Relevant bibliographies by topics / Amount charged

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Amount charged'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Amount charged"

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MALHEIRO, MANUEL, RODRIGO PICANÇO, SUBHARTHI RAY, JOSÉ P. S. LEMOS, and VILSON T. ZANCHIN. "OF CHARGED STARS AND CHARGED BLACK HOLES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 13, no. 07 (August 2004): 1375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271804005560.

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Effect of maximum amount of charge a compact star can hold, is studied here. We analyze the different features in the renewed stellar structure and discuss the reasons why such huge charge is possible inside a compact star. We studied a particular case of a polytropic equation of state (EOS) assuming the charge density is proportional to the mass density. Although the global balance of force allows a huge charge, the electric repulsion faced by each charged particle forces it to leave the star, resulting in the secondary collapse of the system to form a charged black hole.
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Zhang, Bing Bing, Jing Bai, Guang Jin Yuan, Yan Yan Jia, Zhe Xiang Han, Zhi Guo Zhao, Ming Yue Miao, and Hai Quan Su. "Ecofriendly Flocculation of Bentonite Suspensions by Two Anionic Polysaccharides: Carboxylated Chitosan (CC) and Sodium Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS-Na)." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.321.

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Growing demand for ecofriendly technologies promotes the interest in investigation of natural flocculants and their derivatization aimed to dewatering of colloidal stable clay suspensions in a low energy consumption and environmentally friendly way. The present work used two negatively charged polysaccharides carboxylated chitosan (CC) and sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS-Na) as flocculants and bentonite as colloidal particles system to study the influence of their charge characteristics on flocculation efficacy. Flocculation studies between negatively charged polysaccharides and negatively charged bentonite colloidal particles were systematically investigated through standard jar test procedure and laser light scattering measurements. It was found that the investigated negatively charged polysaccharides showed high flocculation performance for bentonite suspensions at less amount anionic polysaccharides doses but obvious deteriorative performance even antiflocculation process appeared at large amount anionic polysaccharides dosage.
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Baczynska, Dagmara, Katarzyna Widerak, Maciej Ugorski, and Marek Langner. "Surface Charge and the Association of Liposomes with Colon Carcinoma Cells." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, no. 9-10 (October 1, 2001): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-9-1032.

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Abstract Interaction between the plasma membrane and aggregate lipid surface determines how efficiently the encapsulated drug will be delivered into the cell. Electrostatic interactions are one of the main forces affecting liposome and aggregate association with the charged cell surface. In this study, the effect of surface charge on the association of liposomes with human colon CX-1.1 cancer cells was studied. When phosphatidylserine was incorporated into a lipid bilayer, the amount of liposomes associated with cells tended to increase along with the amount of negatively charged lipid present in the liposomal lipid bilayer. When the cationic lipid dioleoyl-1,2-diacyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) was included into the liposome formula, their uptake by the cells was also increased. Maximum binding occurred when the amount of positively charged lipids in liposomes was about 10 mol% of lipids.
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Guo, Jiachen, Zhirong Zhong, Heng Jiang, and Hongfu Zuo. "Identification methods of charged particles based on aero-engine exhaust gas electrostatic sensor array." Science Progress 104, no. 2 (April 2021): 003685042110236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211023691.

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This paper presents a study of aero-engine exhaust gas electrostatic sensor array to estimate the spatial position, charge amount and velocity of charged particle. Firstly, this study establishes a mathematical model to analyze the inducing characteristics and obtain the spatial sensitivity distribution of sensor array. Then, Tikhonov regularization and compressed sensing are used to estimate the spatial position and charge amount of particle based on the obtained sensitivity distribution; cross-correlation algorithm is used to determine particle’s velocity. An oil calibration test rig is established to verify the proposed methods. Thirteen spatial positions are selected as the test points. The estimation errors of spatial positions and charge amounts are both within 5% when the particles are locating at central area. The errors are higher when the particles are closer to the wall and may exceed 10%. The estimation errors of velocities by using cross-correlation are all within 2%. An air-gun test rig is further established to simulate the high velocity condition and distinguish different kinds of particles such as metal particles and non-metal particles.
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Mirchandani, Sunny, and Dr Gurudutta Japee. "A STUDY ON IMPACT OF GST ON HOTEL INDUSTRY WITH REFERENCE TO AHMEDABAD CITY." GAP iNTERDISCIPLINARITIES - A GLOBAL JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 3, no. 3 (August 9, 2020): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47968/gapin.330014.

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After three decades, reforms in indirect tax system reflected on 1st July, 2017 in India. Goods and Services Tax is a single indirect tax with an aim of ‘one nation - one tax’ and is applicable in whole country. This present research work attempts to highlight the impact of Goods and Services Tax on Indian Hospitality Industry. With the implementation of GST, Indian market will be unified and this will also lower the cost of business in long run. The hotel industry was in burden with multiple taxes on amount charged for different services. Additional charges on various activities of hotels were charged previously. But now in GST, single tax charged with clearly stated slab rates for various services. Slab rate increases with increase in amount of services charged i.e. for basic services rates are less and luxurious services are under high GST slab rate. Here we try to explain the impact of GST system on hoteliers of Ahmedabad city. For this purpose researcher collected samples from 22 hotels of the city. This study aims to evaluate the perception of the hotel owners and their experience in dealing with customers after the implementation of GST.
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Javanbakht, T., S. Laurent, D. Stanicki, and I. Salzmann. "Rheological Properties of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles." Journal of Engineering Sciences 8, no. 1 (2021): C29—C37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2021.8(1).c4.

