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Books on the topic 'American Standard, inc'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Mercado de trabajo y capital humano, una controversia teórica y práctica para las empresas y el desarrollo local: (el caso de American Standard, Planta Tlaxcala). Puebla, Pue: Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Economía, 2011.

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Institute, American National Standards. Standard for residential construction in high-wind regions: ICC 600-2008 American National Standard. Washington, D.C: International Code Council, 2008.

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3

Association, American Occupational Therapy. Reference manual of the official documents of the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. 9th ed. Bethesda, MD: The Association, 2002.

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4

Association, American Occupational Therapy. Reference manual of the official documents of the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. 5th ed. Rockville, MD (1383 Piccard Dr., Rockville 20849): The Association, 1993.

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5

Institute, American National Standards, ed. Accessible and usable buildings and facilities: ICC A117.1-2009 : American National Standard. Washington, DC: International Code Council, 2010.

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6

C, Scheiber Stephen, Kramer, Thomas A. M., 1957-, Adamowski Susan E. 1944-, and American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology., eds. Core competencies for neurologists: What clinicians need to know : a report of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. Philadelphia: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.

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7

Standards of value: Money, race, and literature in America. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2009.

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8

1939-, Butzow John W., ed. The American hero in children's literature: A standards-based approach. Westport, Conn: Teacher Ideas Press, 2005.

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9

Michaels, Walter Benn. The gold standard and the logic of naturalism: American literature at the turn of the century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

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10

Alent'eva, Tat'yana, and Mariya Filimonova. The USA in Modern Times: Society, State and Law: Part 1: XVII-XVIII centuries. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/992900.

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The textbook examines the processes of the emergence and development of English colonies in North America in the XVII-XVIII centuries, as well as the process of formation and formation of the young American state. Considerable attention is paid to socio-economic processes, the study of which makes it possible to more fully consider political and legal trends and features. The political structure of the colonies is described in detail, and the colonial charters are analyzed. The article covers the first North American revolution, analyzes the political programs and activities of the first American political groups and their leaders. The process of drafting and ratifying the Constitution of 1787 is considered in detail, its content and the political activities of the first American presidents are analyzed. A separate chapter is devoted to the development of law in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is addressed to law students studying the history of state and law, as well as the constitutional law of foreign countries, historical students specializing in the study of US history, as well as students studying international relations, and anyone interested in history.

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11

Labor and Employment Relations Association, ed. The gloves-off economy: Workplace standards at the bottom of America's labor market. Champaign, IL: Labor and Employment Relations Association, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.

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12

The History of American Standard. Write Stuff Enterprises, 1999.

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13

Ltd, ICON Group. AMERICAN STANDARD COMPANIES INC.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.

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14

Ltd, ICON Group. AMERICAN STANDARD COMPANIES INC.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.

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15

Polgar, Paul J. Standard-Bearers of Equality. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653938.001.0001.

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This book recovers the racially inclusive vision of America's first abolition movement. In showcasing the activities of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, the New York Manumission Society, and their African American allies during the post-Revolutionary and early national eras, he unearths this coalition's comprehensive agenda for black freedom and equality. By guarding and expanding the rights of people of African descent and demonstrating that black Americans could become virtuous citizens of the new Republic, these activists, whom Polgar names "first movement abolitionists," sought to end white prejudice and eliminate racial inequality. Beginning in the 1820s, however, colonization threatened to eclipse this racially inclusive movement. Colonizationists claimed that what they saw as permanent black inferiority and unconquerable white prejudice meant that slavery could end only if those freed were exiled from the United States. In pulling many reformers into their orbit, this radically different antislavery movement marginalized the activism of America's first abolitionists and obscured the racially progressive origins of American abolitionism that Polgar now recaptures. By reinterpreting the early history of American antislavery, Polgar illustrates that the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are as integral to histories of race, rights, and reform in the United States as the mid-nineteenth century.

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16

Institute, American National Standards, International Code Council, and National Storm Shelter Association, eds. ICC/NSSA standard for the design and construction of storm shelters: ICC 500-2008, American National Standard. Washington, DC: International Coce Council, 2008.

