To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Amount charged.
Journal articles on the topic 'Amount charged'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Amount charged.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
MALHEIRO, MANUEL, RODRIGO PICANÇO, SUBHARTHI RAY, JOSÉ P. S. LEMOS, and VILSON T. ZANCHIN. "OF CHARGED STARS AND CHARGED BLACK HOLES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 13, no. 07 (August 2004): 1375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271804005560.
Full textAbstract:
Effect of maximum amount of charge a compact star can hold, is studied here. We analyze the different features in the renewed stellar structure and discuss the reasons why such huge charge is possible inside a compact star. We studied a particular case of a polytropic equation of state (EOS) assuming the charge density is proportional to the mass density. Although the global balance of force allows a huge charge, the electric repulsion faced by each charged particle forces it to leave the star, resulting in the secondary collapse of the system to form a charged black hole.
2
Zhang, Bing Bing, Jing Bai, Guang Jin Yuan, Yan Yan Jia, Zhe Xiang Han, Zhi Guo Zhao, Ming Yue Miao, and Hai Quan Su. "Ecofriendly Flocculation of Bentonite Suspensions by Two Anionic Polysaccharides: Carboxylated Chitosan (CC) and Sodium Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS-Na)." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.321.
Full textAbstract:
Growing demand for ecofriendly technologies promotes the interest in investigation of natural flocculants and their derivatization aimed to dewatering of colloidal stable clay suspensions in a low energy consumption and environmentally friendly way. The present work used two negatively charged polysaccharides carboxylated chitosan (CC) and sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS-Na) as flocculants and bentonite as colloidal particles system to study the influence of their charge characteristics on flocculation efficacy. Flocculation studies between negatively charged polysaccharides and negatively charged bentonite colloidal particles were systematically investigated through standard jar test procedure and laser light scattering measurements. It was found that the investigated negatively charged polysaccharides showed high flocculation performance for bentonite suspensions at less amount anionic polysaccharides doses but obvious deteriorative performance even antiflocculation process appeared at large amount anionic polysaccharides dosage.
3
Baczynska, Dagmara, Katarzyna Widerak, Maciej Ugorski, and Marek Langner. "Surface Charge and the Association of Liposomes with Colon Carcinoma Cells." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, no. 9-10 (October 1, 2001): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-9-1032.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Interaction between the plasma membrane and aggregate lipid surface determines how efficiently the encapsulated drug will be delivered into the cell. Electrostatic interactions are one of the main forces affecting liposome and aggregate association with the charged cell surface. In this study, the effect of surface charge on the association of liposomes with human colon CX-1.1 cancer cells was studied. When phosphatidylserine was incorporated into a lipid bilayer, the amount of liposomes associated with cells tended to increase along with the amount of negatively charged lipid present in the liposomal lipid bilayer. When the cationic lipid dioleoyl-1,2-diacyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) was included into the liposome formula, their uptake by the cells was also increased. Maximum binding occurred when the amount of positively charged lipids in liposomes was about 10 mol% of lipids.
4
Guo, Jiachen, Zhirong Zhong, Heng Jiang, and Hongfu Zuo. "Identification methods of charged particles based on aero-engine exhaust gas electrostatic sensor array." Science Progress 104, no. 2 (April 2021): 003685042110236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211023691.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a study of aero-engine exhaust gas electrostatic sensor array to estimate the spatial position, charge amount and velocity of charged particle. Firstly, this study establishes a mathematical model to analyze the inducing characteristics and obtain the spatial sensitivity distribution of sensor array. Then, Tikhonov regularization and compressed sensing are used to estimate the spatial position and charge amount of particle based on the obtained sensitivity distribution; cross-correlation algorithm is used to determine particle’s velocity. An oil calibration test rig is established to verify the proposed methods. Thirteen spatial positions are selected as the test points. The estimation errors of spatial positions and charge amounts are both within 5% when the particles are locating at central area. The errors are higher when the particles are closer to the wall and may exceed 10%. The estimation errors of velocities by using cross-correlation are all within 2%. An air-gun test rig is further established to simulate the high velocity condition and distinguish different kinds of particles such as metal particles and non-metal particles.
5
Mirchandani, Sunny, and Dr Gurudutta Japee. "A STUDY ON IMPACT OF GST ON HOTEL INDUSTRY WITH REFERENCE TO AHMEDABAD CITY." GAP iNTERDISCIPLINARITIES - A GLOBAL JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 3, no. 3 (August 9, 2020): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47968/gapin.330014.
Full textAbstract:
After three decades, reforms in indirect tax system reflected on 1st July, 2017 in India. Goods and Services Tax is a single indirect tax with an aim of ‘one nation - one tax’ and is applicable in whole country. This present research work attempts to highlight the impact of Goods and Services Tax on Indian Hospitality Industry. With the implementation of GST, Indian market will be unified and this will also lower the cost of business in long run. The hotel industry was in burden with multiple taxes on amount charged for different services. Additional charges on various activities of hotels were charged previously. But now in GST, single tax charged with clearly stated slab rates for various services. Slab rate increases with increase in amount of services charged i.e. for basic services rates are less and luxurious services are under high GST slab rate. Here we try to explain the impact of GST system on hoteliers of Ahmedabad city. For this purpose researcher collected samples from 22 hotels of the city. This study aims to evaluate the perception of the hotel owners and their experience in dealing with customers after the implementation of GST.
6
Javanbakht, T., S. Laurent, D. Stanicki, and I. Salzmann. "Rheological Properties of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles." Journal of Engineering Sciences 8, no. 1 (2021): C29—C37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2021.8(1).c4.
Full textAbstract:
The present study focuses on the rheological properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified, positively charged, and negatively charged superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) at different temperatures. We hypothesized that the surface properties of these nanoparticles in the water did not affect their rheological properties. These nanoparticles had not the same surface properties as SPIONs-PEG had not to charge on their surface whereas positively charged and negatively charged ones with amine and carboxyl groups as their surfaces had positive and negative surface charges, respectively. However, their rheological behaviors were not different from each other. The comparative rheological study of SPIONs revealed their pseudo-Newtonian behavior. The viscosity of SPIONs decreased with the increase in temperature. At low shear rates, the shear stress of SPIONs was independent of rate and increased with the increase of rate. Moreover, at high shear rates, the shear stress for PEG-SPIONs was more than those for positively charged and negatively charged SPIONs. These measurements also revealed that at high shear rates, the shear stress of samples decreased with the increase of temperature. The shear stress of samples decreased with the increase of shear strain and the temperature. We also observed that all the samples had the same amount of shear strain at each shear stress, which indicated the exact resistance of SPIONs to deformation. Furthermore, the shear modulus decreased with time for these nanoparticles. These results suggest that these nanoparticles are promising candidates with appropriate properties for fluid processing applications and drug vectors in biomedical applications.