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The present study focuses on the rheological properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified, positively charged, and negatively charged superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) at different temperatures. We hypothesized that the surface properties of these nanoparticles in the water did not affect their rheological properties. These nanoparticles had not the same surface properties as SPIONs-PEG had not to charge on their surface whereas positively charged and negatively charged ones with amine and carboxyl groups as their surfaces had positive and negative surface charges, respectively. However, their rheological behaviors were not different from each other. The comparative rheological study of SPIONs revealed their pseudo-Newtonian behavior. The viscosity of SPIONs decreased with the increase in temperature. At low shear rates, the shear stress of SPIONs was independent of rate and increased with the increase of rate. Moreover, at high shear rates, the shear stress for PEG-SPIONs was more than those for positively charged and negatively charged SPIONs. These measurements also revealed that at high shear rates, the shear stress of samples decreased with the increase of temperature. The shear stress of samples decreased with the increase of shear strain and the temperature. We also observed that all the samples had the same amount of shear strain at each shear stress, which indicated the exact resistance of SPIONs to deformation. Furthermore, the shear modulus decreased with time for these nanoparticles. These results suggest that these nanoparticles are promising candidates with appropriate properties for fluid processing applications and drug vectors in biomedical applications.
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Wang, Yan-ping, Ren-kou Xu, and Jiu-yu Li. "Effect of Fe/Al oxides on desorption of Cd2+ from soils and minerals as related to diffuse layer overlapping." Soil Research 49, no. 3 (2011): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10148.

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Cadmium is a toxic metal with high reactivity in acid variable charge soils. Adsorption and desorption of Cd2+ in soil and mineral particles can be affected by the interaction between the electrical double layers on oppositely charged particles, because the interaction can decrease the surface-charge density of the particles. We studied the effect of Fe/Al oxides on desorption of Cd2+ from soils and minerals and proposed the desorption mechanisms based on the overlapping of diffuse layers between negatively charged soils and mineral particles and positively charged Fe/Al oxide particles. Our results indicate that the overlapping of diffuse layers of electrical double layers between positively charged Fe/Al oxides [crystalline and amorphous Al(OH)3 and amorphous Fe(OH)3] and negatively charged Ultisol, Alfisol, kaolinite, and bentonite caused the effective negative surface-charge density on the soils and minerals to become less negative, and thus the adsorption affinity of these negatively charged surfaces for Cd2+ declined as a result of the incorporation of the Fe/Al oxides. Consequently, the release of exchangeable Cd2+ from the surfaces of the soils and minerals increased with the amount of Fe/Al oxides added. The more positive the charge on the surfaces of the Fe/Al oxides, the stronger the interaction of the electrical double layers between the oxides and soils and minerals, and thus the greater the release of Cd2+ from the soils and minerals. A decrease in pH led to an increase in the positive surface charge on the Fe/Al oxides and enhancement of the interaction of the electrical double layers between the oxides and soils and minerals. As a result, more Cd2+ was desorbed from the soils and minerals. This study suggests that the interaction between oppositely charged particles of variable charge soils can enhance the mobility of cadmium in the soils and thus increase its environmental risk.
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Chun, Ji-Yeon, Jochen Weiss, Monika Gibis, Mi-Jung Choi, and Geun-Pyo Hong. "Change of Multiple-Layered Phospholipid Vesicles Produced by Electrostatic Deposition of Polymers during Storage." International Journal of Food Engineering 12, no. 8 (October 1, 2016): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2016-0105.

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Abstract In this study, 1 wt% lecithin (–), chitosan (+), and λ-carrageenan (–) were prepared to manufacture multiple-layered liposomes with optimal formulations developed in a previous study by using layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition. We observed their particle size, ζ-potential, sedimentation behavior, and microstructure for 6 weeks. Multiple-layered liposomes were quenched with calcein to evaluate stability in terms of factors such as encapsulation efficiency and released amount of calcein. The particle size of multi-layered liposomes increased with storage periods and the ζ-potential of multiple-layered liposomes gained a neutral charge. Interestingly, negatively charged layered liposomes were smaller than positively charged layered liposomes and showed a lower polydispersity index. Moreover, the ζ-potential did not apparently change compared to positively charged layered liposomes. For the calcein release study, multiple-layered liposomes significantly sustained quenched calcein more than that observed using non-layered liposomes. This study showed that it was possible to increase the thickness of the liposome surface and to manipulate its charge using chitosan and λ-carrageenan through electrostatic deposition. Results showed that manufacturing negatively charged multiple-layer (over 4-layer) liposomes with charged biopolymer improved the physicochemical stability of liposomes.
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Moghimikheirabadi, Ahmad, Clément Mugemana, Martin Kröger, and Argyrios V. Karatrantos. "Polymer Conformations, Entanglements and Dynamics in Ionic Nanocomposites: A Molecular Dynamics Study." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112591.

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We investigate nanoparticle (NP) dispersion, polymer conformations, entanglements and dynamics in ionic nanocomposites. To this end, we study nanocomposite systems with various spherical NP loadings, three different molecular weights, two different Bjerrum lengths, and two types of charge-sequenced polymers by means of molecular dynamics simulations. NP dispersion can be achieved in either oligomeric or entangled polymeric matrices due to the presence of electrostatic interactions. We show that the overall conformations of ionic oligomer chains, as characterized by their radii of gyration, are affected by the presence and the amount of charged NPs, while the dimensions of charged entangled polymers remain unperturbed. Both the dynamical behavior of polymers and NPs, and the lifetime and amount of temporary crosslinks, are found to depend on the ratio between the Bjerrum length and characteristic distance between charged monomers. Polymer–polymer entanglements start to decrease beyond a certain NP loading. The dynamics of ionic NPs and polymers is very different compared with their non-ionic counterparts. Specifically, ionic NP dynamics is getting enhanced in entangled matrices and also accelerates with the increase of NP loading.
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Chen, Huanwen, David Touboul, Matthias Conradin Jecklin, Jian Zheng, Mingbiao Luo, and Renato Zenobi. "Manipulation of Charge States of Biopolymer Ions by Atmospheric Pressure Ion/Molecule Reactions Implemented in an Extractive Electrospray Ionization Source." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 13, no. 4 (August 2007): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.879.

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A home-made extractive electrospray ionization source is coupled to an linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer to investigate ion/molecule reactions of biopolymers at ambient pressure. Multiply charged biopolymers such as peptides and proteins generated in an electrospray are easily reduced to a low charge state by the atmospheric pressure ion/molecule reactions occurring between the multiply charged ions and a strong basic reagent sprayed in neutral form into the electrospray plume. The charge state of the biopolymer ions can be manipulated by controlling the amount of the basic reagent. The production of biopolymer ions with low charge states results in a substantial improvement of sensitivity and reduced spectral congestion in ESI-MS. This is of importance for biopolymer mixture analysis and could have promising applications in proteomics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Amount charged"

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Wiita, Terry. "Charter School Accountability: Patterns of Practice Among Multiple Sponsoring Agencies." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77969.

