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Journal articles on the topic 'Ammonium chlorides'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Zabielska-Matejuk, J., E. Urbanik, and J. Pernak. "New bis-quaternary ammonium and bis-imidazolium chloride wood preservatives." Holzforschung 58, no. 3 (May 12, 2004): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.045.

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Abstract Bis-quaternary ammonium and bis-imidazolium chlorides, the compounds containing in their structure two symmetrical quaternary nitrogen atoms, were prepared and tested on wood destroying and sapstaining fungi. The effect of the position of quaternary nitrogen atoms upon fungicidal and surface properties was analysed. The antifungal activity of new bis-quaternary ammonium and bis-imidazolium chlorides against Coniophora puteana (Schum.:Fr.)Kr., Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.)Pilát and Aspergillus niger van Tieghem was much more pronounced than that of quaternary ammonium chlorides. The results confirm the correlation between surface activity and fungicidal activity. The adsorption of bisimidazolium chloride onto pine wood was influenced by pH of applied solutions and the initial solution concentration. With increasing pH of ammonium solution, the adsorption was much greater than in neutral or acidic solutions. Cation structure of the quaternary ammonium chloride exerted a strong influence on quantity of wood-adsorbed chemicals and resistance to water leaching.

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2

Koishina, G. M., E. E. Zholdasbay, M. B. Kurmanseitov, E. B. Tazhiev, and A. A. Argyn. "Study on the behavior of zinc and associated metal-impurities in the process of chlorinating roasting of dross." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 318, no. 3 (September 12, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.30.

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In this work the issue of processing of dross with preliminary separation of the metal part from the oxide one is reviewed. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of known works it is shown that this approach can be quite effective if a technology is developed for the separate processing of the oxide part to obtain a commercial product. The authors of this work proposed carrying out chlorinating roasting under oxidizing conditions with various chlorine-containing reagents as one of the effective ways of processing the oxide part of the dross. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of interaction between the components of the oxide part of the dross and calcium and ammonium chlorides, the principal possibility of obtaining pure zinc oxide, suitable for use as mineral additives in animal feed has been shown. As a result of thermodynamic calculations of the reactions of interaction of impurity metals with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, the values of Gibbs free energy and reaction rate constants were determined in the temperature range 973 and 1373 K. It has been established that under the conditions of roasting the oxide part of the dross with both calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, a high degree of sublimation of impurity metals from the dross in the form of their chlorides into dust is achieved. It has been shown that roasting the oxide part of the dross using ammonium chloride is more efficient than with calcium chloride.

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3

Kostag, Marc, Tim Liebert, Omar A. El Seoud, and Thomas Heinze. "Efficient Cellulose Solvent: Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 34, no. 19 (September 9, 2013): 1580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201300497.

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4

Pernak, Juliusz, Jadwiga Zabielska-Matejuk, and Edmund Urbanik. "New Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides - Wood Preservatives." Holzforschung 52, no. 3 (January 1998): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.3.249.

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5

Nowak, Łukasz, Magdalena Regel-Rosocka, Barbara Marszałkowska, and Maciej Wiśniewski. "Removal of Zn(II) from chloride acidic solutions with hydrophobic quaternary salts." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 12, no. 3 (January 1, 2010): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-010-0028-8.

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Removal of Zn(II) from chloride acidic solutions with hydrophobic quaternary salts The equilibrium of zinc(II) extraction from hydrochloric acid solutions with phosphonium and ammonium quaternary salts and their application as carriers in polymer inclusion membranes were studied. The most efficient was the extraction of zinc with the use of chlorides and bromide of ammonium and phosphonium salt (more than 90%). Quaternary ammonium and phosphonium chlorides and bromide are efficient extractants of zinc(II) from hydrochloric acid solutions. Two-fold molar excess of extractant over Zn(II) is necessary for efficient extraction (100%). Solvent extraction power of the extractants studied decreases with increasing hydrophobicity of the anion in the following sequence: QPCl > QPBr > QPBis > QACl > QABF4 > QPBF4 > QPPF6 > QPNtf2. A solution of 1 M H2 SO4 is chosen as the best stripping phase from the technological and economical point of view. Transport across polymeric inclusion membrane enables concentration of the stripping solution; however it takes a very long time.

