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Journal articles on the topic 'Ammonia assimilation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Kusnan, M. B., K. Klug, and H. P. Fock. "Ammonia Assimilation by Aspergillus nidulans: [15N]Ammonia Study." Microbiology 135, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-135-4-729.

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2

Magasanik, Boris. "Ammonia Assimilation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Eukaryotic Cell 2, no. 5 (October 2003): 827–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.2.5.827-829.2003.

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3

Mikeš, V., H. Chválová, and L. Mátlová. "Assimilation of ammonia inParacoccus denitrificans." Folia Microbiologica 36, no. 1 (February 1991): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02935820.

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4

Vargas, Aracelis, and William R. Strohl. "Ammonia assimilation and metabolism byBeggiatoa alba." Archives of Microbiology 142, no. 3 (August 1985): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00693403.

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5

Bessagnet, Bertrand, Laurent Menut, Florian Couvidat, Frédérik Meleux, Guillaume Siour, and Sylvain Mailler. "What Can We Expect from Data Assimilation for Air Quality Forecast? Part II: Analysis with a Semi-Real Case." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 7 (July 2019): 1433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0117.1.

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AbstractAssimilation of observational data from ground stations and satellites has been identified as a technique to improve air quality model results. This study is an evaluation of the maximum benefit expected from data assimilation in chemical transport models. Various tests are performed under real meteorological conditions; the injection of various subsets of “simulated observational data” at the initial state of a forecasting period is analyzed in terms of benefit on selected criteria. This observation dataset is generated by a simulation with perturbed input data. Several criteria are defined to analyze the simulations leading to the definition of a “tipping time” to compare the behavior of simulations. Assimilating three-dimensional data instead of ground observations clearly adds value to the forecast. For the studied period and considering the expected best favorable data assimilation experiment, the maximum benefit is higher for particulate matter (PM) with tipping times exceeding 80 h; for ozone (O3) the gain is on average around 30 h. Assimilating O3 concentrations with a delta calculated on the first level and propagated over the vertical direction provides better results on O3 mean concentrations when compared with the expected best experiment corresponding to the injection of the O3 “observations” 3D dataset, but for maximum O3 concentrations the opposite behavior is observed. If data assimilation of secondary pollutant concentrations provides an improvement, assimilation of primary pollutant emissions can have beneficial impacts when compared with an assimilation of concentrations, after several days on secondary pollutants like O3 or nitrate concentrations and more quickly for the emitted primary pollutants. An assimilation of ammonia concentrations has slightly better performances on nitrate, ammonium, and PM concentrations relative to the assimilation of nitrogen or sulfur dioxides.

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6

Lee, R., J. Childress, and N. Desaulniers. "The effects of exposure to ammonia on ammonia and taurine pools of the symbiotic clam." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 21 (November 1, 1997): 2797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.21.2797.

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The nutrition of the gutless clam Solemyareidi is supported by the activity of intracellular chemoautotrophic bacteria housed in its gill filaments. Ammonia (the sum of NH3 and NH4+) is utilized as a nitrogen source by the association and is abundant in the clam's environment. In the present study, clams were exposed to 0.011.3mmoll-1 ammonia for 2223h in the presence of thiosulfate as a sulfur substrate. Ammonia exposure increased the ammonia concentration in the tissue pools of the gill, foot and visceral mass from 0.5 to 2µmolg-1wetmass, without added ammonia, to as much as 12µmolg-1wetmass in the presence of 0.7 and 1.3mmoll-1 external ammonia. Gill tissue ammonia concentrations were consistently higher than those in the foot and visceral mass. The elevation of tissue ammonia concentration compared with the medium may be due in part to an ammonia trapping mechanism resulting from a lower intracellular pH compared with sea water and greater permeability to NH3 compared with NH4+. Rates of ammonia incorporation into organic matter (assimilation) were determined using 15N as a tracer. 15N-labeled ammonia assimilation was higher in gill than in foot and increased as a function of 15N-labeled ammonia concentration in the medium. The size of the free amino acid (FAA) pool in the gill also increased as a function of ammonia concentration in the medium. This entire increase was accounted for by a single amino acid, taurine, which was the predominant FAA in both gill and foot tissue. Aspartate, glutamate, arginine and alanine were also abundant but their levels were not influenced by external ammonia concentration. Ammonia assimilation appeared to occur at rates sufficient to account for the observed increase in taurine level. These findings suggest that taurine is a major product of ammonia assimilation.

