Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ammonia concentrations

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ammonia concentrations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 25 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Ammonia concentrations"

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SEEDORF, J., and J. HARTUNG. "Survey of ammonia concentrations in livestock buildings." Journal of Agricultural Science 133, no. 4 (1999): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007170.

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The air quality in 82 German livestock buildings was investigated, using ammonia as a gaseous indicator. The ammonia concentrations were measured hourly and a 24 h mean was calculated. In cattle houses the mean ammonia measurement ranged between 3·7 ppm in calf houses (n = 16), 4·7 ppm in beef units (n = 10) and 6·4 ppm in dairy cattle houses (n = 8). In pig buildings the highest mean concentrations of 15·9 ppm were found in fattening pig livestocks (n = 8). In sow (n = 16) and weaner livestock buildings (n = 8) the averaged ammonia concentration varied between 13·4 ppm and 9·1 ppm, respectively. Within poultry houses, broiler flocks (n = 8) were associated with ammonia concentrations of 21·2 ppm. On the other hand, livestock buildings containing laying hens (n = 8) showed the lowest ammonia concentrations of all, namely 2·7 ppm. A significant positive correlation between temperature, relative humidity and ammonia concentrations could be found in poultry houses. Assuming an ammonia threshold limit value of 15 ppm, although no cattle house in this study exceeded this recommended limit, 31% of all the pig and poultry units investigated did, indicating a need for improved housing conditions in the future.
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Kondratev, V. M., A. Kuznetsov, S. V. Fedina, S. S. Nalimova, V. A. Moshnikov, and A. D. Bolshakov. "Gallium phosphide nanowires for “biological concentrations” ammonia detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2172, no. 1 (2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2172/1/012006.

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Abstract Ammonia is widespread chemical compound found both in nature and in human body, and its detection is very important in biology and medicine as well as in environmental monitoring systems. This work is aimed at fabrication and study of precise, technological and relatively cheap ammonia sensors compatible with a liquid medium. Here we use GaP epitaxial nanowires (NWs) as adsorption elements capable of ammonia detection fabricated via a simple protocol. The device properties are studied in terms of change in sensor impedance spectrum upon presence of ammonia. Physical interpretation of the impedance spectra in the presence of water and ammonia is given. GaP–based device exhibit sufficient response to the ammonia presence with the detection limit lower than 2.5 ppm.
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Wen, D., L. Zhang, J. C. Lin, R. Vet, and M. D. Moran. "An evaluation of ambient ammonia concentrations over southern Ontario simulated with different dry deposition schemes within STILT-Chem v0.8." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 4 (2013): 6075–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-6075-2013.

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Abstract. A bi-directional air-surface exchange scheme for atmospheric ammonia was incorporated into the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport air quality model (STILT-Chem v0.8). STILT-Chem v0.8 was then applied to simulate atmospheric ammonia concentrations at 53 measurement sites in the province of Ontario, Canada for a six-month period from 1 June to 30 November 2006. In addition to the bi-directional scheme, two uni-directional dry deposition schemes were tested. Comparisons of modeled ammonia concentrations against observations show that all three schemes can reasonably predict observations. For sites with low observed ammonia concentrations, the bi-directional scheme clearly overestimated ammonia concentrations. Although all three schemes tend to underestimate ammonia concentrations for locations with elevated observed concentrations, the bi-directional scheme performed better due mainly to its introduction of compensation points into flux calculation parameterizations. The results of additional sensitivity tests suggest that uncertainties in the input values of emission potentials in the bi-directional scheme greatly affect the accuracy of modeled ammonia concentrations. The use of much larger emission potentials than provided in the scheme is required for accurate prediction of elevated ammonia concentrations at intensive agricultural locations.
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Petrus, Mioara, Cristina Popa, and Ana-Maria Bratu. "Ammonia Concentration in Ambient Air in a Peri-Urban Area Using a Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Detector." Materials 15, no. 9 (2022): 3182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093182.

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Measuring ammonia from the environmental air is a sensitive and prioritized issue due to its harmful effects on humans, ecosystems, and climate. Ammonia is an environmental pollutant that has an important role in forming secondary inorganic aerosols, the main component of fine particulate matter concentrations in the urban atmosphere. Through this study, we present a gas analyzer that utilizes the technique of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy to measure ammonia concentration in three different sites located in Magurele, (44°20′58″ N 26°01′47″ E, 93 m altitude), Romania, from March to August 2021 at the breathing level of 1.5 m above ground. The ammonia concentrations from the ambient air were elevated in summer (mean of 46.03 ± 8.05 ppb (parts per billion)) compared to those measured in spring (18.62 ± 2.92 ppb), which means that atmospheric temperature affects ammonia concentrations. The highest mean ammonia concentrations occurred in August, with an ammonia concentration level of 100.68 ± 11.12 ppb, and the low mean ammonia concentrations occurred in March, with an ammonia level concentration of 0.161 ± 0.03 ppb. The results confirm that meteorological characteristics (i.e., temperature) and motor vehicles are major contributors to the elevated ammonia levels during the monitoring period.
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Wen, D., L. Zhang, J. C. Lin, R. Vet, and M. D. Moran. "An evaluation of ambient ammonia concentrations over southern Ontario simulated with different dry deposition schemes within STILT-Chem v0.8." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 3 (2014): 1037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1037-2014.