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6

Green, Rebecca A., and John F. Hartwig. "Nickel-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides with Ammonia or Ammonium Salts." Angewandte Chemie 127, no. 12 (February 25, 2015): 3839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201500404.

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7

Green, Rebecca A., and John F. Hartwig. "Nickel-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides with Ammonia or Ammonium Salts." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 54, no. 12 (February 25, 2015): 3768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201500404.

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8

Różycka-Roszak, Bożenna. "Micellization of some amphiphilic quaternary ammonium chlorides." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 140, no. 2 (December 1990): 538–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(90)90374-w.

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9

Lubkowski, J., and J. Blazejowski. "Crystal lattice energy of ammonium and methanaminium chlorides." Journal of Thermal Analysis 36, no. 6 (September 1990): 2009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01914117.

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10

Kuehny, Jeff S., Wen Chy Chang, and Patricia Branch. "Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Postharvest Quality of Zantesdeschia and Preplant Treatment for Preventing Erwinia Infection." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 597d—597. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.597d.

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Zantesdeschia has been grown for cut-flower production for many years, but more recently it has been grown as a containerized plant. Problems with height control and disease, however, have limited Zantesdeschia production in warmer climates. Our objectives were to evaluate paclobutrazol and uniconazole on control of plant growth of three Zantesdeschia species and evaluate four preplant treatments for preventing Erwinia infection on rhizomes. Paclobutrazol at 1 mg a.i. gave the best control of flower height, foliage height, and plant width. After 20 d in a postharvest chamber, plants drenched with paclobuturazol at 2 mg a.i. and uniconazole at 6 mg a.i. were still suitable plants, plants drenched at 3 and 4 mg a.i. paclobutrazol remained short, and plants drenched at 2 and 4 mg a.i.uniconazole became tall and weak, with flower stems breaking over. Rhizomes were dipped in dimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides, sodium hypochlorite, 4% formaldehyde, or streptomycin. Streptomycin provided the best control against Erwinia infection followed by formaldehyde. Dimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides and sodium chloride provided the poorest protection.

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11

Hennig, C., H. Oppermann, and A. Blonska. "Thermische Zersetzung und Lösungskalorimetrie von Ammoniumeuropiumchloriden / Thermal Decomposition and Solution Calorimetry of Ammonium Europium Chlorides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 53, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 1169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1998-1011.

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AbstractThe thermal decomposition equilibria of ammonium europium chlorides (NH4)3EuCl6, (NH4)2EuCl5 and NH4Eu2Cl7 have been investigated by total pressure measurements in a membrane zero manometer. The thermodynamic data of these solid phases have been derived from the decomposition functions. The standard enthalpies of solution in 4n HCl (aq.) of (NH4)3EuCl6, (NH4)2EuCl5, NH4Eu2Cl7, EuCl3 and Eu2O3 were measured. On the basis of these values and tabulated data, the standard enthalpies at 298 K of the ammonium europium chlorides were derived and compared with the obtained results from the total pressure measurements.

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12

Green, Rebecca A., and John F. Hartwig. "ChemInform Abstract: Nickel-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides with Ammonia or Ammonium Salts." ChemInform 46, no. 31 (July 16, 2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201531100.

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13

Matyushkina, Yulia I., and Alexandr A. Shabarin. "EXTRACTION OF ANIONIC CADMIUM COMPLEXES WITH ORGANIC SOLUTIONS OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 10 (September 8, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206310.6224.

