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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Americký dolar'
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1
Pavelec, Boris. "The Role of the United States Dollar as an International Currency in the Second Half of the 20th Century." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201892.
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This thesis maps the role of the U.S. dollar as an international currency with a main focus on the second half of the 20th century and the role of dollar in the world economy. The thesis spans from the end of the Second World War to the eve of the last global financial crisis. The thesis documents, how dollar became the leading international currency during the Bretton Woods system era. Although the inner conflicts led to breakup of the system, dollar remained the most important currency. Despite many attempts, a successful reform of the international monetary system never happened since then. In the last 30 years, the uncoordinated U.S. monetary policy led to rapid growth of imbalances in the world economy and consequently to the 2007/08 Financial crisis. The thesis shows that the viable reform can build on the original plan of John M. Keynes, which prepared for the Bretton Woods conference.
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Stehlík, Jiří. "Analýza vývoje měnového páru CZK/USD na forexovém trhu." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262836.
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In the first, theoretical part, the Forex is explained, along with its characteristics and basics of technical and fundamental analysis, followed by economic factors affecting the development of currency exchange rates. Second part of this paper, practical part, is developed as a series of experimental trading sessions using demo account. The trades are executed using mainly fundamental data supported by technical analysis. Final part of this thesis evaluates conducted trades and other features discovered during the tradings.
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Mika, Jan. "Postavení eura ve světové ekonomice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4797.
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Práce hodnotí dosavadní úlohu eura ve světové ekonomice a přibližuje jeho možný budoucí vývoj v souvislosti s jeho postavením vůči americkému dolaru. Význam eura je v práci hodnocen nejprve v kontextu evropské měnové integrace a následně v kontextu globálním, s důrazem na otázku, zda se euro může stát hlavní měnou světové ekonomiky. Dále se práce zaobírá vyhodnocením významu eura pro Českou republiku v kontextu jejího budoucího začlenění do EMU.
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Doležal, Martin. "Globální nerovnováhy v kontextu vývoje kurzu amerického dolaru." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81572.
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The thesis deals with the development and status of global imbalances in contemporary global economy in connection with changes in the U.S. dollar exchange rate. From this point of view, the paper firstly focuses on the current diversification of the world economy to clarify the position of the U.S. monetary system in the sphere of global imbalances. Secondly, it concentrates on the long-term trends in the U.S. dollar exchange rate as the world's main currency. Finally, the thesis focuses on potential changes in the economic policy of the main actors of global imbalances and presents possible solution to these imbalances in the world economy.
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Jelínek, Martin. "Million dollar baby a Americký sniper." Master's thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze.Filmová a televizní fakulta. Knihovna, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202820.
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This diploma thesis analyses two films by Clint Eastwood Million Dollar Baby and
American Sniper. Its focus is aimed at the formal storytelling aspects, structure of
the storyline and plot devices in the screenplays. The first film is an example of
misusing these plot devices; the theme being euthanasia remains irrelevant from
the viewers perspective although it was meant to resonate strongly at first.
Analysis of the second film shows us the discrepancy of what the film "wanted" to
be and the actual message it implicitly presents to the audience. Instead of being
an objective reflection of the real events (in this case the war in Iraq) it is on
purpose misleading in presenting of commonly known facts and hence it becomes
propaganda. The analysis of the storytelling devices in this thesis can be also
applied on different films and cinema in general.
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Marchetto, Bruno Queiroz 1984. "A crise de Bretton Woods e a metamorfose do poder norte-americano : o início da transição da ordem internacional do pós-guerra." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286074.
