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Academic literature on the topic 'Amhara'
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Journal articles on the topic "Amhara"
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Tareke, Sibuh Gebeyaw. "From the Great Nationalism to Narrower Ethnonationalism in Post-1991 Ethiopian Federalism: Counter Narrative Advent of the Amhara Ethnic Nationalist Movements Sibuh Gebeyaw Tareke Department of Political Science and International Studies Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Email: sibuh2003@gmail.com." Research in Business and Management 10, no. 1 (2023): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rbm.v10i1.21491.
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Ethiopia is a multiethnic and multi-linguistic state. The country's political history has shown that it has been an empire state since ancient times. However, its diverse ethnic groups existed together as Ethiopian nationalists. Following the introduction of the socialist-oriented federal state in 1991, ethnonational movements took place in Ethiopian politics. The 1995 FDRE constitution gives the sovereign power to "nations, nationalities, and peoples" to maintain unity along with diversity. It also created ethnic federalism-based territorial units to liberate other ethnic groups from the past Amhara 'Neftegna' domination system. However, the recognition of these rights has promoted ethnonationalism rather than Ethiopianism. And also creates a tendency in other regions as Amharans have historically oppressed the different ethnic groups. Thus, the Amhara people who live in other areas have been discriminated against. This phenomenon has intensified the advent of Amhara nationalist movements. This study explores the theoretical frameworks of ethnonationalism and federalism. It also examined the causes and impacts of the deterioration of Ethiopianism and the advent of the Amhara nationalist movements in the case study areas. In the end, it provides mechanisms to maintain unity along with diversity in future Ethiopia.
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Abbay, Alemseged. "State-Building/State-Destroying in Ethiopia – A Backdrop to the Tigray Genocide." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 16, no. 3 (2023): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.3.6.
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Federalist Tigray and unitarian Amhara have been historical rivals in the daunting task of state-building in Ethiopia. To neutralize Tigray and its de facto federalism (1872–89), Amhara found a formidable ally in Italy, which colluded with Britian to have “a place in the sun.” Amhara rewarded Italy with half of Tigray, which was christened “Eritrea,” and imposed the unitarian system in the country. Worse still, in the middle of the 1950s, Amhara annexed the western and southern parts of Tigray. Tigray and Eritrea (which returned to Ethiopia in 1952) were suffocated by amharanization and political centralization, the twin pillars of the unitarian system. Military insurgencies brought the system to an end in 1991 and the Tigrayans who assumed the reins of power introduced de jure federalism, to the chagrin of the Amhara. The paper offers a critical historical analysis of state-building and state-destroying in Ethiopia, with particular attention given to the Amhara return to power in 2018 and humanity’s newest genocide in Tigray.
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Cheong, Hoi I., Allison J. Janocha, Lawrence T. Monocello, et al. "Alternative hematological and vascular adaptive responses to high-altitude hypoxia in East African highlanders." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 312, no. 2 (2017): L172—L177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00451.2016.
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Elevation of hemoglobin concentration, a common adaptive response to high-altitude hypoxia, occurs among Oromo but is dampened among Amhara highlanders of East Africa. We hypothesized that Amhara highlanders offset their smaller hemoglobin response with a vascular response. We tested this by comparing Amhara and Oromo highlanders at 3,700 and 4,000 m to their lowland counterparts at 1,200 and 1,700 m. To evaluate vascular responses, we assessed urinary levels of nitrate (NO3−) as a readout of production of the vasodilator nitric oxide and its downstream signal transducer cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), along with diastolic blood pressure as an indicator of vasomotor tone. To evaluate hematological responses, we measured hemoglobin and percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. Amhara highlanders, but not Oromo, had higher NO3−and cGMP compared with their lowland counterparts. NO3−directly correlated with cGMP (Amhara R2= 0.25, P < 0.0001; Oromo R2= 0.30, P < 0.0001). Consistent with higher levels of NO3−and cGMP, diastolic blood pressure was lower in Amhara highlanders. Both highland samples had apparent left shift in oxyhemoglobin saturation characteristics and maintained total oxyhemoglobin content similar to their lowland counterparts. However, deoxyhemoglobin levels were significantly higher, much more so among Oromo than Amhara. In conclusion, the Amhara balance minimally elevated hemoglobin with vasodilatory response to environmental hypoxia, whereas Oromo rely mainly on elevated hemoglobin response. These results point to different combinations of adaptive responses in genetically similar East African highlanders.