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Since 1991, charter schools have become a popular school choice option. Charter schools are independent public schools free from most state regulations in exchange for a written contract specifying that certain results will be obtained. Charter school accountability depends on both the specific charter school law and the agreement that has been struck between the sponsoring agency and the individual charter school. This study explores the patterns of practice in the accountability processes used by multiple sponsoring agencies in Minnesota. Minnesota's charter school law allows local school districts, post-secondary institutions, and the state education agency to sponsor charter schools. One central overarching question was addressed in this study: How do the micro accountability systems of multiple sponsoring agencies within Minnesota compare? In addition, several subquestions provided the framework for the research: 1. How is the charter school accountability process defined in the state legislation? 2. How is the charter school law interpreted by the state education agency? 3. How do sponsors determine the accountability processes they require of their charter schools? 4. How satisfied are the charter school directors and the sponsoring agencies with their accountability process? This qualitative study utilized research methods suitable for a multiple case study. The two primary data collection methods were document analysis and interviews. Individual case reports for each type of sponsoring agency were written that discussed specific elements of the accountability systems in use by each type of sponsoring agency within the state. A final report outlining the patterns of practice in the accountability processes used by all sponsors is included. Any measurement of the macro accountability dimensions in the charter school movement may be confounded by the different micro accountability indicators used by the different sponsoring agencies. This study provides information about the specific accountability processes being adopted by the sponsoring agencies. The results of this study will help sponsoring agencies of charter schools focus on the types of accountability to which they may hold their charter schools accountable.
Ph. D.
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Sheng, Risheng. "Application de l’approche de simulation des grandes échelles à l’évaluation des charges de vent sur les structures." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0030/document.

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Des bâtiments de grande hauteur sont construits avec un poids et un amortissement structurel de plus en plus faibles en lien avec l'évolution des techniques de construction et des matériaux. La connaissance des charges de vent dynamiques est un enjeu important pour la conception des grands bâtiments afin de garantir leur sécurité structurelle. L'objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer la capacité de la simulation numérique des grandes échelles (LES) à prédire les charges de vent sur les structures et d’étudier l'influence des conditions d’entrée d’une simulation LES sur ces charges. Des expériences ont été menées à échelle réduite dans la soufflerie atmosphérique NSA du CSTB afin de documenter l’écoulement atmosphérique modélisé, de caractériser son interaction avec un bâtiment et les charges de vent statiques et dynamiques résultantes. Le sillage du bâtiment a été caractérisé grâce à des mesures PIV. Les efforts globaux et les pressions locales ont été mesurés par une balance et des prises de pression à haute fréquence. Ces expériences en soufflerie ont permis de développer un générateur de conditions amont (GCA) pour la simulation LES, visant à reproduire les principales caractéristiques de la turbulence dans la couche limite. La base de données constituée a également permis de qualifier les résultats des simulations LES réalisées avec le code OpenFOAM dans la configuration de l’expérience. L’utilisation du nouveau GCA et d’un générateur dégradé qui ne respecte pas toutes les caractéristiques de l'écoulement a permis de montrer la nécessité de bien reproduire les caractéristiques du vent incident pour accéder aux charges dynamiques sur le bâtiment
High-rise buildings are built with increasingly low weight and structural damping in relation to the evolution of construction techniques and materials. The understanding of dynamic wind loads is an important issue for the design of high-rise buildings in order to guarantee their structural safety. The objective of the present work is to assess the ability of large eddy simulation (LES) to predict wind loads on structures and to investigate the influence of the inflow boundary conditions of a LES simulation on these loads. Experiments were carried out at a small scale in the NSA atmospheric wind tunnel of CSTB to document the modeled atmospheric boundary layer, to characterize its interaction with a building and the resulting static and dynamic wind loads. The wake flow around the building has been characterized by PIV measurements. Global and local wind loads were measured by a high frequency force balance and high frequency pressure taps. These wind tunnel experiments allowed for the development of an inflow turbulence generator for the LES simulation,which was aimed at reproducing the main characteristics of turbulence in the boundary layer. The database also made it possible to assess the quality of the results of the LES simulations carried out with the OpenFOAM code in the same configuration as the experiment. The use of both the new turbulence generator and a degraded one that does not account for all the characteristics of the flow has made it possible to show the necessity to reproduce the characteristics of the upstream wind flow in order to access the dynamic wind loads on the building
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Bourneuf, Séda. "Développement d'un procédé de lissage de charge par adsorption/désorption en amont d'une épuration biologique pour le traitement d'eaux résiduaires industrielles." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14496/1/bourneuf.pdf.

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Les sites chimiques, pétrochimiques et pétroliers génèrent des effluents chargés en polluants soumis à une réglementation de plus en plus stricte. Le travail de thèse se focalise sur le traitement des effluents industriels et plus spécifiquement sur l'amortissement des pics de pollution via un procédé d'adsorption/désorption afin de minimiser les impacts négatifs sur l'épuration biologique. Pour cela, deux études complémentaires ont été menées en parallèle. La première étude concerne l'adsorption et la désorption de polluants en phase aqueuse avec notamment la sélection d’un adsorbant puis la détermination de ses capacités d'adsorption vis-à-vis de deux molécules modèles. Plusieurs cycles d'adsorption et de désorption ainsi que des pics de pollution ont été réalisés afin de (i) démontrer la faisabilité du procédé, (ii) d'identifier les phénomènes mis en jeu et les paramètres déterminants dans la capacité d'amortissement d'une colonne d'adsorbant et (iii) étudier les phénomènes de compétition entre molécules. Les données expérimentales ont pu être modélisées avec succès à l'aide d’un couplage du modèle Linear Driving Force (LDF) et de l'isotherme de Freundlich. D'autre part, l'impact d'une variation de charge sur les performances épuratoires du traitement biologique seul a été examiné et comparé aux effets observés lors d'un pic de pollution sur un procédé couplant une colonne d'adsorbant (en amont) et le traitement biologique. Un intérêt a également été porté aux foisonnements de bactéries filamenteuses, survenus à plusieurs reprises : une identification des filaments a été réalisée et un traitement de lutte efficace a été mis en place. Les résultats ont démontré qu'une colonne d'adsorbant placée en amont du bassin de biodégradation permet d'améliorer la qualité de l'effluent traité et ainsi de respecter les normes de rejet fixées par la législation.
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Forrest, Christopher. "A conversation among equals : courts, legislatures and the notwithstanding clause." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112336.