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7

Pengpeng, Wang, and Zhiliang Tan. "Ammonia Assimilation in Rumen Bacteria: A Review." Animal Biotechnology 24, no. 2 (April 2013): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2012.756402.

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8

Lacerda, V., A. Marsden, and W. M. Ledingham. "Ammonia assimilation inS. cerevisiae under chemostatic growth." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 32, no. 1-3 (January 1992): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02922145.

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9

Lee, R. W., J. J. Robinson, and C. M. Cavanaugh. "Pathways of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in chemoautotrophic bacteria-marine invertebrate symbioses: expression of host and symbiont glutamine synthetase." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.3.289.

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Symbioses between chemoautotrophic bacteria and marine invertebrates living at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and other sulfide-rich environments function autotrophically by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide as an energy source and fixing carbon dioxide into organic compounds. For chemoautotrophy to support growth, these symbioses must be capable of inorganic nitrogen assimilation, a process that is not well understood in these or other aquatic symbioses. Pathways of inorganic nitrogen assimilation were investigated in several of these symbioses: the vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana, the vent bivalves Calyptogena magnifica and Bathymodiolus thermophilus, and the coastal bivalve Solemya velum. Nitrate reductase activity was detected in R. pachyptila, T. jerichonana and B. thermophilus, but not in C. magnifica and S. velum. This is evidence for nitrate utilization, either assimilation or respiration, by some vent species and is consistent with the high levels of nitrate availability at vents. The ammonia assimilation enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were detected in all symbioses tested, indicating that ammonia resulting from nitrate reduction or from environmental uptake can be incorporated into amino acids. A complicating factor is that GS and GDH are potentially of both host and symbiont origin, making it unclear which partner is involved in assimilation. GS, which is considered to be the primary ammonia-assimilating enzyme of autotrophs, was investigated further. Using a combination of molecular and biochemical approaches, host and symbiont GS were distinguished in the intact association. On the basis of Southern hybridizations, immunoreactivity, subunit size and thermal stability, symbiont GS was found to be a prokaryote GS. Host GS was distinct from prokaryote GS. The activities of host and symbiont GS were separated by anion-exchange chromatography and quantified. Virtually all activity in symbiont-containing tissue was due to symbiont GS in R. pachyptila, C. magnifica and B. thermophilus. In contrast, no symbiont GS activity was detected in the gill of S. velum, the predominant activity in this species appearing to be host GS. These findings suggest that ammonia is primarily assimilated by the symbionts in vent symbioses, whereas in S. velum ammonia is first assimilated by the host. The relationship between varying patterns of GS expression and host-symbiont nutritional exchange is discussed.

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10

Michel-Reydellet, Nathalie, and P. Alexandre Kaminski. "Azorhizobium caulinodans PIIand GlnK Proteins Control Nitrogen Fixation and Ammonia Assimilation." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 8 (April 15, 1999): 2655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.8.2655-2658.1999.

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ABSTRACT We herein report that Azorhizobium caulinodansPII and GlnK are not necessary for glutamine synthetase (GS) adenylylation whereas both proteins are required for complete GS deadenylylation. The disruption of both glnB andglnK resulted in a high level of GS adenylylation under the condition of nitrogen fixation, leading to ammonium excretion in the free-living state. PII and GlnK also controllednif gene expression because NifA activated nifHtranscription and nitrogenase activity was derepressed in glnB glnK double mutants, but not in wild-type bacteria, grown in the presence of ammonia.

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11

Yu, JW, and KC Woo. "Ammonia Assimilation and Metabolite Transport in Isolated Chloroplasts. II. Malate Stimulates Ammonia Assimilation in Chloroplasts Isolated From Leaves of Dicotyledonous but Not Monocotyledonous Species." Functional Plant Biology 19, no. 6 (1992): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9920659.

