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1

Chu, Haiyan, Takeshi Fujii, Sho Morimoto, et al. "Community Structure of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria under Long-Term Application of Mineral Fertilizer and Organic Manure in a Sandy Loam Soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 2 (2006): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01536-06.

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ABSTRACT The effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on the community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was investigated in a long-term (16-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included seven treatments: organic manure, half organic manure N plus half fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and the control (without fertilization). N fertilization greatly increased soil nitrification potential, and mineral N fertilizer had a greater impact than organic manure, while N deficiency treatment (PK) had no significant effect. AOB community structure was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the amoA gene, which encodes the α subunit of ammonia monooxygenase. DGGE profiles showed that the AOB community was more diverse in N-fertilized treatments than in the PK-fertilized treatment or the control, while one dominant band observed in the control could not be detected in any of the fertilized treatments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DGGE bands derived from N-fertilized treatments belonged to Nitrosospira cluster 3, indicating that N fertilization resulted in the dominance of Nitrosospira cluster 3 in soil. These results demonstrate that long-term application of N fertilizers could result in increased soil nitrification potential and the AOB community shifts in soil. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer N versus organic manure N; the effects of P and K on the soil AOB community; and the importance of balanced fertilization with N, P, and K in promoting nitrification functions in arable soils.
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2

Mwafulirwa, Samuel. "Evaluation of Mbeya Based Organic Fertilizer on Maize Yield and Yield Components in Malawi." Asian Plant Research Journal 11, no. 2 (2023): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/aprj/2023/v11i2208.

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The recent boom in organic business in the name of Mbeya manure fertilizer has taken shape in commercialisation without government approval as several implications were at stake. Laboratory and field experiments were, therefore, conducted to ascertain the quality of the products with and without modifications. The original products, as proclaimed by suppliers, were evaluated against the control treatment of inorganic fertilizer and the modified products by the inclusion of specific microorganisms in solubilisation of fixed nutrients and oxidation of ammonia and nitrite. Field layout followed a Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications and 5 treatments viz Modified Funani Mbeya fertilizer, Modified Kambeu Mbeya fertilizer, Original Funani Mbeya fertilizer, Original Kambeu Mbeya fertilizer and the recommended inorganic fertilizer for Maize. Besides assessing the grain yield, biomass and nutrient bioavailability, the effect of the organic fertiliser on biostimulation was also studied in the rhizospheric soil. Results showed that there were no significant differences in grain yield and its components between Mbeya based organic fertilisers and inorganic fertilisers. However, maize yield and some parameters (environmental and nutrient content) were higher in modified organic fertiliser.
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3

Lee, Yeon-Jin, Eun-Chae Im, Sung-Chang Hong, and Seong-Jik Park. "Characteristics of Ammonia Emissions from the use of Compost manure and Composite Fertilizer in Upland Field." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 45, no. 9 (2023): 388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.9.388.

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Objectives : This study aimed to monitor ammonia volatilization in upland fields under different nitrogen fertilizer applications, comparing compost manure (CM) and composite fertilizer (CF) and investigate the environmental factors influencing ammonia volatilization.Methods : Ammonia was collected using the static chamber method in upland fields, and the soil analyses were conducted before and after ammonia volatilization monitoring. Pearson's correlation analysis and machine learning were utilized to determine the relationship between ammonia volatilization and environmental factors. Growth characteristics of harvested crops were analyzed, and Duncan analysis confirmed significant differences between nitrogen fertilizer treatments.Results and Discussion : In both CM and CF fertilized fields, there was no significant difference in ammonia volatilization. However, more ammonia volatilization was observed in the potato field compared to the Chinese cabbage field, attributed to higher NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N content in the soil of the potato field. Machine learning identified soil temperature and moisture as significant factors affecting ammonia volatilization. The analysis of crop growth revealed a positive effect of increased nitrogen fertilizer application. The result showed that single CM application was insufficient to meet crop nutrient demands.Conclusion : This study quantified ammonia emissions, identified influencing factors, and provided valuable data for enhancing fertilizer use efficiency and nitrogen management strategies in agriculture.
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4

KYDYRALIYEVA, Aziza D., Uilesbek BESTEREKOV, Aidarbek A. BОLYSBEK, Marina M. YESKENDIROVA, and Kinis N. URAKOV. "OPTIMIZATION OF AN NPK-FERTILIZER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 35 (2020): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.02_kydyraliyeva_pgs_12_22.pdf.

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Ammoniac saltpeter is the most widespread in the world and effective nitric fertilizer. However, ammonia saltpeter has a severe disadvantage – fire risk and explosion hazard that causes some difficulties and restrictions of both its consumers and its manufacturers. The purpose of the present work consisted in the studying the possibility of production of NPК-fertilizers with improved agrochemical properties and a controlled ratio of nutrients N/Р2О5/К2О produced based on an ammonia saltpeter solution, ground phosphate rock, and potassium chloride. The laboratory and industrial experiments were continued using a rotatable planning method – the Box-Hunter second-order modeling technique. The article contains the research results on the regulation of nutritious elements (N/(Р2О5+K2O)) ratios in the NPК-containing fertilizers produced based on an ammonia saltpeter solution, a ground phosphate rock, and potassium chloride. The effect of independent variables – specific consumptions of ammonia saltpeter, a ground phosphate rock, and potassium chloride – was studied. The adequate regression equation of influence of these factors on an N/(Р2О5+K2O) ratio in the end products was obtained. Boundary values of the ammonia saltpeter, a ground phosphate rock and potassium chloride specific consumptions in the initial mixtures were found at which the total content of nutritious elements in the target products is from 30% to 33% and the N/(Р2О5+K2O) ratio has the optimum value (1.14 - 3.50).
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5

Yaseen, Muhammad, Adeel Ahmad, Muhammad Naveed, et al. "Subsurface-Applied Coated Nitrogen Fertilizer Enhanced Wheat Production by Improving Nutrient-Use Efficiency with Less Ammonia Volatilization." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (2021): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122396.

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Nitrogen (N) is an essential plant nutrient, therefore, N-deficient soils affect plant growth and development. The excessive and unwise application of N fertilizers result in nutrient losses and lower nutrient use efficiency that leads to the low crop productivity. Ammonia volatilization causes a major loss after N fertilization that causes environmental pollution. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of coating and uncoating N fertilizer in enhancing yield and nutrient-use efficiency with reduced ammonia emissions. The recommended rate of nitrogen and phosphorus, urea and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizers were coated manually with 1% polymer solution. DAP (coated/uncoated) and potassium were applied at the time of sowing as subsurface application. While urea (coated/uncoated) was applied as surface and subsurface application. Results showed that nutrient use efficiencies of wheat were found to be maximum with the subsurface application of coated N fertilizer which increased nutrient-use efficiency by 44.57 (N), 44.56 (P) and 44.53% (K) higher than the surface application of uncoated N fertilizer. Ammonia emissions were found the lowest with subsurface-applied coated N fertilizer. Thus, coated fertilizer applied via subsurface was found the best technique to overcome the ammonia volatilization with an improvement in the yield and nutrient-use efficiency of wheat.
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6

Hu, Zhongze, Daliu Yang, Yaming Feng, et al. "Green manure combined with reduced nitrogen reduce NH3 emissions, improves yield and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice." PeerJ 12 (July 22, 2024): e17761. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17761.

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Background Green manure is an important source of organic fertilizer. Exploring green fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer reduction is important for agricultural production. However, few studies have been conducted, especially on the effects of different green fertilizers along with reduced nitrogen fertilizer application on soil ammonia volatilization emissions, rice yield, and nitrogen fertilizer uptake and utilization. Methods In this study, the effects of different types of green manure and reduced nitrogen fertilizer application on soil ammonia volatilization emissions, aboveground population characteristics of rice, and nitrogen fertilizer uptake and utilization were explored. This study was based on a field-positioning experiment conducted between 2020 and 2022. Six treatments were established: no nitrogen fertilizer application (CK), conventional fertilization in wheat-rice (WR), villous villosa-rice (VvR), vetch sativa-rice (VsR), rapeseed seed-rice (RR), and milk vetch-rice (GR), with a 20% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application. The amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers remained unchanged. The characteristics of ammonia volatilization loss in rice fields, agronomic traits of rice, yield traits, and nitrogen uptake and utilization were investigated. Results The results indicated a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the impact of different treatments on ammonia volatilization emissions from rice in the two-year experiment. Compared with WR treatment, VvR, VsR, RR, and GR treatments reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 23.58 to 39.21 kg ha−1, respectively. Compared with the conventional WR treatment, other treatments increased rice yield by 0.09 to 0.83 t ha−1. GR treatment was significantly higher than other green fertilizer treatments, except for VsR (P < 0.05). It increased the nitrogen uptake of rice by an average of 4.24%–22.24% and 13.08%–33.21% over the two years, respectively. The impact of different types of green manure on the nitrogen uptake and utilization of rice varied greatly, indicating that the combination of green manure and fertilizer is a sustainable fertilization model for crops to achieve high yields. In particular, the Chinese milk vetch as green manure was more beneficial for ammonia volatilization reduction in paddy field and stable grain production of rice.
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7

Koestoer, Raldi H., Tri Ligayanti, Sutrasno Kartohardjono, and Harris Susanto. "Down-streaming Small-Scale Green Ammonia to Nitrogen-Phosphorus Fertilizer Tablets for Rural Communities." Emerging Science Journal 8, no. 2 (2024): 625–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2024-08-02-016.