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Orientador: Eduardo Barros MariuttiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T16:05:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marchetto_BrunoQueiroz_M.pdf: 758262 bytes, checksum: f469466ab46d60dbac7a54b69302d82d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Os efeitos da chamada "Era da Catástrofe" (1914-45) demandaram uma reforma radical nas diretrizes que nortearam a economia mundial no fim do século XIX: o laissez faire cedeu lugar à imposição de controles sociais sobre o mercado, orquestrados em grande medida pelos EUA. A materialização disto, no plano monetário-financeiro, foi à criação do sistema de Bretton Woods. Coube ao plano Marshall, mediante uma expansão da liquidez, dar o impulso inicial aos "Anos Dourados", fase de extraordinário crescimento econômico amparado pela busca do pleno emprego e pela sustentação da demanda. Os anos 1970 marcam a desarticulação deste arranjo internacional. Pretendemos analisar a estratégia monetário-financeira articulada pelos EUA no início da década de 1970, o que, no médio prazo, possibilitou a restauração de sua posição dominante no cenário internacional, promovendo, de forma correlata, a difusão do neoliberalismo e da financeirização. O ponto-chave de nossa análise está nas medidas adotadas pelos EUA para deslocar para seus "aliado-rivais" (Europa Ocidental e Japão) e para a periferia os efeitos adversos do "choque do petróleo", fato que tornou possível restaurar a sua liderança nos setores de ponta da indústria, que caracterizaram a Terceira Revolução Industrial. Partimos da hipótese que os EUA usaram fundamentalmente do seu poder político para deslegitimar as instituições multilaterais (o FMI e OCDE) que poderiam ter sido mobilizadas para conter a crise
Abstract: The "age of catastrophe" (1914-45) effects demanded radical reforms on the guidelines which shaped the world economy in the last years of the nineteenth century: the laissez faire was replaced by the imposition of social controls to the market mechanisms, process which was led, to a great extent, by US. The reflects of this movement, in the monetary and financial fields, was the creation of the Bretton Woods System. The Marshall Plan, through a liquidity expansion, gave the initial impulse to what came to be known as "the golden age of capitalism", a period of extraordinary economic growth characterized by the seek of the full employment and by the demand sustainment. The seventies began with the disarticulation of this international arrangement. We pretend to analyze the financial and monetary strategy articulated by the US in the begging of the seventies, what, in the middle run, made possible to this country to restore its dominant position on the international scenario, promoting, moreover, the neoliberalism diffusion and the "financialization" process. Our key point in this paper is the movements adopted by the US in order to dislocated to its "allies-rivals" (Western Europe and Japan) and to the periphery the adverse effects of the First Petroleum Chock (1973). The hypothesis assumed here is that the US basically used its political power to weaken the legitimacy of the multilateral institutions (the IMF and OEDC), which could have been mobilized to restrain the crisis
Mestrado
Historia Economica
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Singh, Anupam. "An algorithm for a dollar bill recognition system." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45184.
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This paper presents an algorithm for a dollar bill recognition system. Although this thesis describes it in detail for the specific application of designing a dollar bill recognition system, the algorithm is quite general and can be applied to a variety of pattern recognition problems. The scheme operates on the image of a corner of the bill. Hough transform is used to find the edges and the corner point in the image. If there is any skew in the edges, it is corrected and a 256 x 256 pixel image is obtained. This image is then compressed to an 8 x 8 matrix, and features are extracted from a two dimensional Walsh Transform of this matrix. The process of feature selection is based upon the standard deviations of the Walsh coefficients. These features are then used by a Sequential Classifier for classifying the bill.Master of Science
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Adams, Sarah Elisabeth. ""A Dollar Book for a Dime!": The Vernacular of Cheapness and the Beadle Dime Handbooks." W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626679.
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Ambuske, James Patrick. "Minting America coinage and the contestation of American identity, 1775-1800 /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1164981401.
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BevilÃqua, Giovanni Silva. "Forecast of real-dollar exchange under a framework of asset pricing." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8421.
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Given the wide range of macroeconomic, financial and econometric frameworks commonly used to accommodate uncomfortable empirical evidence associated with the Forex market, this article aims to model and predict the monthly variation in American Dollar-Brazilian Real exchange rate, from January 2000 to December 2009, based on asset pricing theory. Wang (2008) and Engel and West (2005) are closer to ours, in terms of fundamentals of finance, while methodologically, we are close to Chong, Chung and Ahmad (2002) and da Costa et al. (2010). Our work is relevant to the empirical literature, since the prediction results are better than the random walk approach ones. The prediction error is about 5% and 14% for the exchange rate variation and in level, respectively. In 57.5% of the changes, our