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Malate stimulated NH3 assimilation, as determined by a (2-oxoglutarate, NH3)-dependent O2 evolution system, by up to 3-fold in chloroplasts isolated from leaves of dicot but not monocot species. This difference was apparently correlated with the endogenous metabolite pools present in these chloroplast preparations. During NH3 assimilation the glutamate and glutamine pools were large in spinach (dicot) but small in oat chloroplasts. The reverse was the case for the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) pool. The addition of malate substantially increased the glutamate, glutamine and 2-OG pools in spinach chloroplasts but had little effect in oat chloroplasts. This suggests that the supply of 2-OG was apparently limiting NH3 assimilation in spinach chloroplasts. Malate increased this supply and, consequently, stimulated NH3 assimilation. On the other hand, NH3 assimilation in oat chloroplasts seemed to be limited by the supply of glutamate and glutamine which could not be overcome by the addition of malate. Chloroplasts were also isolated from oat seedlings watered with high nutrient solution. The rates of NH3 assimilation in these organelles exceeded those obtained in spinach chloroplasts. But the addition of malate had little effect on (2-OG, NH3)-dependent O2 evolution in these oat chloroplasts. Since malate did not inhibit this activity it is conceivable that it still might play a role, albeit a 'passive' role, in serving as a counter-ion for 2-OG uptake via the 2-OG translocator and glutamate export via the Dct translocator during NH3 assimilation.

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12

Loulakakis, K. A., and K. A. Roubelakis-Angelakis. "ENZYMES OF AMMONIA ASSIMILATION IN VITIS VINIFERA L." Acta Horticulturae, no. 526 (March 2000): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.526.20.

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13

Tesch, M., A. A. de Graaf, and H. Sahm. "In Vivo Fluxes in the Ammonium-Assimilatory Pathways in Corynebacterium glutamicum Studied by15N Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.3.1099-1109.1999.

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ABSTRACT Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS)–glutamine 2-oxoglutarate-aminotransferase (GOGAT) represent the two main pathways of ammonium assimilation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. In this study, the ammonium assimilating fluxes in vivo in the wild-type ATCC 13032 strain and its GDH mutant were quantitated in continuous cultures. To do this, the incorporation of15N label from [15N]ammonium in glutamate and glutamine was monitored with a time resolution of about 10 min with in vivo 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) used in combination with a recently developed high-cell-density membrane-cyclone NMR bioreactor system. The data were used to tune a standard differential equation model of ammonium assimilation that comprised ammonia transmembrane diffusion, GDH, GS, GOGAT, and glutamine amidotransferases, as well as the anabolic incorporation of glutamate and glutamine into biomass. The results provided a detailed picture of the fluxes involved in ammonium assimilation in the two different C. glutamicumstrains in vivo. In both strains, transmembrane equilibration of 100 mM [15N]ammonium took less than 2 min. In the wild type, an unexpectedly high fraction of 28% of the NH4 + was assimilated via the GS reaction in glutamine, while 72% were assimilated by the reversible GDH reaction via glutamate. GOGAT was inactive. The analysis identified glutamine as an important nitrogen donor in amidotransferase reactions. The experimentally determined amount of 28% of nitrogen assimilated via glutamine is close to a theoretical 21% calculated from the high peptidoglycan content of C. glutamicum. In the GDH mutant, glutamate was exclusively synthesized over the GS/GOGAT pathway. Its level was threefold reduced compared to the wild type.

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14

Brooks, A. "Assimilation of Gaseous Ammonia by Sunflower Leaves during Photosynthesis." Functional Plant Biology 13, no. 2 (1986): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9860211.