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This study aims to evaluate the growth and production of sweet corn plants in response to the application of commercial NPK fertilizer and various doses of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets. From early October 2022 to late January 2023, research was conducted at Research and Development Luas Birus Utama to produce nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets and at Research and Development Syngenta Indonesia Cikampek Station, Karawang, to perform a semi-field analysis. A factorial randomized block design with two treatment factors was employed in this study. The first factor was five types of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets, namely, A (0% nitrogen and 6.3% phosphorus), B (0.81% nitrogen and 6.3% phosphorus), C (1.57% nitrogen and 6.1% phosphorus), D (2.33% nitrogen and 6.2% phosphorus), and E (3.06% nitrogen and 6.2% phosphorus). The second factor was F (standard nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). The results revealed that applying different dosages of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets in combination with potassium chloride fertilizer yielded no different effect on the growth, biomass, and yield components of sweet corn plants when compared to applying NPK fertilizer. A comparison between the soil test results before and after application revealed that the formulation of fertilizers in tablet form helps plants to effectively absorb the required nutrients. It is currently possible to develop small-scale or microscale green ammonia production technology to fulfill the fertilizer requirements of rural communities because of its low cost, low carbon emissions, and low renewable energy consumption. The scarcity of fertilizer supplies endangers Indonesia’s food sustainability. Nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablet production technology can be used in areas with a scarcity of inorganic fertilizers but with the potential for low-grade phosphate mines using commercial ammonia solutions. Thus, understanding how to produce nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer tablets from ammonia solution will aid in the acceptance of microscale green ammonia production technology. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-02-016 Full Text: PDF
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8

Majee, Subhasish, Gopinath Halder, R. N. Krishnaraj, and Tamal Mandal. "Development and Formulation of an Organic Fertilizer from Industrial and Agricultural Waste to Study the Growth of Marigold (Tagetes) Plant." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 3 (2020): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2020.5.3.033.

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The present study focused on the utilization of solid wastes viz. wet blue leather of leather industry, rice husk ash from rice mills, and water hyacinth in addition to a commercial steamed bone meal for the invention of nutrient-enriched organic fertilizer. To produce NPK organic fertilizer, chromium-free wet blue leather (WBL) as nitrogen source was amalgamated with rice husk ash, water hyacinth, and commercial steamed bone meal as a potassium and phosphorus source. The efficiency of such developed organic fertilizer designated as type I was tested as a nutrients source on the marigold plant. Ammonia analysis of fertilizer applied soil samples revealed that the content of liberated free ammonia in the soil fertilized with organic fertilizer was 44.80 %, 20.70 %, and 10.35% higher than the natural soil, chemically fertilized soil and fertilized with vermicompost respectively. Application of developed organic fertilizer and vermicompost designated as type II on marigold plant resulted in significant growth which are comparable to those obtained with commercial Chemical fertilizer. The plant growth increased by chemical fertilizer, Type I fertilizer, and Type II fertilizer in terms of plant height 26.5 %, 20 %, 22.7% and leaf size 21.2 %, 15.4 %, 17.3 % respectively which are observed to be higher than the growth of the control plant.
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9

Makaza, William, and Lotfi Khiari. "Too Salty or Toxic for Use: A Tale of Starter Fertilizers in Agronomic Cropping Systems." Agronomy 13, no. 11 (2023): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112690.

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The rising shortage of fertilizer resources in crop-producing regions worldwide and the need for fertilizer use optimization to minimize the impact of salt injuries and ammonia toxicity are at the centre of a brewing storm call for sustainable fertilizer savings. The allocation of fertilizers will be an ever-increasing pressure source because of vast agricultural demands under changing climatic conditions. Therefore, starter fertilizers must complement their efficiency and aim to boost productivity and improve food quality to reduce its toxicities, and these observations are corroborated by an analysis of past and ongoing short-, medium-, and long-term experiments. Concurrently, to counterbalance nutrient uptake, fertilizing products containing select nutrients are commonly placed through soil–seed or soil–fertilizer–seed systems to enhance crop production and productivity. Knowledge of the importance of starter fertilizers and their implications as influenced by frequent environmental conditions and management practices remains essential for sustainable and socio-economics of human livelihoods and successful global agronomic food systems under climate change. Therefore, this review takes a closer look at the detailed starter fertilizers’ (N, P, and K) placement approaches exploring their implications on crop production cycles and integrating them with environmental and agronomic management practices that could help to tailor the appropriate fertilizer recommendations and minimise fertilizer toxicity. We explored the mechanisms by which fertilizer salt injury and ammonia toxicity interfere with the morpho-physiological and biochemical processes in most agronomic seed crops. Beyond this, we show the advances that have already been made, as well as suggestions and recommendations concerning managing fertilizer salt injuries and ammonia toxicity potentials in the agricultural industry.
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10

Han, Zhengdi, Huijing Hou, Xianzi Yao, Xiang Qian, Qin Tao, and Mingyao Zhou. "Effects of Bio-Organic Fertilizers Substitution on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses in Rice Fields." Water 16, no. 9 (2024): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16091229.

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Traditional practices for managing irrigation and fertilizer in Chinese rice fields have historically consumed large amounts of water resources and caused serious gaseous nitrogen losses (ammonia volatilization and N2O), resulting in low water and fertilizer use efficiency. While both water-saving irrigation and substituting organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer can impact ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions, the impact of their combined application on gaseous nitrogen loss in rice fields remains unclear. To achieve this goal, we conducted a two-year experiment using two irrigation methods and three bio-organic fertilizer substitution modes. The experiment investigated the effect of different irrigation and fertilizer management techniques on gaseous nitrogen losses in rice fields. The result indicated that controlled irrigation could reduce the peak value of ammonia volatilization by 36.8~75.9% and ammonia volatilization accumulation by 45.8%. However, it also leads to a 71.4% increase in N2O accumulation emissions, resulting in a 43.0% reduction in gaseous nitrogen losses. Compared to full chemical fertilizers, bio-organic fertilizer substitution could effectively reduce the peak of N2O and ammonia volatilization. Cumulative ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions went down by 22.7~60.0% and 38.6~42.6%, respectively. This then led to a 23.4~52.9% drop in total gaseous nitrogen losses. In contrast, the utilization of controlled irrigation and bio-organic fertilizer substitution did not have a significant impact on rice yield. However, it did reduce the intensity of gaseous nitrogen loss from rice fields by 42.7% and 22.5% to 56.5%, respectively. When taken together, the substitution of bio-organic fertilizer in controlled irrigation can effectively reduce gaseous nitrogen losses while maintaining rice yields. This study has significant practical implications for reducing nitrogen loss from paddy fields, improving water and fertilizer utilization, and achieving sustainable agricultural development.
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11

Sheppard, S. C., S. Bittman, and T. W. Bruulsema. "Monthly ammonia emissions from fertilizers in 12 Canadian Ecoregions." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90, no. 1 (2010): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09006.

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Emissions of ammonia (NH3) from agriculture have been associated with transboundary atmospheric pollutant transport and potential human health problems. Specifically, NH3 gas reacts in the atmosphere to form fine particles (PM2.5) that are subject to long range transport and are considered to be associated with elevated risk of all-cause, lung-cancer and cardiopulmonary mortality. Agriculture is a major source of atmospheric NH3, and, of this, NH3 from fertilizers is perhaps the most easily managed. Recent shifts in nitrogen (N) fertilizer materials and improved placement of urea and related fertilizers have resulted in marked changes in emissions. This paper describes a model developed to predict month-by-month emissions of fertilizer NH3, supported by surveys of farmers and fertilizer industry personnel that update information on fertilizer use. Compared with previous estimates by Environment Canada, the fraction of fertilizer N emitted as NH3 is estimated to be 50% lower in the vast prairie regions (a very large reduction in total NH3), and about 30% lower in eastern Canada. The estimate for 2006 is 1.0 × 108 kg NH3 emitted directly from fertilizer application, 73% of this in the prairie region, and much of this in May. Overall, this indicates 6% of the applied fertilizer N is lost as NH3 gas. Clearly, emission estimates are strongly dependent on up-to-date information about farm practices.Key words: Model, urea, volatilization
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12

Kang, Seongmin, Goeun Kim, Joonyoung Roh, and Eui-chan Jeon. "Ammonia Emissions from NPK Fertilizer Production Plants: Emission Characteristics and Emission Factor Estimation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (2022): 6703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116703.

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Fertilizers are made from manure, but they are also produced through chemical processes. Fertilizer is an ammonia emission source; it releases ammonia when used. Ammonia is also emitted during the production process. Although many studies related to fertilizer application have been conducted, there are few research cases related to the production process and related emissions are not calculated. In this study, the ammonia emissions from NPK (nitrogen phosphorus Potassium oxide) fertilizer production facilities were checked through actual measurement and related characteristics were analyzed. In addition, emission factors were developed, and the necessity of developing emission factors was also confirmed. As a result of the development of the emission factor, it was found to be 0.001 kgNH3/ton, which is like the range of emission factors in related fields. The NPK ammonia emission factor of this study was found to be higher than the minimum emission factor currently applied in South Korea, and it was judged to be a level that can be used as an emission factor.
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13

Waheed, Irfan, and Audra Fuller. "Anhydrous ammonia pulmonary toxicity: A significant farming hazard." Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles 5, no. 19 (2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12746/swrccc.v5i19.397.

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Anhydrous ammonia is a toxic gas widely used as a fertilizer. In 2016 about 12 milliontons of ammonia were used in the production of fertilizers. We are reporting a case of severepulmonary toxicity from anhydrous ammonia fertilizer exposure. An 80-year-old male farmerwas accidentally exposed to anhydrous ammonia released from a pressurized fertilizer tank.He was intubated due to upper airway inhalation injury. Bronchoscopy showed extensivelower airway mucosal damage. The sloughed bronchial mucosa was removed from obstructedbronchi using a cryoprobe. He developed acute respiratory distress managed with lungprotective mechanical ventilation. He did not improve and tracheostomy was recommended.The patient’s family opted for comfort care only. Anhydrous ammonia can cause pulmonarytoxicity. Symptoms range from mild to severe and can be fatal at doses greater than 5,000parts per million. Early inspection of the upper respiratory tract and securing an airway arelifesaving. Management is supportive with oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Education, theuse of protective gear, and proper equipment handling are key steps in the prevention ofaccidental toxicity.
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14

Li, Tong, Jiaxin Cui, Wei Guo, Yingjun She, and Ping Li. "The Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Applications on Nitrogen Transformation and Yield in Greenhouse Tomato Cultivation with Surface and Drip Irrigation Techniques." Water 15, no. 20 (2023): 3546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15203546.