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The anion-exchange extraction of thiocyanate, chloride and iodide cadmium complexes by solutions of quaternary ammonium salts chlorides in organic solvents (toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol, nitrobenzene) was studied. Extraction involves solutions of alkyl dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides (R-N+(CH3)2-CH2C6H5-Cl-) and alkyl dimethylethyl-benzylammonium (R-N+(CH3)2-CH2-CH2C6H5-Cl-), where R is a straight alkyl chain, mainly C12 - C14. The composition of the cadmium anionic complexes was established by the analysis of the calibration curves E = f (pCCd (II)) constructed from cadmium sulfate solutions against the background of various contents of thiocyanate, chloride and iodide ions (ndicator electrode - ion-selective electrode with a membrane, which based on a nitrobenzene solution of tetradecylammonium bromide). The extraction process is estimated quantitatively using a distribution coefficient (D). The value of D is calculated taking into account the cadmium concentration in the aqueous phase before and after extraction. The dependence of the distribution coefficient on the organic solvent dielectric constant, the concentration and stability of the anionic complexes of cadmium is shown. So, for the indicated cadmium acidocomplexes, the minimum D values were obtained using low-polar toluene and carbon tetrachloride, and the maximum values were obtained using highly polar isobutyl alcohol and nitrobenzene. If the concentration of cadmium (II) is reduced by a factor of 100 for the cadmium rhodanide and iodide complexes, the value of D decreases by 1.6-1.9 times, for the chloride complex, by 1.2 times in the case of polar isobutyl alcohol and nitrobenzene, and 2.9-3.5 times in the case of low-polar solvents. It was experimentally established that in the series [Cd(SCN)4]2- - [CdI4]2-- [CdCl4]2- the value of D decreases for all the studied systems. The observed regularity is related both to the stability of the corresponding cadmium (II) complexes in aqueous solutions and to their hydrophobicity.

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14

Brandänge, Svante, Hans Leijonmarck, Teclay Minassie, Steinar Husebye, Jose Maria Moreno, Antonio Romerosa, Ward T. Robinson, Björn O. Roos, Claire Vallance, and Bryan R. Wood. "Synthesis of Esters from Silyl Ethers and Acyl Chlorides: Catalysis by Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides." Acta Chemica Scandinavica 51 (1997): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.51-0953.

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15

Trang, Nguyen Thi Minh, Le Dinh Hong, and Vo Khac Tri. "AMMONIUM TRANSPORT EXPERIMENTS IN SOIL COLUMNS: ESTIMATING TRANSPORT PARAMETERS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 3 (June 16, 2017): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/3/8688.

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Soluble contaminant transport into groundwater aquifers is one of the current practical problems occuring not only in Vietnam but also in many countries around the world. In this paper, according to the main objective of estimating the ammonium (NH4+) transport parameters in soil and groundwater aquifer of Con Son Island - District Con Dao, experiments with conservative tracers (sodium chlorides) and ammonium chlorides solution had been carried out on the Con Son soil columns. The transport parameters are estimated under supportting of software Hydrus 1D using the inverse parameter estimation method. Results of the experiments showed that dispersion coefficient, distribution coefficient and mass transfer coefficient characterized the ammonium transport process in the Con Son soil and aquifers are compatible with mechanical and physical properties of Con Son soil matrix and porous media.

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16

Li, X. R., and H. Koseki. "Study on the Contamination of Chlorides in Ammonium Nitrate." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 83, no. 1 (January 2005): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/psep.04060.

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17

Brycki, Bogumil, Andrzej Skrzypczak, Ilona Mirska, and Juliusz Pernak. "Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides." Archiv der Pharmazie 329, no. 6 (1996): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.19963290603.

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18

Gu, Xue-Ping, Isao Ikeda, and Mitsuo Okahara. "Regioselective Addition of Organic Chlorides to Epoxides in the Presence of Quaternary Ammonium Chloride." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 60, no. 1 (January 1987): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.60.397.

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19

Różycka-Roszak, Bożenna, Romuald Żyłka, Teresa Kral, and Adriana Przyczyna. "Counterion Effects on Interaction of Amphiphilic Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Model Membranes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2001): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-5-614.

