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Journal articles on the topic 'Ammonia concentrations'
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1
SEEDORF, J., and J. HARTUNG. "Survey of ammonia concentrations in livestock buildings." Journal of Agricultural Science 133, no. 4 (1999): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007170.
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The air quality in 82 German livestock buildings was investigated, using ammonia as a gaseous indicator. The ammonia concentrations were measured hourly and a 24 h mean was calculated. In cattle houses the mean ammonia measurement ranged between 3·7 ppm in calf houses (n = 16), 4·7 ppm in beef units (n = 10) and 6·4 ppm in dairy cattle houses (n = 8). In pig buildings the highest mean concentrations of 15·9 ppm were found in fattening pig livestocks (n = 8). In sow (n = 16) and weaner livestock buildings (n = 8) the averaged ammonia concentration varied between 13·4 ppm and 9·1 ppm, respectively. Within poultry houses, broiler flocks (n = 8) were associated with ammonia concentrations of 21·2 ppm. On the other hand, livestock buildings containing laying hens (n = 8) showed the lowest ammonia concentrations of all, namely 2·7 ppm. A significant positive correlation between temperature, relative humidity and ammonia concentrations could be found in poultry houses. Assuming an ammonia threshold limit value of 15 ppm, although no cattle house in this study exceeded this recommended limit, 31% of all the pig and poultry units investigated did, indicating a need for improved housing conditions in the future.
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Kondratev, V. M., A. Kuznetsov, S. V. Fedina, S. S. Nalimova, V. A. Moshnikov, and A. D. Bolshakov. "Gallium phosphide nanowires for “biological concentrations” ammonia detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2172, no. 1 (2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2172/1/012006.
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Abstract Ammonia is widespread chemical compound found both in nature and in human body, and its detection is very important in biology and medicine as well as in environmental monitoring systems. This work is aimed at fabrication and study of precise, technological and relatively cheap ammonia sensors compatible with a liquid medium. Here we use GaP epitaxial nanowires (NWs) as adsorption elements capable of ammonia detection fabricated via a simple protocol. The device properties are studied in terms of change in sensor impedance spectrum upon presence of ammonia. Physical interpretation of the impedance spectra in the presence of water and ammonia is given. GaP–based device exhibit sufficient response to the ammonia presence with the detection limit lower than 2.5 ppm.
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Wen, D., L. Zhang, J. C. Lin, R. Vet, and M. D. Moran. "An evaluation of ambient ammonia concentrations over southern Ontario simulated with different dry deposition schemes within STILT-Chem v0.8." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 4 (2013): 6075–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-6075-2013.
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Abstract. A bi-directional air-surface exchange scheme for atmospheric ammonia was incorporated into the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport air quality model (STILT-Chem v0.8). STILT-Chem v0.8 was then applied to simulate atmospheric ammonia concentrations at 53 measurement sites in the province of Ontario, Canada for a six-month period from 1 June to 30 November 2006. In addition to the bi-directional scheme, two uni-directional dry deposition schemes were tested. Comparisons of modeled ammonia concentrations against observations show that all three schemes can reasonably predict observations. For sites with low observed ammonia concentrations, the bi-directional scheme clearly overestimated ammonia concentrations. Although all three schemes tend to underestimate ammonia concentrations for locations with elevated observed concentrations, the bi-directional scheme performed better due mainly to its introduction of compensation points into flux calculation parameterizations. The results of additional sensitivity tests suggest that uncertainties in the input values of emission potentials in the bi-directional scheme greatly affect the accuracy of modeled ammonia concentrations. The use of much larger emission potentials than provided in the scheme is required for accurate prediction of elevated ammonia concentrations at intensive agricultural locations.
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Petrus, Mioara, Cristina Popa, and Ana-Maria Bratu. "Ammonia Concentration in Ambient Air in a Peri-Urban Area Using a Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Detector." Materials 15, no. 9 (2022): 3182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093182.
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Measuring ammonia from the environmental air is a sensitive and prioritized issue due to its harmful effects on humans, ecosystems, and climate. Ammonia is an environmental pollutant that has an important role in forming secondary inorganic aerosols, the main component of fine particulate matter concentrations in the urban atmosphere. Through this study, we present a gas analyzer that utilizes the technique of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy to measure ammonia concentration in three different sites located in Magurele, (44°20′58″ N 26°01′47″ E, 93 m altitude), Romania, from March to August 2021 at the breathing level of 1.5 m above ground. The ammonia concentrations from the ambient air were elevated in summer (mean of 46.03 ± 8.05 ppb (parts per billion)) compared to those measured in spring (18.62 ± 2.92 ppb), which means that atmospheric temperature affects ammonia concentrations. The highest mean ammonia concentrations occurred in August, with an ammonia concentration level of 100.68 ± 11.12 ppb, and the low mean ammonia concentrations occurred in March, with an ammonia level concentration of 0.161 ± 0.03 ppb. The results confirm that meteorological characteristics (i.e., temperature) and motor vehicles are major contributors to the elevated ammonia levels during the monitoring period.
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Wen, D., L. Zhang, J. C. Lin, R. Vet, and M. D. Moran. "An evaluation of ambient ammonia concentrations over southern Ontario simulated with different dry deposition schemes within STILT-Chem v0.8." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 3 (2014): 1037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1037-2014.
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Abstract. A bidirectional air–surface exchange scheme for atmospheric ammonia was incorporated into the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport air quality model (STILT-Chem v0.8). STILT-Chem v0.8 was then applied to simulate atmospheric ammonia concentrations at 53 measurement sites in the province of Ontario, Canada for a six-month period from 1 June to 30 November 2006. In addition to the bidirectional scheme, two unidirectional dry deposition schemes were tested. Comparisons of modeled ammonia concentrations against observations show that all three schemes can reasonably predict observations. For sites with low observed ammonia concentrations, the bidirectional scheme clearly overestimated ammonia concentrations during crop-growing season. Although all three schemes tended to underestimate ammonia concentrations after mid-October and for sites with elevated observed concentrations, mainly due to underestimated NH3 emission inventory after mid-October and/or underestimated emission potentials for those sites, the bidirectional scheme performed better because of its introduction of compensation points into the flux calculation parameterization. In addition to uncertainties in the emission inventory, the results of additional sensitivity tests suggest that uncertainties in the input values of emission potentials in the bidirectional scheme greatly affect the accuracy of modeled ammonia concentrations. The use of much larger emission potentials in the bidirectional scheme and larger anthropogenic NH3 emission after mid-October than provided in the model emissions files is needed for accurate prediction of elevated ammonia concentrations at intensive agricultural locations.
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Van den Berg, J. S. "The ammonia tolerance test in horses." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 62, no. 2 (1991): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v62i2.1589.
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Clinically normal horses (n = 8) with ages ranging from 5 to 8 years, were starved for 12 h and their plasma ammonia concentrations were measured. The mean fasting plasma ammonia concentration was 17,8±3,8 µmol l-1. After dosing ammonium chloride at a dose rate of 0,02 g kg-1, there was a significant increase in plasma ammonia concentration, with a maximum rise after 20 min (P 0,05). To investigate the influence of temperature on plasma ammonia concentrations of stored samples, 8 plasma samples were stored at -20°C and 4°C respectively. The plasma ammonia concentrations were measured after 6, 12 and 24 h in each of the stored samples. Plasma ammonia concentrations increased significantly after 12 and 24 h when stored at 4°C (P 0,05). When plasma was stored at 20°C there was no significant increase from baseline concentrations during 24h (P 0,05).
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Bariroh, Ghurrotul, Maria Ulfah, and Prasetiyo. "EFFECTIVENESS OF LOTUS PHYTOREMEDIATION (NYMPHAEA PUBESCENS) IN REDUCING AMMONIA AND PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN COFFEE LIQUID WASTE." BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan) 11, no. 1 (2024): 64–77. https://doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v11i1.12595.