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Facility agriculture in China is facing the challenge of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen fertilizers), which hinder the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer allocation is essential to balance agricultural production and environmental concerns. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal organic fertilizer strategy for tomato cultivation under different irrigation methods. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, and two irrigation methods, surface irrigation (SI) and drip irrigation (SDI), were used during tomato growth. The fertilization treatments included urea alone (CK); 30%, 40%, and 50% chicken manure mixed with urea (FC1, FC2, FC3); and 50% cow manure and sheep manure mixed with urea (FB3, FS3). The results showed that the irrigation techniques and fertilization had significant effects on ammonia volatilization accumulation, soil mineral nitrogen content, and tomato yield and quality. Compared with the surface irrigation technique with the same amount of fertilizer application, the drip irrigation technique reduced the ammonia volatilization accumulation by a maximum of 76.40%. The SDIFC3 and SDIFB3 ammonia volatilization accumulation was as low as 5.24 (kg·hm−2) and 7.61 (kg·hm−2); the soil nitrate nitrogen content was reduced, and the tomato yield increased significantly by 17.11%. The SDIFC3 treatment achieved a maximum yield of 13,414 (kg·hm−2), increased the tomato vitamin C and soluble sugar contents by 19.13% and 8.97%, and lowered the titratable acid content by as much as 30.51%. Under drip irrigation fertilization conditions, the SDIFC3 treatment showed lower ammonia volatilization accumulation and the highest tomato yield and quality compared to CK and the same proportion of organic fertilizer substitutes with cow and sheep manure. The increase in the proportion of organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers resulted in a gradual decrease in ammonia volatilization accumulation and a gradual increase in the tomato yield and various qualities. The soil mineral N content, on the other hand, was significantly affected by irrigation, fertilizer application, and water–fertilizer interaction effects, with a tendency for the content to increase and then decrease after each fertilizer application. The mineral N content was lower with drip irrigation compared to surface irrigation, especially in the 10–20 cm soil layer than in the 0–10 cm layer. Increasing drip irrigation and organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased the vitamin C and soluble sugar contents in the tomatoes, while decreasing the titratable acid content.
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AbdulSayed, Ola D., and Hayfaa J. H. Al-Tameemi. "Efficiency of Prepared Chelate Fertilizer From Humic Acid in Reducing Ammonia Volatilization From Urea Fertilizer." Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 32 (November 22, 2019): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.271.

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Composted cow manure sample was collected from filed of college of Agriculture, University of Basrah. Its properties were identified. Humic acid was extracted from cow manure and diagnosed according to elemental analysis (CHN), spectral study (E4/E6), infra-red spectrum (IR), in addition to chemical composition of functional groups. Two types of humic acid were prepared, one of them humic acid with fermented plant residue (HA1-N) and other humic acid with zeolite (HA2-N). A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the amount of ammonia volatile from two prepared chelate fertilizers (HA1-N and HA2-N) and urea fertilizer by incubation two types of soils (sandy soil and clay loam soil) at 35°C with four rates of nitrogen (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg N kg-1 soil) and with five incubation time (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 days). The study found that increasing rate of nitrogen and incubation time increased ammonia volatilization, and the highest value was at the rate 500 mg N kg-1 soil and at 48 days of incubation to reach a 21.427 and 9.736 mg N-NH3 Kg-1 soil for sandy soil and clay loam soil, respectively. Application of two prepared chelate fertilizers (HA1-N and HA2-N) at rate 500 mg N Kg -1 reduced ammonia volatilization to 99.30 % and 98.62 % for sandy soil and 98.96 % and 97.77 % for clay loam soil comparing with urea fertilizer . Fertilizers were took the following order in reducing ammonia volatilization : HA1-N > HA2-N > Urea.
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Liang, Taibo. "Organic Fertilizer Regulates Soil Carbon, Nitrogen Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tobacco Production System." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 06 (2021): 1339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1796.

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The impact of organic fertilizers on the carbon source/sink balance of tobacco soil ecosystem remains controversial. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different fertilization treatments(no fertilizer,chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsincludingsoil carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia volatilization and comprehensive greenhouse effects. The results showed that tobacco soil ecosystem can be carbon source orsink, depending mainly on the carbon sequestration of the plant. Comparing with chemical fertilizer, the combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer increased the CO2emission flux and C emission from soil, and significantly increased the carbon sequestration of tobacco plants. The carbon sequestration function of organic fertilizer was closely related to the carbon accumulation of tobacco plants. Comparedwith the chemical fertilizer, soil ammonia volatilization and N2O emission flux were increased by adding organic fertilizer. Both the soil N emission and the biological nitrogen fixation were increased by organic fertilizer. The greenhouse gas emission intensity(GHGI)of organic fertilizer treatment decreased by 14.60%, a remarkable emission reduction, whilethe tobacco yield of organic fertilizer treatment increased 19.12%. Therefore, increasing organic fertilizer in tobacco planting fields is an important way to promote tobacco yield, carbon sequestration and emission reduction.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Yaseen, Muhammad, Adeel Ahmad, Noman Younas, et al. "Value-Added Fertilizers Enhanced Growth, Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency through Reduced Ammonia Volatilization Losses under Maize–Rice Cropping Cultivation." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (2023): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032021.

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Plant nutrition is an essential element for crop production and enormous amounts of fertilizers are used in agricultural systems. However, these sources emit toxic gasses and compounds in the environment that not only deteriorate soil quality but also cause a reduction in the use efficiency of applied nutrients. Therefore, the value addition of these fertilizer sources by coating micronutrients, microbes, polymers or other organic and inorganic compounds have been advocated recently. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of value-added fertilizer sources for growth and yield improvement of Zea mays (Pioneer-30T60) and Oryza sativa (Super Basmati-515) with a reduction in ammonia volatilization and an improvement in nutrient recovery by crop grains. Different phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer sources (Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), polymer coated DAP, zarkhez plus NPK, urea, polymer-coated urea and zabardast urea) were used in different combinations keeping one control for N. The results revealed that maximum growth, yield and nutrient recovery was shown by polymer-coated urea and DAP followed by zarkhez plus NPK and zabardast urea. Moreover, a minimum ammonia emission was recorded by polymer-coated fertilizers, but other value-added fertilizers were found inefficient in reducing ammonia emission, though these sources improved all growth and yield attributes. Nutrient recovery efficiency was patterned as; polymer coated fertilizers > zarkhez plus NPK + zabardast urea > zarkhez plus NPK + urea > DAP + zabardast urea > DAP + urea > DAP. Thus, the use of polymer-coated fertilizers was beneficial for both the reduction in ammonia volatilization and for improving nutrient use efficiency with maximum crop benefits.
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Chen, Youfan, Lin Zhang, Yuanhong Zhao, et al. "High-Resolution Ammonia Emissions from Nitrogen Fertilizer Application in China during 2005–2020." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (2022): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081297.

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The accurate estimation of ammonia emission is essential for quantifying secondary inorganic aerosol formation and reactive nitrogen deposition. During the last decades, both fertilizer type and the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer in China have changed, while the resulting changes in ammonia emissions and their spatio-temporal variations are unclear. In this study, we compile a long-term (2005–2020) high-resolution ammonia emission inventory for synthetic fertilizer in China with bottom-up method. We parameterized emissions factors (EFs) considering the impacts of soil properties, method of fertilizer application, fertilizer type, crop type, ambient temperature and wind speed. Meanwhile, the monthly nitrogen fertilizer application is calculated by detailed information on crop-specific fertilizer application practices. For the spatial distribution, the ammonia emissions from fertilizer mostly concentrate in eastern and southwestern China, coincident with the high density of agriculture activity and population in these regions. For the seasonal variation, the ammonia emissions from fertilizer application peak in spring and summer because of dense fertilizer application and high ambient temperature. For the long-term trend, we estimate that the emissions from synthetic fertilizer increased from 5.38 Tg in 2005 to 5.53 Tg in 2008 and remained nearly unchanged during 2008–2012, then decreased to 3.96 Tg in 2020. Urea, ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) and nitrogenous compound fertilizer are major fertilizer types used in China. Despite the increased use of nitrogen fertilizer, ammonia emissions remained stable throughout 2008–2012 with the declined use of ABC. This stable period also reflects ammonia emission increases in western China, offsetting the decreases in eastern China. Furthermore, our emission inventory provides a monthly estimation at a spatial resolution of 0.1 degrees, which can be applied to global and regional atmospheric chemistry model simulations.
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Anjur, Norashikin, Jalilah Ali, and Shazzan Amir Shahadan. "Effect of different fertilizers on the growth of duckweed (Lemna minor) as aquatic plant resources utilization in sustaining Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture." E3S Web of Conferences 479 (2024): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447903001.

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Duckweed (Lemna minor) is one of the smallest floating aquatic plants in the world. This plant is potentially important in the aquaculture feed industry since aquaculture feed is the major operational cost in fish production. This 37-days study was done to see the effect of different fertilizers; (goat manure, chicken manure and organic fertilizer) at the same concentration of 2g/L on duckweed growth. Tap water without fertilizer was used as a control. Water parameters such as pH, temperature, nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia were observed. The result of duckweed growth rate after 37 days in goat manure fertilizer (0.76 grams/day) is the highest followed by chicken manure fertilizer (0.15 grams/day), organic fertilizer (0.02977 grams/day) and the control (-0.00 133 grams/day). The number of the duckweed at the end of experiment by using the goat manure fertilizer is higher which is 489 units, followed by chicken manure fertilizer (179 units), organic fertilizer (64 units) and control (22 unit). Treatment of goat manure fertilizer has a high concentration of nitrate 1.99 ppm, ammonia 2.69 ppm and available phosphate 7.71 ppm which suitability for duckweed growth. Since duckweed is easy to be cultured, this natural resource of aquatic plants can be produced commercially for Red Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) farm.
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Manikandan, Angamuthu, and Kizhaeral S. Subramanian. "Study on mitigation of ammonia volatilization loss in urea through adsorbents." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 2 (2017): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i2.1258.