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Illuminated (150 �mol m-2 s-1 PAR) sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaves were exposed to 15N-labelled NH3 gas (30 or 300 �l NH3 l-1) or supplied with NH4Cl (2, 20 or 200 mM) through the cut leaf base for up to 1 h. The photosynthetic carbon dioxide uptake and the transpiration were continuously monitored. The leaves were extracted and the concentrations of ammonia, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, serine and alanine were determined as well as the patterns of 15N incorporation. Although the rates of CO2 uptake and transpiration were unchanged in intact leaves, the ammonia level increased from 3 to 42 �mol g fresh wt-1 during feedings of 300 �l NH3 l-1 for 25 min. In contrast, NH4Cl (20 and 200 mM) inhibited photosynthesis immediately and increased the evaporation rate while the total ammonia level was still less than 10 �mol g fresh wt-1. The 15N-labelling pattern suggested that the NH3 assimilation proceeded via glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. 15N was transferred into glycine and serine presumably by the activity of glycollate pathway enzymes. The experiments demonstrate that the photosynthetic CO2 uptake and ammonia assimilation by intact sunflower leaves were not inhibited by NH3 concentrations orders of magnitudes above typical concentrations of this compound in the atmosphere. NH3 feedings through the gas phase provide a tool for the examination of nitrogen metabolism in intact leaves.

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15

Wilcock, Melinda J., Barbara M. McDougall, and Robert J. Seviour. "Enzymes involved in ammonia assimilation in the fungusAcremonium persicinum." FEMS Microbiology Letters 97, no. 1-2 (October 1992): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05441.x.

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16

ROBERTSON, E. R., and L. JERVIS. "Multiple purification of ammonia-assimilation enzymes from Escherichia coli." Biochemical Society Transactions 13, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0130377.

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17

Elrayes, E. G., I. M. Banat, and I. Y. Hamdan. "Methanol metabolism and ammonia assimilation in four methylophilns strains." Acta Biotechnologica 11, no. 2 (1991): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370110202.

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18

Stegeman, Roderick A., and Michael T. Madigan. "Nitrogen nutrition and pathway of ammonia assimilation in brownRhodospirillumspecies." FEMS Microbiology Letters 26, no. 3 (March 1985): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb01607.x.

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19

Miyazawa, Shin-Ichi, Mitsuru Nishiguchi, Norihiro Futamura, Tomohisa Yukawa, Mitsue Miyao, Tsuyoshi Emilio Maruyama, and Takayuki Kawahara. "Low assimilation efficiency of photorespiratory ammonia in conifer leaves." Journal of Plant Research 131, no. 5 (June 9, 2018): 789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-018-1049-2.

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20

Filho, J. L. Lima, and W. M. Ledingham. "Uptake of ammonia by saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying the plasmid pCYG4 related with ammonia assimilation." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 36, no. 2 (August 1992): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02929690.

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21

Mokhele, Bataung, Xianjin Zhan, Guozheng Yang, and Xianlong Zhang. "Review: Nitrogen assimilation in crop plants and its affecting factors." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 3 (May 2012): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-135.

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Mokhele, B., Zhan, X., Yang, G. and Zhang, X. 2012. Review: Nitrogen assimilation in crop plants and its affecting factors. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 399–405. In this review we discuss mainly nitrogen assimilation in crop plants and factors affecting the related process. Nitrogen is a major macro-element limiting the growth and development of plants in agriculture. Both organic and inorganic forms of nitrogen are metabolized in plants; nitrate and ammonia in soil are common forms of inorganic nitrogen that can be metabolized in all plants. There are other nitrogen forms, which include amino acids, nitrite and urea, that are metabolized in plants. Metabolism normally starts with reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and the latter further reduces to form ammonium with the presence of relevant enzymes. This reaction occurs more rapidly in leaves in the presence of light. After ammonia is formed, it enters into the biosynthetic pathways of plant cells, such as reductive amination and transpiration, to produce different amino acids. Amino acids in cells take part in the synthesis of protein and other nitrogenous compounds that help in body building. Radiation, gaseous factors, the presence of metals, soil pH and amount of nitrate are some of the environmental factors affecting absorption and reduction of nitrogen in plants. This review presents a comprehensive understanding of the assimilation process by crop plants of nitrogen and recommends that favorable surrounding conditions are the prerequisites for plants to absorb and utilize nitrogen efficiently.

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22

Hirayama, Chikara, Kotaro Konno, and Hiroshi Shinbo. "The pathway of ammonia assimilation in the silkworm, Bombyx mori." Journal of Insect Physiology 43, no. 10 (October 1997): 959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1910(97)00045-0.

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23

Read, Rose, Carey A. Pashley, Debbie Smith, and Tanya Parish. "The role of GlnD in ammonia assimilation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Tuberculosis 87, no. 4 (July 2007): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2006.12.003.