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Based on laboratory tests of ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater from coffee factory in Semarang, the concentrations were found to be 8.55 and 1.01 mg/L, respectively. These high concentrations negatively impact fish farming production. Nymphaea pubescens has shown potential in remediating ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of lotus phytoremediation (Nymphaea pubescens) in reducing ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater. The research method employed is true experiment with Completely Randomized Design, involving four treatments and three replications. According to ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test results, Nymphaea pubescens significantly reduced ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater. So far there have been no specific studies on the phytoremediation of Nymphaea pubescens for ammonia and phosphate concentrations in coffee wastewater, making this study a novel contribution. The findings suggest that this approach should be widely implemented, especially within educational settings and communities.
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Catapano, G., L. DE Bartolo, C. P. Lombardi, and E. Drioli. "The Effect of Catabolite Concentration on the Viability and Functions of Isolated Rat Hepatocytes." International Journal of Artificial Organs 19, no. 4 (1996): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889601900407.
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The treatment of patients with hepatic failure by means of hybrid liver support devices using primary xenogeneic hepatocytes is currently hindered by the rapid loss of cell metabolic functions. Similarly to what happens with other mammalian cells, accumulation of catabolites in the neighborhood of cultured hepatocytes might significantly affect their viability and functions. In this paper, we investigated the effects of high concentrations of catabolites, such as ammonia and lactic acid, on the viability and functions of rat hepatocytes cultured on collagen coated Petri dishes. The effects on hepatocyte functions were established with respect to their ability to synthesize urea and to eliminate ammonia. Indeed, high catabolite concentrations effected both hepatocyte viability and functions. The number of viable hepatocytes decreased with increasing ammonia concentrations in the culture medium. High ammonia concentrations had also both an inhibitory and a toxic effect on hepatocyte functions. In fact, the hepatocytes synthesized urea and eliminated ammonia at rates that decreased with increasing ammonia concentrations. Similarly, high lactic acid concentrations were toxic to the cells and also inhibited their synthetic functions.
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Fairchild, B. D., M. Czarick, L. A. Harper, et al. "Ammonia concentrations downstream of broiler operations." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18, no. 3 (2009): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2008-00126.
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Koster, I. W., and G. Lettinga. "Anaerobic digestion at extreme ammonia concentrations." Biological Wastes 25, no. 1 (1988): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(88)90127-9.
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Jenkins, Michael B., Dwight D. Bowman, and William C. Ghiorse. "Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvumOocysts by Ammonia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 2 (1998): 784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.2.784-788.1998.
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ABSTRACT The survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil and water microhabitats may be affected by the environmental production and release of free ammonia. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing free ammonia concentrations and times of exposure on oocyst viability. Wild-type oocysts were obtained from naturally infected calf feces by chemical (continuous-flow) centrifugation and sucrose gradients. Ammonia (NH3) from a commercial solution was applied in concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 0.148 M. Exposure times ranged from 10 min to 24 h at a constant temperature of 24 ± 1°C. Viability of oocysts was determined with a dye permeability assay and an in vitro excystation assay (M. B. Jenkins, L. J. Anguish, D. D. Bowman, M. J. Walker, and W. C. Ghiorse, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:3844–3850, 1997). Even the lowest concentration of ammonia decreased significantly the viability of oocysts after 24 h of exposure. Increasing concentrations of ammonia increased inactivation rates, which ranged from 0.014 to 0.066 h−1. At the highest concentration of ammonia, a small fraction of viable oocysts still remained. Exposure to pH levels corresponding to those associated with the ammonia concentrations showed minimal effects of alkaline pH alone on oocyst viability. This study shows that environmentally relevant concentrations of free ammonia may significantly increase the inactivation of oocysts in ammonia-containing environments.
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L., V. AMELINA, M. BILIAIEV M., and B. MASHYKHINA P. "REDUCING AMMONIA CONCENTRATIONS IN ATMOSPHERE AFTER ITS UNPLANNED RELEASE." Science and Transport Progress, no. 4(70) (September 5, 2017): 16–22. https://doi.org/10.15802/stp2017/109520.
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<strong>Purpose.</strong> The aim of this work is development of numerical model, which allows to calculate the efficiency of neutralizer supply for reduction of air pollution in case of unplanned ammonia emission at the territory of ammonia pump station. The numerical model should allow fast calculating, taking into account the meteorological parameters and buildings situated near the source of toxic chemical emission and equipment for neutralizer supply. <strong>Methodology.</strong> The developed model is based on the equation for potential flow and equation of pollutant dispersion. To simulate the chemical interaction between ammonia and neutralizer the stoichiometry equation is used. Equation of potential flow is used to compute flow pattern among buildings. To solve the equation for potential flow the Samarskii implicit difference scheme is used. The implicit change-triangle difference scheme is used to solve equation of mass transfer. While for the numerical integration the authors use the rectangular difference grid. Method of porosity technique («markers method») is applied to create the form of comprehensive computational region. Emission of ammonia is modeled using Delta function for point source. <strong>Findings.</strong> Developed numerical model belongs to the class of «diagnostic models». This model takes into account the main physical factors affecting the process of dispersion of ammonia and neutralizer in the atmosphere, as well as the influence of buildings on admixture dispersion. On the basis of the developed numerical models the authors carried out a computational experiment to estimate the efficiency of neutralizer supply for reduction of air pollution in case of unplanned ammonia release at ammonia pump station. <strong>Originality.</strong> Developed numerical model allows calculating the flow pattern among buildings and estimating the efficiency of neutralizer supply for reduction of air pollution in the case unplanned ammonia release. <strong>Practical value.</strong> Model allows performing fast calculations of the atmosphere pollution in the case of unplanned ammonia release
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Kangas, Juhani, Kyösti Louhelainen, and Kaj Husman. "Gaseous health hazards in livestock confinement buildings." Agricultural and Food Science 59, no. 1 (1987): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72239.
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Gas concentrations were measured on 16 farms (eight cattle farms, five piggeries, three poultry yards) mainly during wintertime. The gases were ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and other sulfides. The mean concentrations of ammonia varied between 8—43 cm3/m3 in the air of livestock building. In the poultry yards the mean concentration of ammonia was highest; it was lower in piggeries and especially in cowhouses. Carbon dioxide concentrations were 500—3500 cm3/m3 in cowhouses, 1000—4000 cm3/m3 in hoghouses and 600—4000 cm3/m3 in poultry yards. Very low concentrations of methane and sulfur compounds were found in the livestock confinement buildings. It is obvious that in normal working situations only ammonia of the measured gases exceeds the threshold limit value (25 cm3/m3). High ammonia concentrations can be expected in the floor type poultry confinement buildings especially when manure is left on the floor for several months. In such cases effective mechanical ventilation is the only way to keep the ammonia level acceptable.
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Schiferl, Luke D., Colette L. Heald, Martin Van Damme, et al. "Interannual variability of ammonia concentrations over the United States: sources and implications." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 18 (2016): 12305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12305-2016.
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Abstract. The variability of atmospheric ammonia (NH3), emitted largely from agricultural sources, is an important factor when considering how inorganic fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and nitrogen cycling are changing over the United States. This study combines new observations of ammonia concentration from the surface, aboard aircraft, and retrieved by satellite to both evaluate the simulation of ammonia in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and identify which processes control the variability of these concentrations over a 5-year period (2008–2012). We find that the model generally underrepresents the ammonia concentration near large source regions (by 26 % at surface sites) and fails to reproduce the extent of interannual variability observed at the surface during the summer (JJA). Variability in the base simulation surface ammonia concentration is dominated by meteorology (64 %) as compared to reductions in SO2 and NOx emissions imposed by regulation (32 %) over this period. Introduction of year-to-year varying ammonia emissions based on animal population, fertilizer application, and meteorologically driven volatilization does not substantially improve the model comparison with observed ammonia concentrations, and these ammonia emissions changes have little effect on the simulated ammonia concentration variability compared to those caused by the variability of meteorology and acid-precursor emissions. There is also little effect on the PM2.5 concentration due to ammonia emissions variability in the summer when gas-phase changes are favored, but variability in wintertime emissions, as well as in early spring and late fall, will have a larger impact on PM2.5 formation. This work highlights the need for continued improvement in both satellite-based and in situ ammonia measurements to better constrain the magnitude and impacts of spatial and temporal variability in ammonia concentrations.