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Volatilized ammonia loss (VAL) and toxicity are major disadvantages on urea amendment. In order to mitigate, slow (or) controlled release urea based fertilizers are prepared with low cost materials. Therefore, micro and nano-sized adsorbents such as zeolite, biochar were impregnated with urea @1:1 ratio for fertilizer formulations. The objective of the study was to evaluate the VAL rate. To study the effect of soil texture, incubation experiment on two different soils of Tamil Nadu (TypicHaplustalf and VerticUstropepts) with 4 physically mixed, 4 fabricated, conventional urea and control without urea determined. Fertilizer formulations were surface applied @ 250 kg N ha-1 and assessed the VAL rate for 16 days. The trapped ammonia was observed with colour change from pink to greenish and titrated with diluted sulfuric acid. Initial 3 days VAL rate was high on urea, physically mixed adsorbent fertilizers than urea impregnated fertilizers and colour change was observed on every 4-6 h of both soils. In contrast, the urea impregnated fertilizers had colour change after 9-10 h regardless of adsorbent and soils. The fabricated fertilizer observed VAL rate on gradual with low quantity on T5- Zeourea (13.5 days, 15.1 days) T6- Nano-zeourea (15.5 days, 16 days), T9- Biourea (7.5 days, 7.1 days) and T10- Nano-biourea (9 days, 9.7 days) than T2- Urea (5.5 days, 4.6 days) of Alfisols and Inceptisols respectively. Cumulative VAL rate percentage was low on T5- Zeourea (30 %, 34 %), T6- Nano-zeourea (28 %, 29.3 %) T9- Biourea (39 %, 41.5 %) and T10- Nano-biourea (36 %, 37.5 %) of Alfisols and Inceptisols, respectively on comparison with other fertilizer type.It is concluded that the surface amendment of physically mixed fertilizers not influenced any change on both soils. Urea impregnation influenced on days and cumulative VAL percentage. Our study elucidates that micro and nano porous adsorbents are potential substrate to reduce VAL rate of urea in both soils.
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Lee, Yit Leng, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Samsuri Abdul Wahid, Mohamadu Boyie Jalloh, and Adiza Alhassan Muzah. "Nutrient Release and Ammonia Volatilization from Biochar-Blended Fertilizer with and without Densification." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (2021): 2082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102082.

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Blending fertilizer with biochar followed by densification to make it into a tablet can enhance the adsorption of fertilizer on the biochar surface and reduce the nutrient loss during handling. However, the nutrient release and ammonia volatilization from biochar-blended fertilizer with and without densification are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to determine the nutrient release and ammonia volatilization from an acid soil applied with biochar-blended NPK fertilizer with and without densification. The nutrient release of biochar-blended NPK was determined using water incubation for 30 days, whereas daily loss of ammonia was measured using a closed dynamic air flow system for 10 days. The densified biochar-blended NPK caused stronger physical binding of the nutrients within the tablet in addition to stronger chemical bondings between the nutrients with the biochar’s functional groups. As a result, nutrient release in the water incubation from the biochar-blended NPK fertilizer tablet was slower. However, blending the biochar with the NPK fertilizer increased soil ammonia volatilization relative to the NPK fertilizer alone. This demonstrates that the biochar-blended fertilizer tablet has the potential to serve as a slow release fertilizer for crop cultivation.
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22

Zhou, Zhongkai, Siyu Zhang, Na Jiang, et al. "Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Ammonia From a Wheat Site Under Intensive Management Affected by Different Fertilization Practices." Journal of the ASABE 66, no. 1 (2023): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.14852.

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Highlights The recommended mineral fertilizers plus organic fertilizer treatments increased the soil total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) levels. The application of organic fertilizer markedly reduced the loss of NH3-N compared to the application of mineral nitrogen alone. CO2 and N2O emissions from the application of organic fertilizer were higher than those from the application of mineral nitrogen under long-term fertilization. Abstract. Greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from wheat fields have been a serious challenge to agriculture and the environment. The integration of the use of inorganic N fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and crop residues and their environmental effects is needed under conventional tillage. In situ field experiments were established to evaluate the impact of different fertilization practices on soil greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from a winter wheat field. A fertilizer experiment was performed from 24th October 2019 to 11th June 2020 in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field in China with six fertilization treatments: (1) unfertilized control (UC); (2) recommended mineral fertilizer application of 200 kg ha-1 N (RF); (3) RF plus 15 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (RFLO); (4) RF plus 30 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (RFMO); (5) RF plus 45 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer (RFHO); and (6) traditional mineral fertilizer application of 300 kg ha-1 N (TF). The results showed that the RF plus organic fertilizer treatments increased the soil organic total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) levels. Under long-term fertilization, the CO2 emissions from the RFLO, RFMO, and RFHO treatments were 18.3, 19.9, and 20.0 t ha-1, respectively, compared with those from the RF and TF treatments (13.2 and 16.0 t ha-1, respectively). In addition, the N2O emissions from the organic-inorganic fertilizer treatment were 7.6 kg ha-1 for the RFLO treatment, 12.4 kg ha-1 for the RFMO treatment, and 8.1 kg ha-1 for the RFHO treatment, which were higher than those from the RF and TF treatments (3.1 and 5.6 kg ha-1, respectively). The NH3 emissions from the RFLO, RFMO, and RFHO treatments (17.3, 26.2, and 22.4 kg ha-1, respectively) were lower than those from the RF (31.2 kg ha-1) and TF (49.7 kg ha-1) treatments under long-term fertilization. The methane emission potential of organic-inorganic fertilizer applications was 27.0% to 98.5% higher than a single application of inorganic fertilizer. Keywords: Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Fertilization management, Nitrous oxide, Organic fertilizers, Winter wheat.
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Jati, Gahara Mahadyatmika, and Wahyu Wibowo. "Optimal points of operational parameters of sulphuric acid, phosphic acid, and ammonia production process." Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science 3, no. 1 (2023): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v3i1.672.

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PT Petrokimia Gresik is the most complete fertilizer producer in Indonesia and produces various types of fertilizers. NPK is a fertilizer that contains nitrogen (N) to make plants greener, phosphorus (P) to stimulate root growth, and potassium (K) to make plants more upright and sturdy. This study aims to determine the optimum value of using sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and ammonia so as to obtain the best value in producing NPK fertilizer. This research method uses quantitative descriptive research methods by collecting secondary data, namely the use of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and ammonia for a period of 1 year. Researchers use multiple regression analysis to determine whether or not there is an influence between the three variables to be studied, then the data is processed and analyzed to determine whether the regression model used is feasible to use before finally calculating the optimal point of NPK fertilizer production. The stages of data optimization in this study are the data collection stage, the data processing stage (descriptive data, parameter estimation, regression model), the data analysis and interpretation stage (F test, t test, IIDN assumption test for determining the optimum point), and the conclusion and suggestion stage. This study concluded that obtaining the optimum point for the amount of NPK fertilizer production can be done by regulating the use of phosphoric acid at 211.91 tons, Sulphuric acid at 844,099 tons, and ammonia at 308,055 tons. Total fertilizer production achieved with the use of optimum parameters amounted to 2085.38 tons.
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Xie, Lihua, Lingling Li, Junhong Xie, et al. "Substituting Inorganic Fertilizers with Organic Amendment Reduced Nitrous Oxide Emissions by Affecting Nitrifiers’ Microbial Community." Land 11, no. 10 (2022): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101702.

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Excessive inorganic fertilizers are one of the main causes of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Organic fertilizers can not only reduce the use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers by increasing soil organic matter but are also safe for the environment. The partial replacement of nitrogen (N) fertilizers with organic fertilizers can potentially reduce N2O emissions. To illuminate the best ratio for the nitrogen replacement of inorganic fertilizer, the present experiment was conducted in dryland areas of central Gansu Province and different portions of inorganic N fertilizers (200 kg ha−1); i.e., 0, 50, 37.5, 25, and 12.5% were replaced with commercial organic fertilizers to test their effects on soil physicochemical properties, the grain yield of maize, N2O emissions, and the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) communities. Results showed that the maximum N2O emission was obtained by 100% inorganic fertilizers and the lowest was obtained at the control (no fertilizer). Substituting inorganic fertilizers with organic manure not only reduced N2O emissions but also improved soil organic carbon content and soil moisture and typically improves grain yield and biomass. The highest reduction in N2O emissions was recorded by 50% substitution. Furthermore, 37.5% and 12.5% substitutions did not reduce the grain yield and biomass compared to 100% inorganic fertilizer, and a 37.5% substitution performed better in improving soil fertility. Organic fertilizer increased the amoA copy number of AOA but decreased that of AOB. Nitrososphaera (AOA) and Nitrosospira (AOB) were the most dominant ammonia-oxidizing communities. Structural equation modeling indicated that AOB contributes more N2O emissions than AOA and is more sensitive to changes in pH, moisture, and NO3−−N, and the input of organic fertilizers may affect AOB by influencing soil physicochemical traits. In summary, replacing a reasonable proportion (37.5%) of inorganic fertilizers with organic manure improves soil fertility, reduces N2O emissions, and stabilizes production.
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BECKMAN, JAYSON, and STEPHANIE RICHE. "CHANGES TO THE NATURAL GAS, CORN, AND FERTILIZER PRICE RELATIONSHIPS FROM THE BIOFUELS ERA." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 47, no. 4 (2015): 494–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2015.22.

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AbstractThe biofuels era brought about changes to the energy and agricultural sectors. For example, the decrease in natural gas prices has led to a weakening of the relationship between fertilizer and gas prices. The other change has been an increase in the demand for fertilizers, which has strengthened the price relationship between these two products. Econometric evidence from this work indicates that after 2008 the relationship between fertilizers and corn prices increased. In addition, results from our work indicate the presence of market power in the ammonia fertilizer sector.
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Hai, Brigitte, Ndeye Hélène Diallo, Saidou Sall, et al. "Quantification of Key Genes Steering the Microbial Nitrogen Cycle in the Rhizosphere of Sorghum Cultivars in Tropical Agroecosystems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 15 (2009): 4993–5000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02917-08.

