Academic literature on the topic 'Amnesia – Research'

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Journal articles on the topic "Amnesia – Research"

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Curran, Tim. "Higher-Order Associative Learning in Amnesia: Evidence from the Serial Reaction Time Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 4 (1997): 522–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.522.

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Patients with anterograde amnesia are commonly believed to exhibit normal implicit learning. Research with the serial reaction time (SRT) task suggests that normal subjects can implicitly learn visuospatial sequences through a process that is sensitive to higher-order information that is more complex than pairwise associations between adjacent stimuli. The present research reexamined SRT learning in a group of amnesic patients with a design intended to specifically address the learning of higher-order information. Despite seemingly normal learning effects on average, the results suggest that amnesic patients do not learn higher-order information as well as control subjects. These results suggest that amnesic patients have an associative learning impairment, even when learning is implicit, and that the medial temporal lobe and/or diencephalic brain areas typically damaged in cases of amnesia normally contribute to implicit sequence learning.
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Wagner, BK, DA O'Hara, and JS Hammond. "Drugs for amnesia in the ICU." American Journal of Critical Care 6, no. 3 (1997): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1997.6.3.192.

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OBJECTIVE: This review focuses on how patients' recall of their stay in the ICU can be modified pharmacologically. DATA SOURCES: Computerized MEDLINE and PAPERCHASE searches of English- and foreign-language published research from 1966 to 1995, bibliographies, pharmaceutical and personal files, and conference abstract reports. STUDY SELECTION: All abstracts from uncontrolled and controlled clinical trials were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: Study design, population, results, and safety information were retained. Efficacy conclusions were drawn from controlled trials. DATA SYNTHESIS: Patients without cerebral injury may recall mental and physical discomfort during their stay in the ICU. All benzodiazepines produce amnestic effects, but the short duration of action, lack of long-acting metabolites, and potent amnestic effects make lorazepam and midazolam preferable in this setting. Infusions of propofol for conscious sedation produce concentrations below those required for consistent amnesia. Opioids generally do not produce amnesia; however, end-organ failure and use of high doses of opioids may increase plasma concentrations to levels that produce impairment of learning and various degrees of amnesia. High infusion rates of ketamine may be required for satisfactory amnesia and pain control (with coadministration of benzodiazepine). Barbiturates and haloperidol do not impair memory in patients who are not critically ill. Antihistamines and anticholinergics that do not penetrate the central nervous system do not produce amnesia. Flumazenil may induce recall. CONCLUSIONS: Patients may remember their stay in the ICU, depending on the type of injury and the drug therapy. Of the drugs presented, benzodiazepines most reliably provide anterograde amnesia, whereas ketamine and propofol exhibit dose-dependent effects on memory.
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ALLADI, SUVARNA, ROBERT ARNOLD, JOANNA MITCHELL, PETER J. NESTOR, and JOHN R. HODGES. "Mild cognitive impairment: applicability of research criteria in a memory clinic and characterization of cognitive profile." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 4 (2006): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705006744.

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Background. We explored the applicability of recently proposed research criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a memory clinic and changes in case definition related to which memory tests are used and the status of general cognitive function in MCI.Method. A total of 166 consecutive GP referrals to the Cambridge Memory Clinic underwent comprehensive neuropsychological and psychiatric evaluation.Results. Of 166 cases, 42 were excluded (significant depression 8, established dementia 29 and other disorders 5). Of 124 non-demented, non-depressed patients, 72 fulfilled Petersen's criteria for amnestic MCI based upon verbal memory performance [the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)] and 90 met criteria if performance on verbal and/or non-verbal memory tests [the Rey figure recall or the Paired Associates Learning test (PAL)] was considered. Of the 90 broadly defined MCI cases, only 25 had pure amnesia: other subtle semantic and/or attention deficits were typically present. A further 12 were classed as non-amnestic MCI and 22 as ‘worried well’.Conclusions. Definition of MCI varies considerably dependent upon the tests used for case definition. The majority have other cognitive deficits despite normal performance on the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and intact activities of daily living (ADL) and fit within multi-domain MCI. Pure amnesic MCI is rare.
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Schacter, Daniel L., Lynn A. Cooper, and Jonathan Treadwell. "Preserved Priming of Novel Objects across Size Transformation in Amnesic Patients." Psychological Science 4, no. 5 (1993): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00574.x.