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24

Kanamori, K., R. L. Weiss, and J. D. Roberts. "Ammonia assimilation in Bacillus polymyxa. 15N NMR and enzymatic studies." Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, no. 23 (August 1987): 11038–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60923-8.

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25

Yuan, Jie, Christopher D. Doucette, William U. Fowler, Xiao‐Jiang Feng, Matthew Piazza, Herschel A. Rabitz, Ned S. Wingreen, and Joshua D. Rabinowitz. "Metabolomics‐driven quantitative analysis of ammonia assimilation in E. coli." Molecular Systems Biology 5, no. 1 (January 2009): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/msb.2009.60.

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26

Kellner, Ellen M., and Harold J. Schreier. "Ammonia assimilation enzymes in a thermophilicBacillus sp. of marine origin." Current Microbiology 27, no. 5 (November 1993): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01575996.

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27

Yang, Xiaoyu, Xiufeng Wang, Min Wei, Shoko Hikosaka, and Eiji Goto. "Response of Ammonia Assimilation in Cucumber Seedlings to Nitrate Stress." Journal of Plant Biology 53, no. 3 (April 10, 2010): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12374-010-9096-9.

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28

Klaus, Ruth E., Michael G. Berger, and Heinrich P. Fock. "Effect of light intensity on ammonia assimilation in maize leaves." Photosynthesis Research 6, no. 3 (1985): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00049278.

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29

HANDA, SANGITA, D. M. HUBER, H. L. WARREN, and C. Y. TSAI. "NITROGEN NUTRITION AND N-ASSIMILATION IN MAIZE SEEDLINGS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-012.

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The effect of ammonia on plant growth is influenced by the stage of growth and concentration of N. This study evaluates the activity of enzymes involved in NH4+ assimilation and the relationship of these enzymes to maize seedling development. Various concentrations of NH4Cl applied at 3, 8, 13, 18 and 23 days after germination were evaluated. Activities of glutamate synthase and glutamine synthetase were not altered when NH4+ was applied to 3-day-old seedlings; however, there was increased enzymatic activity whe N was applied to 18- or 23-day-old seedlings. Glutamate dehydrogenase appears to be an important enzyme for the assimilation of NH4+ by roots of maize seedlings. The growth rate of seedlings receiving NH4+ varied at different stages of development. Prolonged N stress (longer than 18 days) reduced the rates of subsequent dry matter accumulation, indicating that an adequate availability of N throughout early growth is critical for maximum nutrient efficiency and optimum plant development. Greatest growth was observed with a combination of both NO3− and NH4+ sources of N.Key words: Corn, nitrogen nutrition, enzymes (N assimilating), seedling development

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30

Wang, Pengpeng, Zhiliang Tan, Leluo Guan, Shaoxun Tang, Chuanshe Zhou, Xuefeng Han, Jinhe Kang, and Zhixiong He. "Ammonia and amino acids modulates enzymes associated with ammonia assimilation pathway by ruminal microbiota in vitro." Livestock Science 178 (August 2015): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.033.

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31

Bueno Batista, Marcelo, and Ray Dixon. "Manipulating nitrogen regulation in diazotrophic bacteria for agronomic benefit." Biochemical Society Transactions 47, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20180342.

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AbstractBiological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is controlled by intricate regulatory mechanisms to ensure that fixed nitrogen is readily assimilated into biomass and not released to the environment. Understanding the complex regulatory circuits that couple nitrogen fixation to ammonium assimilation is a prerequisite for engineering diazotrophic strains that can potentially supply fixed nitrogen to non-legume crops. In this review, we explore how the current knowledge of nitrogen metabolism and BNF regulation may allow strategies for genetic manipulation of diazotrophs for ammonia excretion and provide a contribution towards solving the nitrogen crisis.

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32

Kanamori, K., R. L. Weiss, and J. D. Roberts. "Ammonia assimilation pathways in nitrogen-fixing Clostridium kluyverii and Clostridium butyricum." Journal of Bacteriology 171, no. 4 (1989): 2148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.171.4.2148-2154.1989.

