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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Increase the Amount of Fees Charged to Employers Who Are Petitioners for the Employment of H-1B Non-Immigrant Workers, and for Other Purposes. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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2

United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to reduce the amount of the premium charged for enrollment in part A of the Medicare program for individuals not receiving third-party assistance in payment of the premium. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 1996.

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3

Nwedo, Anthony G. Christianity among us: Its continued survival? Aba: Nigerian Printer Publications, 1990.

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Summers, Lucy. L'art de charmer et d'être belle: Recettes et formules pour jeunes filles en quête d'amour. Montréal: Hurtubise HMH, 2003.

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United Church of England and Ireland. Diocese of Quebec. Bishop (1837-1863 : Mountain). A pastoral letter to be distributed where it may be found necessary among the parishioners of Quebec. [Quebec?: s.n., 1987.

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1931-, Bruccoli Matthew Joseph, and Baughman Judith, eds. The last romantic: A poet among publishers : the oral autobiography of John Hall Wheelock. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002.

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G, Martinez David, ed. P. Michigan XVI: A Greek love charm from Egypt (P. Mich. 757). Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1991.

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8

Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. 23. Value Added Tax. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787686.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses value added tax (VAT) in the UK. VAT is charged on supplies of goods and services made in the UK. Where a person makes taxable supplies in excess of a set limit in any one-year period, he must register with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC). He must then account to HMRC for VAT on all taxable supplies made. The total amount payable may be reduced by the amount of VAT which he has paid on certain taxable supplies made to him. The liability to pay VAT to HMRC rests on suppliers of goods and services. However, the cost of the tax is actually borne by suppliers’ customers who are charged VAT on the goods and services they purchase. VAT is charged in the UK under the Value Added Tax Act (VATA) 1994.

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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. 23. Value Added Tax. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823230.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses value added tax (VAT) in the UK. VAT is charged on supplies of goods and services made in the UK. Where a person makes taxable supplies in excess of a set limit in any one-year period, he must register with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC). He must then account to HMRC for VAT on all taxable supplies made. The total amount payable may be reduced by the amount of VAT which he has paid on certain taxable supplies made to him. The liability to pay VAT to HMRC rests on suppliers of goods and services. However, the cost of the tax is actually borne by suppliers’ customers who are charged VAT on the goods and services they purchase. VAT is charged in the UK under the Value Added Tax Act (VATA) 1994.

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10

Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Hunting behaviour. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0006.

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Factors affecting hunting success, such as detection of prey, distances from which prey was charged and chased, and escape tactics of prey, were studied. Overall hunting success was 33.4 %. Hares were easier to catch than springhares, but springhares provided a larger meal and were more abundant. There was higher hunting success for steenbok and duiker than for springbok, and springbok hunts were energetically more expensive. However, this was offset by springbok providing a larger amount of food per kill. The amount of meat eaten from gemsbok calves and adult ostrich was similar, but ostrich were more vigilant and difficult to approach and less common than gemsbok. There were no differences in overall hunting success between cheetah demographic groups. The benefit of cooperative hunting to coalition males was that it enabled them to kill larger prey and allowed females with cubs and sibling groups to hone young cheetahs’ hunting skills.

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11

Ezell, Margaret J. M. Laws Regulating Publication, Preaching, and Performance, 1700–1714. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198183112.003.0025.

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After the lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695, the amount of literary periodicals and propaganda created to influence elections notably increased for both pro- and anti-government sentiment. Richard Steele, John Tutchin, Delarivier Manley, and Daniel Defore, all were charged at different times for seditious libel for their political writings. Because of a proliferation of pirated editions, the desire of authors to control their works through copyright resulted in the Act for the Encouragement of Learning in 1709, while the 1712 Stamp Act targeted newspapers and pamphlet publications in an indirect form of censorship. The trial of Henry Sacheverell for preaching and publishing against the Toleration Act created intense interest and prompted further publications.

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12

Allen, Isobel. Stress Among Ward Sisters and Charge Nurses. Policy Studies Institute, 2001.

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13

The Charge Limitation (England) (Maximum Amounts) Order 1992 (Statutory Instruments: 1992: 1550). Stationery Office Books, 1992.

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14

Weir, Alan. Indeterminacy of Translation. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0011.