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Previous research has indicated that amnesic patients can show normal priming of novel objects on a decision task in which subjects decide whether unfamiliar structures could or could not exist in the three-dimensional world. The present experiment reveals that amnesic patients exhibit normal priming on this task across a study-to-test size transformation despite impaired explicit memory. These results suggest that priming of novel objects in amnesia depends on a spared structural description system that computes size-invariant representations of visual objects.
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Riccio, David C., Paula M. Millin, and Pascale Gisquet-Verrier. "Retrograde Amnesia." Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, no. 2 (2003): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01222.

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Recently, the field of animal memory research has seen a resurgence of interest in the mechanisms underlying retrograde amnesia (RA) and in the use of RA as a technique for studying memory processes. A recent report from a major neuroscience lab, which demonstrated RA for an old reactivated memory, revitalized the debate regarding the widely accepted memory-consolidation theory of RA. Here, we discuss a number of the characteristics of RA and consider the findings that led to the development of the memory-consolidation hypothesis, as well as those suggesting an alternative retrieval-deficit explanation.
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Spanos, Nicholas P. "Hypnotic behavior: A social-psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and “trance logic”." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no. 3 (1986): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00046537.

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AbstractThis paper examines research on three hypnotic phenomena: suggested amnesia, suggested analgesia, and “trance logic.” For each case a social-psychological interpretation of hypnotic behavior as a voluntary response strategy is compared with the traditional special-process view that “good” hypnotic subjects have lost conscious control over suggestion-induced behavior. I conclude that it is inaccurate to describe hypnotically amnesic subjects as unable to recall the material they have been instructed to forget. Although amnesics present themselves as unable to remember, they in fact retain control over retrieval processes and accommodate their recall (or lack of it) to the social demands of the test situation. Hypnotic suggestions of analgesia do not produce a dissociation of pain from phenomenal awareness. Nonhypnotic suggestions of analgesia and distractor tasks that deflect attention from the'noxious stimuli are as effective as hypnotic suggestions in producing reductions in reported pain. Moreover, when appropriately motivated, subjects low in hypnotic suggestibility report pain reductions as large as those reported by highly suggestible hypnotically analgesic subjects. Finally, the data fail to support the view that a tolerance for logical incongruity (i.e., trance logic) uniquely characterizes hypnotic responding. So-called trance-logic-governed responding appears to reflect the attempts of “good” subjects to meet implicit demands to report accurately what they experience.
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Kopelman, Michael D., and Narinder Kapur. "The loss of episodic memories in retrograde amnesia: single–case and group studies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1413 (2001): 1409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0942.

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Retrograde amnesia in neurological disorders is a perplexing and fascinating research topic. The severity of retrograde amnesia is not well correlated with that of anterograde amnesia, and there can be disproportionate impairments of either. Within retrograde amnesia, there are various dissociations which have been claimed—for example, between the more autobiographical (episodic) and more semantic components of memory. However, the associations of different types of retrograde amnesia are also important, and clarification of these issues is confounded by the fact that retrograde amnesia seems to be particularly vulnerable to psychogenic factors. Large frontal and temporal lobe lesions have been postulated as critical in producing retrograde amnesia. Theories of retrograde amnesia have encompassed storage versus access disruption, physiological processes of ‘consolidation’, the progressive transformation of episodic memories into a more ‘semantic’ form, and multiple–trace theory. Single–case investigations, group studies and various forms of neuroimaging can all contribute to the resolution of these controversies.
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Barnier, Amanda J. "Posthypnotic Amnesia for Autobiographical Episodes: A Laboratory Model of Functional Amnesia?" Psychological Science 13, no. 3 (2002): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00443.