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33

Morris, Paul F., David B. Layzell, and David T. Canvin. "Ammonia Production and Assimilation in Glutamate Synthase Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Physiology 87, no. 1 (May 1, 1988): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.87.1.148.

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34

Raemakers-Franken, P. C., R. J. M. Brand, A. J. Kortstee, C. Van der Drift, and G. D. Vogels. "Ammonia assimilation and glutamate incorporation in coenzyme F420 derivatives ofMethanosarcina barkeri." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59, no. 4 (May 1991): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00583677.

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35

Meng, Liqiang, Weiguang Li, Shumei Zhang, Chuandong Wu, and Ke Wang. "Effects of sucrose amendment on ammonia assimilation during sewage sludge composting." Bioresource Technology 210 (June 2016): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.094.

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36

Filho, J. L. Lima, and W. M. Ledingham. "Studies onSaccharomyces cerevisiae arrying the plasmid pCYG4 related with ammonia assimilation." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 19, no. 1 (October 1988): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02921463.

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37

Morrison, M., and RI Mackie. "Nitrogen metabolism by ruminal microorganisms: current understanding and future perspectives." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 2 (1996): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960227.

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This review presents an outline of our current understanding of ruminal nitrogen metabolism from three perspectives: proteolytic microorganisms and their enzymes, intraruminal recycling of microbial protein, and enzymes of ammonia assimilation. Some of the pending advances and future research opportunities in these areas are also discussed. The 'smugglin' concept appears to offer the potential to inhibit peptide-utilizing bacteria selectively in the rumen, as demonstrated by initial studies with Prevotella ruminicola. The relative contributions of protozoa-, bacteriophage-, and self-mediated lysis of bacteria to intraruminal recycling of microbial protein are not yet quantified, and further efforts to understand the biology and dynamics of ruminal bacteriophage and protozoa populations are warranted. In Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Prevotella ruminicola, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) appears to be the predominant route of ammonia assimilation irrespective of ammonia concentration, and peptides modulate GDH activity in P. ruminicola. The physiological basis behind the difference between optimal ammonia concentrations for ruminal fibre digestion and microbial protein synthesis remains unclear. Molecular biology techniques extend beyond their application in pursuit of the 'superbug' concept, by offering new and exciting opportunities to understand better microbial physiology, diversity, and ecology. Fundamental research in these areas must be continued if further advances in feed utilization and nutrient retention are to be realized.

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38

Watanabe, Yukio, Wataru Aoki, and Mitsuyoshi Ueda. "Improved ammonia production from soybean residues by cell surface-displayed l-amino acid oxidase on yeast." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 972–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbaa112.

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ABSTRACT Ammonia is critical for agricultural and chemical industries. The extracellular production of ammonia by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) using cell surface engineering can be efficient approach because yeast can avoid growth deficiencies caused by knockout of genes for ammonia assimilation. In this study, we produced ammonia outside the yeast cells by displaying an l-amino acid oxidase with a wide substrate specificity derived from Hebeloma cylindrosporum (HcLAAO) on yeast cell surfaces. The HcLAAO-displaying yeast successfully produced 12.6 m m ammonia from a mixture of 20 proteinogenic amino acids (the theoretical conversion efficiency was 63%). We also succeeded in producing ammonia from a food processing waste, soybean residues (okara) derived from tofu production. The conversion efficiency was 88.1%, a higher yield than reported in previous studies. Our study demonstrates that ammonia production outside of yeast cells is a promising strategy to utilize food processing wastes.

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39

Taté, Rosarita, Anna Riccio, Mike Merrick, and Eduardo J. Patriarca. "The Rhizobium etli amtB Gene Coding for an NH4+ Transporter Is Down-Regulated Early During Bacteroid Differentiation." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 3 (March 1998): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.3.188.