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The micellization as well as the interaction with model membranes of dodecyltrimethylammonium halides (DTAX) and N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-benzylammonium halides (DBeAX) were studied at 298K and 313K by means of titration calorimetry. The calorimetric curves reflect both the counterion and benzyl group effects on the interaction of the surfactants studied with the lipid bilayer. Bromide as counterion enhanced the interactions more than chloride of both DTAX and DBeAX compounds with model membranes. Further, we studied the influence of DTAX and DBeAX on calcium ion desorption from the liposome membrane using a radioactive tracer method. DBeAX proved more efficient in desorption of calcium than DTAX. Iodides of these compounds enhanced this process more than bromides and chlorides.

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20

Kukurová, K., Z. Ciesarová, A. Bednáriková, and L. Marková. "Effect of Inorganic Salts on Acrylamide Formation in Cereal Matrices." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S425—S428. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/956-cjfs.

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The aim of the work was to compare the impact of different salts such as monovalent and divalent chlorides, hydrogencarbonates, phosphates and lactate on acrylamide formation in cereal model system during baking at 190°C for 9 min. Ammonium hydrogencarbonate promoted acrylamide production significantly. On the other hand, other inorganic salts lowered acrylamide content. Calcium chloride was the most effective with near to 90% acrylamide elimination ability. Sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium as well as potassium dihydrogen phosphate were also very effective and brought about 75% acrylamide content decrease, followed by calcium lactate, sodium chloride and potassium chloride causing 40–45% of acrylamide elimination and finally sodium and potassium hydrogen carbonates that achieved 30% reduction of acrylamide.

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21

Li, Zhejian, Bao Gao, and Hanmin Huang. "Amidation of Acid Chlorides to Primary Amides with Ammonium Salts." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 38, no. 6 (2018): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc201801034.

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22

Beyeh, N. Kodiah, Altti Ala-Korpi, Fangfang Pan, Hyun Hwa Jo, Eric V. Anslyn, and Kari Rissanen. "Cooperative Binding of Divalent Diamides byN-Alkyl Ammonium Resorcinarene Chlorides." Chemistry - A European Journal 21, no. 26 (May 27, 2015): 9556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201406504.

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23

BRANDAENGE, S., H. LEIJONMARCK, and T. MINASSIE. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Esters from Silyl Ethers and Acyl Chlorides: Catalysis by Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides." ChemInform 28, no. 48 (August 2, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199748088.

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24

Sweeney, Sean, and Merrilea Mayo. "Origin of unusual sintering phenomena in compacts of chloride-derived 3Y-TZP nanopowders." Science of Sintering 46, no. 2 (2014): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1402169s.

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After evaluating three alternative possibilities, the present study shows that seemingly minor amounts (at least as low as 0.06 wt%) of chlorine impurities are responsible for the poor sintering behavior observed in chloride-derived 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) nanopowders. Models and quantitative estimates are used to explain the role of evolved HCl and ZrCl4 gases in such anomalous behaviors as reduced sintered densities for higher green densities, de-densification, improved sintering in nitrogen over oxygen, and formation of a dense shell microstructure. Two solutions to problematic residual chlorides are compared: 1) a thermal treatment composed of an extended hold at 1000?C to allow HCl gas removal before the onset of closed porosity, and 2) a chemical treatment performed by washing bisque-fired samples at room temperature using a concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution to remove chlorides. The thermal treatment was found to be superior.

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25

Matsumoto, Hajime, Naoto Akai, and Rie Oyabu. "Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Ambient Temperature Molten Chlorides Based on Quaternary Ammonium Chloride and MgCl2." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 59 (November 23, 2020): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-02593007mtgabs.

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26

Matsumoto, Hajime, Naoto Akai, and Rie Oyabu. "Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Ambient Temperature Molten Chlorides Based on Quaternary Ammonium Chloride and MgCl2." ECS Transactions 98, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/09810.0141ecst.

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27

Abbott, A. P., C. D'Agostino, S. J. Davis, L. F. Gladden, and M. D. Mantle. "Do group 1 metal salts form deep eutectic solvents?" Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 36 (2016): 25528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp05880a.