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Abstract. A bidirectional air–surface exchange scheme for atmospheric ammonia was incorporated into the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport air quality model (STILT-Chem v0.8). STILT-Chem v0.8 was then applied to simulate atmospheric ammonia concentrations at 53 measurement sites in the province of Ontario, Canada for a six-month period from 1 June to 30 November 2006. In addition to the bidirectional scheme, two unidirectional dry deposition schemes were tested. Comparisons of modeled ammonia concentrations against observations show that all three schemes can reasonably predict observations. For sites with low observed ammonia concentrations, the bidirectional scheme clearly overestimated ammonia concentrations during crop-growing season. Although all three schemes tended to underestimate ammonia concentrations after mid-October and for sites with elevated observed concentrations, mainly due to underestimated NH3 emission inventory after mid-October and/or underestimated emission potentials for those sites, the bidirectional scheme performed better because of its introduction of compensation points into the flux calculation parameterization. In addition to uncertainties in the emission inventory, the results of additional sensitivity tests suggest that uncertainties in the input values of emission potentials in the bidirectional scheme greatly affect the accuracy of modeled ammonia concentrations. The use of much larger emission potentials in the bidirectional scheme and larger anthropogenic NH3 emission after mid-October than provided in the model emissions files is needed for accurate prediction of elevated ammonia concentrations at intensive agricultural locations.
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Van den Berg, J. S. "The ammonia tolerance test in horses." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 62, no. 2 (1991): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v62i2.1589.

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Clinically normal horses (n = 8) with ages ranging from 5 to 8 years, were starved for 12 h and their plasma ammonia concentrations were measured. The mean fasting plasma ammonia concentration was 17,8±3,8 µmol l-1. After dosing ammonium chloride at a dose rate of 0,02 g kg-1, there was a significant increase in plasma ammonia concentration, with a maximum rise after 20 min (P 0,05). To investigate the influence of temperature on plasma ammonia concentrations of stored samples, 8 plasma samples were stored at -20°C and 4°C respectively. The plasma ammonia concentrations were measured after 6, 12 and 24 h in each of the stored samples. Plasma ammonia concentrations increased significantly after 12 and 24 h when stored at 4°C (P 0,05). When plasma was stored at 20°C there was no significant increase from baseline concentrations during 24h (P 0,05).
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Bariroh, Ghurrotul, Maria Ulfah, and Prasetiyo. "EFFECTIVENESS OF LOTUS PHYTOREMEDIATION (NYMPHAEA PUBESCENS) IN REDUCING AMMONIA AND PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN COFFEE LIQUID WASTE." BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan) 11, no. 1 (2024): 64–77. https://doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v11i1.12595.

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Based on laboratory tests of ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater from coffee factory in Semarang, the concentrations were found to be 8.55 and 1.01 mg/L, respectively. These high concentrations negatively impact fish farming production. Nymphaea pubescens has shown potential in remediating ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of lotus phytoremediation (Nymphaea pubescens) in reducing ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater. The research method employed is true experiment with Completely Randomized Design, involving four treatments and three replications. According to ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test results, Nymphaea pubescens significantly reduced ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater. So far there have been no specific studies on the phytoremediation of Nymphaea pubescens for ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater, making this study a novel contribution. The findings suggest that this approach should be widely implemented, especially within educational settings and communities.
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Catapano, G., L. DE Bartolo, C. P. Lombardi, and E. Drioli. "The Effect of Catabolite Concentration on the Viability and Functions of Isolated Rat Hepatocytes." International Journal of Artificial Organs 19, no. 4 (1996): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889601900407.

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The treatment of patients with hepatic failure by means of hybrid liver support devices using primary xenogeneic hepatocytes is currently hindered by the rapid loss of cell metabolic functions. Similarly to what happens with other mammalian cells, accumulation of catabolites in the neighborhood of cultured hepatocytes might significantly affect their viability and functions. In this paper, we investigated the effects of high concentrations of catabolites, such as ammonia and lactic acid, on the viability and functions of rat hepatocytes cultured on collagen coated Petri dishes. The effects on hepatocyte functions were established with respect to their ability to synthesize urea and to eliminate ammonia. Indeed, high catabolite concentrations effected both hepatocyte viability and functions. The number of viable hepatocytes decreased with increasing ammonia concentrations in the culture medium. High ammonia concentrations had also both an inhibitory and a toxic effect on hepatocyte functions. In fact, the hepatocytes synthesized urea and eliminated ammonia at rates that decreased with increasing ammonia concentrations. Similarly, high lactic acid concentrations were toxic to the cells and also inhibited their synthetic functions.
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Fairchild, B. D., M. Czarick, L. A. Harper, et al. "Ammonia concentrations downstream of broiler operations." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18, no. 3 (2009): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2008-00126.