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Barica, J. "Ammonia and Nitrite Contamination of Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 25, no. 3 (1990): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1990.019.
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Abstract The temporal and spatial distribution of total and toxic unionized ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and total dissolved nitrogen concentrations in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, were investigated during 1987–1988. The concentrations of toxic un-ionized ammonia in vertical and horizontal profiles depended on ammonia loadings from the Hamilton and Burlington municipal sewage treatment plants, the seasonal nitrogen cycle, pH and water temperature. Toxic ammonia levels in the Harbour exceeded the International Joint Commission objective of 20 μg/L at all sampling sites for about half of the year (spring and summer). For extended periods in the late spring and mid-summer, concentrations frequently exceeded the chronic toxicity threshold of 300 μg/L. Toxic un-ionized ammonia concentrations were distributed unevenly over the Harbour with a distinct areal zonation and patchiness. Volatilization of ammonia, estimated at 6.8 tonnes per summer, reduced the toxic effect but was insignificant in the overall NH3-N budget. The nitrite concentrations exceeded the chronic toxicity thresholds of 30 μg/L for most of the summer and frequently surpassed the cold-water fish toxic levels of 250 μg/L. Near the outfall from the Hamilton sewage treatment plant, nitrite levels were 600–1,200 μg/L. The frequency of nitrite toxic episodes was however lower than those of un-ionized ammonia. Nitrite was less abundant than total ammonia and can be considered as a less serious contaminant. Nitrification in Hamilton Harbour appeared to be inhibited by high toxic un-ionized ammonia levels.
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Werner, M., M. Kryza, C. Geels, T. Ellermann, and C. Ambelas Skjøth. "Spatial, temporal and vertical distribution of ammonia concentrations over Europe – comparing a static and dynamic approach with WRF-Chem." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 16 (2015): 22935–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-22935-2015.
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Abstract. The study focuses on the application of a dynamic ammonia emission into the Weather Research and Forecasting Chemistry model (WRF-Chem) and the influence on the simulated ammonia concentrations and the overall model performance. We have focused on agricultural ammonia sources and have analysed both hourly and daily patterns of ammonia emissions and concentrations at measurement sites located in agricultural areas or influenced by this activity. For selected episodes, we have also investigated the 3-D patterns of the ammonia concentrations in the atmosphere. The application of the dynamic ammonia emission into the WRF-Chem model (the "DYNAMIC" simulation) results in an improvement of the modelled daily ammonia concentrations in comparison to a static approach (the "BASE" simulation), which is currently widely used in chemical transport models. In the case of hourly resolution, we have observed an improvement for the DYNAMIC approach for the winter and autumn seasons, but for the entire year the modelled hourly ammonia peaks are shifted toward the afternoon hours if compared with measurements. This study indicates that the current description of the diurnal cycle of the ammonia concentration from fields is not accurate and more research is needed in order to improve the processes that describe the emission from fertilised fields. The results suggest that the governing processes in relation to the diurnal cycle are the atmospheric mixing and the emission strength. Therefore, an improved description of the diurnal profile of ammonia concentrations within atmospheric models requires a better description of the planetary boundary layer height and a stronger daily pattern of ammonia emission, e.g. through increased evaporation or increased fluxes from the surface.
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Zhang, Qinghuan, Wei Hu, Guoxian Huang, Zhengze Lv, and Fuzhen Liu. "The characteristics of ammonia nitrogen in the Xiang River in Changsha, China." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301134.
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Changsha is a highly industrialized city in Hunan Province, China, where the water quality is of great importance to the development of economy and environment in this area. We have analyzed the characteristics of ammonia nitrogen in the Xiang River in Changsha from 2016 to 2019. The results showed that in the main stem, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen were very low and reached the third water quality level. In the six tributaries, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen have increased, especially in Longwanggang and Liuyang River, where the latter of which has a large number of industries and domestic sewage. Correlations between monthly precipitation and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were negative, besides two sites Jinjiang and Juzizhou, indicating that in most rivers, ammonia nitrogen contents had been diluted by rainfall. In general, concentrations and fluxes of ammonia nitrogen have decreased significantly during this time period, suggesting that water environment has improved greatly under the series of the clean motions by the local government.
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Herbut, Piotr, and Sabina Angrecka. "Ammonia concentrations in a free-stall dairy barn." Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 1 (2014): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0065.
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AbstractThe paper presents the results of research on indoor ammonia (NH3) concentrations in the air in a free-stall barn. The differences in measurement results mainly depended on the season and weather conditions. The study also showed a significant correlation (P<0.01) between the NH3 concentration and temperature, relative humidity and air movement velocity inside the barn. The lowest NH3 concentration was recorded in the summer (0.0 ppm) in the presence of high air temperatures, low humidity and increased exchange of ventilated air. In winter during severe frosts, highest ammonia concentration (8.0 ppm) was noted, caused by limited ventilation. The highest daily ammonia concentration was usually recorded during the night. This was due to increased relative air humidity and low air velocities. It was concluded that the average level of ammonia of 2.73 ppm during the entire year was significantly below values defined as harmful for animals and people.
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Osada, Takuya, Keisuke Nemoto, Hiroki Nakanishi, et al. "Analysis of Ammonia Toxicity in Landfill Leachates." ISRN Toxicology 2011 (September 28, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/954626.
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Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) phase I manipulations and toxicity test with D. magna were conducted on leachates from an industrial waste landfill site in Japan. Physicochemical analysis detected heavy metals at concentrations insufficient to account for the observed acute toxicity. The graduated pH and aeration manipulations identified the prominent toxicity of ammonia. Based on joint toxicity with additive effects of unionized ammonia and ammonium ions, the unionized ammonia toxicity () was calculated as 3.3 ppm, and the toxicity of ammonium ions () was calculated as 222 ppm. Then, the contribution of ammonia toxicity in the landfill leachate toxicity was calculated as 58.7 vol% of the total toxicity in the landfill leachate. Other specific toxicants masked by ammonia's toxicity were detected. Contribution rate of the toxicants other than by ammonia was 41.3 vol% of the total toxicity of the landfill leachate.
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Cormack, Barbara E., Yannan Jiang, Jane E. Harding, et al. "Plasma ammonia concentrations in extremely low birthweight infants in the first week after birth: secondary analysis from the ProVIDe randomized clinical trial." Pediatric Research 88, no. 2 (2020): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-019-0730-z.
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Abstract Background Little is known about normative ammonia concentrations in extremely low birthweight (ELBW) babies and whether these vary with birth characteristics. We aimed to determine ammonia concentrations in ELBW babies in the first week after birth and relationships with neonatal characteristics and protein intake. Methods Arterial blood samples for the measurement of plasma ammonia concentration were collected within 7 days of birth from ProVIDe trial participants in six New Zealand neonatal intensive care units. Results Three hundred and twenty-two babies were included. Median (range) gestational age was 25.7 (22.7–31.6) weeks. Median (interquartile range (IQR)) ammonia concentration was 102 (80–131) µg/dL. There were no statistically significant associations between ammonia concentrations and birthweight or sex. Ammonia concentrations were weakly correlated with mean total (Spearman’s rs = 0.11, P = 0.047) and intravenous (rs = 0.13, P = 0.02) protein intake from birth, gestational age at birth (rs = −0.13, P = 0.02) and postnatal age (rs = −0.13, P = 0.02). Conclusions Plasma ammonia concentrations in ELBW babies are similar to those of larger and more mature babies and only weakly correlated with protein intake. Currently, recommended thresholds for investigation of hyperammonaemia are appropriate for ELBW babies. Protein intake should not be limited by concerns about potential hyperammonaemia.
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Naundorf, Gerardo, and Nicholas G. Aumen. "Ammonia-induced cell envelope injury in Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 8 (1990): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-092.