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W.V. Quine's thesis of the indeterminacy of translation is the theory which launched a thousand doctorates. During the 1970s it sometimes seemed to be as firmly entrenched a dogma among North American philosophers as the existence of God was among medieval theologians. So what is the indeterminacy thesis? It is very tempting, of course, to apply a little reflexivity and deny that there is any determinate thesis of indeterminacy of translation; to charge Quine with championing a doctrine which has no clear meaning, or which is hopelessly ambiguous. Such a charge is, it is argued in this article, false. His meaning is fairly clear and there is widespread agreement on what the thesis amounts to. The second section of the article looks at Quine's ‘argument from below’ for indeterminacy, then the ‘argument from above’, with concluding remarks in the last section.

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15

Rhoden, Stuart. Building Trust and Resilience among Black Male High School Students: Boys to Men. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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16

1624-1691, Fox George, ed. An epistle of love to Friends in the womens meetings in London, &c.: To be read among them in the fear of God. [London?: s.n., 1985.

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17

Schellenberg Richardson, Ann Margaret. Brothers. Edited by Frederick D. Aquino and Benjamin J. King. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718284.013.4.

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This chapter compares the life story of John Henry Newman with that of his brothers, Charles Robert and Francis William. Although there is little left of Charles’ story to tell, the three men present three different responses to a Victorian faith crisis. Whereas John embraced the tradition and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church, Francis found fulfilment in social action as well as his academic career, and eventually found his spiritual home among Unitarians. Charles became an atheist. Although Charles never achieved any sort of renown, he ultimately lived a life of the mind by the beach in Wales.

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18

Woodman, David. Strangers Among Us (Mcgill-Queen's Native and Northern Series). McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995.

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19

Walker, Elsie. Hearing Haneke. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495909.001.0001.

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Haneke’s films are sonically charged experiences of disturbance, desperation, grief, and many forms of violence. They are unsoftened by music, punctuated by accosting noises, shaped by painful silences, and defined by aggressive dialogue. Haneke is among the most celebrated of living auteurs: he is two-time receipt of the Palme d’Or at Cannes Film Festival (for The White Ribbon [2009] and Amour [2012]), and Academy Award winner of Best Foreign Language Film (for Amour), among numerous other awards. The radical confrontationality of his cinema makes him a most controversial, as well as revered, subject. Hearing Haneke is the first book-length study of the sound tracks that define his living legacy as an aural auteur. Hearing Haneke provides close sonic analyses of The Seventh Continent, Funny Games Code Unknown, The Piano Teacher, Caché, The White Ribbon, and Amour. The book includes several sustained theoretical approaches to film sound: including postcolonialism, feminism, genre studies, psychoanalysis, adaptation studies, and auteur theory. From these various theoretical angles, Hearing Haneke shows that the director consistently uses all aural elements (sound effects, dialogue, silences, and music) to inspire our humane understanding. He expresses faith in us to hear the pain of his characters’ worlds most actively, and hence our own more clearly. This has profound social and personal significance: for if we can hear everything better, this entails a new awareness of the “noise” we make in the world at large. Hearing Haneke will resonate for anyone interested in the power of art to inspire progressive change.

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20

Crawford, James, and Rowan Nicholson. The Continued Relevance of Established Rules and Institutions Relating to the Use of Force. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the relevance of the international law and institutions governing the use of force (jus ad bellum). It considers a number of critiques centred on whether the rules expressed in the UN Charter are effective in practice, too indeterminate, or too strict. First is the realist critique that views the rules on the use of force as ineffective. Second is the legal critique that the prohibition on the use of force does not amount to international law at all. In particular, the chapter discusses Michael Glennon’s argument in Chapter 3 of this volume that the principle of ‘sovereign equality’ has prevented the United Nations, especially the Security Council, from addressing emerging crises. It also argues that the UN Charter rules, while not always optimally effective, have played a key role in reducing interstate armed conflict since 1945.

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21

Etheridge, Claudia. Subtle Discrimination: How Those In Charge Control the Careers and Lives of the Better Qualified (and More Dangerous) Among Their Colleagues. The Space Eagle Publishing Company, Inc., 2003.

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22

Collins, John, and Tamara Dobler, eds. Reply to Hilary Putnam. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783916.003.0014.

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The replies by Charles Travis develop initial responses to eleven chapters contained in the rest of the volume. The replies have a number of aims. Firstly, they seek to clarify positions previously taken up by Charles Travis on, in particular, the interpretation of Frege, Cook Wilson, Wittgenstein, Austin, and Chomsky. Secondly, they advance some new thoughts on the nature of ‘Travis cases’, logic, and disjunctivism in perception, among other topics. Thirdly, they offer a conspectus of Travis’s latest thinking on how to square objectivity with parochialism across the various domains of language, thought, and perception.