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17

ICC/NSSA standard for the design and construction of storm shelters: ICC 500-2008, American National Standard. Washington, DC: International Coce Council, 2008.

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18

Institute, American National Standards, International Code Council, and National Storm Shelter Association, eds. ICC/NSSA standard for the design and construction of storm shelters: ICC 500-2008, American National Standard. Washington, DC: International Coce Council, 2008.

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19

Institute, American National Standards, International Code Council, and National Storm Shelter Association, eds. ICC/NSSA standard for the design and construction of storm shelters: ICC 500-2008, American National Standard. Washington, DC: International Coce Council, 2008.

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20

The Reference Manual of the Official Documents of the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. Amer Occupational Therapy Assn, 2007.

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21

Cross, American Red, ed. American Red Cross standard first aid: Workbook. [U.S.A.]: American Red Cross, 1988.

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22

Lause, Mark A. Higher Laws. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036552.003.0005.

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This chapter explores antebellum secret associations formed by black Americans. Even as European revolutionaries applied the standards of fraternalism to national purposes, similar organizations contributed directly to shaping black identity in America. In fact, black orders bore far greater resemblance to the European societies than most of those among white Americans. Context made black associations more overtly more political and made one fundamental labor reform unavoidable for an African American leadership described as bound in “the triple chord of Masonry, Church fellowship and Anti-Slavery association.” Most important, repressive conditions in America drove active resistance to slavery underground, making particularly relevant the accoutrements of fraternalism. As the explosive struggle over the extension of slavery into Kansas spurred radical activism among whites as well, the secret society tradition in America tapped ever more deeply into the experience of the African American—as well as European—associations.

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23

Forked: A new standard for American dining. Oxford University Press, 2016.

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24

Cross, American Red, ed. American Red Cross standard first aid instructor's manual. [Washington, D.C.]: American Red Cross, 1988.

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25

Dewulf, Jeroen. The Pinkster King and the King of Kongo. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496808813.001.0001.

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This book presents the history of the nation’s forgotten Dutch slave community and free Dutch-speaking African-Americans from seventeenth-century New Amsterdam to nineteenth-century New York and New Jersey. It also develops a provocative new interpretation of one of America’s most intriguing black folkloric traditions, Pinkster. Dewulf rejects the traditional interpretation of this celebration of a “slave king” as a form of carnival. Instead, he shows that it is a ritual rooted in mutual aid and slave brotherhood traditions. By placing Pinkster in an Atlantic context, Dewulf identifies striking parallels to royal election rituals in slave communities elsewhere in the Americas, which he relates to the ancient Kingdom of Kongo and the historical impact of Portuguese culture in West-Central Africa. Whereas the importance of African-American fraternities providing mutual aid has long been acknowledged for the post-slavery era, Dewulf’s focus on the social capital of slaves traces concern for mutual aid back to seventeenth-century Manhattan. He suggests a stronger impact of Manhattan’s first slave community on the development of African-American identity in New York and New Jersey than has hitherto been assumed. While the earliest historians working on slave culture in a North American context were mainly interested in an assumed process of assimilation according to European standards, later generations pointed out the need to look for indigenous African continuities. The findings of this book suggest the necessity to complement the latter with an increased focus on the contact Africans had with European?primarily Portuguese?culture before they were shipped as slaves to the Americas.

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26

Dean, William. The American Spiritual Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501383328.

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Americans are perhaps the most openly and energetically religious of all the peoples among the developed nations. Americans are religious in all the obvious ways, belonging to churches, synagogues and mosques as well as nurturing private spiritualities. But they are religious also in public ways, aiming to find a standard large enough to frame their common life and to judge them and their country. In this book, William Dean describes the spiritual culture that is grounded in the emerging American story. He also explores the concept of God (or the “Ultimate”) that is central to that story - a concept that is reflected in contemporary American culture, including popular culture.