7
Wang, Yan-ping, Ren-kou Xu, and Jiu-yu Li. "Effect of Fe/Al oxides on desorption of Cd2+ from soils and minerals as related to diffuse layer overlapping." Soil Research 49, no. 3 (2011): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10148.
Full textAbstract:
Cadmium is a toxic metal with high reactivity in acid variable charge soils. Adsorption and desorption of Cd2+ in soil and mineral particles can be affected by the interaction between the electrical double layers on oppositely charged particles, because the interaction can decrease the surface-charge density of the particles. We studied the effect of Fe/Al oxides on desorption of Cd2+ from soils and minerals and proposed the desorption mechanisms based on the overlapping of diffuse layers between negatively charged soils and mineral particles and positively charged Fe/Al oxide particles. Our results indicate that the overlapping of diffuse layers of electrical double layers between positively charged Fe/Al oxides [crystalline and amorphous Al(OH)3 and amorphous Fe(OH)3] and negatively charged Ultisol, Alfisol, kaolinite, and bentonite caused the effective negative surface-charge density on the soils and minerals to become less negative, and thus the adsorption affinity of these negatively charged surfaces for Cd2+ declined as a result of the incorporation of the Fe/Al oxides. Consequently, the release of exchangeable Cd2+ from the surfaces of the soils and minerals increased with the amount of Fe/Al oxides added. The more positive the charge on the surfaces of the Fe/Al oxides, the stronger the interaction of the electrical double layers between the oxides and soils and minerals, and thus the greater the release of Cd2+ from the soils and minerals. A decrease in pH led to an increase in the positive surface charge on the Fe/Al oxides and enhancement of the interaction of the electrical double layers between the oxides and soils and minerals. As a result, more Cd2+ was desorbed from the soils and minerals. This study suggests that the interaction between oppositely charged particles of variable charge soils can enhance the mobility of cadmium in the soils and thus increase its environmental risk.
8
Chun, Ji-Yeon, Jochen Weiss, Monika Gibis, Mi-Jung Choi, and Geun-Pyo Hong. "Change of Multiple-Layered Phospholipid Vesicles Produced by Electrostatic Deposition of Polymers during Storage." International Journal of Food Engineering 12, no. 8 (October 1, 2016): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2016-0105.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this study, 1 wt% lecithin (–), chitosan (+), and λ-carrageenan (–) were prepared to manufacture multiple-layered liposomes with optimal formulations developed in a previous study by using layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition. We observed their particle size, ζ-potential, sedimentation behavior, and microstructure for 6 weeks. Multiple-layered liposomes were quenched with calcein to evaluate stability in terms of factors such as encapsulation efficiency and released amount of calcein. The particle size of multi-layered liposomes increased with storage periods and the ζ-potential of multiple-layered liposomes gained a neutral charge. Interestingly, negatively charged layered liposomes were smaller than positively charged layered liposomes and showed a lower polydispersity index. Moreover, the ζ-potential did not apparently change compared to positively charged layered liposomes. For the calcein release study, multiple-layered liposomes significantly sustained quenched calcein more than that observed using non-layered liposomes. This study showed that it was possible to increase the thickness of the liposome surface and to manipulate its charge using chitosan and λ-carrageenan through electrostatic deposition. Results showed that manufacturing negatively charged multiple-layer (over 4-layer) liposomes with charged biopolymer improved the physicochemical stability of liposomes.
9
Moghimikheirabadi, Ahmad, Clément Mugemana, Martin Kröger, and Argyrios V. Karatrantos. "Polymer Conformations, Entanglements and Dynamics in Ionic Nanocomposites: A Molecular Dynamics Study." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112591.
Full textAbstract:
We investigate nanoparticle (NP) dispersion, polymer conformations, entanglements and dynamics in ionic nanocomposites. To this end, we study nanocomposite systems with various spherical NP loadings, three different molecular weights, two different Bjerrum lengths, and two types of charge-sequenced polymers by means of molecular dynamics simulations. NP dispersion can be achieved in either oligomeric or entangled polymeric matrices due to the presence of electrostatic interactions. We show that the overall conformations of ionic oligomer chains, as characterized by their radii of gyration, are affected by the presence and the amount of charged NPs, while the dimensions of charged entangled polymers remain unperturbed. Both the dynamical behavior of polymers and NPs, and the lifetime and amount of temporary crosslinks, are found to depend on the ratio between the Bjerrum length and characteristic distance between charged monomers. Polymer–polymer entanglements start to decrease beyond a certain NP loading. The dynamics of ionic NPs and polymers is very different compared with their non-ionic counterparts. Specifically, ionic NP dynamics is getting enhanced in entangled matrices and also accelerates with the increase of NP loading.
10
Chen, Huanwen, David Touboul, Matthias Conradin Jecklin, Jian Zheng, Mingbiao Luo, and Renato Zenobi. "Manipulation of Charge States of Biopolymer Ions by Atmospheric Pressure Ion/Molecule Reactions Implemented in an Extractive Electrospray Ionization Source." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 13, no. 4 (August 2007): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.879.
Full textAbstract:
A home-made extractive electrospray ionization source is coupled to an linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer to investigate ion/molecule reactions of biopolymers at ambient pressure. Multiply charged biopolymers such as peptides and proteins generated in an electrospray are easily reduced to a low charge state by the atmospheric pressure ion/molecule reactions occurring between the multiply charged ions and a strong basic reagent sprayed in neutral form into the electrospray plume. The charge state of the biopolymer ions can be manipulated by controlling the amount of the basic reagent. The production of biopolymer ions with low charge states results in a substantial improvement of sensitivity and reduced spectral congestion in ESI-MS. This is of importance for biopolymer mixture analysis and could have promising applications in proteomics.