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Dialogue between courts and legislatures can occur where legislatures reverse, modify or avoid judicial decisions. With two exceptions, however, legislatures have only reversed the Supreme Court on three occasions. Defiant legislative responses enacted without the notwithstanding clause undermine the Charter and the courts, and are an inappropriate means of expressing institutional disagreement. However, based on a model of coordinate constitutionalism, recourse to the override constitutes a legitimate means for legislatures to advance alternate interpretations of Charter rights. Furthermore, section 33's value lies in the opportunity it creates for public deliberation regarding issues of national importance. Its relative disuse can be attributed to a combination of factors including its legislative history, the influence of American constitutionalism and an executive-dominated parliamentary process. Recognizing the legitimacy of section 33 would contribute to a greater respect for the roles and responsibilities of all three branches of government under a system of constitutional supremacy.
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Böttge, Christoph N. [Verfasser], and Mackillo [Akademischer Betreuer] Kira. "On the Phonon Interactions and Terahertz Excitations among Coulomb-correlated Charge Carriers of Semiconductors / Christoph N. Böttge. Betreuer: Mackillo Kira." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1043316590/34.

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Giles, Jody A. "An exploration of the relationships among epistemological beliefs, educational values, political orientation, demographics, and attitude toward charter school enrollment /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594482221&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Loughlin, M. Clare. "Charles Dickens as novelist, journalist and editor : the relationships among the constituent texts of 'Household Words' and 'All the Year Round'." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324776.

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Doucette, Wendy C., and Rebecca Tolley. "Using Civility in the Form of Mindful Speech and Action to Cultivate Empathy among Library Employees." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5372.

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This chapter investigates ways in which civility and mindful speech within the library workplace can improve the quality of employees’ interactions with each other. While most examinations of communication within libraries focus on the exchange between patrons and providers, this case study focuses on the vehicle of communication among co-workers and examines how civil discourse coupled with mindful speech reinforced by mindful actions can foster an atmosphere of cooperation, leading ultimately to empathy. We highlight common points within national and local civility initiatives which allow institutions to preserve their own unique culture while adhering to accepted benchmarks of civil dialogue. Although we present a mix of suggested strategies for cultivating mindful words and actions, based on empirical research limited to our own institution, we recommend civility and mindful speech leading to mindful action as gateways toward the adaptation of healthy shared values. Emphasizing civility, one of the cornerstones of civilization and peaceful coexistence, has widespread practical and social implications for countering the detrimental effects of poor communication. This effective, affordable, and attainable practice can repair the underdeveloped, fractured, and even dysfunctional relationships which lead to low workplace morale.
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Amollo, Rebecca. "A critical reflection on the African Women's Protocol as a means to combat HIV/AIDS among women in Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3083_1190369553.

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It is within the context of the persistent feminisation of the HIV and AIDS pandemic that this study, based on the normative provisions of the African Women's Protocol, focused on gender, sex and sexuality in the context of HIV and AIDS. The regime of the African Women's Protocol embodies a framework that can be utilised to combat HIV/AIDS amongst women in Africa by addressing some of the most important issues that need to be tackled if women are to live through this epidemic.

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Erickson, Matthew J. "Examining a Decade of Reading and Mathematics Student Achievement Among Primary and Secondary Traditional Public School and Charter School Students: a Meta-Analytic Investigation." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1371131567.

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Books on the topic "Amount charged"

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US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Increase the Amount of Fees Charged to Employers Who Are Petitioners for the Employment of H-1B Non-Immigrant Workers, and for Other Purposes. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to reduce the amount of the premium charged for enrollment in part A of the Medicare program for individuals not receiving third-party assistance in payment of the premium. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 1996.

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Nwedo, Anthony G. Christianity among us: Its continued survival? Aba: Nigerian Printer Publications, 1990.

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Summers, Lucy. L'art de charmer et d'être belle: Recettes et formules pour jeunes filles en quête d'amour. Montréal: Hurtubise HMH, 2003.

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United Church of England and Ireland. Diocese of Quebec. Bishop (1837-1863 : Mountain). A pastoral letter to be distributed where it may be found necessary among the parishioners of Quebec. [Quebec?: s.n., 1987.

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1931-, Bruccoli Matthew Joseph, and Baughman Judith, eds. The last romantic: A poet among publishers : the oral autobiography of John Hall Wheelock. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002.

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G, Martinez David, ed. P. Michigan XVI: A Greek love charm from Egypt (P. Mich. 757). Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1991.

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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. 23. Value Added Tax. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787686.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses value added tax (VAT) in the UK. VAT is charged on supplies of goods and services made in the UK. Where a person makes taxable supplies in excess of a set limit in any one-year period, he must register with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC). He must then account to HMRC for VAT on all taxable supplies made. The total amount payable may be reduced by the amount of VAT which he has paid on certain taxable supplies made to him. The liability to pay VAT to HMRC rests on suppliers of goods and services. However, the cost of the tax is actually borne by suppliers’ customers who are charged VAT on the goods and services they purchase. VAT is charged in the UK under the Value Added Tax Act (VATA) 1994.
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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. 23. Value Added Tax. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823230.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses value added tax (VAT) in the UK. VAT is charged on supplies of goods and services made in the UK. Where a person makes taxable supplies in excess of a set limit in any one-year period, he must register with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC). He must then account to HMRC for VAT on all taxable supplies made. The total amount payable may be reduced by the amount of VAT which he has paid on certain taxable supplies made to him. The liability to pay VAT to HMRC rests on suppliers of goods and services. However, the cost of the tax is actually borne by suppliers’ customers who are charged VAT on the goods and services they purchase. VAT is charged in the UK under the Value Added Tax Act (VATA) 1994.
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Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Hunting behaviour. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0006.