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27

C, Scheiber Stephen, Kramer, Thomas A. M., 1957-, Adamowski Susan E. 1944-, and American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology., eds. Core competencies for psychiatric practice: What clinicians need to know : a report of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub., 2003.

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28

Nau, Henry R. America’s Foreign Policy Traditions. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.4.

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There are four standard American foreign policy traditions, and they have existed since the beginning of the republic. The traditions include isolationists/nationalists like George Washington and Andrew Jackson; realists like Alexander Hamilton and Teddy Roosevelt; conservative internationalists like Thomas Jefferson and Ronald Reagan; and liberal internationalists like Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt. Rooted in both the history and the logic of the American experience, the traditions are indispensable to ensure that America considers all of the elements of a changing world in meeting global challenges.

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29

Varon, Alberto. Before Chicano. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479863969.001.0001.

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Before Chicano: Citizenship and the Making of Mexican American Manhood, 1848-1959 is the first book-length study of Latino manhood before the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Mexican Americans are typically overlooked or omitted from American cultural life of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, despite their long-standing presence in the U.S. This book dislodges the association between Mexican Americans and immigration and calls for a new framework for understanding Mexican American cultural production and U.S. culture, but doing so requires an expanded archive and a multilingual approach to U.S. culture.Working at the intersection of culture and politics, Mexican Americans drew upon American democratic ideals and U.S. foundational myths to develop evolving standards of manhood and political participation. Through an analysis of Mexican American print culture (including fiction, newspapers and periodicals, government documents, essays, unpublished manuscripts, images, travelogues, and other genres), it demonstrates that Mexican Americans in the 19^th and 20^th centuries envisioned themselves as U.S. national citizens through cultural depictions of manhood. Before Chicano moves beyond the resistance paradigm that has dominated Latino Studies and uncovers a long history of how Latinos shaped—and were shaped by—American cultural life.

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30

Hart, D. G. American Catholic. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501700576.001.0001.

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This book places the rise of the United States' political conservatism in the context of ferment within the Roman Catholic Church. How did Roman Catholics shift from being perceived as un-American to emerging as the most vocal defenders of the United States as the standard bearer in world history for political liberty and economic prosperity? This book charts the development of the complex relationship between Roman Catholicism and American conservatism, and it shows how these two seemingly antagonistic ideological groups became intertwined in advancing a certain brand of domestic and international politics. Contrary to the standard narrative, Roman Catholics were some of the most assertive political conservatives directly after World War II, and their brand of politics became one of the most influential means by which Roman Catholicism came to terms with American secular society. It did so precisely as bishops determined the church needed to update its teaching about its place in the modern world. Catholics grappled with political conservatism long before the supposed rightward turn at the time of the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973. The book follows the course of political conservatism from John F. Kennedy, the first and only Roman Catholic president of the United States, to George W. Bush, and describes the evolution of the church and its influence on American politics. By tracing the roots of Roman Catholic politicism in American culture, the book argues that Roman Catholicism's adaptation to the modern world, whether in the United States or worldwide, was as remarkable as its achievement remains uncertain.

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31

Sainlaude, Stéve, and Don H. Doyle. France and the American Civil War. Translated by Jessica Edwards. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649948.001.0001.

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France’s involvement in the American Civil War was critical to its unfolding, but the details of the European power’s role remain little understood. Here, Stève Sainlaude offers the first comprehensive history of French diplomatic engagement with the Union and the Confederate States of America during the conflict. Drawing on archival sources that have been neglected by scholars up to this point, Sainlaude overturns many commonly held assumptions about French relations with the Union and the Confederacy. As Sainlaude demonstrates, no major European power had a deeper stake in the outcome of the conflict than France. Reaching beyond the standard narratives of this history, Sainlaude delves deeply into questions of geopolitical strategy and diplomacy during this critical period in world affairs. The resulting study will help shift the way Americans look at the Civil War and extend their understanding of the conflict in global context.

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Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. The Standard Narrative and the Bigger Picture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.003.0002.