11
Li, Pengxiang, Tiejian Li, Munehide Ishiguro, and Yang Su. "Comparison of Same Carbon Chain Length Cationic and Anionic Surfactant Adsorption on Silica." Colloids and Interfaces 4, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids4030034.
Full textAbstract:
Adsorption of a cationic surfactant dodecyl pyridinium chloride (DPC) on silica was studied to show a comparison with the adsorption of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), whose carbon chain length is the same and on the same silica. Results provided a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism of cationic and anionic surfactant on negatively charged silica. The experiment covered different electrolyte concentrations and pH values. Results indicated that at the same pH, the DPC adsorption amounts are higher when the electrolyte concentration is higher; at a higher DPC equilibrium concentration, the adsorption amount difference is larger than that at low DPC equilibrium concentration, and when DPC equilibrium concentration is lower than 0.1 mmol/L, the adsorption amount difference cannot be observed. At charge compensation point (CCP, 0 zeta potential), the negative surface charge of silica was compensated by DP+, a continuous increasing zeta potential indicated a bilayer adsorption of DPC on silica. The adsorption amount increased with increasing pH. The calculated lines by Gu and Zhu model show a two-step property, including a bilayer and hemi-micelle adsorption. DPC adsorbed more strongly on silica than SDS due to the combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic attraction.
12
Macdonald, Peter M., Kevin J. Crowell, Carla M. Franzin, Peter Mitrakos, and Darlene J. Semchyschyn. "Polyelectrolyte-induced domains in lipid bilayer membranes: the deuterium NMR perspective." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 76, no. 2-3 (May 1, 1998): 452–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o98-044.
Full textAbstract:
Domain formation in lipid bilayer membranes can occur through electrostatic interactions between charged lipids and oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, such as proteins or polynucleic acids. This review describes a novel method for examining such domains in lipid bilayers, based on 2H NMR spectroscopy. The 2H NMR spectrum of choline-deuterated phosphatidylcholine is sensitive to, and reports on, lipid bilayer surface charge. When a charged lipid bilayer is exposed to an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte, the latter binds electrostatically to the bilayer surface and attracts charged lipids into its vicinity. The resulting inhomogeneous charge distribution produces overlapping 2H NMR subspectra arising from phosphatidylcholine within charge-enriched versus charge-depleted regions. Such spectral details as the quadrupolar splittings and the relative intensities of the subspectra permit a complete analysis of the domain composition, size, and, within limits, lifetime. Using 2H NMR, domain formation in lipid bilayer membranes can be observed with both cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes, whether of natural or synthetic origin. Domain size and composition prove to be sensitive to the detailed chemical structure of both the polyelectrolyte and the charged lipids. Within the domains there is always a stoichiometric anion/cation binding ratio, indicating that the polyelectrolyte lies flat on the membrane surface. The amount of phosphatidylcholine within the domain varies as a function of its statistical availability, in accordance with the predictions of a recent thermodynamic model of domain formation. When the molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte is varied, the domain size alters in accordance with the predictions of classical polymer physics. As expected for a predominantly electrostatic phenomenon, the observed domains dissipate at high ionic strength.Key words: electrostatic domains, polyelectrolytes, lipid bilayers, deuterium NMR.
13
Arzpeyma, Niloofar, Rutger Gyllenram, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Development of a Mass and Energy Balance Model and Its Application for HBI Charged EAFs." Metals 10, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030311.
Full textAbstract:
A static mass and energy balance model combined with a MgO saturation slag model is developed for electric arc furnaces. The model parameters including distribution ratios and dust factors are calibrated for a specific furnace using experimental data. Afterward, the model is applied to study the effect of charging different amounts of hot briquetted iron (HBI) on energy consumption, charged slag former amount, and slag composition. The following results were obtained per each 1% increase of HBI additions: (i) a 0.16 Nm3/t decrease in the amount of injected oxygen for metal oxidation, (ii) a 1.29 kWh/t increase in the electricity consumption, and (iii) a 34 kg increase in the amount of the slag.
14
SEN, ASHOKE. "SL(2, Z) DUALITY AND MAGNETICALLY CHARGED STRINGS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 08, no. 28 (November 10, 1993): 5079–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x93002009.
Full textAbstract:
The postulate of SL(2, Z) invariance of toroidally compactified heterotic string theory in four dimensions implies the existence of new string (dual string) states carrying both electric and magnetic charges. In this paper we study the interaction between these dual strings. In particular, we consider the scattering of two such strings in the limit where one string passes through the other string without touching it, and show that such scattering leads to the exchange of a fixed amount of electric and magnetic charge between the two strings.
15
Chua, Pong Kian, Fan-Mei Tang, Jyuan-Yuan Huang, Ching-Shu Suen, and Chiaho Shih. "Testing the Balanced Electrostatic Interaction Hypothesis of Hepatitis B Virus DNA Synthesis by Using an In Vivo Charge Rebalance Approach." Journal of Virology 84, no. 5 (December 16, 2009): 2340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01666-09.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Previously, a charge balance hypothesis was proposed to explain hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid stability, assembly, RNA encapsidation, and DNA replication. This hypothesis emphasized the importance of a balanced electrostatic interaction between the positive charge from the arginine-rich domain (ARD) of the core protein (HBc) and the negative charge from the encapsidated nucleic acid. It remains unclear if any of the negative charge involved in this electrostatic interaction could come from the HBc protein per se, in addition to the encapsidated nucleic acid. HBc ARD IV mutant 173GG and ARD II mutant 173RR/R157A/R158A are arginine deficient and replication defective. Not surprisingly, the replication defect of ARD IV mutant 173GG can be rescued by restoring positively charged amino acids at the adjacent positions 174 and 175. However, most interestingly, it can be at least partially rescued by reducing negatively charged residues in the assembly domain, such as by glutamic acid-to-alanine (E-to-A) substitutions at position 46 or 117 and to a much lesser extent at position 113. Similar results were obtained for ARD II mutant 173RR/R157A/R158A. These amino acids are located on the inner surfaces of HBc icosahedral particles, and their acidic side chains point toward the capsid interior. For HBV DNA synthesis, the relative amount of positive versus negative charge in the electrostatic interactions is more important than the absolute amount of positive or negative charge. These results support the concept that balanced electrostatic interaction is important during the viral life cycle.