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23

Ezell, Margaret J. M. The King’s Body: Eikon Basilike and the Royalists in Exile at Home and Abroad. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780191849572.003.0001.

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The trial and execution of Charles I by Parliament generated many accounts ranging from ballads to Eikon Basilike, a text believed to have been written by Charles himself during his final days. Although debunked by John Milton’s Eikonoklastes, Eikon Basilike rapidly went through multiple illegal editions and was the center piece of the royalist belief that Charles was a royal martyr. Among many of the prominent literary figures in royalist exile on the continent were Abraham Cowley, Edmund Waller; Thomas Hobbes, who wrote Leviathan in Paris; and William Davenant, who created his new style epic poem Gondibert. The last three returned to England in the 1650s having made arrangements with the Puritan Parliament. Those royalist supporters who remained in England lived mostly quiet and retired lives outside of London and pursed literary and translation projects, including Katherine Philips, and Richard and Ann Fanshawe.

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24

Hartley, Christie. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683023.003.0011.

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The conclusion stresses that the argument for the view that political liberalism is a feminist liberalism depends on claims made about the substantive content of free and equal citizenship and how this conception of citizenship limits and shapes what kinds of state action can be justified to others. Some may charge that the position defended in the book is actually a comprehensive liberalism, not a political liberalism. This objection is addressed in the conclusion as well as the inability of political liberalism to address certain egalitarian commitments that may be part of some feminist comprehensive doctrines. It is argued that our view does not amount to a partially comprehensive liberalism, as the view rests on political values that are part of the idea of constitutional democracy and the demands of citizenship within such societies.

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25

Mathews, Jud. Canada’s Constitution and Courts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682910.003.0006.

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This chapter explores the development of Canadian constitutionalism leading up to judicial engagement with the horizontal effect of rights. The Supreme Court of Canada already enjoyed an exceptionally broad jurisdiction when the enactment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 gave it an extensive set of constitutional rights to interpret. At the same time, the very breadth of the Court’s formal powers was a reason to use them carefully, especially because the Charter triggered anxieties about federalism among many advocates for provincial autonomy. This chapter shows how, in this context, the Supreme Court of Canada had little to gain from announcing a far-reaching constitutionalization of private law.

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26

Austin, Allan W. “Let’s Do Away with Walls!”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037047.003.0002.

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This chapter illustrates the American Friends Service Committee's (AFSC) early efforts to promote interracial relations, thereby setting the stage for later AFSC activism. Connecting interracial activism to pacifism while working in a highly charged atmosphere of nativism and racism (both in the wider society and among Friends themselves), AFSC staffers believed that the Inner Light—the belief that each individual has “that of God within”—created the potential to educate and thus reform individuals through carefully engineered intercultural connections designed to “do away with walls!” Such efforts would encourage Quakers to understand that international and interracial relationships are a vital part of religious life and thus move them to give active support to the practical, political measures which put peace principles into practice.

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27

Dame Rosalyn, DBE, QC, Higgins, Webb Philippa, Akande Dapo, Sivakumaran Sandesh, and Sloan James. Part 3 The United Nations: What it Does, 19 Democratic Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808312.003.0019.

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Democratic principles are ‘woven throughout the normative fabric of the United Nations’ (UN); and are grounded in the UN Charter, despite the fact that the word ‘democracy’ cannot be found in the Charter. One of the purposes of the UN is the development of friendly relations among nations ‘based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples’. Democratic governance is also based on individual rights in international human rights law. This chapter discusses the underpinnings of democratic governance; areas of UN assistance; political pluralism; electoral assistance; strengthening and building institutions; civic education; civil society; free and independent media; promoting the rule of law; and protection and promotion of human rights.

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28

Ginsberg, Benjamin, and Kathryn Wagner Hill. Congress. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300220537.001.0001.

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This accessible overview of the US Congress's past and present, introduces students to the country's most democratic institution. The book surveys Congressional elections, the internal structure of Congress, the legislative process, Congress and the president, and Congress and the courts. It offers a fresh approach to the First Branch grounded in a historical, positive frame. The book argues that many of the characteristics of Congress with which Americans are so impatient stem directly from the institution's democratic nature. It is slow to act, cumbersome in its procedures, and contentious in its discussions precisely because it is a democratic decision-making body. But complaints are also that it is seen as polarized and corrupt, serving lobbyists, special interests, and campaign contributors rather than the American people. The book concludes by considering whether these charges amount to a serious indictment of Congress, its members, and its procedures.