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Many believe there has been an “information revolution” in economics, but almost no one has taken the effort to explain its timing and content. Information was added as an American Economic Association subject category in 1976; it is therefore almost exclusively a postwar phenomenon. This chapter explores the conventional narratives that are often broached in orthodox economics concerning the rise of information in economics, and discovers that generalist intellectual historians have not much improved upon these urban legends. Epistemic asymmetry between economist and agent is often elided. By contrast, we stress questions touching on the epistemology and ontology of information.

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33

Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 260.1-1993 American National Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 1993.

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34

Green, Jeremy. The Political Economy of the Special Relationship. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197326.001.0001.

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This book studies how America's global financial power was created and shaped through its special relationship with Britain. The rise of global finance in the latter half of the twentieth century has long been understood as one chapter in a larger story about the postwar growth of the United States. This book challenges this popular narrative. Revealing the Anglo-American origins of financial globalization, the book sheds new light on Britain's hugely significant, but often overlooked, role in remaking international capitalism alongside America. Drawing from new archival research, the book questions the conventional view of international economic history as a series of cyclical transitions among hegemonic powers. Instead, it explores the longstanding interactive role of private and public financial institutions in Britain and the United States—most notably the close links between their financial markets, central banks, and monetary and fiscal policies. The book shows that America's unparalleled post-WWII financial power was facilitated, and in important ways constrained, by British capitalism, as the United States often had to work with and through British politicians, officials, and bankers to achieve its vision of a liberal economic order. Transatlantic integration and competition spurred the rise of the financial sector, an increased reliance on debt, a global easing of regulation, the ascendance of monetarism, and the transition to neoliberalism. From the gold standard to the recent global financial crisis and beyond, this book recasts the history of global finance through the prism of Anglo-American development.

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35

Springer. The Programming Language Ada. Reference Manual: American National Standards Institute, Inc. ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A-1983. Approved 17 February 1983 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 1990.

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36

author, Collins Tomago, and Sandberg, Sheryl, author of foreword, eds. A higher standard: Leadership strategies from America's first female four-star general. 2015.

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37

Bodroghkozy, Aniko. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036682.003.0001.

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This book examines the role played by American network television in reconfiguring a new “common sense” about race relations during the civil rights revolution. Drawing on stories told both by television news coverage and prime time entertainment, it explores the relationship among the civil rights movement, television, audiences, and partisans on either side of the black empowerment struggle. In particular, it considers the recurring theme that America's racial story was one of color-blind equality grounded on a vision of “black and white together.” The book concludes that television had an ambivalent place in the civil rights revolution. More specifically, it argues that network television sought to represent a rapidly shifting consensus on what “blackness” and “whiteness” meant and how they now fit together. Network television premised equality on a largely white definition whereby African Americans were ready for equal time to the extent that their representations conformed to whitened standards of middle-class and professional respectability.

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38

Krutzsch, Brett. Dying to Be Normal. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685218.001.0001.

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Through an examination of publicly mourned gay deaths in America, Brett Krutzsch counters the common perception that LGBT politics and religion have been oppositional to one another. Dying to Be Normal reveals how gay activists have used religion to bolster the argument that gays are essentially the same as straights, and therefore deserving of equal rights. Krutzsch’s analysis turns to the memorialization of Matthew Shepard, Harvey Milk, Tyler Clementi, Brandon Teena, and F. C. Martinez, as well as to campaigns like the It Gets Better Project and national tragedies like the Pulse nightclub shooting to illustrate how activists used specific deaths to win acceptance, influence political debates over LGBT rights, and encourage assimilation. Throughout, Krutzsch shows how, in the fight for greater social inclusion, activists relied on Christian values and rhetoric to portray gays as upstanding Americans. As Krutzsch demonstrates, gay activists regularly reinforced a white Protestant vision of acceptable American citizenship that often excluded people of color, gender-variant individuals, non-Christians, and those who did not adhere to Protestant Christianity’s sexual standards. The first book to detail how martyrdom has influenced national debates over LGBT rights, Dying to Be Normal establishes how religion has shaped gay assimilation in the United States and the mainstreaming of particular gays as “normal” Americans.