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ABSTRACT The effect of agricultural management practices on geochemical cycles in moderate ecosystems is by far better understood than in semiarid regions, where fertilizer availability and climatic conditions are less favorable. We studied the impact of different fertilizer regimens in an agricultural long-term observatory in Burkina Faso at three different plant development stages (early leaf development, flowering, and senescence) of sorghum cultivars. Using real-time PCR, we investigated functional microbial communities involved in key processes of the nitrogen cycle (nitrogen fixation, ammonia oxidation, and denitrification) in the rhizosphere. The results indicate that fertilizer treatments and plant development stages combined with environmental factors affected the abundance of the targeted functional genes in the rhizosphere. While nitrogen-fixing populations dominated the investigated communities when organic fertilizers (manure and straw) were applied, their numbers were comparatively reduced in urea-treated plots. In contrast, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) increased not only in absolute numbers but also in relation to the other bacterial groups investigated in the urea-amended plots. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea exhibited higher numbers compared to AOB independent of fertilizer application. Similarly, denitrifiers were also more abundant in the urea-treated plots. Our data imply as well that, more than in moderate regions, water availability might shape microbial communities in the rhizosphere, since low gene abundance data were obtained for all tested genes at the flowering stage, when water availability was very limited.
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27

Souza, Carlos Henrique Eiterer de, Miguel Martins Neto, Fábio Aurélio Dias Martins, Débora Silvano Moreira, and Victor Gustavo Soares Ribeiro. "Glauconitic Siltstone: additive for ammonia retention and reduction of nitrogen volatilization loss." Geologia USP. Série Científica 23, no. 3 (2023): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v23-189192.

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Glauconitic siltstone is sedimentary rock used as raw material to produce a multinutrient fertilizer that can combine with urea to increase their agronomic efficiency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate glauconitic siltstone as additive to reduce nitrogen losses by ammonia volatilization in nitrogen fertilizers. The experiment used randomized block, in a portion subdivided over time, following a 6 x 8 factorial with four replications and treatments comprising glauconitic siltstone mixture at a dose of 100 kg N ha-1 (control, without the application of nitrogen; conventional urea – 45% N; commercial fertilizer registered with the trade name of Super N®; urea with addition of glauconitic siltstone: 9% N; 20 and 31% N) and the remaining portion divided in the collection time at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24 and 30 days after fertilizer application. The collection of the volatilized ammonia was made in a semi-opened free static chamber. The use of glauconitic siltstone associated with urea provided a reduction in loss by volatilization from 10 to 27% in relation to conventional urea. The treatments with application of urea with the urease inhibitor showed the lowest volatilization rate and delay in the volatilization peak, which occurred 17 days after fertilizer application. In addition to providing nutrients to the plants, glauconitic siltstone reduces ammonia losses.
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28

Patri, Moh Yogi. "Penentuan Kadar Ammonia (NH3) pada Limbah Cair K-36 dalam Rangka Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan." ALKIMIA : Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan 2, no. 2 (2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/alkimia.v2i2.2998.

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This research aims to know the levels of ammonia (NH3) in the liquid waste K-36 PT. PUSRI Palembang. PT. PUSRI Palembang was one of five plant fertilizer Indonesia Holding that manages natural gas in such a way that it becomes ammonia and through further processes produce urea fertilizer granules. The process of making urea fertilizer very complex by using high technology. PT PUSRI Palembang is one of the STATE-OWNED company that manufactures and markets products in the form of urea fertilizer. As for the methods used for the determination of the levels of ammonia (NH3) in the liquid waste K-36, i.e. using Nessler method before it is analyzed using spectrophotometer UV-Vis instruments. the test results obtained on the acidity and the ammonia levels different – different, the level of acidity that can range in 8.2 to 9.3. Whereas the levels of ammonia in can range up to 130 ppm 240 ppm. the levels of ammonia in the water channel K-36 still belongs to secure because it is still in the range 200 ppm and will still be in the aeration to evaporate ammonia before water dumped into the river.
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29

Prymak, I., M. Voytovik, O. Panchenko, et al. "Effect of fertilizing systems on changing the agrochemical properties of black soil typical under using tilled crops rotation by-products as an organic fertilizer during the crop rotation." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(161) (November 24, 2020): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2020-161-2-147-159.

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In general, the average annual loss of humus was 1.96 t/ha, 1.14 t/ha and 0.24 t/ha, respectively, for zero, first and second fertilizer levels in crop rotation, while the increase for the third level made 0.44 t/ha. At the highest fertilizer rate, total nitrogen reserves in crop rotation increased by 0.89 t/ ha. The annual application of 12 tons of manure + N95P82K72 per hectare of arable land ensured a deficit-free balance of humus in crop rotations and a slight decrease of 2.3 % of ammonia nitrogen in the arable layer over five years, which did not exceed LSD0.05. With the highest fertilizer rate, the ammonia nitrogen content in the black soil typical for five years increased by 2.0 mg/kg in total in crop rotations. The fertilizer rate of 12 t/ha of manure + N95P82K72 stabilized the mineral nitrogen content in the soil and the dose 159 of 16 t/ha of manure + N112P100K86 significantly increased the level in the crop rotation. Increase of available phosphorus content and potassium exchange in soil at the application of 12 t/ha of manure + N95P82K72 was not significant and made 1.0 mg/kg. The highest fertilizer rate significantly increased the content of these nutrients in the typical black soil arable layer. Over five years, exchange acidity at zero, first, second and third fertilizer levels decreased by 0.11, 0.10, 0.16 and 0.22, respectively, with the total for crop rotation of LSD0.05 0.12. Soil hydrolytic acidity for crop rotation at zero and first fertilizer levels increased by 0.15, and at second and third fertilizer levels – by 0.20 and 0.28 mg – eq/100g, respectively. The degree of soil saturation with the bases decreased during the rotation period at fertilized and unfertilized plots, but significant decrease was observed only at application of 16 tons of manure + N112P100K86 per hectare of arable land. The content of calcium exchange cations in the soil only decreased significantly during the rotation period when the highest fertilizer rate was applied annually. No significant deviations were found in the content of magnesium exchange cations in the soil. The crop rotations at unfertilized plots, fertilized with 8 t/ha of manure + N76P64K57, 12 t/ha of manure + N95P82K72 and 16 t/ha of manure + N112P100K86 were 2.35, 3.61; 4.77 and 5.77 t/ha dry matter respectively, 3.21; 5.04; 6.64 and 8.00 t/ ha feed units, 0.296; 0.422; 0.560 and 0.691 t/ha digestible protein at LDS0.05, 0.38; 0.51 and 0.043 t/ha, respectively. Key words: fertilizers, crop rotation, soil, crop, agrochemical properties, rotation period, yield, productivity.
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30

Marble, S. Christopher, Jeff L. Sibley, Charles H. Gilliam, and H. Allen Torbert. "Application of Composted Poultry Litter as a Fertilizer for Landscape Bedding Plants." HortScience 46, no. 10 (2011): 1367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.10.1367.

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Each year, over 16 million tons of poultry litter is produced in the United States. Federal and state regulations now limit the amount of poultry litter that can be land-applied, making it difficult to store and dispose of poultry litter. The objective of this study was to evaluate composted poultry litter (CPL) as a fertilizer source for bedding plants at various rates in comparison with commercially available inorganic fertilizers in regard to plant growth and nutrient leaching. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate use of CPL as fertilizer for landscape annual bedding plants. Petunia spp. ‘Celebrity Red’ and Verbena hybrida ‘Quartz Scarlet’ were planted in raised beds simulating an urban landscape. Before planting, 10 inorganic fertilizer or CPL treatments were incorporated into the raised beds, including Peafowl® brand garden-grade fertilizer 13N–5.6P–10.9K (13-13-13) at rates of 4.9 g N/m2 and 9.8 g N/m2, Polyon® 13N–5.6P–10.9K (13-13-13) at rates of 4.9 g N/m2 and 9.8 g N/m2, and CPL at rates of 4.9 g N/m2, 9.8 g N/m2, 19.6 g N/m2, 29.4 g N/m2, 39.2 g N/m2, and 49 g N/m2. Use of CPL incorporated into landscape planting beds as a fertilizer source resulted in plants equal to or larger than plants grown with conventional inorganic fertilizers. Nitrate (NO3) and ammonia (NH4) levels in leachates from plots amended with CPL were comparable with plots amended with commercial inorganic fertilizers and nitrogen (N) levels were in most cases less in plots fertilized with CPL when compared with inorganic fertilizers when the same N rate was applied. Composted poultry litter may not be able to fully replace inorganic fertilizers, but it can reduce inorganic fertilizer requirements and provide an environmentally sound alternative to poultry waste disposal as well as provide beneficial aspects for plant growth in annual bedding plants.
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31

Oyekale, Kehinde oluwaseun. "Effect of Application of Sole Organic, Inorganic Fertilizers and their Combinations on the Growth and Biological Yield of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis)." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 5, no. 3 (2016): 754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v5i3.5043.

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The effect of application of sole organic, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations was investigated on the growth and biological yield of Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) at the Teaching and Research Farm, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun state, Nigeria. Ten treatments were involved namely: No fertilizer (control), 100kgN/ha as Sulphate of Ammonia, SA (21%N), 100kgN/ha as Composted Maize Cob, CMC (0.97%N), 100kgN/ha as Composted Saw Dust, CSD (1.01%N), 50:50 CMC/SA combination, 50:50 CSD/SA combination, 50:50 CMC/CSD combination, 75:25 CMC/SA combination, 75:25 CSD/SA combination, 75:25 CMC/CSD combination, the treatments were replicated four times using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Seedling emergence, Leaf area, Leaf number, Plant height and dry matter weight of the crops were assessed. On the Plant height and Leaf number, application of 75:25 CMC/SA combination resulted in taller plants and more leafiness at 3 WAP compared to 75:25 CMC/CSD combination. The application of 100kgN/ha as sole Sulphate of Ammonia, gave the least leaf number and the shortest plant at 4WAP. The sole application of any of the organic fertilizers 100kgN/ha has proven to be superior in terms of (vegetative yield) of Telfairia occidentalis (ugu-elu) than its combination of each of the organic fertilizer with sulphate of ammonia.Keywords: Organic fertilizer, Inorganic fertilizer, Fluted pumpkin, Yield.
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Redouane, Fares, Bouadi Abed, and Lounis Mourad. "Impact of nitrate ammonium and calcium (CAN27%) on the environment." ITM Web of Conferences 17 (2018): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20181703006.