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Koster, I. W., and G. Lettinga. "Anaerobic digestion at extreme ammonia concentrations." Biological Wastes 25, no. 1 (1988): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(88)90127-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ammonia concentrations"

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Gormican, Stephen Joseph. "Water circulation, dissolved oxygen, and ammonia concentrations in fish-net cages." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27458.

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Fish farming in the protected waters of British Columbia is relatively new, but has undergone a phenomenal growth in the last ten years. Little investigation has been reported with respect to conditions within the net-cages employed in growing salmon at fish farms. In particular, the role of water quality and water exchange has not been examined in relation to local mariculture husbandry practices and hydrography. The first part of this study compared water quality and water flow in two locations, one in Jervis Inlet with a deep entrance sill and the- other in Sechelt Inlet which has a shallow entrance sill. Marked variations in hydrography occurred between the two sites as a result of the differences in sill depth. An internal wave generated at the Sechelt Inlet sill caused daily fluctuations in stratification and hence water properties within the net-cages. No such variations were observed at the Jervis Inlet site. In the second part of this study, water quality and water flow was_ measured in various locations in and near a raft of 24 net-cages. Generally, it was found that within the raft, water flow was diminished in those cages located downstream of the predominate flow direction. However, local topography was thought to have caused marked variation in water quality and water exchange patterns in two of the cages. Ammonia concentrations were not observed to exceed reported sublethal concentrations at any time, over a 25 h period, at any of the depths sampled, within the net-cages. Dissolved oxygen concentrations did, at some depths and times, approach values at which some stress may be felt due to low oxygen. Linear regressions between water quality and water speed were not found to be significant in most cases. The coefficient of determinations were low, indicating that current speed accounted for less than 27% of the variation in water quality.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Zoology, Department of<br>Graduate
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Rumburg, Brian Paul. "Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of atmospheric ammonia in the mid-ultraviolet from a dairy concentrations, emissions, and modeling /." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2006/b%5Frumburg%5F031006.pdf.

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Paz, Manzano Henry Alexander. "Use of ash and nitrogen concentrations in manure to estimate loss of ammonia over time." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1252691981.

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Yang, Fan. "Mesophilic anaerobic digestion conducted in single unit reactor at increasing ammonia concentrations." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-16920.

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The use of mesophilic anaerobic digestion for treatment of organic wastes is a growing biotechnology for sustainable energy supply. Ammonia inhibition is a major problem in anaerobic digestion mainly when digestion of nitrogen-rich substrates such as livestock wastes and manure occurs. This paper provides a summary of research conducted on ammonia inhibition of the anaerobic process. An experiment with mesophilic digestions of swine manure was conducted in single unit reactors, which were controlled under different ammonia concentrations by addition of NH4Cl in different amounts. From the experimental results, it was shown that NH4Cl could be an effective chemical agent for removing foam and scum in the digester. Methane production was decreased with the increasing NH4Cl addition until a collapse was observed between 11.2 g NH4+-N/l and 13.2 g NH4+-N/l. Contrary to the findings in thermophilic digestion, a dysfunction of acidogenesis was also observed since both gas and methane production was delayed with increasing NH4Cl addition. These findings suggest different ammonia inhibition principles in mesophilic and thermophilic digestion. It was further indicated that methanogenesis could produce a high percentage of methane although gas production was inhibited.
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Tate, Paul. "Ammonia Sampling using Ogawa® Passive Samplers." Scholar Commons, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000021.

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Bembry, Earl Dan. "Comparison of Ammonia and Particulate Matter Air Sample Concentrations at Task-Locations within Swine Confinement Buildings." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1880.

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Introduction: A task-associated analysis of ammonia and particulate matter concentrations was conducted on swine farms in breeding and gestation barns. The purpose of this study was to determine if specific tasks performed by workers increase concentrations of ammonia and particulate matter exposure. Methods: An exploratory, descriptive design was used to determine if swine confinement workers have increased ammonia and particulate matter exposure when performing assigned tasks in breeding and gestation barns. A convenience sample of 8 workers volunteered from among all breeding and gestation workers (n=24). Data collection occurred in the morning at each of the 8 farms and continued until tasks were completed (~4 hrs). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was computed to determine if the type of task or type of barn was related to workers' exposure to ammonia or particulate matter. Results: Ammonia levels were below the sensitivity of the instrument (<0.1) except on 1 morning when the ammonia concentration was recorded at 8 ppm. However, concentrations above 0.1 ppm lasted for less than 5 minutes. Consequently, this variable was not included in the analysis. Correlation analysis was used to answer the 1st research question. The results suggested a statistically significant decrease in particulate matter as the number of operating fans increased. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to answer the last 2 research questions. The results suggested a significant interactive effect between the type of confinement barn and the type of tasks workers were performing. The barn types differed by the number of exhaust fans and the type of animal waste disposal system. Conclusions: Occupational health nurses can use study results to implement interventions to minimize worker exposures. These results indicate that understanding the relationship between building design and type of work tasks along with the importance of proper ventilation may minimize worker exposure to harmful particulate matter in SCBs during the summer months.
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Williams, Ischer Sarah Ashlee. "Evaluation of a sprinkler cooling system on inhalable dust and ammonia concentrations in broiler chicken production." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3216.