model predicts the correct change direction. The main contribution based on this framework, already used to understand the Forward Premium Puzzle for advancedeconomies, consists in the derivation and the implications of a system of linear relationships characterized by a Bivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity-in-Mean (GARCH-M), useful empirically, once we have extracted a time series for a Stochastic Discount Factor (SDF) able to price the covered and the uncovered trading with U.S. Government bonds. The results suggest to the
theoretical literature that, at least for monthly frequency, one should not omit the temporal variation of conditional moments of the second order. The hypothesis about the lognormal distribution of discounted returns and a parsimonious specification for conditional Heteroskedastic models can influence the predictive power of SDF, as well as the effects of the inclusion of risk premium.Diante da vasta gama de arcabouÃos macroeconÃmicos, economÃtricos e financeiros que visam acomodar evidÃncias empÃricas desconfortÃveis associadas ao mercado cambial, este artigo visa modelar e prever a variaÃÃo mensal entre as moedas real brasileiro e dÃlar americano, de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2009, baseado na teoria de apreÃamento de ativos. Este estudo agrega-se à literatura empÃrica, ao obter resultados preditivos superiores a um modelo de passeio aleatÃrio, com erros de previsÃo da ordem de grandeza de 5% e 14% para depreciaÃÃo e para o cÃmbio em nÃvel, respectivamente, e um acerto em 57,5% das vezes com relaÃÃo à direÃÃo da variaÃÃo cambial. Alinhado em fundamentos a Wang (2008) e Engel e West (2005) e metodologicamente a Chong, Chung e Ahmad (2002) e da Costa et al. (2010), a principal contribuiÃÃo no uso deste arcabouÃo, jà utilizado no entendimento do Forward Premium Puzzle para economias avanÃadas, consiste na derivaÃÃo e nas implicaÃÃes de um sistema de relaÃÃes lineares caracterizado por um Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity-in- Mean (GARCH-M) bivariado, o qual pode ser testÃvel, a partir da extraÃÃo via componentes principais da sÃrie temporal para um Fator EstocÃstico de Desconto capaz de apreÃar operaÃÃes coberta e descoberta de aquisiÃÃo de tÃtulos do governo americano. Os resultados sugerem, ainda, à literatura teÃrica que, ao menos para frequÃncia mensal, nÃo se deve desprezar a variaÃÃo temporal dos momentos condicionais de segunda ordem. A hipÃtese sobre a distribuiÃÃo lognormal dos retornos descontados e uma especificaÃÃo parcimoniosa para modelos de heterocedasticidade condicional podem prejudicar a capacidade preditiva associada do Fator EstocÃstico de Desconto, assim como os efeitos da incorporaÃÃo do prÃmio de risco.
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Koval, Igor Y. "Petroleum and the peso." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Galeucia, Annemarie. "A dollar and a dream: Reflexive spirituality, "My Name is Earl," and capitalist connotations for the American spiritual marketplace." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1453548.
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Poag, Frederic. "The Open Door, Dollar Diplomacy, and the Self-Strengthening Movement: The Birth of American Idealist Imperialism in China, 1890 - 1912." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3363.
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American Foreign Policy at the outset of the Twentieth century evolved from a realist to an idealist position as the United States transitioned to an imperial power. This ideal framework was formed in the crucible of China during the Spheres of Influence and the Open Door. The US had to play delicate game of helping China to maintain their territorial, and administrative integrity while at the same time protecting their newly acquired overseas interests against more established imperial actors. While there were many missteps, and failures during this transition perhaps the most the important result was the change toward the approach of US foreign policy. Not only did the United States have to balance realist geo-political goals, but it had to define what an imperial United States looked like. In a sense the United States was starting from scratch, processing to a completely different game and in order to be successful it had evolve.
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Patterson, Charmayne E. "Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread: The African American Megachurch and Prosperity Theology." restricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08032007-004921/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Jacqueline A. Rouse, committee chair; Ian C. Fletcher, Allison Calhoun-Brown, committee members. Electronic text (198 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Nov. 28, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-198).
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Lewis, Patrick. "American Economic hegemony – under threat or unsurpassable? : A statistical analysis of American Economic Hegemony and the potential threat of China in the international economic order." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42942.
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This essay focusses on the area of hegemonic studies in global politics, framing the discussion between the rise of China and the positioning of the united States. The purpose of this study is to show that China does not threaten the economic hegemony of the US due to the pivotal role the US Dollar holds in the global economy. A statistical analysis is undertaken with reference to contemporary theory to explain how declining rates of US Dollars in currency reserves are not a symptom of a power shift in Global Politics but simply an effect of fluctuations in global trade, as well as using Susan Strange's concept of structural power to show how America holds hegemony over international finance and the economy.
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Zwanger, Sebastian. "Determinants of exchange rates the case of the Chilean peso /." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/zwanzgers/sebastianzwanzger.pdf.
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Howarth, Grant. "Modelling daily return variations in developing market currencies." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008365.