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Ammonia-induced cell envelope injury was examined in pure cultures of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. Cell injury, as determined by the ratio of colony-forming units on m-T7 agar to colony-forming units on m-Endo agar, increased with exposure to increasing concentrations of ammonia. Cell envelopes appeared to be the site of injury as indicated by increasing susceptibility to lysozyme with increasing ammonia concentration. Cells exposed to ammonia also exhibited more cellular leakage than control cells. Leakage from cells exposed to ammonia included proteins, and all leaked substances increased in concentration as ammonia concentrations increased. The concentration of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) in the outer membrane of E. coli increased with ammonia exposure, while KDO concentration in the outer membrane of E. aerogenes decreased. The results suggest that exposure of E. coli cells to high concentrations of ammonia disrupts the outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide-associated proteins, while E. aerogenes cells are affected through the disruption of bonds between KDO and the outer membrane. Key words: injury, coliform, ammonia, cell envelope.
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Nakagawa, Tatsunori, and David A. Stahl. "Transcriptional Response of the Archaeal Ammonia Oxidizer Nitrosopumilus maritimus to Low and Environmentally Relevant Ammonia Concentrations." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 22 (2013): 6911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02028-13.
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ABSTRACTThe ability of chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing archaea to compete for ammonia among marine microorganisms at low ambient concentrations has been in part attributed to their extremely high affinity for ammonia, but as yet there is no mechanistic understanding of supporting metabolism. We examined transcription of selected genes for anabolic functions (CO2fixation, ammonia transport, and cell wall synthesis) and a central catabolic function (ammonia oxidation) in the thaumarchaeonNitrosopumilus maritimusSCM1 growing at two ammonia concentrations, as measured by combined ammonia and ammonium, one well above theKmfor ammonia oxidation (∼500 μM) and the other well below theKm(<10 nM). Transcript levels were generally immediately and differentially repressed when cells transitioned from ammonia-replete to ammonia-limiting conditions. Transcript levels for ammonia oxidation, CO2fixation, and one of the ammonia transport genes were approximately the same at high and low ammonia availability. Transcripts for all analyzed genes decreased with time in the complete absence of ammonia, but with various rates of decay. The new steady-state mRNA levels established are presumably more reflective of the natural physiological state of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and offer a reference for interpreting message abundance patterns in the natural environment.
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Tesen, Hirofumi, Asuka Katsuki, Hikaru Hori, Kiyokazu Atake, Yoshimura Reiji, and Nakamura Jun. "Plasma ammonia levels in patients treated with valproic acid." Neuropsychiatry (London) 7, no. 1 (2017): 6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14676471.
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Objective: Valproic acid (VPA) is used as a treatment for individuals with epilepsy, migraine, and psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder. Hyperammonemia has been reported to be associated with patients treated with VPA. Here we investigated the relationships among plasma ammonia concentrations, VPA dosages and plasma VPA concentrations, and we attempted to identify the factors associated with VPA-induced hyperammonemia. Methods: This was a retrospective chart-review investigating inpatients at The University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan (UOEH) Hospital from September 2003 to March 2014. We examined the cases of 430 inpatients. The patients’ diagnoses of schizophrenia, mood disorder and other psychiatric disorders were based on the DSM-IV-TR criteria. The upper normal limit of plasma ammonia is 54 μg/dl according to our hospital’s reference; we defined hyperammonemia as a plasma ammonia level above this value. We examined the correlations among the VPA dose, plasma VPA concentrations and plasma ammonia concentrations. We used Pearson’s correlation coefficient to examine the relationship between pairs of variables and performed a multiple regression analysis to identify variables that were associated with the plasma VPA concentrations and with the plasma ammonia concentrations. Results: Of the 430 hospitalized patients, 139 patients were eligible. We observed that 84 of these patients (60.4%) had hyperammonemia. Sex (female) and VPA dosage were associated with the plasma VPA concentrations. Concomitant antidepressant dosage and plasma VPA concentrations were associated with the plasma ammonia concentrations. Conclusion: We identified a high frequency of hyperammonemia among asymptomatic patients receiving VPA. Because asymptomatic hyperammonemia can potentially induce ammonia neurotoxicity, patients being treated with VPA should be monitored closely, especially if they have clinical symptoms and risk factors.
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Wright, J. C., and M. J. O'Donnell. "TOTAL AMMONIA CONCENTRATION AND pH OF HAEMOLYMPH, PLEON FLUID AND MAXILLARY URINE IN PORCELLIO SCABER LATTREILLE (ISOPODA, ONISCIDEA): RELATIONSHIPS TO AMBIENT HUMIDITY AND WATER VAPOUR UPTAKE." Journal of Experimental Biology 176, no. 1 (1993): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176.1.233.
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Ammonia levels and pH were studied in body fluids of Porcellio scaber with special reference to ambient humidity and the timing of pleon fluid secretion and pleopodal ventilation. In high humidity (approximately 96.7 %), concentrations of total ammonia (NH3+NH4+) in haemolymph display pronounced episodic changes, ranging from less than 1 mmol l-1 to more than 50 mmol l-1. Elevated concentrations (&gt;5 mmol l-1) occur in discrete bouts lasting from 40 min to more than 2 h. Concomitant changes in total ammonia levels are seen in pleon fluid and maxillary urine. Overall, mean ammonia concentrations in pleon fluid, but not maxillary urine, are significantly higher than in the haemolymph, which may indicate active secretion of NH4+ in the pleon. Elevated ammonia concentrations are not observed in reduced ambient humidities (85 % and 30 %). Evidence supports a physiological coupling between pleon NH3 volatilization and active water vapour absorption. Pleon fluid and haemolymph pH values are similar, discounting a role of alkalization in NH3 volatilization. Published rates of ammonia excretion are compatible with intermittent volatilization from pleon fluid and with measured NH3 levels during elevations in ammonia concentration.
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Atasoglu, C., C. J. Newbold, and R. J. Wallace. "Influence of ammonia concentration on [15N]ammonia uptake andde novosynthesis of different amino acids by mixed rumen microorganisms from the sheep rumenin vitro." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200003677.
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Ammonia is thought to be the main source of nitrogen for protein synthesis by the rumen microorganisms, but peptides and amino acids derived from protein degradation are also incorporated into microbial protein. Recent experiments carried out by Atasogluet al.(1998) demonstrated that preformed amino acids decrease the uptake of ammonia into microbial protein and microbial amino acids in a concentration-dependent manner. However, little is known about how rumen ammonia concentrations affect ammonia uptake into microbial protein. The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of rumen ammonia concentrations on ammonia incorporation andde novosynthesis of individual amino acids by the mixed rumen microorganismsin vitro.
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Kelly, Laura C., Charles S. Cockell, and Stephen Summers. "Diverse microbial species survive high ammonia concentrations." International Journal of Astrobiology 11, no. 2 (2012): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147355041200002x.
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AbstractPlanetary protection regulations are in place to control the contamination of planets and moons with terrestrial micro-organisms in order to avoid jeopardizing future scientific investigations relating to the search for life. One environmental chemical factor of relevance in extraterrestrial environments, specifically in the moons of the outer solar system, is ammonia (NH3). Ammonia is known to be highly toxic to micro-organisms and may disrupt proton motive force, interfere with cellular redox reactions or cause an increase of cell pH. To test the survival potential of terrestrial micro-organisms exposed to such cold, ammonia-rich environments, and to judge whether current planetary protection regulations are sufficient, soil samples were exposed to concentrations of NH3from 5 to 35% (v/v) at −80°C and room temperature for periods up to 11 months. Following exposure to 35% NH3, diverse spore-forming taxa survived, including representatives of theFirmicutes(Bacillus, Sporosarcina, Viridibacillus, Paenibacillus, StaphylococcusandBrevibacillus) andActinobacteria(Streptomyces). Non-spore forming organisms also survived, includingProteobacteria(Pseudomonas) andActinobacteria(Arthrobacter) that are known to have environmentally resistant resting states.Clostridiumspp. were isolated from the exposed soil under anaerobic culture. High NH3was shown to cause a reduction in viability of spores over time, but spore morphology was not visibly altered. In addition to its implications for planetary protection, these data show that a large number of bacteria, potentially including spore-forming pathogens, but also environmentally resistant non-spore-formers, can survive high ammonia concentrations.
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Buccolieri, Alessandro, Antonio Serra, Gabriele Giancane, and Daniela Manno. "Colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles for label-free colorimetric sensing of ammonia in aqueous solutions." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (February 9, 2018): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.48.