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Michael, Mackonen. "Who is Amhara?" African Identities 6, no. 4 (2008): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725840802417943.
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Chanie, Tilahun Abere. "The Current Amhara Fano Resistance: Viewed from the Historical Military Tradition of the Amhara People." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2024): 326–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.7.1.1955.
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This paper explores the contemporary Amhara Fano resistance in line with the historical military tradition and warriorhood culture of the Amhara people. Its purpose is twofold: presenting historical facts about Fano's origin and challenging misguided and incomplete portrayals of Fano from media outlets and political commentators concerning Ethiopia’s contemporary politics. The study employs qualitative method, and secondary sources of data from the literature, such as books, journal articles, government and international organization reports, newsletters, and other credible internet sources, are obtained and contextualized for analysis through the qualitative data analysis technique. The paper postulates that the current Fano resistance group originated from the Amhara people’s historical military tradition and warriorhood culture, though it has significantly evolved from a volunteer fighters’ group to a politico-military force with the aim of overthrowing the existing government and changing the country’s political system. In its current resistance movement, initially, Fano's organizational structure consisted of several autonomous fighter groups; however, attempts have recently been made by different Fano groups to avoid fragmented structures and establish military commands for organizational cohesion. The paper contextualizes the Amhara Fano’s resistance within the post-1991 political space of Ethiopia, marked by anti-Amhara narratives and systemic identity-based attacks, as the root cause. Recent developments, such as denying Amhara farmers fertilizer or barring travellers from their region in Addis Ababa, contribute to immediate catalysts. The Ethiopian government's decision in April 2023 to disband regional forces and disarm the Amhara Fano groups escalated the conflict in the Amhara region
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Shiferaw Chanie, Bantanyehu, and John Ishiyama. "Political Transition and the Rise of Amhara Nationalism in Ethiopia." Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 5 (2021): 1036–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219096211015322.
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Ethiopia is currently undergoing a significant political transition, a transition that began with the ascendency of Abiy Ahmed as a new chairman of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) and Prime Minister of the country. In a span of a little over a year, bold political reforms have been introduced. At the same time, these reforms have exacerbated ethnic tensions in the country. In a country that has experimented with ethnic federalism and where ethnicity is the main political organizing principle, the pressure towards ethno-national political movements is quite strong. This pressure has transformed the political identity of many groups, including the Amhara. Despite its longtime role as a major constituency for pan-Ethiopianist movements, many Ethiopians claim that the Amhara, the second largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, has recently exhibited a trend towards ethnonationalism. In this paper we explore two questions. First, is there evidence that an Amhara nationalism is emerging? And if so, what may be causing this? Using recent data from both the Afrobarometer and World Values Survey, we find a growing sense of defensive Amhara nationalism among Amhara respondents, although there is no indication of a general abandonment of the “Ethiopianist ( Ethiopiawinet)” ideal. We argue that this defensive nationalism is a product of a “security dilemma” dynamic facing the Amhara as the result of the continuation of the “Oppressor/Oppressed” narrative that has been adopted by the EPRDF regime. This ethnonational appeal resonates with young Amhara males, and those who believe that their group has been unfairly treated by the current regime.
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Adugna, Aynalem. "Regional Economic Favoritism and Redistributive Politics as a Public Good: The Case of Tigray Region in Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n1p1.
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The study investigated whether or not misdirection of public resources to a favored region brings material improvements in the lives of the population that is alleged to be receiving the resources.&nbsp; In this study, the region in question is Tigray province in northern Ethiopia.&nbsp; Economic data from the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) are examined with a focus on Tigray Region.&nbsp; The neighboring Amhara Region is used as control. Sample data on 1734 households from Tigray and 1902 households from Amhara Region were analyzed without weighting using the statistical software SAS 9.4 and the Geographic Information System software ArcGIS 10.4.1. We found evidence of a statistically significant advantage for Tigray Region in ownership of four modern amenities &ndash; radio, mobile phones, refrigerator, and access to electricity by individual households (p&lt; 0.001). However, we did not find evidence of greater wealth in Tigray for the general population when the analysis was rerun based on DHS&rsquo; wealth index. On the contrary, the data for sampling clusters in Tigray appeared to show the region as being poorer than Amhara when viewed through the lens of DHS&rsquo; wealth index which is a more comprehensive measure of economic&nbsp;wellbeing than owning a radio or possessing a mobile phone.&nbsp;&nbsp;A one-tailed Wilcoxon Man-Whitney U statistic of DHS&rsquo; wealth index for Tigray and Amhara Regions showed a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) with a higher mean score for Amhara Region (1870.3) than for Tigray Region (1761.6) suggesting a better economic standing for the population of Amhara Region than Tigray Region. We also found Amhara Region to be more egalitarian and Tigray Region less so on the scale of livelihoods captured by DHS&rsquo; economic indicators. Evidence for this comes from a Geographic Information System (GIS) Kernel Density analysis of DHS&rsquo; wealth index which showed what appear to be significant geographic concentrations of both poverty and wealth in Tigray Region.