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Factors affecting hunting success, such as detection of prey, distances from which prey was charged and chased, and escape tactics of prey, were studied. Overall hunting success was 33.4 %. Hares were easier to catch than springhares, but springhares provided a larger meal and were more abundant. There was higher hunting success for steenbok and duiker than for springbok, and springbok hunts were energetically more expensive. However, this was offset by springbok providing a larger amount of food per kill. The amount of meat eaten from gemsbok calves and adult ostrich was similar, but ostrich were more vigilant and difficult to approach and less common than gemsbok. There were no differences in overall hunting success between cheetah demographic groups. The benefit of cooperative hunting to coalition males was that it enabled them to kill larger prey and allowed females with cubs and sibling groups to hone young cheetahs’ hunting skills.
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Book chapters on the topic "Amount charged"

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Brito, Janete A. "Isoelectric focusing of proteins." In Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 206–17. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0206.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the efficacy of isoelectric focusing, which is a technique used for separating charged molecules by differences in their isoelectric point, in the examination of general proteins and specific enzymatic differences among plant parasitic nematodes, particularly the potato cyst and root knot nematodes.
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Brito, Janete A. "Isoelectric focusing of proteins." In Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 206–17. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0011.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the efficacy of isoelectric focusing, which is a technique used for separating charged molecules by differences in their isoelectric point, in the examination of general proteins and specific enzymatic differences among plant parasitic nematodes, particularly the potato cyst and root knot nematodes.
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Li, Hang, Jie Hou, and Xinmin Liu. "Estimation of the Electrostatic Repulsive Force among Charged Clay Particles in Aqueous Systems." In Molecular Environmental Soil Science at the Interfaces in the Earth’s Critical Zone, 81–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05297-2_25.

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Dubois, Pierre. "‘Music…is like a conversation among friends, where the few are of one mind’." In Charles Avison in Context, 35–51. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315571331-2.

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Fedele, R. "Among Quantum Mechanics, Wave Optics, and Charged-Particle Beam Transport: Toward a Possible Unified Formal Description." In The Foundations of Quantum Mechanics — Historical Analysis and Open Questions, 255–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0029-8_22.

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Peek, Lori, Jessica Austin, Elizabeth Bittel, Simone Domingue, and Melissa Villarreal. "Children Take Charge: Helping Behaviors and Organized Action Among Young People After Hurricane Katrina." In Bottom-up Responses to Crisis, 87–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39312-0_6.

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Yu, T. R. "Introduction." In Chemistry of Variable Charge Soils. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097450.003.0004.

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The constitution and properties of soils have their macroscopic and microscopic aspects. Macroscopically, the profile of a soil consists of several horizons, each containing numerous aggregates and blocks of soil particles of different sizes. These structures are visible to the naked eye. Microscopically, a soil is composed of many kinds of minerals and organic matter interlinked in a complex manner. In addition, a soil is always inhabited by numerous microorganisms which can be observed by modern scientific instruments. To study these various aspects, several branches of soil science, such as soil geography, soil mineralogy, and soil microbiology, have been developed. If examined on a more minute scale, it can be found that most of the chemical reactions in a soil occur at the interface between soil colloidal surface and solution or in the solution adjacent to this interface. This is because these colloidal surfaces carry negative as well as positive charges, thus reacting with ions, protons, and electrons of the solution. The presence of surface charge is the basic cause of the fertility of a soil and is also the principal criterion that distinguishes soil from pure sand. The chief objective of soil chemical research is to deal with the interactions among charged particles (colloids, ions, protons, electrons) and their chemical consequences in soils. As depicted in Fig. 1.1, these charged particles are closely interrelated. The surface charge of soil colloids is the basic reason that a soil possesses a series of chemical properties. At present, considerable knowledge has been accumulated about the permanent charge of soils. On the other hand, our understanding is still at an early stage about the mechanisms and the affecting factors of variable charge. The quantity of surface charge determines the amount of ions that a soil can adsorb, whereas the surface charge density is the determining factor of adsorbing strength for these ions. Because of the complexities in the composition of soils, the distribution of positive and negative charges is uneven on the surface of soil colloidal particles. Insight into the origin and the distribution of these charges should contribute to a sound foundation of the surface chemistry of soils.
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Li, C. B. "Electric Conductance." In Chemistry of Variable Charge Soils. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097450.003.0011.

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The migration of colloidal soil particles in an applied electric field has been discussed in Chapter 7. Soil particles carrying electric charges invariably adsorb equivalent amounts of ions of the opposite charge. Generally there is a certain amount of free ions present in soil solution. When an electric field is applied to a soil system, a phenomenon known as electric conductance occurs. As in the case for electrolyte solutions, soil particles and various ions interact with one another during their migration, and these interactions can affect the electric conductance of the system. Variable charge soils carry both positive and negative surface charges, and it can be expected that their interactions with various ions would be rather complicated during conductance. On the other hand, this makes the measurement of electric conductance an effective means in elucidating the mechanisms of interactions between variable charge soils and ions. Both direct-current (DC) electric fields and alternating-current (AC) electric fields can induce the migration of charged particles. In the latter case, the migration of these particles should be related to the frequency of the applied AC electric field. Therefore, in this chapter, after describing the principles of electric conductance of ions and colloids and the factors that affect the conductance of a soil, emphasis shall be placed on the interaction between variable charge soils and various ions as reflected by the frequency effect in electric conductance. For a colloidal suspension, the electric conductance may be regarded as the contribution of conductances of both charged colloidal particles and ions. These two parts may be called the electric conductance of colloidal panicles and the electric conductance of ions, respectively. However, in actual cases it is difficult to distinguish between these two parts. Therefore, it is a general practice to distinguish the electric conductance as that caused by colloidal particles plus their counterions from that caused by ions of the free solution. These may be called electric conductance of the colloid and electric conductance of the free solution. The former conductance is the difference between the electric conductance of the suspension and that of the free solution.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Chemistry." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0006.