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During development of root nodules, Rhizobium bacteria differentiate inside the invaded plant cells into N2-fixing bacteroids. Terminally differentiated bacteroids are unable to grow using the ammonia (NH3 ) produced therein by the nitrogenase complex. Therefore, the nitrogen assimilation activities of bacteroids, including the ammonium (NH4 +) uptake activity, are expected to be repressed during symbiosis. By sequence homology the R. etli amtB (ammonium transport) gene was cloned and sequenced. As previously shown for its counterpart in other organisms, the R. etli amtB gene product mediates the transport of NH4 +. The amtB gene is cotranscribed with the glnK gene (coding for a PII-like protein) from a nitrogen-regulated σ54-dependent promoter, which requires the transcriptional activator NtrC. Expression of the glnKamtB operon was found to be activated under nitrogen-limiting, free-living conditions, but down-regulated just when bacteria are released from the infection threads and before transcription of the nitrogenase genes. Our data suggest that the uncoupling between N2-fixation and NH3 assimilation observed in symbiosomes is generated by a transcriptional regulatory mechanism(s) beginning with the inactivation of NtrC in younger bacteroids.

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Wang, Yu-Hsuan, Chuen-Mei Wu, Wan-Lin Wu, Ching-Ping Chu, Yu-Jen Chung, and Chien-Sen Liao. "Survey on nitrogen removal and membrane filtration characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris Beij. on treating domestic type wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.291.

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The main objective of this study is to evaluate the nitrogen assimilation and filtration characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris Beij. when treating domestic wastewaters. Chlorella could assimilate organic nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate in wastewater, and the mean cell residence time (MCRT) to achieve the maximum biomass content in a bioreactor was different for each individual nitrogen source used. The experimental results showed that using nitrate as the only nitrogen source was the most favorable for biomass growth. With ammonia and nitrate coexisting in the aquatic phase, Chlorella possibly utilized ammonia first, and this was unfavorable to subsequent biomass growth. Nitrifying bacteria in wastewaters significantly affected Chlorella growth as they possibly competed with Chlorella in assimilating ammonia and nitrate in domestic wastewater. In a submerged ultrafiltration (UF) membrane module, with an initial concentration of 850 mg/L of Chlorella, the optimized flux was 0.02 m3/(m2·h), and the filtration cycle was 30 min. A ‘dual membrane bioreactor (MBR)’ configuration using UF membranes for Chlorella incubation was proposed. MBR1 provides an environment with long MCRT for efficient nitrification. The converted nitrate is assimilated by Chlorella in MBR2 to sustain its growth. UF permeate from MBR1 is bacteria-free and does not affect the growth of Chlorella in MBR2. MCRT of Chlorella growth is controlled by the UF membrane of MBR2, providing the flexibility to adjust variations of nitrogen composition in the wastewater.

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Bender, Robert A. "A NAC for Regulating Metabolism: the Nitrogen Assimilation Control Protein (NAC) from Klebsiella pneumoniae." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 19 (July 30, 2010): 4801–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00266-10.

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ABSTRACT The nitrogen assimilation control protein (NAC) is a LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) that is made under conditions of nitrogen-limited growth. NAC's synthesis is entirely dependent on phosphorylated NtrC from the two-component Ntr system and requires the unusual sigma factor σ54 for transcription of the nac gene. NAC activates the transcription of σ70-dependent genes whose products provide the cell with ammonia or glutamate. NAC represses genes whose products use ammonia and also represses its own transcription. In addition, NAC also subtly adjusts other cellular functions to keep pace with the supply of biosynthetically available nitrogen.

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Kanamori, K., R. L. Weiss, and J. D. Roberts. "Role of glutamate dehydrogenase in ammonia assimilation in nitrogen-fixing Bacillus macerans." Journal of Bacteriology 169, no. 10 (1987): 4692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.169.10.4692-4695.1987.

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Hirel, Bertrand, Belinda Phillipson, Erik Murchie, Akira Suzuki, Caroline Kunz, Sylvie Ferrario, Anis Limami, et al. "Manipulating the pathway of ammonia assimilation in transgenic non-legumes and legumes." Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 160, no. 2 (1997): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19971600223.

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Williams, Laura E., and Jennifer J. Wernegreen. "Unprecedented loss of ammonia assimilation capability in a urease-encoding bacterial mutualist." BMC Genomics 11, no. 1 (2010): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-687.

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Saxena, Babita, and Vinod V. Modi. "Enzymes of ammonia assimilation and their regulation inAzospirillum lipoferum strain D-2." Current Microbiology 18, no. 4 (April 1989): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01570297.