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Extreme variation in the accessibility of autobiographical memory is a major characteristic of functional amnesia. On the basis of its ability to temporarily disrupt the retrieval of memory material, posthypnotic amnesia (PHA) has been proposed as a laboratory analogue of such amnesia. However, most PHA research has focused on relatively simple, nonpersonal information learned during hypnosis. This experiment extended PHA to autobiographical memory by examining high- and low-hypnotizable subjects' explicit and implicit memory of two autobiographical episodes, one of which was targeted by a PHA suggestion. The effects of PHA were consistent with the major features of functional amnesia: PHA disrupted retrieval of autobiographical information, produced a dissociation between implicit and explicit memory, and was reversible. The nature of PHA's effect on autobiographical memory and the potential utility of a PHA paradigm for investigating functional amnesia are discussed.
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Lafleur, Marc. "Culture, Amnesia, and Proliferation." Peace Review 19, no. 1 (2007): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402650601182020.

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Bidzan, Monika. "BIOLOGICAL BASES OF DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA." Acta Neuropsychologica 15, no. 1 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1233199.

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Dissociative amnesia is defined as the retrograde memory loss in the absence of detectable structural brain damage caused by disassociation. Although the classification criteria of dissociative amnesia are based solely on the clinical image and do not refer to biological mechanisms, recent neurobiological studies using applied modern brain imaging techniques suggest that biological mechanisms play a crucial role in this disorder. Research on this phenomenon indicated that the main biological factors that trigger dissociative amnesia are an excessive arousal of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdalae. The prefrontal cortex is a structure, which integrates internal and external experience. In the case of an excessive arousal, its functions become deregulated, which results in the inability to register the received stimuli. The hippocampus is a very flexible structure, yet highly vulnerable. As a result of the exposure to stress factors, stress hormones are secreted, which leads to an arousal of the hippocampus. Too rapid or too long secretion of stress hormones may lead to an excessive arousal of the hippocampus, which may then lead to hippocampus damage. Meanwhile, the amygdalae primarily regulate the intensity of an emotional reaction to a traumatic event, and hence affect the arousal of other brain structures. Yet, individual differences in the predisposition to the occurrence of dissociative amnesia might be an important factor in developing this disorder; such as the predisposition to overreact to distressing factors. As a result, current research indicates that neurobiological mechanisms at least partially explain mechanisms of dissociative amnesia. Nevertheless,despite the recent progress in the identification of the biological mechanisms underlying this disorder, the research cannot be considered as completed and further investigation is needed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Amnesia – Research"

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Epp, Jonathon, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The hippocampus, retrograde amnesia, and memory deconsolidation." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2005, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/219.

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There are numerous clinical and experimental accounts of retrograde and anterograde amnesia resulting from damage to the hippocampus (HPC). Several theories on the HPC hold that only certain types of recent memories should be affected by HPC damage. These theories do not accurately predict the circumstances within which memories are vulnerable to HPC damage. Here I show the HPC plays a role in the formation and storage of a wider range of memories than is posited in contemporary theories. I will demonstrate that an important factor in elciting retrograde amnesia is the number of similar learning episodes. Exposure to multiple problems in the same task context leads to retorgrade amnesia that is not observed when only one problem is learned under otherwise identical parameters. When multiple discriminations are learned, the output of the HPC blocks recall from and future use of the extra-HPC memory system.<br>x, 78 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
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Gunnervall, Helena. "En sfär av mänskliga rättigheter : om mångfald och (o)likheter i svenska Amnesty." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2964.