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Soil chemistry deals with the chemical properties and reactions of soils. It is essentially the application of electrochemistry and colloid chemistry to soil systems. Major topics include surface charge properties of soil colloids, cation and anion sorption and exchange, soil acidity, soil alkalinity, soil salinity, and the effects of these chemical properties and processes on soil biological activity, plant growth, and environmental quality. The ability of the electrically charged surface of soil colloids to retain nutrient cations and anions is an important chemical property affecting the fertility status of the soil. There are two major sources of electrical charges on soil organic and inorganic colloids, namely, permanent or constant charges and variable or pH-dependent charges. Permanent or constant charges are the result of the charge imbalance brought about by isomorphous substitution in a mineral structure of one cation by another of similar size but differing valence (see also section 2.3.2). For example, the substitution of Mg2+ for Al3+ that occurs in Al-dominated octahedral sheets of 2:1 clay minerals results in a negative surface charge in smectite, vermiculite, and chlorite. The excess negative charges are then balanced by adsorbed cations to maintain electrical neutrality. Permanent negative charges of all 2:1 silicate minerals arise from isomorphous substitutions. The l:l-type clay mineral, kaolinite, has only a minor amount of permanent charge due to isomorphic substitution. The negative charges on kaolinite originate from surface hydroxyl groups on the edge of the mineral structure and are pH-dependent. Variable or pH-dependent charges occur on the surfaces of Fe and Al oxides, allophanes, and organic soil colloids. This type of surface charge originates from hydroxyl groups and other functional groups by releasing or accepting H+ ions, resulting in either negative or positive charges. Other functional groups are hydroxyl (OH) groups of Fe and/or Al oxides and allophanes and the COOH and OH groups of soil organic matter. Variable-charge soil colloids bear either a positive or a negative net surface charge depending on the pH of the soil. The magnitude of the charge varies with the electrolyte concentration of the soil solution.
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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. "23. Value Added Tax." In Business Law 2020-2021, 231–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198858393.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses value added tax (VAT) in the UK. VAT is charged on supplies of goods and services made in the UK. Where a person makes taxable supplies in excess of a set limit in any one-year period, he must register with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC). He must then account to HMRC for VAT on all taxable supplies made. The total amount payable may be reduced by the amount of VAT paid on certain taxable supplies made to him. The liability to pay VAT to HMRC rests on suppliers of goods and services. However, the cost of the tax is actually borne by suppliers’ customers who are charged VAT on the goods and services they purchase. VAT is charged in the UK under the Value Added Tax Act (VATA) 1994.
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Conference papers on the topic "Amount charged"

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Fresco, Anthony N. "Solute Ion Coulomb Force Monopole Motor and Solute Ion Linear Alignment Propulsion." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90396.

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Capacitive deionization relies on carbon aerogel or nanofoam having a surface area of 400 square meters/ gram to attract sodium and chlorine ions to the cathode and anode respectively by applying a voltage of about 1.5 VDC across the anode and cathode. By first physically isolating at least two anodes and two cathodes during charge accumulation, at least two positive monopoles and two negative monopoles are created. Positive/negative monopoles are formed by the enclosure of the cathodes/anodes by an electrically conductive material surrounding the sodium/chlorine ions. At least five or six like charged monopoles are created. At least four of the like charged monopoles (all negative or all positive) can be arranged on a disc. At least one stationary monopole of the same charge is placed adjacent to the disc and positioned so that a repulsive electric field is formed between the stationary monopole and at least one of the monopoles positioned on the disc so that the disc is then forced to rotate a shaft at the center of the disc. The Coulomb force between the monopoles is given by Coulomb’s Law, i.e., F=(k/ε)[(q1)(q2)/(r2)](1) where k = 9E+09 Newtons-meter2/coul2, q1 and q2 are the charge in coulombs, r is the distance between the charges in meters and ε = 75–81 dielectric constant assuming water between the charges (more likely air having ε = 1). Only a very small amount of charge in each monopole is required, i.e., 10 millicoulombs, (less than a milligram) to provide a force of about 44,000 Newtons (almost 10,000 lbs) if monopoles are separated by 0.5 meters (assuming this equation for Coulomb’s Law for this application is directly applicable without modification-this may not be the case). (For air, the force would be multiplied by 75–81). In a related approach, solute ions are accelerated by an electrostatic field from solute ions collected on electrodes +,-. Using an orthogonal electric field, partition electrodes are closed to capture like charged ions. Polarity is reversed via a transverse (longitudinal) electric field. Linear alignment of ions results in vector alignment of Coulomb forces to create an ion jet for propulsion or particle acceleration. The result is ionic marine propulsion and a possible ionic jet engine that obtains propulsion energy from Coulomb repulsion forces of homopolar separated charge. No combustion or jet fuel is required. Details are available in WO 2008/024927 A2 Ref. [1].
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Tamura, Satoshi, and Akira Satoh. "Brownian Dynamics Simulations of a Dispersion Composed of Two-Types of Charged Spherical Particles: For Development of a New Technology to Improve the Visibility of Rivers and Lakes." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87152.

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In the present study, we treat the dirty (small) and the adsorbing (large) particles as charged and anti-charged spheres and investigate the behavior of these particles under the gravity field by means of Brownian dynamics simulations. We here have discussed mainly the dependence of the adsorption rate on the particle diameter ratio, the volumetric fraction of large particles and the input amount of large particles. The large particles adsorb much more small particles, but the total number of small particles adsorbed by the large particles is larger for large particles with smaller diameter. Hence it is seen that putting a numerous number of adsorbing particles with smaller diameter into water is more effective for removing the suspended substances or dirty particles. Even if the input amount of large particles is increased, an adsorption performance cannot significantly be improved; the number of inefficient large particles that do not contribute to the adsorption performance increases. From these results, we understand that there is an optimal input amount of adsorption agents from a commercial point of view.
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Rusman, J. Q. "Charge air configurations for propulsion diesel engines aboard fast naval combatants." In 14th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition. IMarEST, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2515-818x.2018.011.