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39

Michaels, Walter Benn. Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism: American Literature at the Turn of the Century. University of California Press, 1987.

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40

Michaels, Walter Benn. Gold Standard and the Logic of Naturalism: American Literature at the Turn of the Century. University of California Press, 1987.

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41

Guisinger, Alexandra. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book and its two interwoven puzzles: what are the predictors of Americans’ trade preferences in today’s post-industrial economy, and why do so few politicians attempt to take advantage of these preferences? After providing historical context for American trade policy, the chapter outlines an answer: that the changing American economy has untethered traditional sources of trade sentiment, resulting in diverse, countervailing, and difficult to mobilize sources of trade sentiment. As a result, in most political districts, discussion of trade has fallen by the wayside; and trade policy is increasingly being formulated and conducted outside of standard systems of voter-driven accountability. The chapter places this new argument in the context of existing literature on the domestic and international politics of trade policy and provides a chapter by chapter summary of the book.

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42

Hanipah, Zubaidah Nor. Standards and Guidelines for Perioperative Care of Bariatric Patients. Edited by Zubaidah Nor Hanipah. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0001.

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In order to establish a worldwide standard of care for management of bariatric patients, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), The Obesity Society (TOS), and the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) published clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for perioperative management of bariatric surgery patients in 2008. The CPG, which were updated in 2013, have been endorsed by professional bariatric societies worldwide. This chapter summarizes guidelines based on the updated CPG, with a focus on prevention and management of complications of bariatric surgery. The chapter outlines the guidelines for perioperative care of bariatric patients and specific management of perioperative complications using a system- or disease-oriented approach. The guidelines are designed to assist practitioners in patient management; however, practitioners should practice bariatric surgery based on current knowledge, experience, latest literature reviews, and patients’ needs in order to achieve optimal patient care.

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43

(Association), VICA, and United States. Dept. of Education, eds. Standards for excellence in trade and industrial education: A project of the Vocational Industrial Clubs of America, Inc. for the United States Department of Education. Leesburg, VA: The Clubs, 1985.

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44

McIlvenna, Noeleen. Early American Rebels. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469656069.001.0001.

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During the half century after 1650 that saw the gradual imposition of a slave society in England’s North American colonies, poor white settlers in the Chesapeake sought a republic of equals. Demanding a say in their own destinies, rebels moved around the region looking for a place to build a democratic political system. This book crosses colonial boundaries to show how Ingle's Rebellion, Fendall's Rebellion, Bacon's Rebellion, Culpeper's Rebellion, Parson Waugh's Tumult, and the colonial Glorious Revolution were episodes in a single struggle because they were organized by one connected group of people. Adding land records and genealogical research to traditional sources, Noeleen McIlvenna challenges standard narratives that disdain poor whites or leave them out of the history of the colonial South. She makes the case that the women of these families played significant roles in every attempt to establish a more representative political system before 1700. McIlvenna integrates landless immigrants and small farmers into the history of the Chesapeake region and argues that these rebellious anti-authoritarians should be included in the pantheon of the nation’s Founders.

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Rouse, Caroline Moxley. African American Muslims. Edited by Jane I. Smith and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199862634.013.007.

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This chapter sees the embrace of Islam within the African American community as a response to white supremacy and struggles for citizenship. It is important to recognize that while the community is diverse in its beliefs and practices, African American Islam is marked by an approach to faith that speaks to the continuing struggle for equality and social justice in the United States. The violence and institutionalized racism that have marked African American history were justified by theories of black inferiority. Many African American Muslims consider their faith protective in the sense that it uses a different set of authoritative discourses and ethical standards for measuring value and meaning. In particular, Islam authorizes new understandings of gender, race, and citizenship that African American Muslims find empowering and protective against racial self-hate.

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46

Gallo-Cruz, Selina. American Mothers of Nonviolence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265144.003.0012.