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Indoor air contaminants such as dust and gases are present in concentrations that may be hazardous to worker health in poultry production. Poultry dust may contain inflammatory agents (e.g., endotoxin) and inhalation exposure has been associated with pulmonary symptoms. The current control practice to reduce worker exposure to poultry dust is the use of respiratory protection (e.g., filtering face-piece respirators). Limited research has been conducted to evaluate engineering controls to reduce dust concentrations in broiler chicken production. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a water sprinkling system to reduce inhalable dust and ammonia concentrations in a broiler chicken house. Inhalable dust and ammonia concentrations were measured daily for the production cycle of a flock of broiler chickens (63 days). Inhalable dust was measured gravimetrically using an inhalable sampler and ammonia was measured by a direct reading sensor. Sampling was performed on a stationary mannequin inside two broiler chicken houses. One house used a sprinkler cooling system to deliver a water mist throughout the house and the second house was an untreated control. The sprinkler system activated 5 days after chicken placement and continued through day 63 of the broiler chicken production cycle. The following sprinkler activation program was used each hour from 6am to 10pm: days 5 – 9 five seconds, days 10 – 14 ten seconds, and days 15-63 for fifteen seconds. Geometric mean (GM) inhalable dust concentrations collected in the treatment house (5.2 mg/m3) were lower than those found in the control house (6.0 mg/m3). The GM ammonia concentration within the treatment house was higher at 10.6 ppm (GSD: 1.80), compared to the control house (GM 9.51 ppm; GSD: 1.77). However, the observed differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.33 and p = 0.34, respectively). Concentrations of inhalable dust were reduced by 11β when using the water sprinkling system, however the reduction was not statistically significant. The observed reduction in dust concentration was not sufficient to eliminate the need for respiratory protection.
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Iyathurai, Gunaretnam. "Effects of high protein diet intake, ammonia and urea concentrations on mid-luteal phase endometrial gene expression levels in post-partum dairy cows." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41979.

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Fertility in high producing dairy cows has been decreasing over decades. Elevated ammonia and urea levels in circulation and reproductive fluids due to high protein intake is one of the major contributory factors for decreasing fertility observed in dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of a) ammonia and urea, and b) high protein diet intake on the mRNA expression levels of mid-luteal phase endometrial candidate fertility genes in lactating dairy cows. In experiment I, the mRNA levels of endometrial candidate genes were measured using qRT-PCR after treating the endometrial tissues (100mg/well) with different concentrations of ammonium chloride (0, 75, 150, 300, 600 μM) or urea (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 mM), in-vitro. A high concentration of ammonium chloride (600 μM) or urea (16 mM) decreased (P<0.05) the expression levels of FGF2 and IGFBP1 genes when compared to the control. However, a mild concentration of ammonium chloride (150 μM) or urea (4 mM) increased (P<0.05) the expression levels of HSPA1A, IGFBP3, SERPINA14 and BCL2 genes. The expression levels of IGF1 and BAX genes were not affected (P>0.05) by any of the ammonium chloride or urea concentrations tested. In experiment II, the mRNA levels of the candidate genes were measured using qRT-PCR in the mid-luteal phase endometrium of post partum dairy cows fed with a high (17.3% DM) or a low (14.8% DM) protein diet. The mRNA levels of all genes tested except IL1A were not different (P>0.05) between the two groups. The mean number of small and large follicles, mean size of large follicles, mean size of CL, and the number of days to first ovulation were negatively affected by high protein diet intake. Milk analysis showed higher (P<0.05) MUN levels in the high protein group relative to that of low protein. Milk yield was not different (P>0.05) between the two groups. I conclude from this study that the deleterious effect of excess dietary protein on dairy cow fertility may be due to alterations in follicular and CL dynamics and therefore embryo quality rather than any changes in the uterine environment.
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Abbott, William. "The Development of a Fluorescence-based Reverse Flow Injection Analysis (rFIA) Method for Quantifying Ammonium at Nanomolar Concentrations in Oligotrophic Seawater." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5892.