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Wald, Alan M. Dissident Communists. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635941.003.0002.

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The development of an anti-Stalinist Left among pro-Communist intellectuals is explored. Receiving special treatment are the pages of Menorah Journal and the activities of some of its contributors, along with intellectuals attracted to the American Workers Party and those involved in the National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners and League of Professionals. James Rorty and Charles Rumford Walker are among activists described A sustained analysis of Tess Slesinger’s novel The Unpossessed is presented in the context of this background.

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Palmer, Thomas. Two Case Studies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816652.003.0008.

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Chapter 7 continues the argument of chapter 6 into two central topics which constitute tests for the apparent movement among mid- and later seventeenth-century Anglicans away from an Augustinian theological framework. Jeremy Taylor has been charged with abandoning the traditional doctrine of original sin, and by consequence that of the atonement. Section II analyses his teaching, and shows that attempts to identify his doctrine with that of Socinian thinkers should be rejected. Section III analyses Herbert Thorndike’s discussion of Jansen’s teaching on liberty in the Augustinus. Thorndike adopted an understanding of human liberty which seems to resemble that of Molina, but his surprisingly sympathetic treatment of Jansen reflects his admiration for Augustine’s analysis of original sin and its effects, and his continued commitment to the understanding of conversion which it underwrites.

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Siderits, Mark. Comparison or Confluence In Philosophy? Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.5.

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This chapter examines the project of fusion or confluence philosophy: philosophizing that draws on resources from both Indian and Western philosophical traditions in seeking solutions to philosophical problems. A distinction is drawn between the confluence project and the project of comparative philosophy. Various challenges to the project are addressed, among them the criticism that the two traditions are incommensurable, and the charge that such a project is politically problematic. There is also discussion of some ways in which projects of this sort can go astray. Representative samples of the genre are discussed, and areas that might prove promising for future research are identified.

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Arrighi, Jean Michel. The Prohibition of the Use of Force and Non-Intervention. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0024.

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This chapter examines the principles governing relations among member states of the Organization of American States (OAS) as embodied in the OAS Charter, including reciprocal assistance, collective self-defence and defence of democracy, abstention from the use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, and non-intervention in the affairs of another member state. It begins by looking at the history of disputes in the Americas, including those arising from border delimitation and demarcation issues, and early efforts to address them. It then discusses the adoption of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance in 1947 and the establishment of the OAS, together with the adoption of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement (‘Pact of Bogota’), in 1948. The chapter considers a number of cases in which the provisions embodied in the OAS Charter, particularly the use of force in dispute settlement, were applied.

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Sanchez, Gabriella E. Portrait of a Human Smuggler. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814887.003.0003.

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The hypervisibility of contemporary migration flows has generated significant interest in human smugglers, and reports of their activities are ubiquitous. Smugglers as facilitators of irregular migration are most often characterized as young and violent men from the Global South organized in criminal networks who are responsible for the tragic journeys of migrants around the world. Yet despite their frequent appearance in dramatic migration accounts, smugglers have hardly been the subject of empirical inquiry, which has led to the prevalence of male-centred, racialized, and classist characterizations of their activities. This chapter, drawing from structured interviews and participant observation conducted among twelve women charged with human smuggling offences and twenty-five women who travelled with smuggling facilitators in the US states of Arizona and Utah, situates the narratives of smuggling and its intersections with race, class, and gender in the facilitation of border crossings along the US–Mexico border.

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34

Preece, Dianna C. Current Hedge Fund Debates and Controversies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0029.

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The hedge fund industry has grown to nearly $3 trillion over the last 20 years. High-net-worth individuals and institutional investors expect high returns and low correlation with traditional asset classes in exchange for the fees paid. The standard fee structure is “2 and 20,” 2 percent of assets under management and 20 percent of profits, representing high fees for active management. Hedge funds are largely unregulated and somewhat mysterious. As a result, they are the subject of debates and controversies among market participants and policymakers alike. Debates focus on fee structures, alpha versus alternative beta, weakening returns, activist investors, and leverage. The Securities and Exchange Commission has targeted hedge fund misconduct and malfeasance, pursuing perpetrators of fraud, insider trading, and conflicts of interest in the industry. Several high-ranking Wall Street hedge fund executives have been charged with, and in some cases convicted of, breaking securities laws.