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Silver nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of saccharides and ammonia (NH3) in the concentration range from 10−2 to 103 ppm to develop an optical sensor for NH3 in aqueous solutions. Ammonia affects the features of the nanoparticles obtained in a concentration-dependent manner as determined by UV–vis absorption analysis and TEM observations. Structural and morphological analysis provides the basis for the production of a colorimetric label-free sensor for ammonia. Overall, surface plasmon resonance increases when ammonia concentration rises, although the functional trend is not the same over the entire investigated ammonia concentration range. Three different ranges have been identified: very low ammonia concentrations from 0.01 to 0.2 ppm, high ammonia concentrations from 20 to 350 ppm and, most importantly, the intermediate or physiological range of ammonia from 0.5 to 10 ppm.
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Ribeiro de Campos, Bruno, Rafael Ortiz Kracizy, Plínio Schmidt Furtado, Izabel Volkweis Zadinelo, and Eduardo Luis Cupertino Ballester. "Effects of ammonia and nitrite on food consumption of the Amazon River prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) postlarvae." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 49, no. 4 (2021): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol49-issue4-fulltext-2583.
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Experiments were carried out to study the effects of ammonia and nitrite on food consumption of Macrobrachium amazonicum postlarvae. Postlarvae (average weight of 0.0625 g) were exposed during 21 days to four concentrations of total ammonia (0, 1.05, 2.1 and 4.2 mg. NH3+NH4+ L-1) and four concentrations of nitrite (0, 0.075, 0.15 and 0.30 mg N-NO2- L-1). After the exposure period, six prawns per treatment were maintained individually in 250 mL experimental units to analyze the food consumption as a function of the amount of food offered and the leftovers during a 24 h period. The food consumption presented significant alterations for prawns exposed to all nitrite concentrations and at concentrations of twice the recommended safety level for total ammonia. According to the results obtained, high concentrations of total ammonia and nitrite affect the food consumption of M. amazonicum adversely, influencing the species performance in culture systems.
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Guo, Honghui, Siqi Chen, Kang Ouyang, et al. "Evaluation of Ammonia Nitrogen Exposure in Immune Defenses Present on Spleen and Head-Kidney of Wuchang Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (2022): 3129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063129.
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Ammonia is one of the most important environmental factors in aquatic ecosystems. However, there are limited studies on the effects of chronic or long-term ammonia stress and its potential molecular mechanism in fish. This study aimed to investigate the immune response and molecular mechanisms in the spleen and head-kidney of fish following chronic ammonia exposure. Megalobrama amblycephala (9.98 ± 0.48 g) were exposed to different concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (0–30 mg/L) for 30 days. Ammonia exposure caused significant increases in cortisol levels and decreases in lysozyme and complement 3/4 concentrations in the serum, indicating inhibitory effects of ammonia stress on innate immune responses. Ammonia exposure also induced concentration-dependent increases in ammonia concentrations in tissue, pathological damage and indexes of spleen and head-kidney. Additionally, the contents of immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as well as mRNA levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs)/Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-independent signaling molecules in the spleen and head-kidney were significantly downregulated after ammonia exposure. Our findings suggested that chronic ammonia exposure caused the suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses through downregulating TLR/MyD88-independent signaling. Adverse influences of chronic ammonia stress were more severe in the spleen than in the head-kidney.
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Bollmann, Annette, Marie-José Bär-Gilissen, and Hendrikus J. Laanbroek. "Growth at Low Ammonium Concentrations and Starvation Response as Potential Factors Involved in Niche Differentiation among Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 10 (2002): 4751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.10.4751-4757.2002.
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ABSTRACT In nature, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria have to compete with heterotrophic bacteria and plants for limiting amounts of ammonium. Previous laboratory experiments conducted with Nitrosomonas europaea suggested that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria are weak competitors for ammonium. To obtain a better insight into possible methods of niche differentiation among ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, we carried out a growth experiment at low ammonium concentrations with N. europaea and the ammonia oxidizer G5-7, a close relative of Nitrosomonas oligotropha belonging to Nitrosomonas cluster 6a, enriched from a freshwater sediment. Additionally, we compared the starvation behavior of the newly enriched ammonia oxidizer G5-7 to that of N. europaea. The growth experiment at low ammonium concentrations showed that strain G5-7 was able to outcompete N. europaea at growth-limiting substrate concentrations of about 10 μM ammonium, suggesting better growth abilities of the ammonia oxidizer G5-7 at low ammonium concentrations. However, N. europaea displayed a more favorable starvation response. After 1 to 10 weeks of ammonium deprivation, N. europaea became almost immediately active after the addition of fresh ammonium and converted the added ammonium within 48 to 96 h. In contrast, the regeneration time of the ammonia oxidizer G5-7 increased with increasing starvation time. Taken together, these results provide insight into possible mechanisms of niche differentiation for the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria studied. The Nitrosomonas cluster 6a member, G5-7, is able to grow at ammonium concentrations at which the growth of N. europaea, belonging to Nitrosomonas cluster 7, has already ceased, providing an advantage in habitats with continuously low ammonium concentrations. On the other hand, the ability of N. europaea to become active again after longer periods of starvation for ammonium may allow better exploitation of irregular pulses of ammonium in the environment.
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Chatain, Mélodie, Eve Chretien, Sabine Crunaire, and Emmanuel Jantzem. "Road Traffic and Its Influence on Urban Ammonia Concentrations (France)." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (2022): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071032.
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Ammonia (NH3) is an unregulated atmospheric gaseous pollutant in ambient air, involved in the formation of fine particles. Ammonia is therefore a major precursor of particulate matter (PM), the health effects of which have been widely demonstrated. NH3 emissions are clearly dominated by the agricultural sector (livestock and fertilizers), but other sources may also be important and less studied, such as road traffic with the increased use of catalytic converters in vehicles. This study is based on a long-term real-time measurements campaign (December 2019–September 2021) on two urban sites: a background site and a roadside site in the same agglomeration in France. The study of historical measurements at the background site clearly demonstrated the dominance of agriculture on the ammonia concentrations. This influence was also observed at both sites during the measurement campaign. The annual and monthly averages obtained in the study were similar to previous ones, with concentrations between 1–10 µg/m3 at both sites, indicating lower levels than previous studies for the roadside site. The ammonia levels measured during the campaign at the traffic site were significantly higher than those measured at the background site, highlighting the road traffic influence on ammonia in urban area. The biomass burning influence also seemed to be observed during this long measurement campaign at the agglomeration scale. The influences of road traffic and biomass burning on ammonia concentration remain small compared to agriculture.
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Bray, R., and K. Olańczuk-Neyman. "The influence of changes in groundwater composition on the efficiency of manganese and ammonia nitrogen removal on mature quartz sand filtering beds." Water Supply 1, no. 2 (2001): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0025.
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The results of investigations of natural groundwater treatment containing increased manganese and ammonia nitrogen concentrations are presented. The main aim of the work was to show the influence of changes in water composition on manganese and ammonia nitrogen removal from groundwater on second-stage mature quartz sand filters. According to the results obtained, the efficiency of manganese elimination from water did not depend on periodic changes in ammonia nitrogen or dissolved oxygen concentrations. However, if low oxygen concentrations (lower than 2 mg/dm3) were maintained for a longer time, the manganese concentration in the filtrate gradually increased. The ammonia nitrogen concentration in the filtered water appeared to be the most relevant factor affecting the efficient removal of manganese and the dissolved oxygen concentration was less important. The nitrification process appeared to be vulnerable to changes in the concentrations of the substrates: ammonia nitrogen (either an increase or decrease) and oxygen (an decrease). It was observed that it is necessary for nitrifying bacteria to adapt (lag phase) to rapidly changing water composition. Due to the sorption process, the inhibition of nitrification on the filtering beds did not significantly influence the efficiency of ammonia nitrogen removal.
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Madigan, Theresa, Darci R. Block, William A. Carey, Bethany D. Kaemingk, and Robin Patel. "Proposed Plasma Ammonia Reference Intervals in a Reference Group of Hospitalized Term and Preterm Neonates." Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 5, no. 2 (2020): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfz001.