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The Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) wants to reduce the fossil fuel dependency of its fleet significantly, to decrease logistic efforts and environmental impact (Defensie, 2015). One of the methods to reduce fossil fuel dependency of ships is to reduce their energy requirement. The operational profile of fast naval combatants for the RNLN requires that the ships operate on the diesel engines for 90 percent of the time, often in part load where the turbocharger cannot supply the engine with the right amount of charge air. This results in a limited operating envelope for the diesel engine, and a decreased efficiency in part load. However, in part load, advanced charge air configurations can potentially resolve this. In this study a Mean Value First Principle (MVFP) diesel engine was used to investigate the effects of advanced charge air configurations on the efficiency and acceleration performance of diesel engines in hybrid configurations aboard fast naval combatants. It was concluded that the application of advanced charge air configurations can significantly improve the engine efficiency in part load. For example, in a diesel hybrid propulsion configuration with power take-off this can lead to an efficiency increase of almost 10 percent at 20 percent load in comparison with a single charged engine. Furthermore, hybrid turbocharging enables extending the operating envelope at low engine speed due to a better air excess ratio. With these concepts therefore, both improved efficiency and improved acceleration performance can be achieved.
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Itoga, Hisatake, Takashi Matsuo, Akihiro Orita, Hisao Matsunaga, Saburo Matsuoka, and Ryuichi Hirotani. "SSRT and Fatigue Crack Growth Properties of High-Strength Austenitic Stainless Steels in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28640.

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Slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) were performed with two types of high-strength austenitic stainless steels, Types AH and BX, as well as with two types of conventional austenitic stainless steels, Types 304 and 316L. The tests used the following combinations of specimen types and test atmospheres: (i) non-charged specimens tested in air, (ii) hydrogen-charged specimens tested in air (tests for internal hydrogen), and (iii) non-charged specimens tested in hydrogen gas at pressures of 78 ∼ 115 MPa (tests for external hydrogen). Type 304 exhibited a marked reduction of ductility in the tests for both internal hydrogen and external hydrogen, whereas Types AH, BX and 316L exhibited little or no degradation. In addition, fatigue crack growth (FCG) tests for the four types of steels were also carried out in air and hydrogen gas at pressures of 100 ∼ 115 MPa. In Type 304, FCG in hydrogen gas was more than 10 times as fast as that in air, whereas the acceleration rate remained within 1.5 ∼ 3 times in Types AH, BX and 316L. It was presumed that, in Types AH and BX, a small amount of additive elements, e.g. nitrogen and niobium, increased the strength as well as the stability of the austenitic phase, which thereby led to the excellent resistance against hydrogen.
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Cortes, Daniel H., Woojin M. Han, Lachlan J. Smith, and Dawn M. Elliott. "Extra-Fibrilar Matrix Properties of Human Annulus Fibrosus are Location and Age Dependent." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80536.

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Aging and degeneration of the intervertebral discs are cell mediated processes that include biochemical, mechanical and structural changes. Although these processes are similar, disc degeneration is defined as an accelerated aging process that results in a detriment in the function of the disc. Biochemical changes include protein cross-linking, proteoglycan depletion and changes on collagen type. These compositional changes are related to changes in the mechanical properties of the disc and its tissues. For instance, it has been shown that an increase of protein cross-linking by glycation or genipin treatment causes an increase of the stiffness in disc tissues [1,2]. On the other hand, a decrease on the amount of proteoglycan has been shown to cause a decrease on tissue stiffness due to a reduction of the osmotic pressure [3,4]. However, during aging and degeneration, these two processes occur simultaneously with opposing effects on the mechanical properties of the tissue. Consequently, it is important to analyze these effects separately. Additionally, many multiphasic models for soft charged tissues, such articular cartilage and intervertebral disc, also consider the ionic phases separately from non-charged solids. Although multiphasic models for the disc have been used in the past, the mechanical properties of the non-charged extra-fibrillar matrix (EFM) have not been measured directly.
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Hoefler, Michael, Brian Bonacum, and Lin Hua. "Analysis of End Hose Elasticity." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2433.

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This paper investigates the relationship between end hose elasticity and the potential amount of energy coupled railroad cars can absorb in charged condition before pull a part force separation occurs. One of the most significant issues with the existing end hose is that it will uncouple after enough force is applied causing a loss of pressure in the brake system. Our initiative to evolve the end hose into a more durable wire braided rubber material from the standard hand wrapped construction has decreased this potential for separation in the field. Simulation testing using end hoses from three manufacturers is studied and compared. Charged hose assemblies were coupled and pulled apart. The results showed one end hose stretched nearly double the distance of the other hoses. Analysis of the resulting data will show that a more elastic hose will allow a train brake system to absorb more energy thus reducing the opportunity for a disconnect while in service.
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Sharghi, Hesam, Jean-François Daneault, and Onur Bilgen. "A Wearable Biomedical Motion Sensor Employing a Vibration Energy Harvester." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5634.

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Abstract Wearable motion sensors find a great number of applications in the biomedical field by recording real-time movements and transferring data to mobile electronics. Patients with hyperkinetic movements is a group of interest for such sensors to survey their conditions for long periods. Longer and more frequent recording intervals are necessary to diagnose and treat patients’ disease. Mobile battery-operated motion sensors have a limited recording span, and they need to be charged frequently, which is inconvenient for most of the patients. In this study, vibration energy harvesters are employed to extend the battery life of motion sensors: one step closer to make autonomous sensors without chargers. A vibration energy harvester is designed for a motion sensor to harvest energy from involuntary movements of patients with hyperkinetic movements. An analytical model for charging and discharging cycles is developed to predict the battery life based on the amount of harvested power. Preliminary data from commercial devices are used as a foundation for the design and the current feasibility study.
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Kitajima, Y., S. Sugino, T. Sanada, Y. Sawae, T. Murakami, and M. Watanabe. "Transport Phenomena in Engineered Cartilage With Tissue Development in Agarose Gel." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37465.