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35

Moreau, Anne-Sophie, Raphaël Favory, and Alain Durocher. Special considerations in the immunosuppressed patient. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0075.

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Because of improved treatment of haematological malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and HIV infection, an increasing number of patients are being immunocompromised. Immunosuppression varies according to the underlying disease, and different patterns of complications may be encountered. Among the complications of immunosuppressive treatments, infectious diseases are the most frequently encountered, but drug-related toxicities and secondary neoplasias have to be recognized. Making a rapid diagnosis is the most important step in taking these patients in charge. In such setting, cardiac involvement is severe and often leads to admission to intensive care units. This chapter will focus on the cardiac complications of immunosuppression, from heart transplantation to HIV treatment-related toxicity and cardiac infections.

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36

Glazov, M. M. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0001.

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Creation, detection, and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom of electrons and nuclei, phenomena of spin relaxation, decoherence and dephasing, and processes of spin transfer between different subsystems are among the most important problems studied in semiconductor spintronics. These effects are most pronounced in systems with localized charge carriers, such as semiconductor quantum dots. This chapter contains the motivation behind and a brief review of the material presented in the book. It also clarifies the logic of the presentation in further chapters. Chapter 1 may be helpful to readers willing to find appropriate material without going through the whole book, as it contains a concise overview of the other chapters.

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O'Hara, Alexander. Orthodoxy and Authority. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190857967.003.0008.

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The fight against religious deviance and heresy was among the missionary activities of Columbanus’s followers, but the struggle for orthodoxy was also a problem the community had to face, most notably during the Agrestius affair after his death. In 626 Eustasius of Luxeuil had to answer charges of religious deviance at a council in Mâcon. In the end, the abbot of Luxeuil and his counterpart were forced to reconcile, but the conflict still smoldered. This chapter sheds light on the tensions between the missions among the gentes and the role of allegations of heresy in the internal conflicts of the Columbanian community in the 620s against the backdrop of the wider worries about orthodoxy in the seventh century. It also addresses the textual dimension of the issue and tries to illuminate the reasons for how Jonas of Bobbio presents Eustasius and the Agrestius affair in the Vita Columbani.

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Hess, Carol A. Miguel Ángel Estrella. Edited by Patricia Hall. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733163.013.21.

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This chapter examines the place of Argentine pianist Miguel Ángel Estrella in the politics of Latin American music, focusing on the Dirty War, the wave of repression and violence by military regimes during the 1960s and 1970s. It begins with Estrella’s recital in September 1987 as a tribute to Nadia Boulanger, who died in October 1979 and was one protagonist in Estrella’s story. It then considers Estrella’s political activities in Argentina and his being formally charged with subversion, sedition, and terrorist activities, as well as his promotion of the masterworks of the Western canon. It also contextualizes Estrella’s experience in light of a number of broader issues, relating Estrella and his traditionalist repertory to the ongoing debate among composers and critics over socially engaged music (música comprometida); the historical antecedents of this debate and how they inform present-day reactions to the status of either the avant-garde or the Western canon in música comprometida; and how scholars in the United States might understand Estrella’s story.

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Rajner, Mirjam. The Orient in Jewish Artistic Creativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0008.

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This chapter examines the “Oriental” theme and self-Orientalization among Jewish artists such as Samuel Hirszenberg and Leopold Pilichowski. In postcolonial discourse, the Western imagining of the Orient is often understood as being part of a pejorative and politically charged ideology known as Orientalism. More recently, the art-historical approach has revealed that Orientalist art does not only comprise works that reflect a Western or European construction of the “other,” but also the Oriental response to Western culture and modernization. The chapter considers the “Oriental” works of Maurycy Gottlieb as an expression of an emerging alignment of Jewish artists with modernism and universalism. It also discusses the 1873 World Exhibition in Vienna and Gottlieb’s encounter with the Orient before concluding with the argument that the unexpected, imaginative abandonment and self-fashioning by Jewish artists as non-European “others” might be a Jewish version of European Orientalism, which found expression in the art of Gottlieb.

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40

de Wet, Erika. Sources and the Hierarchy of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0030.