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Abstract Background Plasma ammonia is commonly measured in the diagnostic evaluation of hospitalized newborns, but reference values are not well defined. Methods We prospectively enrolled newborns admitted to the level III/IV neonatal intensive care unit and level II intermediate special care nursery from January 2017 to January 2018. Infants with inborn errors of metabolism or liver disease were excluded. Plasma ammonia concentrations were measured once within the first week of life and evaluated by sex, gestational age, timing of the draw, blood collection method, and type of nutrition. Reference intervals were calculated. Results 127 neonates were included; one third (34%) were term infants born at ≥37 weeks gestation, and two thirds (66%) were born preterm at &lt;37 weeks gestation. Median plasma ammonia concentrations were 32 μmol/L (range &lt;10 to 86 μmol/L). Median ammonia concentrations were higher among preterm compared to term infants (35 vs. 28 μmol/L, p = 0.0119), and term female compared to term male infants (34 vs. 26 μmol/L, p = 0.0228). There was no difference in median ammonia concentrations between female and male preterm infants, based on gestational age within the preterm group, timing of the blood draw, presence of hyperbilirubinemia, blood collection method, or type of nutritional intake. Conclusions Plasma ammonia concentrations among newborns are higher than the expected adult concentrations and may vary by gestational age and sex. Blood collection method, type of nutrition, hyperbilirubinemia, and timing of the draw do not impact concentrations. We propose a reference limit of ≤82 μmol/L for newborns less than one week of age.
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Petric, Marko, Filip Dodigović, Mateo Topić, Lucija Radetić, Petar Mrakužić, and Ivana Grčić. "Ammonia concentration monitoring using Arduino." Environmental engineering 6, no. 1 (2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37023/ee.6.1.4.
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In order to evaluate the efficacy of ammonia photocatalysis, it is necessary to continuously monitor its concentration during the process. This paper presents ammonia concentration monitoring using a low cost (non-professional) electronic device. The device is based on an open source electronic platform, and it is composed of the MQ-137 ammonia detection sensor, connected to the Croduino Basic 2 board. Sensitive material of the sensor is a metal oxide (SnO2). The change in the ammonia concentration causes a change in the electrical resistance, which is measured and used for the ammonia concentration estimation. Four measurements, with ammonia concentration ranging from 0-500 ppm were performed in the controlled environment. With the purpose of the device calibration and repeatability test, along with a low-cost device, the monitoring was carried out also with a professional device, Geotech GA5000 gas analyser. Using the information provided in the sensor datasheet, together with the measured data, the measurement error of the low-cost device was assessed. After calibration, ammonia concentrations measured using a low-cost device, are consistent with those obtained from the professional device.
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Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Yves Balkanski, Sabine Eckhardt, et al. "10-year satellite-constrained fluxes of ammonia improve performance of chemistry transport models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 6 (2021): 4431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4431-2021.
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Abstract. In recent years, ammonia emissions have been continuously increasing, being almost 4 times higher than in the 20th century. Although an important species, as its use as a fertilizer sustains human living, ammonia has major consequences for both humans and the environment because of its reactive gas-phase chemistry that makes it easily convertible to particles. Despite its pronounced importance, ammonia emissions are highly uncertain in most emission inventories. However, the great development of satellite remote sensing nowadays provides the opportunity for more targeted research on constraining ammonia emissions. Here, we used satellite measurements to calculate global ammonia emissions over the period 2008–2017. Then, the calculated ammonia emissions were fed to a chemistry transport model, and ammonia concentrations were simulated for the period 2008–2017. The simulated concentrations of ammonia were compared with ground measurements from Europe, North America and Southeastern Asia, as well as with satellite measurements. The satellite-constrained ammonia emissions represent global concentrations more accurately than state-of-the-art emissions. Calculated fluxes in the North China Plain were seen to be more increased after 2015, which is not due to emission changes but due to changes in sulfate emissions that resulted in less ammonia neutralization and hence in larger atmospheric loads. Emissions over Europe were also twice as much as those in traditional datasets with dominant sources being industrial and agricultural applications. Four hot-spot regions of high ammonia emissions were seen in North America, which are characterized by high agricultural activity, such as animal breeding, animal farms and agricultural practices. South America is dominated by ammonia emissions from biomass burning, which causes a strong seasonality. In Southeastern Asia, ammonia emissions from fertilizer plants in China, Pakistan, India and Indonesia are the most important, while a strong seasonality was observed with a spring and late summer peak due to rice and wheat cultivation. Measurements of ammonia surface concentrations were better reproduced with satellite-constrained emissions, such as measurements from CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder).
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Barnova, N. О., А. V. Meltser, Y. V. Dadali, I. S. Iakubova, and M. A. Аndreeva. "Mathematical modeling of ammonia emission rate in newly constructed buildings." Health Risk Analysis, no. 4 (December 2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.05.
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A rapid growth in monolithic residential construction over recent decades has created a problem associated with ammonia contamination inside newly constructed buildings. Absence of substantiated preventive actions aimed at minimizing ammonia emissions hinders commissioning of new residential buildings and may create an unfavorable sanitary-epidemiological situation with obvious olfactory-reflex and irritating effects on public health. The aim of this study was to develop a scientifically grounded method to predict when ammonia concentrations emitted from concrete constructions would reach their permissible levels in air inside contaminated premises in newly constructed buildings. Ammonia emissions were estimated based on data of laboratory tests that involved analyzing indoor air samples taken in Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Indoor air was analyzed in 4 newly constructed residential buildings (165 premises, 57 test protocols, 893 air samples tested to identify ammonia in them). Relationships between changes in ammonia concentrations and ventilation time were obtained by using regression analysis (regression equation, least square method). To establish reproducibility of the results and a possibility to compare them, we tested variances for homogeneity by using Fisher criterion. Sampled populations were compared with Student’s t-test in case the data fitted to a normal distribution (Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, Shapiro – Wilks test). Critical significance was taken at 0.05 in all the statistical comparisons. We have developed a method for predicting when ammonia concentrations that occurred in indoor air inside newly constructed buildings due to multi-day emissions from building materials would reach their permissible levels. The method involves multi-day measurements (y, mg/m3) of ammonia concentrations sequentially in each premise inside a newly constructed building on any day of measurements during the time period t; building up relationships between averaged ammonia concentrations (yav, mg/m3) and a time moment t; mathematical analysis of the obtained relationships by parameterization and statistical analysis of the obtained kinetic parameters.
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Barnova, N. О., А. V. Meltser, Y. V. Dadali, I. S. Iakubova, and M. A. Аndreeva. "Mathematical modeling of ammonia emission rate in newly constructed buildings." Health Risk Analysis, no. 4 (December 2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.05.eng.
Full textAbstract:
A rapid growth in monolithic residential construction over recent decades has created a problem associated with ammonia contamination inside newly constructed buildings. Absence of substantiated preventive actions aimed at minimizing ammonia emissions hinders commissioning of new residential buildings and may create an unfavorable sanitary-epidemiological situation with obvious olfactory-reflex and irritating effects on public health. The aim of this study was to develop a scientifically grounded method to predict when ammonia concentrations emitted from concrete constructions would reach their permissible levels in air inside contaminated premises in newly constructed buildings. Ammonia emissions were estimated based on data of laboratory tests that involved analyzing indoor air samples taken in Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Indoor air was analyzed in 4 newly constructed residential buildings (165 premises, 57 test protocols, 893 air samples tested to identify ammonia in them). Relationships between changes in ammonia concentrations and ventilation time were obtained by using regression analysis (regression equation, least square method). To establish reproducibility of the results and a possibility to compare them, we tested variances for homogeneity by using Fisher criterion. Sampled populations were compared with Student’s t-test in case the data fitted to a normal distribution (Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, Shapiro – Wilks test). Critical significance was taken at 0.05 in all the statistical comparisons. We have developed a method for predicting when ammonia concentrations that occurred in indoor air inside newly constructed buildings due to multi-day emissions from building materials would reach their permissible levels. The method involves multi-day measurements (y, mg/m3) of ammonia concentrations sequentially in each premise inside a newly constructed building on any day of measurements during the time period t; building up relationships between averaged ammonia concentrations (yav, mg/m3) and a time moment t; mathematical analysis of the obtained relationships by parameterization and statistical analysis of the obtained kinetic parameters.