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Group 1 salts were compared with quaternary ammonium chlorides for their ability to form deep eutectic solvents and it was found that while some formed liquids the sodium ions caused the liquids to become structured and increased their viscosity.

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28

Gault, J. D., H. A. Gallardo, and H. J. Müler. "Thermotropic Mesophases of the C8, C10, C12and C16n-Alkyl Ammonium Chlorides." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 130, no. 1-2 (August 1985): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268948508079508.

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29

BRYCKI, B., A. SKRZYPCZAK, I. MIRSKA, and J. PERNAK. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides." ChemInform 27, no. 43 (August 4, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199643050.

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30

HENNIG, C., and H. OPPERMANN. "ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Decomposition and Solution Calorimetry of Ammonium Neodymium Chlorides." ChemInform 29, no. 23 (June 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199823010.

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HENNIG, C., H. OPPERMANN, and A. BLONSKA. "ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Decomposition and Solution Calorimetry of Ammonium Europium Chlorides." ChemInform 30, no. 2 (June 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199902011.

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32

Beyeh, N. Kodiah, Altti Ala-Korpi, Mario Cetina, Arto Valkonen, and Kari Rissanen. "Recognition ofN-Alkyl andN-Aryl Acetamides byN-Alkyl Ammonium Resorcinarene Chlorides." Chemistry - A European Journal 20, no. 46 (September 26, 2014): 15144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201402533.

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33

HENNIG, C., and H. OPPERMANN. "ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Decomposition and Solution Calorimetry of Ammonium Samarium Chlorides." ChemInform 29, no. 14 (June 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199814019.

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34

Pernak, Juliusz, and Przemysław Chwała. "Synthesis and anti-microbial activities of choline-like quaternary ammonium chlorides." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 38, no. 11-12 (November 2003): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2003.09.004.

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35

Green, Rebecca A., and John F. Hartwig. "Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides and Bromides with Ammonium Salts." Organic Letters 16, no. 17 (August 18, 2014): 4388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol501739g.

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36

Meyer, Gerd, and Angela Möller. "Thermolysis of ternary ammonium chlorides of rhenium and the noble metals." Journal of the Less Common Metals 170, no. 2 (June 1991): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(91)90336-3.

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37

Wielińska, Justyna, Beata Liberek, and Andrzej Nowacki. "DFT studies of the formation of furanoid derivatives of ammonium chlorides." Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 56 (March 2015): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.12.004.

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38

Paimin, R., and RW Cattrall. "Activity-Coefficients of Some Quaternary Ammonium Salts in Chloroform." Australian Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 12 (1986): 2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9862155.

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Activity coefficients for dioctyl-, di (1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl), dinonyl -, methyltridecyl - and methyltrioctyl -ammonium chlorides and for methyltridecylammonium oxalate in chloroform have been studied by vapour phase osmometry. The results show that, below c. 0.001 mol dm-3, activity coefficients can be assumed to be unity and can be assumed to be constant at concentrations greater than c. 0.04 mol dm-3. Conductance measurements show negligible dissociation of the salts in chloroform.

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39

Queiroz, M. B., Simone C. Gallani Rodrigues, Herve M. Laborde, and Meiry Glaúcia Freire Rodrigues. "Swelling of Brazilian Organoclays in Some Solvents with Application in the Petroleum Industry." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 1031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.1031.

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Brasgel clay has been modified via cation exchange reaction using quaternary ammonium chlorides (stearyl dimethylammonium chloride, Praepagen). Basal spacing, interlamellar structure clay have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The organoclay was characterized by the Foster Swelling test. The results indicated that the quaternary ammonium salts were intercalated between the layers of clay. The Foster Swelling Test results indicated that the affinity of stearyl dimethylammonium chloride, Praepagen occurred in the treated clay tested in all organic solvents (diesel, gasoline, toluene and p-xylene), without and with agitation. the treated sample presented a high swelling capacity (with and without agitation) when tested in gasoline. On the other hand, when inserted in diesel oil without agitation, the treated samples presented low swelling capacity, but when the assay was performed under agitation, it yielded an intermediate swelling capacity. In Toluene, the samples presented intermediate swelling, both without and with agitation. In p-xylene, the samples presented low swelling, without and intermediate swelling, with agitation. Therefore, this clay can be used for the removal of oils and greases from polluted aqueous effluents of the petroleum industry.