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This chapter questions whether there is a hierarchy among the sources of international law and whether such a hierarchy is important for resolving norm conflicts stemming from the different sources of international law. It first examines whether the order between the sources listed in Article 38 (1) (c) of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute is an indication of a hierarchy in accordance with the order and form in which the sources are listed or moulded. Thereafter, the chapter examines whether peremptory norms represent a substantive hierarchy. It also questions whether peremptory norms can be categorized in accordance with the sources listed in Article 38 (1) (c), or whether they constitute a separate source in international law. The chapter further engages in a similar analysis of obligations under the United Nations Charter. It concludes that peremptory norms and obligations under the Charter are indicative of a substantive hierarchy in international law.

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41

Ryan, James Emmett. Friend on the American Frontier. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038266.003.0011.

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This chapter asks how an ordinary Quaker not involved in the abolition campaign might have considered the matter of slavery and answers this by reading the memoir of Charles Pancoast, A Quaker Forty-Niner: The Adventures of Charles Edward Pancoast on the American Frontier. Pancoast was a Philadelphian Quaker whose time on the frontier in the 1840s and 1850s was marked by a cautious response to the problem of slavery. Most of his account in details his own adventures and fortune-seeking in the Midwest and the Pacific Coast. Failing as a drugstore entrepreneur in Missouri, Pancoast spent time owning and operating a steamship on the Missouri River, and eventually found himself at work and seeking his fortune in business among the gold rush miners of California. In all, young Pancoast spent 14 years afoot in the hinterlands and byways of Western America, before returning home to settle in Philadelphia in 1854 at the age of thirty-six.

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Maman, Daniel, and Zeev Rosenhek. The Reconfigured Institutional Architecture of the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793021.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the institutional dynamics that have marked the reconfiguration of the Israeli state in the course of the transition to a neoliberal regime. In analyzing the transformation of the state and its relationships with the economy, it first assesses changes in the institutional architecture of the state and then discusses the modes of action of pivotal state agencies and the patterns of relationships among them. Specifically, the ascendency of the two most powerful state agencies in charge of macroeconomic management—the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Israel—is examined, as well as the ways in which these actors promoted the adoption of particular reforms as key factors in the institutionalization of the neoliberal regime. The chapter claims that the incremental liberalization of the Israeli political economy was fundamentally molded by actions and interactions among state agencies striving to further their position within the political–economic field.

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Westover, Daniel, and Thomas Alan Holmes, eds. The Fire That Breaks. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954361.001.0001.

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The Fire that Breaks traces Gerard Manley Hopkins’s continuing and pervasive influence among writers of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Not only do the essays explore responses to Hopkins by individual writers—including, among others, Virginia Woolf, Ivor Gurney, T. S. Eliot, Elizabeth Bishop, Seamus Heaney, Geoffrey Hill, Derek Walcott, Denise Levertov, John Berryman, Charles Wright, Maurice Manning, and Ron Hansen—but they also examine Hopkins’s substantial influence among Caribbean poets, Appalachian writers, modern novelists, and contemporary poets whose work lies at the intersection of ecopoetry and theology. Combining essays by the world’s leading Hopkins scholars with essays by scholars from diverse fields, the collection examines both known and unexpected affinities. The Fire that Breaks is a persistent testimony to the lasting, continuing impact of Hopkins on poetry in English.

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Moggach, Douglas. Romantic Political Thought. Edited by Paul Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696383.013.34.

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In assessing the political charge of Romanticism, Georg Lukács castigated it for its irrationalism and proto-fascistic tendencies, while Jacques Barzun stressed its anti-totalitarian character, its promotion of individuality and diversity against imposed uniformity and coercion. More recent critics have produced a complex typology of Romantic political critiques of modernity, from restorationist conservative to utopian socialist. This chapter takes its lead from Hegel’s diagnosis of modern freedom, and of Romanticism’s place in it, locating common elements and variations in Romantic cultural critique. Among the recent revivals of the Romantic spirit are the counterculture of 1960s, and postmodern assaults on subjective coherence and rational autonomy. For all its limitations, the course of Romanticism is not yet run.

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Mangham, Andrew. The Science of Starving in Victorian Literature, Medicine, and Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850038.001.0001.