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The goal of this thesis was to adopt a reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) technique to the fluorometric analysis of the reaction o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) with ammonium, allowing accurate measurements of ammonium concentrations lower than the detection limit of the widely used indophenol blue (IPB) colorimetric method while accounting for the background fluorescence of seawater. Ammonium is considered an essential nutrient for primary productivity, especially in the nutrient depleted surface ocean where as the most reduced form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, it is readily assimilated via metabolic pathways. Challenges in the quantification of ammonium require more sensitive analytical techniques for a greater understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of ammonium in the oligotrophic ocean. On-line and automated flow analysis techniques are capable of mitigating some of the challenges. Fluorescent-based methods out-perform colorimetric methods in terms of detection limits and sensitivity. Presented here is the development of an rFIA technique paired with an OPA-sulfite chemistry. For this method, a sulfite-formaldehyde reagent is mixed with the sample stream and then injected with the OPA reagent before being heated. Fluorescence is measured before and at the peak of the OPA injection, differentiating the background fluorescence from the analyte signal. Experiments to optimize reaction parameters and characterize the effects of salinity and potentially interfering species were conducted. The newly developed method offers a reasonable throughput (18 samples per hour), low limit of detection (1.1 nM) ammonium analysis technique with automatic background fluorescence correction suitable for oligotrophic seawater as a preferable alternative to the low sensitivity and high limit of detection IPB colorimetric method.
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Alsouleman, Khulud [Verfasser], Michaela [Akademischer Betreuer] Dippold, Frank [Gutachter] Beneke, Michaela [Gutachter] Dippold, and Michael [Gutachter] Klocke. "Potential Impact of Increasing Ammonia Concentrations upon Microbial Population Dynamics in Anaerobic Meso- and Thermophilic driven Fermenters / Khulud Alsouleman ; Gutachter: Frank Beneke, Michaela Dippold, Michael Klocke ; Betreuer: Michaela Dippold." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204255954/34.

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Books on the topic "Ammonia concentrations"

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Ferm, Martin. Concentration measurements and equilibrium studies of ammonium, nitrate, and sulphur species in air and precipitation. Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry, 1986.

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Webb, A. R. The anaerobic digestion of poultry manure: Variation of gas yield with influent concentration and ammonium-nitrogen levels. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, 1985.

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Bascomb, Newell F. Purification and partial kinetic and physical characterization of two NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and their protein precursors, and measurement of the patterns of accumulation and rates of degradation of their nonidentical subunits in synchronized cells of Chlorella cultured in different concentrations of ammonia. 1985.

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Columb, Malachy O. Local anaesthetic agents. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0017.

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Local anaesthetic agents cause a pharmacologically induced reversible neuropathy characterized by axonal conduction blockade. They act by blocking the sodium ionophore and exhibit membrane stabilizing activity by inhibiting initiation and propagation of action potentials. They are weak bases consisting of three components: a lipophilic aromatic ring, a link, and a hydrophilic amine. The chemical link classifies them as esters or amides. Local anaesthetics diffuse through the axolemma as unionized free-base and block the ionophore in the quaternary ammonium ionized form. The speed of onset of block is therefore dependent on the pKa of the agent and the ambient tissue pH. Esters undergo hydrolysis by plasma esterases and amides are metabolized by hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases. Local anaesthetics are bound in the blood to α‎1-acid glycoproteins. Pharmacological potency is dependent on the lipid solubility of the drug as is the potential for systemic toxicity. The blood concentrations required to cause cardiovascular system (CVS) collapse and early central nervous system (CNS) toxicity are used to quantify the CVS:CNS toxicity ratio. Local anaesthetics also have the potential to induce direct neuronal damage. Intravenous lipid emulsion is used for the treatment of systemic toxicity but the scientific evidence is inconsistent. With regard to the pipecoloxylidine local anaesthetics, early evidence indicated that the S- was less toxic than the R-enantiomer. However, clinical research using minimum local analgesic concentration designs suggests that reduced systemic toxicity and motor block sparing is mainly explained by potency rather than enantiomerism.
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Book chapters on the topic "Ammonia concentrations"

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Bleeker, Albert, Mark A. Sutton, Beat Acherman, et al. "Linking Ammonia Emission Trends to Measured Concentrations and Deposition of Reduced Nitrogen at Different Scales." In Atmospheric Ammonia. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9121-6_11.

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Wolseley, Patricia A., Ian D. Leith, Netty van Dijk, and Mark A. Sutton. "Macrolichens on Twigs and Trunks as Indicators of Ammonia Concentrations Across the UK — a Practical Method." In Atmospheric Ammonia. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9121-6_9.

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Kilany, Moataz, Mohamed Mostafa Fouad, Ahmed Monem Hemdan, and Aboul Ella Hassanien. "Fish Growth Performance Classification Based on Ammonia Concentrations." In Proceedings of the Third International Afro-European Conference for Industrial Advancement — AECIA 2016. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60834-1_33.

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D’Urso, Provvidenza Rita, Claudia Arcidiacono, and Giovanni Cascone. "Spatial Variability of Ammonia Concentrations in an Open-Sided Dairy Barn." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98092-4_9.