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This chapter explores the historical relationship between and dynamics among feminists and nonviolent activists in the United States, surveying three waves of feminist nonviolent mobilization and interrogating the contributions to and erasure of feminist thinking from popular nonviolence histories. The US feminist and nonviolence movements were born of the same social heart among early, nonviolent abolitionists. It was from the experience of marginalization among nonviolent women abolitionists that the US suffrage movement was born, and again, following women’s activism in the civil rights and antiwar movements, second-wave feminism. The chapter examines and discusses (1) a double-standard of gendered effectiveness and invisibility among nonviolent movements, (2) a radical-feminist challenge to patriarchal tendencies in nonviolent organizing, and (3) the feminist-led transformation from a nonviolence that glorifies “self-sacrifice” to a nonviolence that values self-protection, preservation, and health in the realization of collective social justice.

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47

Vickery, Chad, and Heather Szilagyi. America in Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190934163.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 highlights a confluence of factors in the United States that produce a high percentage of wasted votes and a system of governance that largely fails to reflect the will of the majority of voters, widely considered a cornerstone of democracy. This study judges the fundamental integrity of key elements of the electoral process in the United States by applying the same standards used to evaluate developing democracies around the world. Several acute challenges to the U.S. electoral process are identified: boundary delimitation for the House of Representatives, the role of the Electoral College in presidential contests, processes of voter registration, and the decentralized administrative framework. The chapter concludes that despite obvious vulnerabilities, the United States is resistant to acknowledging these problems, to reform its electoral process in line with international standards, or to learn from the comparative experience of other countries that have strengthened their elections over time.

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48

Polido, Fabrício Bertini Pasquot, and Mônica Steffen Guise Rosina. The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in South America. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.20.

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This chapter analyses the emergence and development of intellectual property (IP) systems in South America as they have evolved since the early Pan-American treaties and the Paris and Berne Conventions, and how they have been influenced by national constitutions, domestic laws, and—most recently—international trade agreements. It highlights the coexistence of distinct landscapes for several decades before the TRIPs Agreement entered into force and brought minimum standards of harmonization. Before that, IP regimes in South America matured according to each country’s own conception of IP, resulting in different national statutes and constitutional provisions and producing a unique regional IP legal and policy landscape. From a regional perspective, South America has made efforts to create local systems of IP protection, but with limited success. The result is a fragmented system that still needs to relate to multilateral and bilateral rules, creating a challenging regulatory environment.

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49

Financial Report of the Director and Report of the External Auditor. 1 January 2020–31 December 2020. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275373620.

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During 2020, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) remained an authoritative voice for health in the Region, providing political, strategic, and technical guidance on responding to the COVID‐19 pandemic at the highest levels of government, non‐state actors, and the United Nations and Inter‐American systems. Through its technical cooperation, PAHO continues to be a catalyst to improve the health and well‐being of the peoples of the Americas, in collaboration with Member States and partners. This publication shows the financial position of PAHO for the 2020 financial reporting period. It contains PAHO’s Financial Statements as at 31 December 2020, and includes the External Auditor’s report and opinion on the Organization’s Financial Statements for 2020. The Financial Statements and Notes have been prepared in compliance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards and PAHO’s Financial Regulations and Financial Rules.

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Annabelle, Möckesch. Part 2 Determining the Applicable Attorney–Client Privilege Standard, 9 Applicable Privilege Standard in Investor–State Arbitration and Comparison with International Commercial Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795865.003.0009.

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Abstract:

In investor–state arbitrations, which are concerned with the resolution of disputes between foreign investors and states parties over the state’s exercise of its public authority in relation to legislative, administrative, or judicial measures, the parties often invoke attorney–client privilege as a defence to document production requests. This chapter therefore examines how arbitral tribunals have determined the applicable attorney–client privilege standard in investor–state arbitration. It reports on several procedural orders and decisions issued by arbitral tribunals constituted under the North American Free Trade Agreement and other bilateral or multilateral treaties. As in these proceedings attorney–client privilege claims often arise together with Cabinet privilege claims, the tribunals’ findings on the applicable Cabinet privilege standard are presented as well. Lastly, the chapter explores whether the solution proposed for international commercial arbitration can also be adopted in investor–state arbitration.

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