarestia are revised using morphological features of field sporophytes and reproductive and ontogenetic characters obtained from laboratory culture of gametophytes and young sporophytes. Ten entities including a new species are recognized: D. chordalis, D. confervoides comb.nov., D. distans, D. firma, D. gayana, D. ligulata, D. muelleri sp.nov., D. patagonica, D. peruviana, and D. tropica. Although the taxa were distinguished in part using features of the life history in culture, most field thalli can be identified using morphological characters. A key to the South American species of Desmarestia is provided. Key words: culture study, Desmarestia, Desmarestia confervoides comb.nov., Desmarestia muelleri sp.nov., Phaeophyceae, South America, taxonomy.

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Honório, Karen dos Santos, and Bárbara Carvalho Neves. "Regionalismo unilateralmente orientado: a dimensão da infraestrutura na política para a América do Sul dos governos Lula da Silva (2003-2010)." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 9, no. 2 (September 7, 2020): 224–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2020.v9n2.p224-253.

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A partir da análise da dimensão da infraestrutura na política dos governos Lula (2003-2010) para a América do Sul, o objetivo do artigo é apontar a correlação entre a política regional e a projeção do modelo de desenvolvimento adotado, o neodesenvolvimentismo. O ativismo político, a construção de uma agenda multilateral através da conformação de instituições regionais, como a Iniciativa para a Integração da Infraestrutura Regional Sul-Americana (IIRSA) e o Conselho Sul-Americano de Infraestrutura e Planejamento (COSIPLAN), e as políticas nacionais de incentivo à exportação, orientadas ao setor da construção civil, impulsionaram os financiamentos das obras pelo Brasil no nível regional. Defende-se que o tema da infraestrutura permite observar a projeção de interesses privados brasileiros na política regional do país. Abstract: Within the analysis of the infrastructure dimension for the brazilian foreign policies during Lula's government (2003-2010) towards South America (2003-2010), this article aims to point out the correlation between the regional policy and the projection of the development model adopted, the neo-developmentalism. The political activism, the construction of a multilateral agenda through the creation of regional institutions, such as the South-American Regional Infrastructure Integration Initiative (IIRSA) and the South-American Infrastructure and Planning Council (COSIPLAN), and the national export incentive policies towards the construction sector, leveraged the brazilian financing at the regional level. It is argued that the infrastructure dimension allowed the projection of the brazilian private interests in its regional policy. Keywords: Brazilian Foreign Policy. Infrastructure Integration. South American Integration. Recebido em: fevereiro/2020. Aprovado em: agosto/2020.

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Journal articles on the topic 'American South'

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