16
Peterson, Steven C., Sanghoon Kim, and Jason Adkins. "Surface Charge Effects on Adsorption of Solutes by Poplar and Elm Biochars." C 7, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c7010011.
Full textAbstract:
Elm and poplar are two tree species that can provide a large amount of low-value feedstock for biochar production due to their rapid growth rate (poplar), and susceptibility to disease and/or infestation (both elm and poplar). Biochar has been studied recently as filtration medium for water purification, as it provides a renewable alternative to activated carbon. In this work, the adsorption efficiency of biochars made from elm and poplar as a function of pyrolysis temperature were studied by ultraviolet (UV) adsorption of dyes with positive, neutral, and negative charges to determine what factors had the greatest effect on adsorption of these dyes. It was found that conductivity of the biochars increased with pyrolysis temperature, and that this factor was more important than surface area in terms of adsorbing charged dyes. Both elm and poplar biochars were not effective in adsorbing neutral dyes. This research demonstrates that elm and poplar biochars adsorb charged (either positively or negatively) solutes more efficiently than uncharged ones because they carry both charges themselves. Therefore, these biochars would make excellent candidates as renewable filtration media for charged contaminants.
17
MIRZA, BABUR M. "THE EQUILIBRIUM STRUCTURE OF CHARGED ROTATING RELATIVISTIC STARS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 12 (November 2008): 2291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021827180801387x.
Full textAbstract:
General relativistic equilibrium conditions imply that an electrically charged compact star, in a spherically symmetric configuration, can sustain a huge amount of electric charge (up to 1020 C). The equilibrium, however, is reached under very critical conditions such that a perturbation to the stellar structure can cause these systems to collapse. We study the effects of rotation in charged compact stars and obtain conditions, the modified Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) equations, under which such stars form a stable gravitational system against Coulomb repulsion. We assume the star to be rotating slowly. We also assume that the charge density is proportional to the mass density everywhere inside the star. The modified TOV equations for hydrostatic equilibrium are integrated numerically for the general equation of state for a polytrope. The detailed numerical study shows that the centrifugal force adds to the Coulomb pressure in the star. In the stable equilibrium configurations, therefore, a loss in stellar mass (energy) density occurs for higher values of the angular frequency. The additional energy is radiated in the form of electrical energy. The stellar radius is also decreased so that the star does not necessarily becomes more compact.
18
Greenwood, Eric. "Quantum collapse of a charged n-dimensional BTZ-like domain wall." International Journal of Modern Physics D 26, no. 04 (February 17, 2017): 1750028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271817500286.
Full textAbstract:
We investigate both the classical and quantum gravitational collapse of a massive, charged, nonrotating [Formula: see text]-dimensional Bañados–Teitelboim–Zanelli (BTZ)-like domain wall in AdS space. In the classical picture, we show that, as far as the asymptotic observer is concerned, the details of the collapse depend on the amount of charge present in the domain wall; that is, if the domain wall is extremal, nonextremal or overcharged. In both the extremal and nonextremal cases, the collapse takes an infinite amount of observer time to complete. However, in the over-charged case, the collapse never actually occurs, instead one finds an oscillatory solution which prevents the formation of a naked singularity. As far as the infalling observer is concerned, in the nonextremal case, the collapse is completed within a finite amount of proper time. Thus, the gravitational collapse follows that of the typical formation of a black hole via gravitational collapse.Quantum mechanically, we take the absence of induced quasi-particle production and fluctuations of the metric geometry; that is, we ignore the effect of radiation and back-reaction. For the asymptotic observer, we find that, near the horizon, quantization of the domain wall does not allow the formation of the black hole in a finite amount of observer time. For the infalling observer, we are primarily interested in the quantum mechanical effect as the domain wall approaches the classical singularity. In this region, the main result is that the wave function exhibits nonlocal effects, demonstrated by the fact that the Hamiltonian depends on an infinite number of derivatives that cannot be truncated after a finite number of terms. Furthermore, in the large energy density limit, the wave function vanishes at the classical singularity implying that quantization does not rid the black hole of its singularity.
19
Tseng, Joshua, Harry C. Sax, and Rodrigo F. Alban. "Variability in Critical Care–Related Charge Markups in Medicare Patients." American Surgeon 84, no. 10 (October 2018): 1622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808401017.
Full textAbstract:
Charge markups for health care are variable and inflated several times beyond cost. Using the 2015 Medicare Provider Fee-For-Service Utilization and Payment Data file, we identified providers who billed for critical care hours and related procedures, including CPR, EKG interpretation, central line placement, arterial line placement, chest tube/thoracentesis, and emergent endotracheal intubation. Markup ratios (MRs), defined as the amount charged divided by the amount allowable, were calculated and compared; 42.1 per cent of physicians billing for critical care–related services were specialized in emergency medicine (EM). EM had the highest overall MR (median 4.99, IQR 3.60–6.88) and provided most of the services. MRs differed between genders in select cases (critical care hours: anesthesiology, EM, internal medicine, pulmonary and critical care medicine; CPR, pulmonary and critical care medicine; chest tube placement/thoracentesis, internal medicine). These differences in MR did not correspond to higher rates of Medicare allowable amounts ( P = NS). In conclusion, charge markups significantly varied by physician specialty. EM physicians had the highest MRs for most critical care–related services, including critical care hours, EKG interpretation, CPR, central venous line placement, and emergent endotracheal intubation. EM physicians also provided most of these services. Charge markups are associated with adverse consequences and represent potential targets for cost containment and consumer protection.
20
Liu, Yu, Xi Chen, and Kai Tang. "Research on the Charged Omni-Directional Spatial Electric Field Tester." Advanced Materials Research 681 (April 2013): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.681.110.
Full textAbstract:
The spatial electric field tester is mainly used for the measurement of high-altitude electrostatic field. The spatial electric field tester will be electrostatically charged during the period it is sent to a certain height by a micro-rocket. In order to study the charge characteristics, the paper analyzes the charging mechanism of the omni-directional spatial electric field tester and builds mathematics model for the friction charging, which is a main factor of the charging process. The numerical calculation and experimental research demonstrate that the friction introduces a slow charge accumulation process for the electric field instrument in the course of its campaign. Under the testing conditions in this paper, the charge amount is 10-11 C within the 6s duration. In order to improve the accuracy of the electric field measurement, a time-frequency analysis method can be adopted to remove the slow-varying electric field signal.