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In this research, a detailed study for energy consumption levels evaluation and environmental impacts assessment in the fertilizers production sector in Algeria was achieved. An analysis of the various inputs and outputs to the process to identify different sources of pollution throughout the life cycle of fertilizer was used. One product is making the subject in this study; CAN 27% N. The flows of material and energy for each phase of the life cycle were counted and the associated environmental problems were identified. The analysis was conducted according to the LCA standards ISO (International Standard Organization) 14040 series and the impacts categories studied are Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, Troposphere Ozone Precursor Potential, and Resources use. The results show that Cumulative Energies Requirement and GHG emission in Algerian fertilizers production process are significant. Ammonia plant use 82% of total natural gas that is consumed by fertilizer manufactory. Production of ammonia per year requires 4,506.107MJ of electricity and 2,059.108of natural gas and generates 1.82 T CO2 eq. (equivalent).
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33

Calábková, Katrin, Petra Malíková, Silvie Heviánková, and Michaela Červenková. "Recycling of Phosphorus and Ammonia Nitrogen from Digestate." GeoScience Engineering 64, no. 4 (2018): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gse-2018-0020.

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Abstract Digestate from biogas plants, formed by dewatering anaerobically stabilized sludge, is characteristic of high concentrations of phosphates and ammonia nitrogen suitable for further use. Phosphorus is an element widely used to produce fertilizers, and because of its continually shortening natural supplies, recycling of phosphorus is gaining on significance. Both phosphorus and nitrogen are important elements and their presence affect the quality of water resources. Both elements can contribute to eutrophication. At the same time, both phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen, are important elements for agricultural production, and therefore greater demands are being made on the effort to connect sewage treatment processes and the process of recycling of these nutrients. A suitable product of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen are phosphates in the form of a structurally-poorly soluble precipitate of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite). This form of slowly decomposing fertilizer is distinguished by its fertilizing abilities. Compared to direct use of digestate as a fertilizer, struvite is more stable and can gradually release ammonia nitrogen for a long time without unnecessary losses. In the reported experiments, the precipitation efficiency of the recycling of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus from the digestate liqour (liquid discharge from digestate) was, at a stoichiometric ratio of Mg2+: NH4+: PO43− (3.2: 1: 0.8) and a stirring time of 15 minutes, 87 % for ammonia nitrogen ions.
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Soloveichik, Grigorii L. "(Invited) Ammonia: From Fertilizer to Fuel." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-01, no. 40 (2021): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-01401287mtgabs.

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35

Peng, Lingyun, Limin Tao, Shutan Ma, et al. "15N Natural Abundance Characteristics of Ammonia Volatilization from Soils Applied by Different Types of Fertilizer." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (2022): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101566.

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Ammonia (NH3) volatilized from cropland significantly impacts the ecological environment and human health. The identification and quantification of atmospheric sources of NH3 from cropland are therefore important for NH3 emission reduction and air pollution control. Choosing appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilizer types is one of the key ways to reduce NH3 emissions from agricultural systems due to different N fertilizers with different emission factors. The natural abundance isotope of N (δ15N) values can well identify the source of NH3 volatilization, although there is rare research on δ15N-NH3 values volatilized when applying different types of N fertilizers. Here, we conducted an incubation experiment to study the characteristics of δ15N-NH3 values during the whole volatilization process after different N fertilizers were applied to the soil. The results show that the cumulative NH3 volatilization from urea (U), urease inhibitor fertilizer (UI), compound fertilizer (CF) and ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer (AP) treatment was 5.25 ± 0.00, 3.11 ± 0.00, 3.22 ± 0.19 and 1.38 ± 0.12 kg N ha−1 at the end of the 15-day incubation period, respectively. The average δ15N value of NH3 volatilized from the U, UI, CF and AP treatments was −36.02 ± 4.95, −29.08 ± 9.70, −35.18 ± 4.98 and −29.42 ± 4.33‰, respectively. Generally, the δ15N-NH3 values ranged from −41.33 to −6.30‰ during the NH3 volatilization process. The δ15N-NH3 value was lower in the U treatment than in the UI and AP treatments (p < 0.05), which suggests that N forms and the slow-release additions of different fertilizers, such as NO3−-N and urease inhibitors, can delay or slow down NH3 volatilization, resulting in relative isotopic enrichment. Therefore, the basic properties of different N fertilizers, the changes in soil NH4+-N and cumulative NH3 during the volatilization process significantly impacted the δ15N-NH3 values.
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36

Mendum, T. A., R. E. Sockett та P. R. Hirsch. "Use of Molecular and Isotopic Techniques To Monitor the Response of Autotrophic Ammonia-Oxidizing Populations of the β Subdivision of the Class Proteobacteria in Arable Soils to Nitrogen Fertilizer". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, № 9 (1999): 4155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.9.4155-4162.1999.

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ABSTRACT This study examined the effects of NH4NO3fertilizer on the size and activity of nitrifying, autotrophic, ammonia-oxidizing populations of the β subdivision of the classProteobacteria in arable soils. Plots under different long-term fertilizer regimes were sampled before and after NH4NO3 additions, and the rates of nitrification were determined by 15N isotopic pool dilution assays. Ammonia-oxidizing populations in the plots were quantified by competitive PCR assays based on the amoA and ribosomal 16S genes. Prior to fertilizer addition, ammonium concentrations and nitrification rates in the plots were comparatively low; ammonia-oxidizing populations were present at 104 to 105 gene copies g of soil−1. Three days after the application of fertilizer, nitrification rates had risen considerably but the size of the ammonia-oxidizing population was unchanged. Six weeks after fertilizer treatment, ammonium concentrations and nitrification rates had fallen while the ammonia-oxidizing populations in plots receiving fertilizer had increased. The rapidity of the rise in nitrification rates observed after 3 days suggests that it results from phenotypic changes in the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial population. Associated increases in population sizes were only observed after 6 weeks and did not correlate directly with nitrifying activity. Phylogenetic analyses of PCR products from one of the plots revealed a population dominated byNitrosospira-type organisms, similar to those prevalent in other soils.
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37

Freitas, Tainah, Damiany Pádua Oliveira, Mateus Portes Dutra, et al. "Blending Controlled-Release and Urease-Inhibitor Technologies as Innovative Solutions to Reduce Ammonia Emissions in Coffee Environments." Soil Systems 7, no. 4 (2023): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7040083.

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Enhanced efficiency fertilizers, such as urea treated with a urease inhibitor, controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs), and fertilizer blends, compose important strategies for improving efficiency in nitrogen (N) use by plants and mitigating ammonia (N-NH3) emissions. The physical mixture of fertilizers in blends can favor synchronization of N-release from the fertilizers and N-uptake by coffee plants and also dilute the costs of acquiring a pure CRF, making fertilizer blends more accessible to growers. To investigate this, a field experiment was conducted over two consecutive crop years with Coffea arabica with the aim of evaluating nitrogen fertilizer technologies at application rates ranging from 0 to 450 kg N ha−1. The fertilizers were characterized, and analyses were performed to quantify N-release from the fertilizers, ammonia volatilization, and nutritional and yield aspects of the coffee plant. The fertilizers used were urea (UCon), urea treated with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric-triamide (UNBPT), urea-coated with polymer of the E-Max technology (with 41%N (EMax41) or 43%N (EMax43)), and blends of UNBPT with E-Max (Blend41–Blend43). The cumulative N-release for EMax41 always remained below that for EMax43, just as occurred for Blend41 in relation to Blend43. Over the two crop years, the greatest volatilization of N-NH3 occurred with UCon (~25%) and the least with EMax41 (9%). The results indicate that the technologies mitigated the N-NH3 emissions in relation to UCon [EMax41 (63% mitigation) > Blend41 (43%) > EMax43 (32%) > UNBPT (28%) > Blend43 (19%)]. Crop management affects coffee yield. The yield increase went from 20% in the first crop year to 75% in the second, with better results from fertilizers containing CRF. We present information that can assist fertilizer producers and coffee growers, and, above all, we seek to contribute to environmental action for the reduction of agricultural NH3, clarifying potential strategies for mitigation of these emissions and strategies that generate advances in research on technologies for coffee growing.
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38

Solihati, Dwitya, and Muhammad Ilyas. "Bronchial Asthma Among Synthetic Fertilizer Factory Workers Exposed to Ammonia." Indonesian Journal of Community and Occupational Medicine 2, no. 1 (2022): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53773/ijcom.v2i1.56.17-25.

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Background: Ammonia is colorless gaseous compound, lucid and irritating material that is water soluble with a distinctly pungent odor. About 80% of the total usage of ammonia is mainly used to produce synthetic fertilizers. One of the health problems caused by ammonia is bronchial asthma. Ammonia can act as sensitizer or irritant asthmagen depend on their properties, which increased complex interaction of inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airflow obstruction. However, the causal relationship between ammonia and bronchial asthma is still unclear, so it is necessary to look for some evidence regarding this relationship. The search for evidence also included the seven-step assessment of occupational diagnosis of diseases. Therefore, it can assist occupational medicine doctors who treat patients with bronchial asthma and with a history of ammonia exposure. Methods: The literature searching using the electronic database “PubMed”, “Scopus”, and “Cochrane” search engine. Keywords used were worker, ammonia, and bronchial asthma, ventilatory disorder, respiratory disorder. The articles were selected using the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected articles were then be critically reviewed based on etiological studies from the Oxford Center of Evidence-Based Medicine. Result: From the five literature obtained, there are differences in results. One article stated that ammonia can increase prevalence risk of bronchial asthma, and other four articles found significant associations between ammonia and reduction in the parameters of pulmonary function. Conclusion: There is a relationship between ammonia exposure and the prevalence of bronchial asthma and reduction of pulmonary function in synthetic fertilizer factory worker. But it is uncertain whether the diagnosis is occupational asthma.
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Intan, B. L., N. I. Setianingsih, Sudarno, S. Sumiyati, and R. Purba. "Potential of aerobic granular sludge technology for domestic wastewater treatment of high ammonia from urea fertilizer industry." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1268, no. 1 (2023): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1268/1/012029.