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<p>Fokus i uppsatsen är begreppet mångfald och svenska Amnesty. Utgångspunkten är dels det oproblematiserade och positiva talet om mångfald som kommer till uttryck i den offentliga debatten i Sverige och dels det faktum att den svenska sektionen av Amnesty International nyligen tagit beslut om att införa ett"mångfaldsperspektiv"i syfte att genomsyra all organisation och verksamhet.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är formulerat i två steg: som ett första steg analyserar jag uppfattningar och föreställningar om Amnesty som organisation, och om dess medlemmar och som ett andra steg gör jag - med särskilt fokus på etniska och kulturella aspekter - en analys av hur mångfald förstås i intervjuerna och hur denna förståelse relateras till svenska Amnesty som organisation. Kvalitativa intervjuer med sex aktiva medlemmar inom svenska Amnesty utgör grunden för analysen. Ett socialkonstruktionistiskt inspirerat synsätt används som teoretisk referensram och begrepp som etnicitet, kultur, mångkulturalism och kategorisering är centrala och används som teoretiska verktyg i analysen.</p><p>De huvudsakliga slutsatserna av analysen är att den bild av Amnesty, och dess medlemmar, som kommer till uttryck i intervjuerna är nästintill uteslutande positiv, vilket får till följd att en diskussion om utanförskap och diskriminering i rörelsen inte ges något direkt utrymme. Mångfald förstås i mångt och mycket i termer av en representation av olika"kategorier"av människor såsom "män", "kvinnor", "invandrare", "icke-akademiker". En oreflekterad och oproblematiserad förståelse av mångfald riskerar att"låsa fast"människors olikheter i"kategorier"och på så sätt riskerar olikheter att essentialiseras. Det problematiska i talet om mångfald är inte att man fokuserar på människors olikheter utan att olikhetsdiskussionen snarare utgår från olika kategorier av människor än från individer.</p><br><p>The focus of this study is the concept of diversity and the movement of Amnesty International in Sweden. The starting-point of the study is partly the unproblematic and positive way of referring to diversity in Swedish working life and the public debate and partly the decision taken by Amnesty in Sweden to introduce a “diversity-policy” in the association.</p><p>The aim of the study is expressed in two steps: firstly, my aim is to analyse the understanding of Amnesty as an organisation, expressed by active Amnesty-members in Sweden. Secondly, my aim is to analyse the understanding of diversity, expressed by the members, and the way this understanding refers to the movement of Amnesty in Sweden. The empirical material is primarily based upon qualitative in-depths interviews with six active Amnesty-members. Social constructionism is used as a theoretical frame of reference and concepts as ethnicity, culture, multiculturalism and categorizing are essential in the study and used as theoretical tools in the analysis.</p><p>The main results are that the image of Amnesty and its members given in the interviews, is, in principle, exclusively positive, giving no space for a discussion of discrimination in the organisation. The understanding of diversity is based upon a conception of representation of different categories of people, such as “men”, “women”, “immigrants”, “non-academics” etc. The unproblematic way of speaking of diversity run the risk of strengthen the conception of “difference” based upon different categories of people, not individuals.</p>
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Wang, Qifan. "The Financial Assimilation of Immigrant Families: Intergeneration and Legal Differences." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1324501079.

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劉元富. "The philosophical thought about military affairs of Pre-Qin and the to enlist enemy or rebel soldiers by offering amnesty policy research in China." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77152574062188456407.

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Books on the topic "Amnesia – Research"

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Parker, James N., and Philip M. Parker. Amnesia: A medical dictionary, bibliography, and annotated research guide to internet references. ICON Health Publications, 2004.

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Position papers: Research and argument. Heinemann, 2014.

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Publications, ICON Health. Amnesia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References. ICON Health Publications, 2004.

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S, Olton David, Gamzu Elkan 1943-, Corkin Suzanne, and New York Academy of Sciences., eds. Memory dysfunctions: An integration of animal and human research from preclinical and clinical perspectives. New York Academy of Sciences, 1985.