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40

Moradi, Ali Varasteh. "Solvent-free synthesis of functionalised indenothiazoles using four-component reactions of ninhydrin." Journal of Chemical Research 41, no. 7 (July 2017): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751917x14967701767021.

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A one-pot synthesis of indenothiazole derivatives via four-component reactions of ninhydrin, acid chlorides, ammonium thiocyanate and primary amines at 70 °C is described. The method offers several advantages including high yields of products and an easy experimental work-up procedure.

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41

Hennig, C., and H. Oppermann. "Thermische Zersetzung und Lösungskalorimetrie von Ammoniumsamariumchloriden/Thermal Decomposition and Solution Calorimetry of Ammonium Samarium Chlorides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 52, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 1517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1997-1213.

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Abstract We determined the decomposition equilibria of ammonium samarium chlorides (NH4)2SmCl5 and NH4Sm2Cl7 by total pressure measurements and derived their thermody namical data from the decomposition functions. The enthalpies of formation were compared with the results of the solution calorimetry. The heats of solution of all solid phases in the system SmCl3-NH4Cl and of Sm2O3 were measured in 4n HCl. The enthalpies of formation of ammonium samarium chlorides were derived from the enthalpies of formation of SmCl3 and of NH4Cl and their heats of solution.Data by total pressure measurementΔH°B((NH4)2SmCl5,f,298) =-407,7 ± 2,9 kcal/mol;S0((NH4)2SmCl5,f,298) = 84,0 ± 4,5 cal/K-mol;ΔH°B((NH4)Sm2Cl7,f,298) = -576,8 ± 3,4 kcal/mol;S°(NH4Sm2Cl7,f,298) = 98,1 ± 5,5 cal/K-mol.Data by solution calorimetryΔH°B(SmCl3,f,298) = -248,1 ± 0,8 kcal/mol;ΔH°B((NH4),SmCl5,f,298) = -404 ,3 ± 1,1 kcal/mol;ΔH°B(NH4Sm9Cl7,f,298)= -572,3 ± 1,8 kcal/mol.

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Zabielska-Matejuk, Jadwiga. "The influence of cation and anion structure of new quaternary ammonium salts on adsorption and leaching." Holzforschung 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.030.

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Abstract This study examined the effect of cation and anion chemical structure of new quaternary ammonium and imidazolium compounds (QAC, bis-QAC, IC, bis-IC) on the adsorption onto Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and resistance to water leaching. The group of copper (II) modified QACs, containing copper-chloro-acetate complexes in the anion structure, was also examined. The length of alkyl hydrophobic substituents in the cation structure significantly influences adsorption. The adsorption characteristics were statistically related to the alkyl chain length of new quaternary ammonium salts (quantitative correlations between CMC and adsorption values). Bis-ICs adsorb onto Scots pine wood with the greatest difficulty and the slowest and are also leached to the greatest degree. A varied adsorption of chloride ion cations and a several times higher leaching of chlorides than cations of the examined salts from the saturated wood were observed. The anion modification of bis-QAC and bis-IC of copper-chloro-acetate complexes causes decreased adsorption and resistance to the leaching of these salts. As a result of the performed regression analysis of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, it was found that the adsorption of the examined compounds onto wood was governed by both chemical and physical processes. New quaternary ammonium and imidazolium compounds represent potential wood preservatives.

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Cirtina, Daniela, and Camelia Capatina. "Assessment of Drinking Water Quality of Targu Jiu City by Analyzing Physical and Chemical Quality Parameters." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 3 (April 15, 2017): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.3.5473.