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Yusuf, Ibrahim, Asmau Rabiu Gamawa, and Musa Haruna. "Oxidation of Ammonia in Fish Ponds to Nitrates Using Free and Immobilized Nitrifying Bacteria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 8, no. 2 (2023): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2382.027.
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In fish farming, ammonia stands out as detrimental toxicant, with the potential to significantly impede growth and even lead to fish mortality. The adverse effects of ammonia exposure in aquatic environments primarily stem from elevated concentrations of unionized ammonium (NH3), which can readily permeate gill membranes. This study aimed at assessing the capability of free and mobilized forms of nitrifying bacteria in converting ammonia to nitrates. Nitrifying bacteria were isolated from water samples, resulting in the identification of two Pseudomonas species and two Bacillus species. The Bacillus sp., designated with the isolate code, B4 which exhibited the ability to convert ammonia to both nitrite and nitrate while demonstrating resilience to high ammonia concentrations. When Pseudomonas sp. (C4) and Bacillus sp. (B4) were utilized, the total ammonia concentration was reduced from 2 mg/L to 1.4 mg/L and 1.3 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the immobilized forms of Pseudomonas sp. C4 and Bacillus sp. B4 achieved a more substantial reduction (75%), lowering the total ammonia concentration from 2 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L within 5-days period. Both nitrifying bacteria not only exhibited ammonia removal capabilities but also demonstrated their proficiency in transforming ammonia into nitrate. Immobilization proved effective in enhancing microbial tolerance to high ammonia concentrations, ultimately leading to improved water quality and the preservation of aquatic animal health.
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Skjøth, Carsten A., Thomas Ellermann, Ole Hertel, Steen Gyldenkærne, and Mette H. Mikkelsen. "Footprints on Ammonia Concentrations from Environmental Regulations." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 58, no. 9 (2008): 1158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.58.9.1158.
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Pratt, S. E., L. M. Lawrence, T. Barnes, D. Powell, and L. K. Warren. "Measurement of ammonia concentrations in horse stalls." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 20, no. 3 (2000): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(00)80137-9.
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Tidy, Georgia, and J. Neil Cape. "Ammonia concentrations in houses and public buildings." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 27, no. 14 (1993): 2235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90053-2.
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Zhou, Chuanlong, Hao Zhou, Thomas M. Holsen, Philip K. Hopke, Eric S. Edgerton, and James J. Schwab. "Ambient Ammonia Concentrations Across New York State." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 14 (2019): 8287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030380.
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Kutzner, Rebecca D., Juan Cuesta, Pascale Chelin, et al. "Diurnal evolution of total column and surface atmospheric ammonia in the megacity of Paris, France, during an intense springtime pollution episode." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 15 (2021): 12091–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12091-2021.
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Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is a key precursor for the formation of atmospheric secondary inorganic particles, such as ammonium nitrate and sulfate. Although the chemical processes associated with the gas-to-particle conversion are well known, atmospheric concentrations of gaseous ammonia are still scarcely characterized. However, this information is critical, especially for processes concerning the equilibrium between ammonia and ammonium nitrate, due to the semivolatile character of the latter. This study presents an analysis of the diurnal cycle of atmospheric ammonia during a pollution event over the Paris megacity region in spring 2012 (5 d in late March 2012). Our objective is to analyze the link between the diurnal evolution of surface NH3 concentrations and its integrated column abundance, meteorological variables and relevant chemical species involved in gas–particle partitioning. For this, we implement an original approach based on the combined use of surface and total column ammonia measurements. These last ones are derived from ground-based remote sensing measurements performed by the Observations of the Atmosphere by Solar Infrared Spectroscopy (OASIS) Fourier transform infrared observatory at an urban site over the southeastern suburbs of the Paris megacity. This analysis considers the following meteorological variables and processes relevant to the ammonia pollution event: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and the atmospheric boundary layer height (as indicator of vertical dilution during its diurnal development). Moreover, we study the partitioning between ammonia and ammonium particles from concomitant measurements of total particulate matter (PM) and ammonium (NH4+) concentrations at the surface. We identify the origin of the pollution event as local emissions at the beginning of the analyzed period and advection of pollution from Benelux and western Germany by the end. Our results show a clearly different diurnal behavior of atmospheric ammonia concentrations at the surface and those vertically integrated over the total atmospheric column. Surface concentrations remain relatively stable during the day, while total column abundances show a minimum value in the morning and rise steadily to reach a relative maximum in the late afternoon during each day of the spring pollution event. These differences are mainly explained by vertical mixing within the boundary layer, provided that this last one is considered well mixed and therefore homogeneous in ammonia concentrations. This is suggested by ground-based measurements of vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter, used as tracer of the vertical distribution of pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer. Indeed, the afternoon enhancement of ammonia clearly seen by OASIS for the whole atmospheric column is barely depicted by surface concentrations, as the surface concentrations are strongly affected by vertical dilution within the rising boundary layer. Moreover, the concomitant occurrence of a decrease in ammonium particle concentrations and an increase in gaseous ammonia abundance suggests the volatilization of particles for forming ammonia. Furthermore, surface observations may also suggest nighttime formation of ammonium particles from gas-to-particle conversion, for relative humidity levels higher than the deliquescence point of ammonium nitrate.
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Singh, Rahul, Kyunghoon Kim, Gyutae Park, et al. "Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Atmospheric Ammonia in the Urban and Suburban Environments of Seoul, Korea." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (2021): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121607.
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Atmospheric ammonia is a significant pollutant throughout the year, necessitating standardized measurement and identification of emission factors. We performed a quantized evaluation of ammonia concentrations at various locations in and around Seoul, South Korea. The established testing methods of the Radiello Passive Sampler were used for ammonia sampling, and the method was validated using annular denuder sampling. Urban and suburban areas were studied to gain a deeper understanding of the factors responsible for ammonia pollution. This study aimed to establish the fluctuations in concentration over one year, by analyzing the seasonal and regional variation in ammonia concentration. Livestock and agricultural areas recorded the highest concentration of ammonia among all sites, with the highest concentration recorded in autumn. However, at most of the other studied sites, the highest and lowest ammonia concentrations were recorded during summer and winter, respectively. This study attempted to establish a correlation between ammonia concentration and temperature, as well as ammonia concentration and altitude.
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Wichink Kruit, R. J., M. Schaap, F. J. Sauter, M. C. van Zanten, and W. A. J. van Pul. "Modeling the distribution of ammonia across Europe including bi-directional surface-atmosphere exchange." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 4 (2012): 4877–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-4877-2012.
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Abstract. A large shortcoming of current chemistry transport models for simulating the fate of ammonia in the atmosphere is the lack of a description of the bi-directional surface-atmosphere exchange. In this paper, results of an update of the dry deposition module DEPAC in the LOTOS-EUROS model are discussed. It is shown that with the new description, which includes bi-directional surface-atmosphere exchange, the modeled ammonia concentrations increase almost everywhere, in particular in agricultural source areas. The reason is that by using a compensation point the ammonia life time and transport distance is increased. As a consequence, deposition of ammonia and ammonium decreases in agricultural source areas, while it increases in large nature areas and remote regions especially in Southern Scandinavia. The inclusion of a compensation point for water reduces the dry deposition over sea and allows reproducing the observed marine background concentrations at coastal locations to a better extend. A comparison with measurements shows that the model results better represent the measured ammonia concentrations. The concentrations in nature areas are slightly overestimated, while the concentrations in agricultural source areas are still underestimated. Although the introduction of the compensation point improves the model performance, the modeling of ammonia remains challenging. Important aspects are emission patterns in space and time as well as a proper approach to deal with the high concentration gradients in relation to model resolution. In short, the inclusion of a bi-directional surface atmosphere exchange is a significant step forward for modeling ammonia.
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Wichink Kruit, R. J., M. Schaap, F. J. Sauter, M. C. van Zanten, and W. A. J. van Pul. "Modeling the distribution of ammonia across Europe including bi-directional surface–atmosphere exchange." Biogeosciences 9, no. 12 (2012): 5261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5261-2012.