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van der Drift, C., R. A. M. M. Smits, G. A. M. Michiels, and H. J. M. Op den Camp. "Growth of Bacillus fastidiosus on glycerol and the enzymes of ammonia assimilation." Archives of Microbiology 146, no. 3 (December 1986): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00403232.

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Anderson, S. L., and J. E. Burris. "Role of glutamine synthetase in ammonia assimilation by symbiotic marine dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae)." Marine Biology 94, no. 3 (April 1987): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00428252.

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Turnbull, MH, R. Goodall, and GR Stewart. "Evaluating the Contribution of Glutamate Dehydrogenase and the Glutamate Synthase Cycle to Ammonia Assimilation by Four Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Isolates." Functional Plant Biology 23, no. 2 (1996): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9960151.

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Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to evaluate the contributions of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and the glutamate synthase cycle in 15N-labelled ammonium assimilation by four ectomycorrhizal fungal isolates. In all four species (Elaphomyces, Amanita, Pisolithus and Gautieria), glutamine was the major product accumulated following transfer of 14-day-old nitrogen-limited cultures to fresh medium. Label was rapidly assimilated into fungal tissue, with rates of 733 nmol g-1 FW h-1 in Pisolithus, 972 nmol g-1 FW h-1 in Amanita, 2760 nmol g-1 FW h-1 in Gautieria and 6756 nmol g-1 FW h-1 in Elaphomyces sp in the first 4 h of incubation. Incorporation of [15N]ammonium was sensitive to the inhibitory effects of both methionine sulfoximine (MSX, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (GS)) and albizziin (an inhibitor of glutamate synthase (GOGAT)) in three species (Amanita, Gautieria and Pisolithus) and labelling patterns were consistent with the action of the glutamate synthase cycle in ammonium assimilation. In all three species glutamine synthesis was almost totally blocked by MSX and there was no continued incorporation of 15N into glutamate. Elaphomyces displayed high levels of total incorporation of labelled ammonium in mycelium even in the presence of MSX, although incorporation into glutamine was reduced by 88%. This inhibition of GS by MSX, in addition to its partial inhibition by albizziin suggests strongly the action of glutamate synthase cycle in ammonium assimilation. The reduction in label entering glutamate under the influence of albizziin is direct evidence for the inhibition of GOGAT activity. However, MSX treatment had the effect of increasing significantly the quantity of label recovered in both glutamate and alanine. In the absence of GS inhibition there is clearly competition for ammonium which under normal physiological conditions results in assimilation through the glutamate synthase cycle. However, when GS is blocked by MSX label is able to cycle through the GDH pathway. Extra keywords: ectomycorrhiza, ammonium assimilation, glutamate synthase cycle, glutamate dehydrogenase, amino acid metabolism.

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Schneider, Barbara L., and Lawrence J. Reitzer. "Salmonella typhimurium nit Is nadE: Defective Nitrogen Utilization and Ammonia-Dependent NAD Synthetase." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 17 (September 1, 1998): 4739–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.17.4739-4741.1998.

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ABSTRACT S. typhimurium nit mutants are defective in nitrogen assimilation, despite having normal levels of assimilatory enzymes. Complementation, enzyme assays, and genetic mapping show thatnit is nadE. We present evidence that ammonia, not glutamine, is the physiological substrate for eubacterial NAD synthetases and that low activity completely accounts for the mutant phenotype.

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Venkiteswaran, Jason J., Sherry L. Schiff, and Brian P. Ingalls. "Quantifying the fate of wastewater nitrogen discharged to a Canadian river." FACETS 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2018-0028.

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Addition of nutrients, such as nitrogen, can degrade water quality in lakes, rivers, and estuaries. To predict the fate of nutrient inputs, an understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients is needed. We develop and employ a novel, parsimonious, process-based model of nitrogen concentrations and stable isotopes that quantifies the competing processes of volatilization, biological assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification in nutrient-impacted rivers. Calibration of the model to nitrogen discharges from two wastewater treatment plants in the Grand River, Ontario, Canada, show that ammonia volatilization was negligible relative to biological assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification within 5 km of the discharge points.

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