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Abstract Fertilizer is the main element that has an essential role in the sector of agriculture. Urea fertilizer has a source of Nitrogen with 46.04%. Ammonia is a chemical complex that is used and produced from the processing of urea fertilizer. A specific domestic wastewater quality standard for industry explains that the maximum level of ammonia allowed in effluent water was 10 mg/l. In the urea fertilizer industry wastewater treatment results were found to be in the range of 19.49 - 42.4 mg/l. Activated sludge technology is considered fairly effective in wastewater treatment but requires a large amount of energy and additional land for handling excess sludge. From the disadvantages, it is necessary to conduct research related to the effectiveness of high ammonia wastewater treatment that is environmentally friendly. Aerobic granule is characterized by a compact and dense structure, high biomass residence time, resistance to shock loading and toxic compounds, and a high settling speed so that it can produce a compact reactor design. Aerobic granule allows ammonia removal to reach more than 97%. This article aims to review the potential of implementing the use of aerobic granular sludge technology for ammonia removal in the wastewater of the urea fertilizer industry.
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40

Mohamad, Norhidayah, Nor Azlina Ab. Aziz, Anith Khairunnisa Ghazali, and Mohd Rizal Salleh. "Improving Ammonia Emission Model of Urea Fertilizer Fluidized Bed Granulation System Using Particle Swarm Optimization for Sustainable Fertilizer Manufacturing Practice." Processes 12, no. 5 (2024): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12051025.

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Granulation is an important class of production processes in food, chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing industries. In urea fertilizer manufacturing, fluidized beds are often used for the granulation system. However, the granulation processes release ammonia to the environment. Ammonia gas can contribute to eutrophication, which is an oversupply of nitrogen and acidification to the ecosystems. Eutrophication may cause major disruptions of aquatic ecosystems. It is estimated that global ammonia emissions from urea fertilizer processes are approximately at 10 to 12 Tg N/year, which represents 23% of overall ammonia released globally. Therefore, accurate modeling of the ammonia emission by the urea fertilizer fluidized bed granulation system is important. It allows for the system to be operated efficiently and within sustainable condition. This research attempts to optimize the model of the system using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The model takes pressure (Mpa), binder feed rate (rpm) and inlet temperature (°C) as the manipulated variables. The PSO searches for the model’s optimal coefficients. The accuracy of the model is measured using mean square error (MSE) between the model’s simulated value and the actual data of ammonia released which is collected from an experiment. The proposed method reduces the MSE to 0.09727, indicating that the model can accurately simulate the actual system.
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41

Avrahami, Sharon, and Ralf Conrad. "Patterns of Community Change among Ammonia Oxidizers in Meadow Soils upon Long-Term Incubation at Different Temperatures." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 10 (2003): 6152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.10.6152-6164.2003.

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ABSTRACT The effect of temperature on the community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria was investigated in three different meadow soils. Two of the soils (OMS and GMS) were acidic (pH 5.0 to 5.8) and from sites in Germany with low annual mean temperature (about 10°C), while KMS soil was slightly alkaline (pH 7.9) and from a site in Israel with a high annual mean temperature (about 22°C). The soils were fertilized and incubated for up to 20 weeks in a moist state and as a buffered (pH 7) slurry amended with urea at different incubation temperatures (4 to 37°C). OMS soil was also incubated with less fertilizer than the other soils. The community structure of ammonia oxidizers was analyzed before and after incubation by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the amoA gene, which codes for the α subunit of ammonia monooxygenase. All amoA gene sequences found belonged to the genus Nitrosospira. The analysis showed community change due to temperature both in moist soil and in the soil slurry. Two patterns of community change were observed. One pattern was a change between the different Nitrosospira clusters, which was observed in moist soil and slurry incubations of GMS and OMS. Nitrosospira AmoA cluster 1 was mainly detected below 30°C, while Nitrosospira cluster 4 was predominant at 25°C. Nitrosospira clusters 3a, 3b, and 9 dominated at 30°C. The second pattern, observed in KMS, showed a community shift predominantly within a single Nitrosospira cluster. The sequences of the individual DGGE bands that exhibited different trends with temperature belonged almost exclusively to Nitrosospira cluster 3a. We conclude that ammonia oxidizer populations are influenced by temperature. In addition, we confirmed previous observations that N fertilizer also influences the community structure of ammonia oxidizers. Thus, Nitrosospira cluster 1 was absent in OMS soil treated with less fertilizer, while Nitrosospira cluster 9 was only found in the sample given less fertilizer.
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42

Asibi, Aziiba Emmanuel, Wen Yin, Falong Hu, et al. "Optimized nitrogen rate, plant density, and irrigation level reduced ammonia emission and nitrate leaching on maize farmland in the oasis area of China." PeerJ 10 (January 19, 2022): e12762. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12762.

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Nitrogen fertilizers play a key role in crop production to meet global food demand. Inappropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer coupled with poor irrigation and other crop management practices threaten agriculture and environmental sustainability. Over application of nitrogen fertilizer increases nitrogen gas emission and nitrate leaching. A field experiment was conducted in China’s oasis irrigation area in 2018 and 2019 to determine which nitrogen rate, plant density, and irrigation level in sole maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system reduce ammonia emission and nitrate leaching. Three nitrogen rates of urea (46-0-0 of N-P2O5-K2O), at (N0 = 0 kg N ha−1, N1 = 270 kg N ha−1, and N2 = 360 kg N ha−1) were combined with three plant densities (D1 = 75,000 plants/ha−1, D2 = 97,500 plants/ha−1, and D3 = 120,000 plants/ha−1) with two irrigation levels (W1 = 5,250 m3/hm2 and W2 = 4,740 m3/hm2) using a randomized complete block design. The results showed that, both the main and interaction effects of nitrogen rate, plant density, and irrigation level reduced nitrate leaching (p < 0.05). In addition, irrigation level × nitrogen rate significantly (p < 0.05) reduced ammonia emission. Nitrate leaching and ammonia emission decreased with higher irrigation level and higher plant density. However, high nitrogen rates increased both nitrate leaching and ammonia emission. The study found lowest leaching (0.35 mg kg−1) occurring at the interaction of 270 kg N ha−1 × 120,000 plants/ha−1 × 4,740 m3/hm2, and higher plant density of 120,000 plants/ha−1 combined with 0 kg N ha−1 and irrigation level of 5,250 m3/hm2 recorded the lowest ammonia emission (0.001 kg N)−1. Overall, ammonia emission increased as days after planting increased while nitrate leaching decreased in deeper soil depths. These findings show that, though the contributory roles of days after planting, soil depth, amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied and year of cultivation cannot be undermined, it is possible to reduce nitrate leaching and ammonia emission through optimized nitrogen rate, plant density and regulated irrigation for agricultural and environmental sustainability.
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43

PAMPURO, N., C. BERTORA, D. SACCO, et al. "Fertilizer value and greenhouse gas emissions from solid fraction pig slurry compost pellets." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 10 (2017): 1646–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961700079x.

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SUMMARYConversion of pig slurry to pellets is a desirable fertilizer option for farmers who want to mitigate environmental pollution from slurry accumulation. The goals of the current investigation were to determine the fertilizer properties of pig slurry solid fraction (SF) pellets and to assess its potential to enhance soil properties in order to reduce ammonia (NH3) volatilization and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Various parameters influence SF-based pellet fertilizer effectiveness: bulking agent use during composting, pellet diameter sizing and soil application type (superficially or incorporated into the soil). Two composts from the same pig slurry SF obtained from a screw press separator were prepared: pig SF compost without a bulking agent (SSFC) and pig SF compost with wood chips as the bulking agent (wood chip compost (WCC)). For each compost type, pellets of two different diameters (6 and 8 mm) were produced. A mesocosm experiment, conducted with maize plants, was used to test the fertilizer value of the considered pellets. In total, three compost fertilizers – SSFC, WCC and nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium mineral fertilizer 15 : 15 : 15, plus one unfertilized control treatment – were applied at the same N rate (equivalent to 200 kg/ha) using two different methods (surface and soil incorporation). After 65 days, above-ground biomass, roots and soil samples were collected and analysed. Subsequently, a second mesocosm study was undertaken to measure NH3and GHG emissions released from pellet fertilization. Ammonia volatilization was determined immediately after pellet application, while carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were monitored for 57 days. Study results indicated that both pellet types were effective slow-release fertilizers for maize. Additionally, three actions seemed to make the nutrients contained in pig SF compost pellets more available to plants: addition of a bulking agent before composting, use of small diameter pellets and soil incorporation of the fertilizer.
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44

Azab, Ehab, and Abdel-fatah Salah Soror. "Physiological Behavior of the Aquatic Plant Azolla sp. in Response to Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers." Plants 9, no. 7 (2020): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9070924.

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The present investigation aims to evaluate the impacts of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the water parameters and physiological behaviors of an aquatic plant (Azolla sp.). The experiment used three groups: treatment with organic or inorganic fertilizer and a group with no fertilization as a control. Azolla sp. were grown in cement ponds that received different treatments. For water analysis, the obtained results clarified that fertilization resulted in no variation in the temperature or total hardness among different treatments. Organic fertilizer increased the dissolved phosphorus content, total hardness, and bicarbonate alkalinity, as well as the total phosphorus content, whereas inorganic treatment increased the pH, total ammonia content, and total nitrogen content. Regarding the biochemical composition of Azolla sp., the chlorophyll content showed no variation among different treatment groups, while organic matter showed high variation among different treatment groups. The highest values for ash and fat content were recorded in control ponds. The highest protein content was found in organic treatment ponds. The addition of fertilizers led to an increase in the tissue contents of N and P compared to the control. This increase was highest when Azolla sp. was fertilized with organic fertilizer. The atomic N:P ratio was low in tissues subjected to either treatment compared with the control. The doubling time of Azolla sp. was decreased by fertilization. It is concluded that different fertilizer systems have significant effect on physico-chemical and biological parameters of water. Fertilization positively affects Azolla sp. growth. Organic fertilizer was more efficient for the growth of Azolla sp., so it can be considered as a source of biofertilizer and green manure in areas where it spreads.
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45

Budiastuti, Herawati, Annisa Nurazizah, Fitri Apriyanti, Robby Sudarman, Laily Isna Ramadhani, and Pratap Pullammanappalil. "Treatment and Handling of Hydraulic Shock Load of Urea Fertilizer Wastewater in Sequencing Batch Reactor." Current Journal: International Journal Applied Technology Research 5, no. 1 (2024): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/ijatr.v5i1.135.