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The primary function of articular cartilage is to absorb impact in life cycle, however once cartilage is damaged, it has poor ability to recover. And then transplant of engineered cartilage tissue is considered as the promising measure for the therapeutic approach, since it is free from immune reaction. Articular cartilage consists of 2% chondrocyte and 98% extra-cellar-matrix (ECM), which is made by chondrocyte’s metabolic action. ECM shows high osmotic pressure, mainly due to highly negative charged proteoglycan, and hence retain large amount of water. The most characteristic nature of cartilage tissue is avascularity, hence materials, such as nutrition and wastes, are transported from connective tissue or periosteum by mainly diffusion. One of the most significant key factors to control the development of the engineered cartilage is this transport phenomenon, which is, on the other hand, strongly affected by the tissue development. Therefore we study transport processes as ECM development. In this study, we selected ultra-low gelling temperature agarose gel, of different types and weight percent, as the scaffold, and chondrocytes were isolated from the bovine metacarpal-phalangeal joint. Engineered cartilage was obtained by incubating cell-agarose compounds for ECM to be produced. Engineered cartilage tissue specimens were soaked with fluorescent labeled dextran of prescribed molecular weight to observe the diffusion transport process. We evaluated diffusion coefficients by two different methods, namely, global observation in specimen by using flow chamber and local observation diffusion using FRAP method. We compare coefficients of dextran molecules both in engineered cartilage and cell-free agarose gel. First we investigate the effects of tissue development on diffusion coefficients. We observe the effects of incubation periods on the diffusion coefficients of engineered cartilage. And then we investigate the charge effects on the transport phenomena, by comparing the transport processes of charged and uncharged dextran. We also investigate the effects of scaffold type on tissue development.
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Vadhwana, N. M., and W. Chen. "Effect of Loading History on Hydrogen Content in Pipeline Steels." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27298.

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The application of high strength pipeline steels for oil and gas transmission is believed to provide greater gas flow capacity due to increased design pressure, and reduced line pipe cost due to material tonnage savings. However, the use of high strength pipeline steels is concerned with high risk of brittle failures such as hydrogen induced cracking, fractures due to low ductility. In this study, three grades of modern pipeline steel (X65, X80, X100) were examined to determine their susceptibility to hydrogen permeation and hydrogen trapping under the influence of various mechanical loading conditions. The steel samples were placed in a solution of sulfuric acid poisoned with arsenic trioxide to create an environment where hydrogen can enter the steel. Initially, round bar samples were charged for various times at a low current density to establish that 24 hours was a sufficient charging time for the three steels. Tensile samples were loaded and held at stress levels corresponding to the respective yield strength and the amount of hydrogen entering the steel was then measured. The stress, normalized to the yield strength, and hydrogen contents, normalized to as received contents, were used to rank the three steel grades and to find the steel that was the most susceptible to hydrogen entry. For the samples charged prior to loading, two times as much diffusible hydrogen was found in the X100 as compared to the other steels, but the trapped hydrogen content was equivalent. Four loading conditions were used for each grade of steel: 1) 2% strain; 2) 2% strain and hold at load for 24 hours; 3) 2% strain then 100 cycles at R = 0.1; and 4) 2% strain, 100 cycles at R = 0.1 then hold at load for 24 hours. For the loaded samples, the amount of hydrogen, both diffusible and trapped increased with load severity, with the highest amounts found in the highest grades of steel. The most pronounced increase was not found in the X100, but in the X-80 steel. Micro structural features, such as banded structure, seemed to have a more prominent role on the hydrogen content of the X100 than in the other steels as it seemed less affected by the loading condition than by charging time.
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Choi, Jeongyong, Sridev Satpathy, John Hoard, Daniel Styles, and Chih-Kuang Kuan. "An Experimental and Computational Analysis of Water Condensation Separator Within a Charge Air Cooler." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3609.

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In recent years, many engine manufacturers have turned to downsizing and boosting of gasoline engines in order to meet the ever more stringent fuel economy and emissions regulations. With an increase in the number of turbocharged gasoline engines, solutions are required to manage knock under a range of operating conditions. The charge air cooler has been introduced to mitigate knock. Moreover, the engine is required to operate with spark retard and/or boost reduction to provide knock reduction leading to reduced fuel economy. Under some operating conditions water can condense in the charge air cooler (CAC). Corrugated plate separators have been widely used in gas-water separation and oil-water separation in many industries including marine diesel engines. However, this sort of separator has not been applied to gasoline engines in vehicles to separate the condensation in the charged air. In this paper, a 1-D condensation model to estimate the potential amount of water condensation and entrainment from the charge air coolers is presented. An approach to designing a unit to separate condensation in the flow from the charge air cooler while maintaining a low pressure drop is described. The design approach provides correlations of separator geometries versus separation and pressure drop performance. The study is developed using a 3-D computational model for analyzing charge air and condensation flow. The model results of the 1-D condensation model and the 3-D computational model have been validated by experiments on an engine-dynamometer based test cell. The set-up incorporates a 4 cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) turbocharged engine. An air-to-air charge air cooler is mounted under the engine. The intake air for the engine is supplied using a combustion air unit which enables the operators to control the temperature and humidity. Test conditions have been identified to demonstrate the phenomenon of CAC water condensation. Measurements of water condensation and motion through the system confirm the results of models. A separator has been designed that achieves high separation efficiency and low pressure drop.
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Reports on the topic "Amount charged"

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Luc, Brunet. Systematic Equations Handbook : Book 1-Energy. R&D Médiation, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17601/rd_mediation2015:1.

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The energy equation handbook is the complete collection of physically coherent expression of energy computed using from 2 to 7 physical units among: density(ML-3) energy (ML2T-2) time (T) force (MLT-2) power (ML2T-3) current (I) temperature (Th) quantity (N) mass (M) length (L) candela (J) surface (L2) volume (L3) concentration (ML-3) frequency (T-1) acceleration (LT- 2) speed (LT-1) pressure (ML-1T-2) viscosity (ML-1T-1) luminance (L- 2J) MolarMass (MN-1) MassicEnergy (L2T-2) resistance (ML2T-3I-2) voltage (ML2T-3I-1) Farad (M-1L-2T4I2) Thermal- Conductivity (MLT-3Th-1) SpecificHeat (L2T-2Th-1) MassFlux (MT-1) SurfaceTension (MT-2) Charge (TI) Resistivity (ML3T-3I-2) The complete list of 4196 equations is sorted by number of variable required to obtain an energy in Joules. All the units are in MKSA.
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