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Muhamed, Ahmed Nuru, Sitotaw Kerie Bogale, and Henok Biresaw Netere. "Quality of Life and Associated Factors Among Adult Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy Treatment at Amhara National, Regional State, Ethiopia, 2021." SAGE Open Nursing 9 (January 2023): 237796082311748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23779608231174866.
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Background In cancer, quality of life (QoL) is an important patient-reported metric; evaluating how patients feel physically and emotionally while fighting the disease could lead to better treatment. Despite its therapeutic effects, chemotherapy treatment causes a plethora of side effects that can affect QoL. Factors affecting the QoL of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment in Ethiopia have not been thoroughly investigated. As a result, this study assesses QoL and associated characteristics among adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy at Amhara Region, Ethiopia in 2021. Martials and Methods From February 15 to May 15, 2021, an institutional based cross-sectional study was done in Amhara region. Three hundred fourteen patients were included in the study. The data was gathered using Amharic version of European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ C-30) through a face-to-face interview. Epi Data 4.6 was used to enter the data, which was then exported to SPSS version 23 for statistical analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The statistical significance was determined by a p-value of less than .05. Result Cancer patients in Amhara Region had a 44.32 average QoL. Emotional functioning AOR 1.01 (1.0–1.04), social functioning AOR 1.02 (1.01–1.03), nausea and vomiting AOR 0.95 (0.93–0.98), pain AOR 0.95 (0.93–0.98), financial difficulty 0.97 (0.95–0.99), education AOR 4.3 (1.49–12.32), underweight AOR 0.45 (0.24–0.84), > 5th cycle of chemotherapy AOR 4 (1.78–9.11), stage IV cancer AOR 0.21 (0.06–0.71), comorbidity AOR 0.28 (0.14–0.57), anxiety AOR 0.32 (0.12–0.84), and depression AOR 0.29 (0.13–0.63) were all significantly associated with QoL in multivariable logistic regression. Conclusion Adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in the Amhara region had a poor QoL. Emotional functioning, social functioning, nausea and vomiting, pain, financial difficulty, education, body mass index, cancer stage, chemotherapy cycle, comorbidity, anxiety, and depression all had association with QoL. To improve the QoL of cancer patients, QoL assessments, proper symptom management, nutritional support, and integration of psycho-oncology treatment should be considered.
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Damtie, Destaw. "Review of Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used to Treat Diarrhea by the People in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2023 (November 25, 2023): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8173543.
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Background. Diarrheal illness is the second-most common cause of death in under-five children. Worldwide, it results in about 1.7 billion illnesses and 525,000 deaths among under-five children annually. It is the leading cause of malnutrition among under-five children. Different people use medicinal plants to treat diarrhea. The present study aimed to review the medicinal plants used to treat diarrhea by the people in the Amhara region and to diagnose whether the antidiarrheal activities of the medicinal plants have been confirmed by studies using animal models. Methods. The author searched 21 articles from worldwide databases up to December 2022 using Boolean operators (“AND” and “OR”) and the terms “ethnobotanical studies,” “ethnobiology,” “traditional medicine,” “ethnobotanical knowledge,” and “Amhara region.” Results. From the 21 studies reviewed, 50 plant species grouped into 28 families were reported to treat diarrhea by the people in the Amhara region. The top most used families were Lamiaceae (12%), Fabaceae (8%), Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Poaceae (6% each). The modes of administration of the plant parts were orally 98.88% and topically 1.12%. The different extracts of 18 (or 36%) of the medicinal plants traditionally used to treat diarrhea by the people in the Amhara region have been proven experimentally in animal models. Conclusions. The people in the Amhara region use different medicinal plants to treat diarrhea. Most of them take the medicinal plants orally. The traditional claim that 60% of medicinal plants are antidiarrheal has been confirmed in in vitro studies.
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Pausewang, Siegfried. "THE TWO-FACED AMHARA IDENTITY." Scrinium 1, no. 1 (2005): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18177565-90000138.
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