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Fusta Moro, Alessandro, Matteo Salis, Andrea Zucchi, Michela Cameletti, Natalia Golini, and Rosaria Ignaccolo. "Ammonia emissions and fine particulate matter: some evidence in Lombardy." In Proceedings e report. Firenze University Press and Genova University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0106-3.40.

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Lombardy is one of the most polluted regions at the European level, also due to its particular geographical structure and weather conditions which prevent the pollutants’ dispersion, and the high levels of emissions coming from human activities. Recently, some evidence has been found regarding the relationship between agriculture and air quality, particularly between ammonia - produced mainly by the livestock sector - and particulate matter concentrations. In this respect, Lombardy is the first Italian region for agriculture production, having 69% of its area classified as agricultural land and about 245 swine and 92 bovines per rural km2. In the Agriculture Impact On Italian Air project (AgrImOnIA, https://agrimonia.net, funded by Fondazione Cariplo within the framework of Data Science for science and society), we aim to predict continuously in space (i.e. mapping) air pollutants concentrations in Lombardy region, taking into account meteorology, land use and emissions coming from agriculture. In this regard, data integration and harmonization process have been carried out starting from data from different sources and characterized by different spatial and temporal resolutions. The first results are based on spatio-temporal Kriging models, with external drift, and an extension of the traditional random forest algorithm to consider the spatial and temporal correlation. These models will be used to generate scenario analysis which simulates the impact of policy interventions in the agricultural sector to mitigate its environmental impact on air quality.
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Nonnotte, Guy, Dominique Salin, Patrick Williot, Karine Pichavant-Rafini, Michel Rafini, and Liliane Nonnotte. "Acid-Base Balance and Ammonia Loading in the Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser baerii, Exposed to High Concentrations of Ammonia." In The Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii, Brandt, 1869) Volume 1 - Biology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61664-3_21.

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Maasikmets, Marek, Erik Teinemaa, Allan Kaasik, and Veljo Kimmel. "Seasonal variability of the PM and ammonia concentrations in uninsulated loose-housing cowshed." In Air Quality and Livestock Farming. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315738338-6.

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Duyzer, Jan, Bas Nijenhuis, and Hilbrand Weststrate. "Monitoring and Modelling of Ammonia Concentrations and Deposition in Agricultural Areas of the Netherlands." In Air-Surface Exchange of Gases and Particles (2000). Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9026-1_14.

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Chang, Jium Shiou, Yoko Watanabe, and Akitane Mori. "The Effect of Sodium Valproate on Blood Ammonia Levels and the Concentrations of Guanidino Compounds in Mouse Tissue." In Guanidines. Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0752-6_13.

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Kryza, Maciej, Anthony J. Dore, and Małgorzata Werner. "Application of the 1 km × 1 km Resolution FRAME Model to Poland for the Assessment of Ammonia and Ammonium Concentrations and Exceedance of Critical Levels." In Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXII. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ammonia concentrations"

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Schutt, Hans U., and Peter R. Rhodes. "Corrosion in the Aqueous Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonia, Oxygen System." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95331.

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Abstract Rotating cylinder experiments have demonstrated significant corrosion rates of steel exposed to oxygenated, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia containing aqueous solutions to be dependent on pH, presence of oxygen, hydrogen sulfide concentration and flow. Corrosion is more severe than expected basis a review of published reports (considering systems at relatively low ammonium hydrosulfide concentrations and above a pH of 6[1-10]). In particular, the dependence of carbon steel corrosion rates on pH and the impact of oxygen in this system can be strong, but only under conditions prior to reaction between H2S and O2. The influence of the hydrogen sulfide concentration is unexpected in that neutral, 1mM solutions are more corrosive than neutral, 10mM solutions in both short-term tests and on a sustained basis.
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Burgmayer, Paul. "Where's All That Copper in Your Boiler Coming from? A Study of the Factors Affecting Copper Corrosion Product Release." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89310.

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Abstract Copper release from 90/10 Cu/Ni metallurgy under feedwater and condensate conditions was investigated. Effluent copper concentrations were measured as a function of pH, temperature, flow rate, amine type, amine concentration and dissolved oxygen concentration using a heat exchanger containing a 90/10 Cu/Ni coil. Temperature had the largest impact on copper concentration. As the temperature was raised from that expected in condensate systems to that expected in feedwater heaters, the average copper concentration increased dramatically. All other factors except flow rate had smaller but significant effects on copper concentration. Changing flow rate had no effect. Ammonia behaved differently than cyclohexylamine, morpholine and diethylaminoethanol. With all other factors held constant, increasing ammonia concentration increased the copper concentration, while increasing organic amine concentrations decreased the copper concentration. Injection of acid into the coil effluent sample line was needed to obtain accurate copper concentrations.
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Picker, Karen, Josefin Eidhagen, and Jonas Höwing. "Corrosion Behavior of UNS N08935 in Refinery Sour Water Services." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16831.