21
Mohammad Alavi, Seyed, and Erfan Bagani. "Electron mobility limited by scattering from threading dislocation lines within gallium nitride." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 09 (April 10, 2016): 1650050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216500508.
Full textAbstract:
Theoretical as well as experimental studies in the literature suggest that defect sites associated with the threading dislocation lines within [Formula: see text]-type gallium nitride (GaN) act to trap free electrons from the bulk of this semiconductor material. As a result, the core of the threading dislocation lines become negatively charged. The charge accumulated along the core of a threading dislocation line should be screened by a charge of opposite polarity and equal in absolute value per unit length along the dislocation line. In the present work, we model this screened charge buildup along the threading dislocation lines by two concentric space-charge cylinders. Quantum mechanical theory of scattering in cylindrical coordinates is then employed in order to numerically compute the electron mobility limited by scattering from the charged threading dislocation lines. The dependence of the computed electron mobility on the dislocation line density and on the amount of charge accumulated per unit length along the core of the dislocation lines is also investigated in this work. Our computed electron mobility results are compared with results from existing calculations of the GaN dislocation scattering limited electron mobility in the literature.
22
Llamas, Sara, Eduardo Guzmán, Francisco Ortega, and Ramón G. Rubio. "Adsorption of Mixtures of a Pegylated Lipid with Anionic and Zwitterionic Surfactants at Solid/Liquid." Colloids and Interfaces 4, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids4040047.
Full textAbstract:
This work explores the association of a pegylated lipid (DSPE-PEG) with different anionic and zwitterionic surfactants (pseudo-binary and pseudo-ternary polymer+ surfactant mixtures), and the adsorption of the polymer + surfactant aggregates onto negatively charged surfaces, with a surface charge density similar to that existing on the damaged hair epicuticle. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements shows that, in solution, the polymer + surfactant association results from an intricate balance between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, which leads to the formation of at least two different types of micellar-like polymer + surfactant aggregates. The structure and physicochemical properties of such aggregates were found strongly dependent on the specific nature and concentration of the surfactant. The adsorption of the polymer + surfactant aggregates onto negatively charged surface was studied using a set of surface-sensitive techniques (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, ellipsometry and Atomic Force Microscopy), which allows obtaining information about the adsorbed amount, the water content of the layers and the topography of the obtained films. Ion-dipole interactions between the negative charges of the surface and the oxyethylene groups of the polymer + surfactant aggregates appear as the main driving force of the deposition process. This is strongly dependent on the surfactant nature and its concentration, with the impact of the latter on the adsorption being especially critical when anionic surfactant are incorporated within the aggregates. This study opens important perspectives for modulating the deposition of a poorly interacting polymer onto negatively charged surfaces, which can impact in the fabrication on different aspects with technological and industrial interest.
23
Zeng, Lingda, Yincheng Chang, Yukun Wu, Jinpeng Yang, Jiang-Fei Xu, and Xi Zhang. "Charge-reversal surfactant antibiotic material for reducing microbial corrosion in petroleum exploitation and transportation." Science Advances 6, no. 25 (June 2020): eaba7524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7524.
Full textAbstract:
The corrosions caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are serious problems in petroleum exploitation and transportation, which can lead to safety problems, environmental pollutions, and economic losses. Here, a charge-reversal surfactant antibiotic material N-dodecyl-1-carboxylic acid-1-cyclohexenyl-2-carboxamide (C12N-DCA) is designed and synthesized. C12N-DCA is a negatively charged surfactant, which cannot be adsorbed by soil and rock in a large amount. Therefore, it can reach the “lesion location”, with enough concentration. After being hydrolyzed and charge reversed under the acceleration of H2S produced by SRB, C12N-DCA becomes a positively charged surfactant dodecane ammonium salt to kill SRB. Through a simulating experiment, it is found that C12N-DCA can reach the SRB inhibition ratio of almost 100%, and it can reduce iron corrosion by 88%. Such an antibiotic material or its homologs may be added to the chemical flooding fluids, killing SRB during petroleum exploitation and reducing the SRB-induced corrosion in the petroleum exploitation and transportation.
24
Srinivasan, Avinash, Weiding Han, and Anjam Khursheed. "Secondary Electron Energy Contrast of Localized Buried Charge in Metal–Insulator–Silicon Structures." Microscopy and Microanalysis 24, no. 5 (October 2018): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927618015052.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper presents a new method for creating and monitoring controlled localized negatively charged regions inside insulators with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A localized buried charged region is created and observed close to the point where a high voltage primary beam (10 kV) strikes a metal–insulator–silicon specimen. The amount of buried charge within the insulator at any given moment can be dynamically monitored by detecting the appearance of a second peak in the secondary electron (SE) energy spectrum. SE energy spectral signals were obtained through the use of a compact high signal-to-noise energy analyzer attachment that was fitted on to the SEM specimen stage. An electrostatic model, together with Monte Carlo simulations, is presented to explain how the SE charge contrast effect functions. This model is then experimentally confirmed by using the SE energy spectral signal induced by a gallium ion beam inside a dual focused ion beam-SEM instrument.
25
Wainaina, Patrick, Musa Njue, and Wilson Ogola. "Numerical model to optimize the refrigerant charge for maximum refrigeration capacity." Thermal Science 17, no. 4 (2013): 989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci110428081w.
Full textAbstract:
Refrigeration systems require optimal amount of refrigerant for maximum system performance. Undercharged or overcharged systems experience reduced efficiency and accessories deterioration. Optimal amount of refrigerant to be charged in a refrigeration system depends on the physical and thermal dynamic properties of the evaporator and the refrigerant. This paper presents formulation of a numerical model that can be used in determination of optimal amount of refrigerant charged in a system for maximum cooling rate as hence maximum system performance. Rayleigh?s method of dimensional analysis was used obtain the relationship between the maximum cooling rates of direct expansion evaporators as a function of thermodynamic properties of refrigerant R-134a, Different sizes of evaporator were fitted in the refrigeration system and charged with systematically varying amount of refrigerant until a maximum cooling rate was determined. The variation of pressures and temperatures both at the inlet and exit of the evaporator were observed and analyzed. The cooling rate of the numerical model formulated was compared with the cooling rate the actual physical refrigeration system. A t-test of 95% confidence interval indicated no significance difference between the numerical model, and the physical refrigeration system.