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Memory Dysfunctions: An Integration of Animal and Human Research from Preclinical and Clinical Perspectives (Annals of N Y Academy of Sci, Vol 444). New York Academy of Sciences, 1985.

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Remembering: What 50 Years of Research with Famous Amnesia Patient H. M. Can Teach Us about Memory and How It Works. Prometheus Books, Publishers, 2019.

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Clasen, Mathias. The Future of Horror. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666507.003.0014.

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This chapter discusses recent and future developments in horror entertainment. It argues that future horror media will give consumers access to a wider range of experiences, some of which are more immersive and much more emotionally powerful than those offered by traditional horror media. The chapter analyzes horror videogames such as Until Dawn (2015), as well as so-called survival horror games such as Amnesia: The Dark Descent (2010), which foster immersion through interaction, and immersive virtual reality, which increases the sense of presence in a frightening computer-generated world. The chapter also analyzes haunted attractions and live-action horror experiences which situate consumers as protagonists in horror stories that unfold around them. Finally, the chapter argues that horror research needs to engage more actively with science, in theory as well as method.
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Division, Abbe Research. Alcohol-induced Amnesic Psychosis With Index & Medical Analysis Of New Research Information. Abbe Pub Assn of Washington Dc, 2004.

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P, Tsai James, ed. Leading-edge cognitive disorders research. Nova Science Publishers, 2008.

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Blumen, Helena M. Collaborative Memory Interventions for Age-Related and Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Memory Decline. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0024.

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This chapter discusses the potential for using collaboration as a tool to compensate for age-related and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related memory decline. Recent research suggest that collaborating with others during recall improves later individual memory, but such post-collaborative recall benefits must be confirmed in AD, and transitional stages of AD such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Identifying the neural systems that operate during collaboration is also essential for determining the therapeutic value of collaborative recall in these populations. Examining post-collaborative recall benefits, and identifying the neural systems associated with collaborative recall, in healthy aging, AD, and aMCI will be methodologically challenging and necessitate interdisciplinary expertise—but is vital for determining the therapeutic potential of collaborative recall in these populations.
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Book chapters on the topic "Amnesia – Research"

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Fischer-Baum, Simon, and Yingxue Tian. "The Case for Single Case Studies in Memory Research." In Cases of Amnesia. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429023880-19.

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Hashtroudi, Shahin, and Elizabeth S. Parker. "Acute Alcohol Amnesia." In Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7743-0_5.

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Rosenbaum, R. Shayna, and Morris Moscovitch. "Case KC (Kent Cochrane) and His Contributions to Research and Theory on Memory and Related, Non-Memory Functions." In Cases of Amnesia. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429023880-8.

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Kihlstrom, John F. "Finding Implicit Memory in Posthypnotic Amnesia." In My Biggest Research Mistake: Adventures and Misadventures in Psychological Research. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781071802601.n13.

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Bacon, Elisabeth. "Further Insight into Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes of the Tip-of-the-Tongue State with an Amnesic Drug as Cognitive Tool." In Trends and Prospects in Metacognition Research. Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_5.

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"The Functional Deficits That Underlie Amnesia: Evidence From Amnesic Forgetting Rate and Item-Specific Implicit Memory." In Basic and Applied Memory Research. Psychology Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203773789-43.

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Vargha-Khadem, Faraneh, David G. Gadian, and Mortimer Mishkin. "Dissociations in cognitive memory: the syndrome of developmental amnesia." In Episodic Memory: New Directions in Research. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508809.003.0009.

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Murray, Elisabeth A., Steven P. Wise, Mary K. L. Baldwin, and Kim S. Graham. "A drive down memory lane." In The Evolutionary Road to Human Memory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828051.003.0001.