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Abstract The nature of hydroprocessing reactor effluent air coolers (REAC’s) to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) from sulfur and nitrogen species present in the feed makes them prone to ammonium bisulfide (NH4HS) corrosion. Various industry driven research have helped understand the relationship between the hydrogen sulfide or the ammonia partial pressure with NH4HS concentration and their impact on the corrosion rate of several alloys in these services. Nowadays, the significance of flow rates, temperatures, H2S and NH3 present in the system have been well established and the corrosion performance of duplex stainless steels, or nickel grades, such as Alloy 825 and Alloy 625, in these environments have been widely accepted throughout the refining industry. This study demonstrates the corrosion performance of UNS N08935 in refinery sour water services. Tests have been performed in H2S-dominated environments with different NH4HS concentrations. A total of six different H2S-dominated environment environments are tested with three different H2S partial pressures. The NH4HS concentrations ranges between 5-30 wt%, two different temperatures are used and both stagnant and flowing conditions are evaluated. The results from these tests is showed comparing different alloys ranging from super duplex stainless steels to nickel base alloys exposed to the same conditions.
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Kramer, Jeffrey F. "Biofilm Control with Bromo-Chloro-Dimethyl-Hydantoin." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01277.

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Abstract The biocidal efficacy of brominated hydantoins versus planktonic and biofilm bacteria was determined. Brominated hydantoins were effective at low concentrations versus planktonic bacteria and this activity was not affected by ammonia. Higher concentrations were required for efficacy versus biofilm bacteria. The efficacy of brominated hydantoins versus biofilm bacteria increased in the presence of ammonia. The biocidal and biofilm removal activity of bromo-chloro-dimethyl-hydantoin (BCDMH) was superior to that of bromo-chloro-ethylmethyl-hydantoin (BCEMH).
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Wilhelm, S. Mark, and Dharma Abayarathna. "Inhibition of Absorption of Hydrogen by Steels in Wet H2S Refinery Environments." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92449.

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Abstract Hydrogen permeation and polarization measurements were used to investigate hydrogen absorption of pressure vessel steels in refinery environments containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and cyanide (CN−) . Severity of these environments are determined by the concentrations of bisulfide (HS−) and CN−· Corrosion rates and hydrogen absorption efficiencies were found to depend strongly on H2S concentration in the pH region where HS− dominates. The effects of chemical additives on corrosion and hydrogen absorption were also examined. Of the chemicals tested, diamines with long carbon chain were the most effective in reducing both corrosion rate and hydrogen absorption.
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Zhang, J., Z. Chu, Y. Chai, C. Zhou, C. Yuan, and A. Saifutdinov. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Plasma Parameters with Different Ammonia Concentrations in Low-Pressure Helium Glow Discharge." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icops58192.2024.10626892.

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Groysman, Alec, Joseph Penner, Liran Mizrahi, and Naphtali Brodsky. "Examination of a "Green" Corrosion Inhibitor and Corrosion Resistant Alloys for the Overhead of the Crude Oil Distillation Unit." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02134.

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Abstract The aim of this work is to examine a new "green" corrosion inhibitor and nine different alloys for use in the overhead of the crude oil distillation unit. Ammonia, organic amines, amides, and imidazolines are injected in the overhead. In order to avoid using unfriendly ammonia, a new "green" corrosion inhibitor was examined in a model aggressive solution (pH=3.2) during a distillation procedure under laboratory conditions and showed 87-93% efficiency at concentrations of 30-40 ppm. This new inhibitor was compared with two commercial inhibitor systems, and revealed similar efficiency, but its benefit is that it does not contain ammonia. Six stainless steels, nickel–molybdenum alloy, titanium, and brass were examined in the model aggressive solution (pH=3.2) as above. High corrosion rates were found for carbon steel (2.4 mm/year) and brass (2.1 mm/year). Other alloys showed very low corrosion rates (&amp;lt; 0.13 mm/year) and were recommended for use as materials in the overhead. Air cooler and heat exchanger tubes made from titanium have been used for 18 years in the oil refinery with success.
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Fuentes, R. E., B. J. Wiersma, and K. D. Boomer. "Laboratory Simulation of Vapor Space Corrosion in Radioactive Waste Storage Tanks." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05572.