26
Eriksson, L., and B. Alm. "Characterization of Activated Sludge and Conditioning with Cationic Polyelectrolytes." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0048.
Full textAbstract:
Three cationic polyelectrolytes with different charge densities were used to condition activated sludge samples from a municipal plant during a period when the sludge characteristics changed strongly. Initially the sludge had high residual turbidity after sedimentation, high filtration resistance, low floc strength and high amounts of extractable extracellular polymers (ECP). These problems could be related to the snow melting that was going on. When that ceased the sludge recovered as shown by decreased residual turbidity, filtration resistance and amount of extractable ECP and increased floc strength. The polyelectrolytes with 40 and 100 % charge density gave good and similar filterabilities during the whole investigation period. With the 10 % charged polymer the filtration resistance was generally higher and especially so during the snow melting period. The reason is that low charge density polymers flocculate with a bridging mechanism. This gives a flexible floc structure which allows the formation of dense filter cakes and also to some extent preserves the original structure. High charge density polymers give closer contacts between the particles and thus a more inflexible and open structure which is favourable in filtration.
27
Azam, M., S. A. Mardan, and M. A. Rehman. "Fate of Electromagnetic Field on the Cracking of PSR J1614-2230 in Quadratic Regime." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/865086.
Full textAbstract:
We study the cracking of compact object PSR J1614-2230 in quadratic regime with electromagnetic field. For this purpose, we develop a general formalism to determine the cracking of charged compact objects. We apply local density perturbations to hydrostatic equilibrium equation as well as physical variables involved in the model. We plot the force distribution function against radius of the star with different parametric values of model both with and without charge. It is found that PSR J1614-2230 remains stable (no cracking) corresponding to different values of parameters when charge is zero, while it exhibits cracking (unstable) when charge is introduced. We conclude that stability region increases as amount of charge increases.
28
Greenwood, Eric. "Classical and quantum equations of motion of a 4-dimensional Schwarzschild–AdS and Reissner–Nordström–AdS black hole." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 04 (March 2019): 1950061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819500615.
Full textAbstract:
We investigate the gravitational collapse of both a massive (Schwarzschild–AdS) and a massive-charged (Reissner–Nordström–AdS) 4-dimensional domain wall in AdS space. Here, we consider both the classical and quantum collapse, in the absence of quasi-particle production and backreaction. For the massive case, we show that, as far as the asymptotic observer is concerned, the collapse takes an infinite amount of time to occur in both the classical and quantum cases. Hence, quantizing the domain wall does not lead to the formation of the black hole in a finite amount of time. For the infalling observer, we find that the domain wall collapses to both the event horizon and the classical singularity in a finite amount of proper time. In the region of the classical singularity, however, the wave function exhibits both nonlocal and nonsingular effects. For the massive-charged case, we show that, as far as the asymptotic observer is concerned, the details of the collapse depend on the amount of charge present; that is, the extremal, nonextremal and overcharged cases. In the overcharged case, the collapse never fully occurs since the solution is an oscillatory solution which prevents the formation of a naked singularity. For the extremal and nonextremal cases, it takes an infinite amount of time for the outer horizon to form. For the infalling observer in the nonextremal case, we find that the domain wall collapses to both the event horizon and the classical singularity in a finite amount of proper time. In the region of the classical singularity, the wave function also exhibits both nonlocal and nonsingular effects. Furthermore, in the large energy density limit, the wave function vanishes as the domain wall approaches classical singularity implying that the quantization does not rid the black hole of its singular nature.
29
Gallardo-Lozano, Javier, Abdul Lateef, Enrique Romero-Cadaval, and M. Isabel Milanés-Montero. "Active Battery Balancing for Battery Packs." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2013-0006.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn electric vehicle applications, it is necessary to use series strings of batteries since the required voltage is higher than the one that can be obtained from a single battery. Due to several factors, imbalance of batteries in these battery systems is usual and an important factor that has to be taken into account. Many balancing methods have been developed with a lot of different advantages, but all of them also have a lot of disadvantages such as complexity and/or high cost, which are the common problems that can be found in most of these equalization methods. In the present work, a low cost and very simple equalization method is proposed, in which a novel control is applied to a shunting transistor topology. It allows the transistors to regulate the amount of current that goes through each battery cell in the string depending on their State of Charge (SOC), during the charging process. This control ensures that the least charged cells to be charged faster, and the most charged ones to be charged more slowly. Design criteria are discussed and simulation results are carried out in a generic battery low power application which proves the control method. Fast equalization with a low complexity and cost is obtained
30
Horvat, D., and S. Ilijić. "Regular and singular solutions for charged dust distributions in the Einstein-Maxwell theory." Canadian Journal of Physics 85, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p07-090.
Full textAbstract:
Solutions for the static spherically symmetric extremally charged dust in the Majumdar–Papapetrou system have been found. For a certain amount of the allocated mass and (or) charge, the solutions have singularities of a type that could render them physically unacceptable, since the corresponding physically relevant quantities are singular as well. These solutions, with a number of zero-nodes in the metric tensor, are regularized through the δ-shell formalism, thus redefining the mass and (or) charge distributions. The bifurcating behaviour of regular solutions found before is no longer present in these singular solutions, but quantized-like behaviour in the total mass is observed. The spectrum of regularized solutions restores the equality of the Tolman–Whittaker and Arnowitt–Deser–Misner (ADM) mass, as well the equality of the net charge and ADM mass, which is the distinctive feature of Majumdar–Papapetrou systems.PACS No.:04.40.Nr
31
Yu, Jian, Aiyi Zou, Wenting He, and Bin Liu. "Adsorption of Mixed Dye System with Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Modified Sepiolite: Characterization, Performance, Kinetics and Thermodynamics." Water 12, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040981.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, sepiolite was modified by calcination (200 °C) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) treatment. Though the specific surface area sharply declined, the adsorption amount of Acid Orange II (AO), Reactive Blue (RB), Acid Fuchsin (AR) and their mixed solution were improved. The morphology of modified sepiolite showed a better dispersibility and looser structure. The adsorption performance was highly impacted by the pH condition and adsorbent dosage. The electrostatic attraction of positively charged adsorption sites on the adsorbent surface and the negatively charged anionic dye could enhance the adsorption amount especially under acid condition. The order of preferentially adsorbed dye was AO > RB > AR. The adsorption process was much correlated to the quasi-second-order reaction kinetics. The adsorption amount and equilibrium amount of single dye system, as well as in the mixed system were in accordance with the Langmuir model and extended Langmuir isotherm.