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In this chapter, a man with amnesia sparks a new era in memory research; monkeys play a matching game; and a 19th-century politician explains how he seemed so clever. But mainly we consider the nature of memory and amnesia. The ‘man with amnesia’ was named Henry Molaison, better known as H. M., and he suffered from debilitating epilepsy. Brain surgery alleviated his seizures, but it had a shocking side effect: amnesia. His memory loss led scientists down two roads: one exploring the memories he lost; the other identifying the brain areas needed for normal memory. In this book, we consider memory from a different angle, examining how it evolved. We begin with a recent history of memory science and some background material on two important concepts: representation and homology.
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Kopelman, Michael D., and Narinder Kapur. "The loss of episodic memories in retrograde amnesia: single-case and group studies." In Episodic Memory: New Directions in Research. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508809.003.0007.

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Rubenzer, Steve. "Special Problems and Populations in Feigned Incompetence." In Assessing Negative Response Bias in Competency to Stand Trial Evaluations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190653163.003.0008.

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This chapter addresses assessment of feigning or exaggeration in cases involving claimed amnesia for the crime, in intellectually disabled defendants, and in adolescent examinees. Claimed amnesia for the offense is one of the most common forms of feigning in criminal defendants, and multiple tests, including the crime-specific symptom validity test, as well as self-report measures and traditional validity tests, permit assessment of claimed memory problems. Intellectually disabled defendants, whose reading or verbal ability may compromise self-report measures and even structured interviews, present multiple challenges for validity assessment. Further, many performance validity tests are vulnerable to false positives for such examinees and cannot distinguish low ability from poor effort. This chapter suggests ways in which collateral data, such as prior IQ scores, can help inform the competency judgment. Finally, adolescent defendants present difficulty because much less research has been conducted on response style in non-adults. The available data are reviewed and suggestions are offered.
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Conference papers on the topic "Amnesia – Research"

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Shokouhi, Milad, Ryen W. White, Paul Bennett, and Filip Radlinski. "Fighting search engine amnesia." In SIGIR '13: The 36th International ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in Information Retrieval. ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2484028.2484075.

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Hu, Hui. "Research on the Status of Cultural Inheritance in Chinese Character Teaching Thoughts Caused by "Character Amnesia"." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.259.

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Yang, Zhenming. "Study on Historical Memory Fault and Structural Amnesia of Kan Li Siberia Multiple Transmission from Tsinghua Jane qQiyeq." In 2016 5th International Conference on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ssehr-16.2016.345.

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Low, Choo Chin. "Irregular Migration In Malaysia: Amnesty And Voluntary Repatriation." In 8th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research 2019. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.03.03.19.

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Nuryati, Tutty, and Pratama Bayu. "Tax Amnesty as a Contribution to the Improvement of Taxpayers’ Compliance." In Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Conference on Accounting Research (AICAR 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aicar-18.2019.51.

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Tasios, Stergios, Evangelos Chytis, and Stefanos Gousias. "Accountants’ perceptions of tax amnesty: A survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece." In Corporate governance: A search for emerging trends in the pandemic times. Virtus Interpress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgsetpt3.

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Although humanity has faced many plaques and epidemics from antiquity, the COVID-19 came as a tidal wave, overwhelming nations and governments. Restrictive measures, social distancing and ultimately lockdown and quarantine, emerged as a response to decelerate the spread of the disease and save human lives. These measures may have decreased COVID-19 cases, they had, however, an adverse impact on economic activity and stock markets (Ashraf, 2020). Research shows that the pandemic has already influenced the United States (the US), Germany, and Italy‘s stock markets more than the global financial crises (Shehzad, Xiaoxing, &amp; Kazouz 2020)
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Sulistyowati and Tiarani Meilisa. "Taxpayers Perceptions and Taxpayer Awareness on the Application of Amnesty Program of Taxation Year 2016 Againts Taxpayer Compliance Level (Case study of KPP Pratama Bekasi Barat)." In Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Conference on Accounting Research (AICAR 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aicar-18.2019.46.

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