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What actually happens to our bodies when we starve? How does the sensation of hunger come about, and how exactly does going without food lead to death? Do we die from hunger, or do we die from the secondary conditions it causes? And how is the physiology of something so familiar to us, experienced by each of us every day, so little known? This book is the first study to suggest that these questions were first explored in detail in the nineteenth century. The Science of Starving in Victorian Literature, Medicine, and Political Economy is a reassessment of the languages and methodologies used, throughout the nineteenth century, for discussing extreme hunger. Set against the providentialism of conservative political economy, this study uncovers an emerging, dynamic way of describing literal starvation in the period’s medicine and physiology. No longer seen as a divine punishment for individual failings, starvation became, in the human sciences, a pathology whose horrific symptoms registered failings of state and statute. Providing new and historically rich readings of the works of Charles Kingsley, Elizabeth Gaskell, and Charles Dickens, this work suggests that the realism we have come to associate with Victorian social-problem fiction learned a vast amount from the empirical, materialist objectives of the medical sciences, and that, within the work of these intersections, we find important re-examinations of how we might think about this ongoing humanitarian issue.

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Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning. Investment and Human Rights Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663392.003.0009.

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This chapter provides a selective reading of the Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, which amounts to an attempted regime capture where human rights lawyers occupy and colonise space within the intellectual property (IP) system, using its tools to achieve their goals. It attempts to connect international investment and human rights law in their approaches to IP protection. By using IP tools, human right lawyers can offer World Trade Organisation (WTO)/IP lawyers with acceptable arguments to integrate and take into account human rights objectives within their own system, relying on their own tools. Given that there has been no meaningful international forum to litigate compliance with creator’s and access rights, it is understandable that those in charge of these rights take them into fora where they hope for better, even if indirect, compliance. Whether the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) can provide a meaningful alternative within the human rights system remains to be seen.

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Barnard, Philip, Hilary Emmett, and Stephen Shapiro, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Charles Brockden Brown. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199860067.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of Charles Brockden Brown provides an up-to-date survey of the life of and full range of writings by Charles Brockden Brown (1771–1810), a key writer of the Atlantic revolutionary age and U.S. Early Republic. Through the late twentieth century, Brockden Brown was best known as an important author of political romances in the gothic mode that were widely influential in romantic era, and has generated large amounts of scholarship as a crucial figure in the history of the American novel. More recent work recognizes him likewise an influential editor, historian, and writer in other genres such as poetry, short fiction, and essays, and as a figure whose work resonated throughout the Atlantic world of the revolutionary age. The Oxford Handbook’s thirty-five chapters build on the research of the most recently scholarly generation to introduce readers to and explore Brown’s wide-ranging work. Its chapters focus on the author’s biography, romances, writings in a range of genres, his key concept of the romance as a form of engaged conjectural history, his engagements in the cultural-ideological struggles of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, as well as the aesthetic, political, scientific, and other key dimensions of his corpus. The volume concludes with a survey of Brown’s complex reception history and the state of Brown studies at present.

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Ivor, Roberts. Book II Diplomatic and Consular Relations, 7 Formal Aspects of Diplomatic Relations: Precedence among Heads of State and States, Selection, Agrément , Precedence among Heads of Mission, Chargés d’Affaires, Credentials, Full Powers for Heads of Mission. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0007.

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This chapter sets out the titles, precedence, and other formal aspects of diplomatic relations. It begins with a historical background on the order of precedence among sovereigns and Heads of State and the disputes that have arisen in key diplomatic incidents throughout the centuries. It then looks into the titles and precedence of heads of mission, before turning to the two orders of precedence within the United Nations itself—the precedence between delegates and officials and the precedence between member countries. The rest of the chapter is largely devoted to the formal processes governing the ambassadors and other heads of mission. It discusses the selection and appointment of the heads of mission and other diplomatic staff, the limitations of diplomatic missions, multiple accreditation, and so on.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons., ed. Rideau Canal: An estimate of the amount that will probably be required, in the year ending 31st March 1833, to defray the charge of the maintenance and repair of the Rideau Canal, and for the Management of the locks. [London?: s.n., 2000.

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Oosterhoff, Richard. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823520.003.0001.

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Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples is now best known as an Aristotelian humanist and a founder of the French Reformation. In his day, however, Lefèvre was at the centre of a circle of scholars invested in university reform, then widely known for their interest in mathematics. Among his closest collaborators, first as students and then as university masters, were Josse Clichtove and Charles de Bovelles. After outlining the development of a new mathematical culture, this chapter orients the reader to the circle’s collective biography around the notion of friendship, and positions the book’s argument in relation to the historiographies of mathematics, print, and the university.

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