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Abstract. A large shortcoming of current chemistry transport models (CTM) for simulating the fate of ammonia in the atmosphere is the lack of a description of the bi-directional surface–atmosphere exchange. In this paper, results of an update of the surface–atmosphere exchange module DEPAC, i.e. DEPosition of Acidifying Compounds, in the chemistry transport model LOTOS-EUROS are discussed. It is shown that with the new description, which includes bi-directional surface–atmosphere exchange, the modeled ammonia concentrations increase almost everywhere, in particular in agricultural source areas. The reason is that by using a compensation point the ammonia lifetime and transport distance is increased. As a consequence, deposition of ammonia and ammonium decreases in agricultural source areas, while it increases in large nature areas and remote regions especially in southern Scandinavia. The inclusion of a compensation point for water reduces the dry deposition over sea and allows reproducing the observed marine background concentrations at coastal locations to a better extent. A comparison with measurements shows that the model results better represent the measured ammonia concentrations. The concentrations in nature areas are slightly overestimated, while the concentrations in agricultural source areas are still underestimated. Although the introduction of the compensation point improves the model performance, the modeling of ammonia remains challenging. Important aspects are emission patterns in space and time as well as a proper approach to deal with the high concentration gradients in relation to model resolution. In short, the inclusion of a bi-directional surface–atmosphere exchange is a significant step forward for modeling ammonia.
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Kaufman, J., M. Linington, V. R. Osborne, C. Wagner-Riddle, and T. C. Wright. "Short communication: Field study of air ammonia concentrations in Ontario dairy calf housing microenvironments." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 95, no. 4 (2015): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2015-013.
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Kaufman, J., Linington, M., Osborne, V. R., Wagner-Riddle, C. and Wright, T. C. 2015. Short Communication: Field study of air ammonia concentrations in Ontario dairy calf housing microenvironments. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 539–542. The objective of this study was to measure the ammonia concentrations in the microenvironment of the calf housing area on a sample of commercial dairies in Ontario under typical management conditions. Two approaches were used to measure ammonia concentrations: (1) weekly on four farms for a period of 8 wk and (2) one-time samples were taken from the calf areas on 15 other farms. The results indicated that ammonia levels are managed below the existing maximum threshold provided in the national dairy code of practice.
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Mitrayana, Mitrayana, Muhamad Azhar Maarif, Mohammad Ali Joko Wasono, Mohammad Robikhul Ikhsan, and Mirza Satriawan. "Application of the CO2 Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy in Detecting Ammonia Gas (NH3) in Liver Disease Patient’s Breath." Key Engineering Materials 840 (April 2020): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.840.399.
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Using a CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy with intracavity setup and multicomponent method we have done measurement on the ammonia, ehtylene and acetone gas concentrations in the breath of liver disease patients and in the healthy volunteers. The results of multicomponent analysis show that the average concentration of ammonia gas obtained from the breath of liver disease patients and healthy volunteers are (3.27 ± 0.75) and (1.34 ± 0.24) ppm, respectively. The highest and the lowest ammonia gas concentration of liver disease patients are 4.77 and 1.99 ppm. While, the highest and the lowest ammonia gas concentration of healthy volunteers are 1.89 and 1.08 ppm. For the ethylene and acetone concentrations, we found no significant difference between the average concentrations in the liver disease patients and in the healthy volunteers.
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Metin, Umut, and Mahmut Altınbaş. "Evaluating Ammonia Toxicity and Growth Kinetics of Four Different Microalgae Species." Microorganisms 12, no. 8 (2024): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081542.
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Although wastewater with high ammonia concentration is an ideal alternative environment for microalgae cultivation, high ammonia concentrations are toxic to microalgae and inhibit microalgae growth. In this study, the ammonia responses of four widely used microalgae species were investigated. Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella minutissima, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Arthrospira platensis were grown in batch reactors maintained at seven different NH4Cl concentrations at a constant pH of 8. Growth and nitrogen removal kinetics were monitored. IC50 values for the mentioned species were found as 34.82 mg-FA/L, 30.17 mg-FA/L, 27.2 mg-FA/L and 44.44 mg-FA/L, respectively, while specific growth rates for different ammonia concentrations ranged between 0.148 and 1.271 d−1. C. vulgaris demonstrated the highest biomass growth under an ammonia concentration of 1700.95 mg/L. The highest removal of nitrogen was observed for A. platensis with an efficiency of 99.1%. The results showed that all tested species could grow without inhibition in ammonia levels comparable to those found in municipal wastewater. Furthermore, it has been concluded that species C. vulgaris and A. platensis can tolerate high ammonia levels similar to those found in high strength wastewaters.
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Azmi, Azlin Suhaida, NURAIN ATIKAH CHE AZIZ, Noor Illi Mohamad Puad, Amanatuzzakiah Abdul Halim, Faridah Yusof, and Suzana Yusup. "Chlorella vulgaris logistic growth kinetics model in high concentrations of aqueous ammonia." IIUM Engineering Journal 19, no. 2 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v19i2.893.
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ABSTRACT: The ability of microalgae to utilize CO2 during photosynthesis and grow rapidly shows their potential in CO2 bio-fixation to capture and store the gas. However, CO2 capture by this biological approach is very slow compared to chemical reaction-based processes such as absorption using amine or aqueous ammonia. Integration between chemical (aqueous ammonia) and biological (microalgae) aspects might enhance the capturing process and at the same time the microalgae can assimilate CO2 for beneficial bioproduct formation. Thus, it is important to assess the growth of the microalgae in various concentrations of ammonia with CO2 supply. Hence, the main objective of this study is to investigate Chlorella vulgaris growth and its kinetics in aqueous ammonia. To achieve that, C. vulgaris was cultivated in various concentrations of aqueous ammonia between 0 to 1920 mg/L at room temperature (i.e. 27 °C) and supplied with 15% (v/v) of CO2 under illumination of 3500 lux of white fluorescent light. Result shows that the maximum growth capacity (Xmax) of C. vulgaris is deteriorating from 1.820 Au to 0.245 Au as the concentration of aqueous ammonia increased. However, no significant change in maximum specific growth rate (µmax) was observed. The growth data was then fitted into the logistic growth model. The model coefficient of determination (R2) is decreasing, which suggests modification of the model is required.
 ABSTRAK: Keupayaan alga-mikro untuk menggunakan CO2 semasa proses fotosintesis dan pembiakannya yang pesat menunjukkan potensi dalam penggunaan dan penyimpanan gas ketetapan-biologi. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan CO2 melalui cara ini adalah sangat perlahan berbanding proses tindak balas kimia melalui penyerapan amina ataupun cecair ammonia. Percampuran antara tindak balas kimia (cecair ammonia) dan tindak balas biologi, memungkinkan penambahan proses percampuran dan pada masa sama alga-mikro akan menyerap CO2 bagi kepentingan pembentukan hasil biologi. Dengan itu, adalah sangat penting untuk mengawasi pertumbuhan alga-mikro dalam pelbagai ketumpatan ammonia bersama kandungan CO2. Oleh itu, objektif utama penyelidikan ini adalah untuk menyiasat pertumbuhan Chlorella vulgaris dan proses kinetik dalam cecair ammonia. Bagi memperoleh hasil tersebut, C. vulgaris telah dikulturkan pada ketumpatan cecair berbeza antara 0 ke 1920 mg/L pada suhu bilik (iaitu 27 °C) dan dibekalkan dengan 15% (v/v) CO2 di bawah cahaya putih flurosen 3500 lux. Keputusan menunjukkan kapasiti pertumbuhan terbanyak (Xmax) C. vulgaris telah berkurang daripada 1.820 Au kepada 0.245 Au apabila ketumpatan cecair ammonia dikurangkan. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada perubahan ketara pada kadar pertumbuhan (µmax) dapat dilihat. Data kadar pertumbuhan kemudiannya dikemas kini pada model pertumbuhan logistik. Model pekali penentu (R2) telah direndahkan di mana cadangan untuk mengubah model adalah diperlukan.