32
Lee, Jongman, Oh-Sun Kwon, Kwanwoo Shin, Ju-Myung Song, Joon-Seop Kim, Young-Soo Seo, Giyoong Tae, and Sangyong Jon. "Surface Modification for Polystyrene Colloidal Particles with Controlled Charge Densities." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18080.
Full textAbstract:
A significant amount of polystyrene sulfonated acid (PSSA) and poly(styrene-ran-acrylic acid) (PSAA) random copolymer can be adsorbed by dispersion of PS particles via a swelling-quenching process. A THF-water mixed solvent was used in the swelling process and a large amount of pure water was used, to give a low concentration of THF% in quenching process. Our results showed that functional PSSA groups were randomly and tightly adsorbed to the PS particles. When the mol.% of charged segments was increased, the progressive adsorption of PSSA chains to the PS particles leads to an increase in the electrophoretic mobility and zeta-potential of aqueous dispersions. Thus, we were able to obtain well-distributed surface charge density on the PS particles.
33
Tan, Fang Xiang, Li Li Meng, Fan Wang, Hai Feng Su, Yun Fei Long, Yan Xuan Wen, and Ke Di Yang. "Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of LiFePO4C by a Novel Carbothermal Reduction Technology." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1108.
Full textAbstract:
LiFePO4/C composites were synthesized by a novel carbothermal reduction method based on the low-temperature solution reaction between LiNO3-Fe (NO3)3-NH4H2PO4-sucrose. The sucrose amount, sintering temperature, sintering time, and heating temperature for synthesis of LiFePO4/C cathode was optimized. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and charge–discharge tests. The results showed that sintering temperature and sucrose amount have more significant effects on discharge capacity than drying temperature and sintering time. Optimum LiFePO4/C was prepared by sintering the precursor obtained by heating at 60 with a sucrose amount of 5.0g at 800.0 for 12 h. Being charged–discharged at 0.5C between 2.5 and 4.2 V, the LiFePO4/C synthesized at the optimum conditions shows good electrochemical performances with an initial discharge capacity of 138.7 mAh·g−1and a capacity retention ratio of 98.6% after 50 cycles.
34
Noguchi, H., A. Nakajima, T. Watanabe, and K. Hashimoto. "Removal of bromate ion from water using TiO2 and alumina-loaded TiO2 photocatalysts." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2002): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0712.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of pH and the surface charge of photocatalyst on photocatalytic reduction of bromate ions in water were examined by using TiO2 and alumina-loaded TiO2 photocatalysts. The amount of adsorbed bromate ion on TiO2 and the reduction rate of bromate ion by the TiO2 photocatalyst increased with lowering pH. It was suggested that the bromate ion adsorbed predominantly on the positively charged surface sites of TiO2 at lower pH, which thus promotes the rate of reduction. The iso-electric point of the TiO2 photocatalyst was shifted to the higher pH region by loading alumina on the TiO2 surface, which resulted in the increase of the adsorbed amount of bromate on the photocatalyst and the reduction rate of bromate ion by the photocatalyst at neutral pH. It was concluded from these results that the photocatalytic reduction of bromate ion can be promoted by pH control of water or by controlling the surface charge of the photocatalyst by loading alumina without pH control of water.
35
Yang, Ren Shu, Xiang Tao Gao, and Yu Long Che. "Experiment on Different Length/Diameter Ratio Charge Explosive Strain Wave Propagation in Rock." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.343.
Full textAbstract:
In order to explore the blasting effect with charged by different length/diameter ratio in rock, adopted ultra-dynamic strain testing system to test the blasting strain wave with charged by little amount of explosives and different length/diameter in the rock models. Analyzed the radial blasting strain wave signal in the medium under the conditions of coupling charging explosive loading, got the generalities and difference of the explosive strain waveform features with charged by different length/diameter ratio, and relationship of peak strain with the relative distance. The results show that peak strain was greatly affected by the change of length/diameter ratio and charge mass in the area of close blasting source, when the relative distance is more than 45, the influence is less. Made the length/diameter ratio is 20 to be the boundary, when the length/diameter ratio is greater than 20, the peak strain attenuated slowly. The explosive energy of the big length/diameter ratio is relatively decentralized to the medium, improved the energy utilization ratio of explosives. The measured results provided a new experimental basis to further understand correctly the rock blasting mechanism.
36
Fifer, Robert C. "Hearing Aid Reimbursement: A Discussion of Influencing Factors." Seminars in Hearing 41, no. 01 (February 2020): 055–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701245.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractReimbursement for hearing aids in the present time has become as complicated, if not more so, than any other area of health care. For many years, hearing aids were a noncovered item where insurance was concerned. The predominant model of bundling costs into a single dollar amount was copied decades ago from hearing instrument specialists. However, insurance companies and federal agencies are increasingly covering the cost of the diagnostic hearing evaluation and at least some of the costs associated with hearing aid purchases. One operational question is whether the bundled charge model is still appropriate, or should audiologists follow more closely the example of optometry whereby professional services are charged separately from the cost of goods sold? The models that have evolved constitute a broad mixture of bundling, partial bundling (i.e., partial unbundling), and complete unbundling. There exists no uniformity for which charge method is best. But, with greater frequency, insurance requirements are forcing a movement toward partial or complete unbundling of associated costs. Regardless of which charge model is adopted, calculation of the cost of service delivery for each audiology practice is an essential business component to justify charges and make educated decisions regarding participation in various insurance, cooperative, or network plans.
37
Button, Julie M., and Suchetana Mukhopadhyay. "Removing the Polyanionic Cargo Requirement for Assembly of Alphavirus Core-Like Particles to Make an Empty Alphavirus Core." Viruses 12, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080846.