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The production process in the urea fertilizer industry produces wastewater with a very high ammonia content, which exceeds the quality standards for fertilizer wastewater. Therefore, it is necessary to treat urea fertilizer wastewater, which has a high ammonia content. One of the technologies that can be used to treat this type of wastewater is the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) technology. The SBR technology was chosen because it only requires one reactor for the entire process, in which in conventional activated sludge systems it occurs in several reactors. Shock loading often occurs in wastewater treatment plants, including both organic shock loads and hydraulic shock loads. The waste used in the SBR operation in this research is urea fertilizer wastewater originating from a urea fertilizer industry in West Java, Indonesia. The parameters to be tested were COD, MLVSS, DO, pH, temperature, turbidity, and ammonia concentration. The results showed that the efficiency of reducing ammonia levels under normal loading with a flow rate of 300 mL/day was 99.5%, whereas when given a shock load of 600 mL/day, an efficiency of 98% was obtained. This proves that SBR can handle shock loads even though its efficiency slightly decreases.
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46

Faria, Letícia de Abreu, Felippe Hoffmann Silva Karp, Marcos Canto Machado, and Adibe Luiz Abdalla. "Ammonia volatilization losses from urea coated with copper, boron, and selenium." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 4 (2020): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1415.

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Urea coated with copper and boron may be a vehicle for selenium fertilization in grazing systems to improve both forage and animal productivity, and consequently, the nutritional quality of milk and meat. Urea is the most often used form of N fertilizer in Brazil; however, it can experience high losses by volatilization, primarily in pastures with high amounts of senescent biomass. The goal of this study was to evaluate losses by ammonia volatilization from urea coated with Cu, B, and Se. The fertilizer was applied to the soil surface under forage straw residues in cylindric glass chambers under controlled laboratory conditions. The treatments were urea (UR), urea coated with boric acid and copper sulfate (UBC), urea coated with boric acid, copper sulfate, and selenium (UBCS), and ammonium sulfate (AS). Measurements were recorded at regular intervals after fertilizer application for 27 days. High losses occurred from ammonia volatilization of amidic-N sources in the initial days after fertilizer application. The total loss of N by ammonia volatilization according to fertilizer treatment was UR > UBC = UBCS > AS. Urea lost by ammonia volatilization accounted for up to 50% of the N applied, although losses from coated urea treatments UBC and UBCS were 11.45% lower than that of urea. The Cu and B in the coated urea reduced losses by ammonia volatilization and the inclusion of Se had no effect. It is suggested that Se may be added to the Cu and B coating of urea to reduce ammonia volatilization.
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47

Herlambang, Embang, Teuku Syahrul Ansari, Imam Budi Santoso, and Muhammad Yunus. "Balance Between the Economy and the Environment." Awang Long Law Review 6, no. 2 (2024): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56301/awl.v6i2.1190.

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Economy and environment are variables contained in the principles of sustainable development which underlie legal regulations related to the environment in various countries in the world. Nevertheless, there is still environmental pollution and damage that occurs, such as air pollution caused by industrial activities from fertilizer factories that produce ammonia-based fertilizer which pollutes the air in residential areas around the factory, which shows an imbalance between the economy and the environment. On the one hand, this economic activity is an effort aimed at creating community welfare, but on the other hand, this activity causes disruption to the community in obtaining a good living environment. The results of this research show that ammonia gas is a compound produced from the fertilizer industry process which is toxic and pollutes the environment. Ammonia is a poisonous gas, colorless and has a distinctive odor which can cause problems with human health and even death. However, the ammonia gas that spreads to residential areas around the factory is caused by wind blowing towards the settlement and this is not dangerous, because the wind blows the levels of ammonia gas to decrease. However, the presence of an ammonia-based fertilizer factory does not necessarily mean that society is free from the threat of this gas, because there have been several incidents of ammonia gas leaks in various parts of the world which have caused material losses and claimed many lives.
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48

Pokhrel, Bhaniswor, Jorn Nygaard Sorensen, Henrik Bjarne Moller, and Karen Koefoed Petersen. "Processing methods of organic liquid fertilizers affect nutrient availability and yield of greenhouse grown parsley." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 5 (2018): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000771.

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AbstractThe demand for organic foods is increasing globally, but a key limiting factor to the production of organic greenhouse produce is the lack of certified liquid fertilizers. In this experiment, four organic fertilizers were produced using either acidic extraction, anaerobic digestion or both of ensiled biomass of organic red clover and white mustard. The resulting fertilizers were applied to greenhouse-grown parsley either alone, or in combination with nitrogen (N)-enriched water produced by flushing acidic water with ammonia, to determine their effect on plant growth and the nutrient concentrations of parsley. Six combinations of fertilizer treatments were included in the greenhouse experiment. Three treatments received either fertilizers derived from acidic extraction, anaerobic digestion or both and three treatments received fertilizers derived from acidic extraction combined with N-enriched water. Conventional inorganic liquid fertilizer, chicken manure extract and no liquid fertilizer (only water) were added as control treatments. A higher N-min (ammonium and nitrate) to potassium (K) ratio was found in fertilizers after anaerobic digestion compared to acidic extraction. All organic fertigation treatments resulted in high pH, high K and chloride concentrations and high NH4/NO3 ratios in the root zone. In addition, high electrical conductivity (EC), P, K and Mg concentrations were found when only acidic extracted fertilizers were applied. Application of plant-based organic fertilizers without amending with N-enriched water resulted in biomass yields that were 21–26% lower than the inorganic fertigation control. However, fertigation with chicken manure extract, or a combination of fertilizer derived from acidic extraction and N-enriched water, resulted in similar plant growth as inorganic fertilizer. The lower yield from fertilizer derived from acidic extraction was due to elevated EC levels in the growing medium. Our results suggest that yield of greenhouse-grown parsley using either organic fertilizers combined with N-enriched water or chicken manure extract is similar to conventional fertilizer.
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49

Zakarya, Irnis Azura, Nor Anis Nadhirah Md Nasir, Najiha Razali, Mahamad Hakimi Ibrahim, and Madalina Boboc. "Assessment of Water Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Azolla in Different Fertilizers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1216, no. 1 (2023): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012039.

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Abstract The improvement of water quality through aquatic plants’ nutrient uptake is one of the crucial elements in achieving a sustainable ecosystem. Water quality is affected by a variety of variables, including dissolved oxygen concentrations, nutrient overabundance, bacterial populations, salt content, and the number of suspended particles in the water. This experiment was performed to evaluate the biological and biochemical characteristics of azolla using various fertilizers (compost food waste, cow dung, liquid fertilizer, mushroom block fertilizer). It also examined the ability and effectiveness of aquatic macrophytes, Azolla pinnata to absorb amounts of nutrients including phosphate, potassium, and nitrogen ammonia in a nutrient-rich medium. The water quality during the cultivation period, including its turbidity, pH, and the temperature was monitored. The biological and biochemical characteristics of azolla have been assessed in a variety of fertilizers, including cow dung, liquid fertilizer, mushroom block fertilizer, and compost food waste, at various concentrations of 5g, 10g, and 15g. The study findings indicated that the most suitable fertilizer for azolla growth is cow dung fertilizer and the least suitable fertilizer is liquid fertilizer. The rapid growth of azolla between days 15 to 25 were observed for the cow dung fertilizer at all concentration as compared to control and other fertilizers. Water quality for each parameter increase over time. The ability of azolla to absorb nutrients shows great potential for the phosphorus element when compared to potassium and nitrogen uptake. To reduce the amount of excessive phosphorus and potassium in water, azolla is a great candidate for eco-friendly phytoremediation.
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50

Schlossberg, Maxim J. "Temporal Recovery of Polymer-Coated Urea-N by Kentucky Bluegrass in the Field." Horticulturae 8, no. 3 (2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030207.

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Relative to soluble N sources, controlled release fertilizer (CRF) fosters consistent turfgrass growth response and improved canopy quality while reducing N loss as nitrate, ammonia, and/or N2O from target systems. Commercial CRFs afford turfgrass managers greater operational efficiency and flexibility in nutrient management planning and compel the investigation of application rate thresholds to guide regional agencies tasked with their regulation. The experimental objective was to systematically evaluate, under an array of field conditions, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) vigor/yield, fertilizer N offtake, canopy density, and canopy color temporal response to a single application of granular N fertilizer made at practical rates. In May of 2014 and 2015, plots within a mature Kentucky bluegrass system were fertilized by conventional urea or Duration 45 polymer coated urea (PCU) at a N rate of 43.9 kg·ha−1 (0.9 lbs N·1000 ft−2); or PCU (Duration 90, Duration 120, or 43% N Polyon) at a N rate of 87.8 kg·ha−1 (1.8 lbs N·1000 ft−2). Resulting measures of the described dependent variables proved similar over both growing seasons and were highly dependent on the N rate and PCU attribute. Following 18-week evaluations, the average total percent fertilizer N recoveries from conventional urea, Duration 45, Duration 90, Duration 120, and Polyon (43% N) were 63%, 87%, 82%, 78%, and 77%, respectively. Temporal release among commercial PCU fertilizers indicates varying suitability by commodity and seasonal nutrient requirements. Hypothesis tests on experiment-end unaccounted fertilizer N totals show one 87.8 kg N·ha−1 application of the described 100% PCU fertilizer treatments poses no greater environmental risk than a 43.9 kg N·ha−1 application of conventional urea fertilizer.
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