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Monitoring and control of water quality for human consumption aims to verify if the water available to consumers meets the requirements of relevant legislation and in particular the values of parameters established. The paper presents a study on the assessment of the quality of drinking water distributed in the city of Targu-Jiu by analyzing the following physico-chemical quality parameters: pH, conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, chlorides, residual chlorine, hardness and aluminum ions content. From the results, it has been found that during 2013-2015, there were exceedings of the maximum permitted levels for residual chlorine and ammonium ion in drinking water samples.

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Wang, Hsiaoling, Chao Wang, Charles K. Mann, and Thomas J. Vickers. "Effect of the Water Spectrum on the Determination of Dissolved Ammonia, Urea, and Chloride Concentrations by Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 2 (February 1998): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943301.

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The effect of large, changing concentrations of electrolytes on the behavior of the OH stretching band of water have been investigated with the aim of developing methods for compensating for spectral interferences when solute NH bands are made the basis for mixture analyses. With the use of urea and ammonium salts as analytes, it was found that changing electrolyte concentrations affect the shape of the water band but do not appreciably affect the shapes of either the ammonium ion or urea Raman lines. Chlorides, nitrates, and mixtures of these were used as electrolytes. The identity of the anion had a significant effect on the shape of the OH band. Two methods of compensation were used. One involved factor analyzing the spectra of a set of solutions that contained chlorides and nitrates that are Raman inactive in the vicinity of the OH stretching band. The principal abstract factors were used in place of a water reference for a least-squares mixture analysis. The other method was application of partial least-squares. In addition to urea and ammonium ion, the concentration of KCl and the ionic strength of the system can be determined in the partial least-squares approach with limits of detection better than 0.1 M.

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Phipps, Robert, Paul Türtscher, and Holly Davis. "Palladium-Catalysed Cross-Coupling of Benzylammonium Salts with Boronic Acids under Mild Conditions." Synthesis 50, no. 04 (August 23, 2017): 793–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588548.

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Herein, we give a full account of the development of the palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of benzylammonium salts with boronic acids. A range of benzylamine-derived quaternary ammonium salts can be coupled with boronic acids under relatively mild conditions. Our optimization has identified ligands that can be used to chemoselectively cross-couple at the ammonium in the presence of chlorides. We demonstrate that intramolecular palladium-catalysed C–H activation is also a viable pathway for the putative benzyl-Pd(II) intermediate obtained upon oxidative addition and have optimised this to obtain fluorene in good yield.

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Prabhu, P. V. S. S., and M. V. Ramanamurti. "Conductance Study of Alkali Metal Chlorides and Ammonium Chloride in 1,2-Dimethoxyethane–Water Mixtures at 25 °C." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 61, no. 7 (July 1988): 2595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.61.2595.

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Beyeh, Ngong Kodiah, Hyun Hwa Jo, Igor Kolesnichenko, Fangfang Pan, Elina Kalenius, Eric V. Anslyn, Robin H. A. Ras, and Kari Rissanen. "Recognition of Viologen Derivatives in Water by N-Alkyl Ammonium Resorcinarene Chlorides." Journal of Organic Chemistry 82, no. 10 (May 8, 2017): 5198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.7b00449.

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Róøycka-Roszak, Boøenna, Emilia Fisicaro, and Alessandra Ghiozzi. "Thermodynamic Study of Aqueous Micellar Solutions of Biologically Active Bisquaternary Ammonium Chlorides." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 184, no. 1 (December 1996): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.0613.

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Hirai, T., J. Yamaki, T. Okada, and A. Yamaji. "Inhibiting effects of Al corrosion by polymer ammonium chlorides in alkaline electrolyte." Electrochimica Acta 30, no. 1 (January 1985): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(85)80059-1.

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Busscher, H. J., H. M. Uyen, W. J. Postma, A. van Silfhout, and J. Arends. "Adsorption of quaternary ammonium chlorides with various hydrocarbon chain lengths to glass." Colloid and Polymer Science 265, no. 8 (August 1987): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01425033.

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