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Abstract Radioactive liquid waste has been stored in underground carbon steel tanks for nearly 70 years at the Hanford nuclear facility. Vapor space corrosion of the tank walls has emerged as an ongoing challenge to overcome in maintaining the structural integrity of these tanks. The interaction between corrosive and inhibitor species in condensates/supernates on the tank wall above the liquid level, and their interaction with vapor phase constituents as the liquid evaporates from the tank wall influences the formation of corrosion products and the corrosion of the carbon steel. Ammonia inhibition of vapor space corrosion has been observed on an anecdotal basis and through limited laboratory testing. Ammonia is produced predominantly in the liquid waste through thermal and radiolytically induced reactions between organic waste components and nitrate and nitrite anions. The demonstration of corrosion inhibition by ammonia may provide a technical basis for the observed lack of propensity of corrosion in the vapor space of the waste tanks. New corrosion chemistry limits for the waste have been recommended to minimize the threat of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the carbon steel. Previous testing demonstrated that the new SCC inhibitor requirements for the waste were not sufficient for mitigation of pitting in the vapor space for the anticipated waste chemistry envelope. Coupon tests demonstrated that ammonia concentrations typically observed in the tank vapor space (i.e., between 50 and 550 ppm) are sufficient to mitigate vapor space corrosion.
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Höwing, Jonas, Josefin Eidhagen, and Karen Picker. "Corrosion Properties of UNS N08935 in Crude Distillation Unit Overhead Service Conditions." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16833.

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Abstract Overhead condensers (OHC) in refinery applications such as atmospheric and vacuum distillation units often experience very corrosive environments due to condensation of hydrochloric acid, HCl. The acid is often neutralized using water washing and addition of a caustic solution such as ammonia (NH3) or an organic amine such as monoethanolamine (MEA) or dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). While neutralizing the HCl, addition of these bases can lead to chloride salt deposits with following possible pitting corrosion, under deposit corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of the tubes in the OHC. In this work, the recently developed grade UNS N08935 has been tested in a laboratory environment mimicking ammonium chloride under-deposit corrosion and aqueous acidic corrosion in OHC applications. The results from the testing will compare the performance of N08935 to super duplex stainless steel UNS S32750 and nickel base alloy UNS N06625 being exposed to different temperatures, HCl and NH3 concentrations and flow rates representative of crude unit overhead condenser operating conditions.
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Terao, Tokuhiro, and Atsuo Miyazaki. "Chemical Cleaning Waste Water Treatment by Reverse Osmosis." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93364.

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Abstract A method of treatment by reverse osmosis (RO) has been developed and implemented for the treatment of waste waters from organic acid cleaning applied to the chemical cleaning of power plant once-through boilers. Concentrate waste waters containing COD and nitrogen components, such as ammonia and dilute waste waters from water washing, are separately stored. The concentrate waste water is treated by RO into a dilute permeate and a thickened waste water. By repetition of this process, the waste water volume is reduced to 1/4-1/6 of the original. In the permeate, COD and ammonia concentrations are as low as below 1/100 of those before treatment. The resulting dilute permeate and the dilute waste water from water washing are mixed together and subjected to chemical oxidation and decomposition treatment to further reduce COD to below 10 mg/l. The results of treatment are also shown.
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Reports on the topic "Ammonia concentrations"

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Zhao, Yang, and Hongwei Xin. Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions of Aviary Hen Houses. Iowa State University, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-740.

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Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2041.

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The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.
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Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2041.

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The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.
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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.

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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0&lt;pH&lt;~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH&lt;2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of &gt;95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.
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Swanson, Dr Larry, and Christopher Samuelson. PR-362-06208-R01 Evaluation of Byproduct Emissions from Gas Turbine SCR Catalyst. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010978.

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The primary objective of the test program was to evaluate byproduct emissions at steady state and transient operating conditions for two commercially available SCR catalysts used in gas turbine applications. Both NOX removal efficiency and ammonia slip behavior were also examined to validate expected catalyst trends and activity. Even though the study replicated expected field catalyst process conditions as well as possible (e.g., flue gas temperatures, space velocities, and inlet species concentrations), the data and results are from pilot-scale testing only, and consequently may differ from actual gas turbine field tests.
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Mosquera, J., J. P. M. Ploegaert, and G. C. C. Kupers. Determination of ammonia concentrations in air from livestock housing systems : Reference method using gas washing as applied by Wageningen Livestock Research. Wageningen Livestock Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/500006.

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Jerald A. Caton and Kalyan Annamalai. Development of All-Solid-State Sensors for Measurement of Nitric Oxide and Ammonia Concentrations by Optical Absorption in Particle-Laden Combusion Exhaust Streams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902507.

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Jerald A. Caton, Kalyan Annamalai, and Robert P. Lucht. Development of All-Solid-State Sensors for Measurement of Nitric Oxide and Ammonia Concentrations by Optical Absorption in Particle-Laden Combustion Exhaust Streams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/881865.

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Jerald A. Caton, Kalyan Annamalai, and Robert P. Lucht. Development of All-Solid-State Sensors for Measurement of Nitric Oxide and Ammonia Concentrations by Optical Absorption in Particle-Laden Combustion Exhaust Streams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921639.

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Jerald A. Caton, Kalyan Annamalai, and Robert P. Lucht. DEVELOPMENT OF ALL-SOLID-STATE SENSORS FOR MEASUREMENT OF NITRIC OXIDE AND AMMONIA CONCENTRATIONS BY OPTICAL ABSORPTION IN PARTICLE-LADEN COMBUSTION EXHAUST STREAMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/842273.

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