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This study examines the American Dollar (USD) denominated currency returns of five developing market currencies for the presence of the day-of-the-week effect. Daily data from January 1995 to February 2008 is examined, and is split into two subperiods, SP1 (1995 - 2002) and SP2 (2003 - February 2008). Currency returns are non-normally distributed across the full data set and SP1 , but tend towards normality in SP2. As such non-parametric tests are used to test the equality of the first four moments across days of the week. Tests on the first moment show that two of the currencies do not show any evidence of the day-of-the-week effect. However, evidence of the day-of-the-week effect is found in the other three currencies in SP1, although the effect disappears or weakens significantly in SP2. Little evidence of the day-of-the-week effect is found in tests on the second moment. The hypothesis of equal higher moments across currency returns is rejected for almost all of the weekday pairs for all five currencies in SP1 , but in SP2 the hypothesis of equal higher moments can only be rejected for a single pair of weekdays for one currency. This indicates the disappearance of the day-of-the-week effect across higher moments in SP2. Thus, the study finds that the day-of-the-week effect is present across the first moment and higher moments in the returns to most currencies in SP1 , but has disappeared for all five currencies in SP2.KMBT_363
Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
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Gordon, Ross Patrick. "The effect of strike action on the value and volatility of the South African Rand." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020018.
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This study analyses whether the advent of strike action has an effect on the value and volatility of the South African Rand compared with the US Dollar. The literature suggests that strike action can have a significant effect on the exchange rate in terms of either value or volatility, and consequences can result that cause inefficiencies in the economy; inhibiting employment and economic growth. Strike action has become common place in South Africa, with 2012 alone recording 99 strikes, 45 of which were “wildcat” or unprotected strikes. This study uses GARCH and Intervention Analyses to determine what the resulting effects of the strikes might be on the exchange rate. The analysis used ZAR/USD exchange rate data for the period January 2000 to October 2013, and covered 72 of the most significant strikes in terms of lost man-days. The results are mixed, suggesting that the effects of strikes do not always conform to expectations (increased volatility and a depreciation in the Rand), and that outside factors affecting the global economy may have a more significant effect on the exchange rate than strikes on their own.
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Okwudire, Towela Sepo Magai. "Le cinema quebecois vu par des spectateurs americains." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1525386693046116.
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Menšíková, Lucie. "Stabilita vybraných světových měn a její význam v mezinárodním obchodě." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-92322.
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Lombard, Riaan Stefanus. "Die invloed van die VSA-dollar op die mededingende voordeel van Suid-Afrika." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13298.
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D.Com. (Economics)The objective of the study was mainly to examine the effect of the U.S. dollar on the competitive advantage of South Africa.The theoretical framework explaining the competitive position of a country in the global market place was examined in Chapter II. The complexity of the variables involved is evident from the many different points of view put forward by economists, not only in respect of the. concept competitive advantage of a country, but also in respect of the criteria that should be used to evaluate such competitiveness. It is, however, evident that the phenomena involved in evaluating the competitive position of a country cannot be separated from the theories explaining the flow of goods and services between countries. Only a minor part of such flows can be explained in terms of the traditional international trade theories. Most of the trade over borders occurs between countries differing very little from each other as far as tastes and factor ...
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Cruz-Martes, Camelly. "La representación de la enfermedad y el dolor en la narrativa peninsular y latinoamericana desde el siglo XIX hasta el presente." 2008. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3325327.
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Various approaches to the problem of inexplicable body pain exist. According to Elaine Scarry in The Body in Pain, physical pain resists language by returning it to its original state, crying, before language is learned. Pain is projected in crying because suffering has no referent, and thus cannot be given objective reality in words. This viewpoint frames the problem of communicating pain as a struggle between doubt and certitude, and not as an intellectual challenge. Other theorists describe how referents are created to explain the phenomenon. Most theories on physical suffering are rooted in the dualistic conception of mind and body. The body is seen as a complex machine for apprehending reality whereby mind and body are inextricable. The dualist view born of modernity posits reason as the translator of sensation. In this way only an interpretation arrived at through reason—in other words, subjected to the discourses of power—can hold. For our analysis we take these conflicts—the division between human suffering and the rationalizations of it—as our starting point; however, we propose that all interpretations, beyond requiring that pain or disease have a biological, social, religious, philosophical or other justification, entail an ethical approach. This is because all knowledge wishing to do justice to both the physical and spiritual aspects of pain and disease requires an ethos. Only an ethical position that accounts for relationships with the other can interpret and understand suffering. Our study relies on Emmanuel Levinas' theories on alterity and the constitution of the subject. Levinas argues that pain gives alterity its impact. Disease and pain confront us with our own mortality. In that uncertainty, alterity is expressed. In this framework, we consider nineteenth and twentieth century Spanish American and Peninsular texts and how disease and physical pain are represented.
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Tweneboah, George. "Dollarization and macroeconomic instability in Ghana." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21556.
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A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of Doctor of Philosophy,
The Graduate School of Business Administration,
University of the Witwatersrand
February 2016The liberalization of foreign exchange markets occasioned by the widespread acceptance of floating exchange rate systems brought about prevalent acceptance of foreign currency (usually U.S. dollars) in many developing and transition economies. Facing both domestic and foreign imbalances, a number of developing economies have embraced foreign currencies as a store of value (asset substitution), and in some instances as a medium of exchange for domestic transactions (currency substitution). This thesis examines dollarization/currency substitution, its impact on macroeconomic fundamentals, and the challenges it poses for effective formulation and transmission of monetary policy in Ghana. The entire thesis is organised into five empirical essays, each touching on a specific subject within the broad theme of dollarization and economic instability. The first essay explores the macroeconomic determinants of financial dollarization. The evidence establishes that exchange rate depreciation and financial development drive dollarization. Additionally depreciation of the domestic currency increases demand for foreign currencies, while a more developed financial sector tends to curtail dollarization. The second essay models a long-run money demand function for Ghana within the portfolio balance framework. The results indicate that, although foreign interest rates and expected exchange rates (either separately or jointly) are relevant elements in the money demand function, there evidence is more in support of capital mobility and not currency substitution. The third essay provides evidence on how financial dollarization affects the volatility of nominal and real Ghana cedi/U.S. dollar exchange rates. The study showed that the effect of financial dollarization on nominal exchange rate volatility in Ghana is positive, thus, as demand for U.S. dollars becomes more extensive, the cedi/dollar exchange rate becomes more volatile and unstable. The fourth essay investigates the role of dollarization in the dynamics of inflation and inflation uncertainty. Contrary to common logic, the results indicate that dollarization has not played a significant role in the dynamics of inflation volatility. The study posits that, although there is no significant impact of dollarization on inflation volatility, inflation targeting affects the inflation-inflation uncertainty relationship in Ghana. The last essay considers the effectiveness of monetary policy transmission in Ghana and examines whether the degree of dollarization hinders or facilitates that process by accounting for the role of the inflation targeting. The results show that credit and exchange rate channels dominate the transmission mechanism, with the former assuming a more significant role in the inflation targeting period. Moreover, the contribution of dollarization has diminished in the post-inflation targeting era, suggesting that monetary authorities have paid more attention to the effects of dollarization in the current monetary regime. A number of policy prescriptions arising from the thesis are presented to guide domestic authorities in smoothing the path of the instability in the economy.
MB2016
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Peñaloza, Pesantes Roberto Vicente. "Dollarization and price dynamics." Diss., 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/543516903.pdf.
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Hawkins, John Michael. "The Limits of Fire Support: American Finances and Firepower Restraint during the Vietnam War." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151185.
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Excessive unobserved firepower expenditures by Allied forces during the Vietnam War defied the traditional counterinsurgency principle that population protection should be valued more than destruction of the enemy. Many historians have pointed to this discontinuity in their arguments, but none have examined the available firepower records in detail. This study compiles and analyzes available, artillery-related U.S. and Allied archival records to test historical assertions about the balance between conventional and counterinsurgent military strategy as it changed over time.
It finds that, between 1965 and 1970, the commanders of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), Generals William Westmoreland and Creighton Abrams, shared significant continuity of strategic and tactical thought. Both commanders tolerated U.S. Army, Marine Corps, and Allied unobserved firepower at levels inappropriate for counterinsurgency and both reduced Army harassment and interdiction fire (H&I) as a response to increasing budgetary pressure. Before 1968, the Army expended nearly 40 percent of artillery ammunition as H&I – a form of unobserved fire that sought merely to hinder enemy movement and to lower enemy morale, rather than to inflict any appreciable enemy casualties. To save money, Westmoreland reduced H&I, or “interdiction” after a semantic name change in February 1968, to just over 29 percent of ammunition expended in July 1968, the first full month of Abrams’ command. Abrams likewise pursued dollar savings with his “Five-by-Five Plan” of August 1968 that reduced Army artillery interdiction expenditures to nearly ten percent of ammunition by January 1969. Yet Abrams allowed Army interdiction to stabilize near this level until early 1970, when recurring financial pressure prompted him to virtually eliminate the practice. Meanwhile, Marines fired H&I at historically high rates into the final months of 1970 and Australian “Harassing Fire” surpassed Army and Marine Corps totals during the same period. South Vietnamese artillery also fired high rates of H&I, but Filipino and Thai artillery eschewed H&I in quiet areas of operation and Republic of Korea [ROK] forces abandoned H&I in late 1968 as a direct response to MACV’s budgetary pressure. Financial pressure, rather than strategic change, drove MACV’s unobserved firepower reductions during the Vietnam War.