Full textAbstract:
The assembly of alphavirus nucleocapsid cores requires electrostatic interactions between the positively charged N-terminus of the capsid protein (CP) and the encapsidated polyanionic cargo. This system differs from many other viruses that can self-assemble particles in the absence of cargo, or form “empty” particles. We hypothesized that the introduction of a mutant, anionic CP could replace the need for charged cargo during assembly. In this work, we produced a CP mutant, Minus 38 (M38), where all N-terminal charged residues are negatively-charged. When wild-type (WT) and M38 CPs were mixed, they assembled into core-like particles (CLPs). These “empty” particles were of similar size and morphology to WT CLPs assembled with DNA cargo, but did not contain nucleic acid. When DNA cargo was added to the assembly mixture, the amount of M38 CP that was assembled into CLPs decreased, but was not fully excluded from the CLPs, suggesting that M38 competes with DNA to interact with WT CPs. The composition of CLPs can be tuned by altering the order of addition of M38 CP, WT CP, and DNA cargo. The ability to produce alphavirus CLPs that contain a range of amounts of encapsidated cargo, including none, introduces a new platform for packaging cargo for delivery or imaging purposes.
38
Milewska-Hendel, Anna, Maciej Zubko, Danuta Stróż, and Ewa Kurczyńska. "Effect of Nanoparticles Surface Charge on the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Roots Development and Their Movement into the Root Cells and Protoplasts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 3, 2019): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071650.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing usage of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in different industrial areas inevitably leads to their release into the environment. Thus, living organisms, including plants, may be exposed to a direct contact with nanoparticles (NPs). Despite the growing amount of research on this topic, our knowledge about NPs uptake by plants and their influence on different developmental processes is still insufficient. The first physical barrier for NPs penetration to the plant body is a cell wall which protects cytoplasm from external factors and environmental stresses. The absence of a cell wall may facilitate the internalization of various particles including NPs. Our studies have shown that AuNPs, independently of their surface charge, did not cross the cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) roots. However, the research carried out with using light and transmission electron microscope revealed that AuNPs with different surface charge caused diverse changes in the root’s histology and ultrastructure. Therefore, we verified whether this is only the wall which protects cells against particles penetration and for this purpose we used protoplasts culture. It has been shown that plasma membrane (PM) is not a barrier for positively charged (+) AuNPs and negatively charged (−) AuNPs, which passage to the cell.
39
Esteves, Cláudia V., Olena Sevastyanova, Sören Östlund, and Elisabet Brännvall. "Differences and similarities between kraft and oxygen delignification of softwood fibers: effects on mechanical properties." Cellulose 28, no. 6 (February 27, 2021): 3775–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03781-2.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractCharged groups in pulp have been shown to enhance the tensile strength of the paper produced from the pulp. Oxygen delignification introduces charged groups and it is of interest to determine how the delignification should be distributed between the cooking and the oxygen stage with respect to mechanical properties. A number of unbleached kraft cooked and oxygen delignified pulps within a wide kappa number range were produced and refined, and the effects of the refining on the morphology and mechanical properties were studied. The WRV correlated with the fiber charge and at a given fiber charge, kraft cooked and oxygen delignified pulps had the same WRV development in refining, although they had significantly different kappa numbers. The tensile strength development during refining depends on the fiber rigidity which is affected by the lignin content, the fiber charge and the chemical and mechanical processes used. Refining increased the curl of the kraft cooked pulps and decreased the curl of oxygen delignified pulps, irrespective of kappa number. A greater increase in tensile strength was seen for the pulps with a higher fiber charge and WRV, probably because of the greater degree of fibrillation achieved in the beating process. Despite the greater fiber deformation in the oxygen delignified pulps, the strength can be increased by a larger amount of charged groups and a greater swelling of the fibers. Graphic abstract
40
Zhang, Haojie, Miao Lv, Jianzhong Jiang, Zhenggang Cui, Wenshui Xia, and Bernard P. Binks. "Conversion of bile salts from inferior emulsifier to efficient smart emulsifier assisted by negatively charged nanoparticles at low concentrations." Chemical Science 12, no. 35 (2021): 11845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc02596a.
Full text
41
Argaiz, Maialen, Fernando Ruipérez, Miren Aguirre, and Radmila Tomovska. "Ionic Inter-Particle Complexation Effect on the Performance of Waterborne Coatings." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183098.
Full textAbstract:
The performance of waterborne (meth)acrylic coatings is critically affected by the film formation process, in which the individual polymer particles must join to form a continuous film. Consequently, the waterborne polymers present lower performance than their solvent-borne counter-polymers. To decrease this effect, in this work, ionic complexation between oppositely charged polymer particles was introduced and its effect on the performance of waterborne polymer films was studied. The (meth)acrylic particles were charged by the addition of a small amount of ionic monomers, such as sodium styrene sulfonate and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. Density functional theory calculations showed that the interaction between the selected main charges of the respective functional monomers (sulfonate–amine) is favored against the interactions with their counter ions (sulfonate–Na and amine–H). To induce ionic complexation, the oppositely charged latexes were blended, either based on the same number of charges or the same number of particles. The performance of the ionic complexed coatings was determined by means of tensile tests and water uptake measurements. The ionic complexed films were compared with reference films obtained at pH at which the cationic charges were in neutral form. The mechanical resistance was raised slightly by ionic bonding between particles, producing much more flexible films, whereas the water penetration within the polymeric films was considerably hindered. By exploring the process of polymer chains interdiffusion using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analysis, it was found that the ionic complexation was established between the particles, which reduced significantly the interdiffusion process of polymer chains. The presented ionic complexes of sulfonate–amine functionalized particles open a promising approach for reinforcing waterborne coatings.
42
Manaka, Toshiaki, Masaya Aoki, and Goroh Itoh. "Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy Study on the Hydrogen Behavior in a Plasma-Charged Aluminum." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1220.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrogen in aluminum has been known to be the cause of blister and pore. Some aluminum alloy is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking, which is based on intergranular cracking arisen from hydrogen embrittlement. The behavior of hydrogen in aluminum has not been fully understood yet. Hydrogen gas plasma enables to introduce high hydrogen concentrations into specimen without Al (OH)3 layer on the surface of specimen. In this paper, we have investigated the behavior of hydrogen in a plasma charged aluminum by means of thermal desorption spectroscopy, a method to evaluate the amount and trap states of hydrogen. Cold-rolled pure aluminum were annealed, electro-polished and charged with hydrogen gas plasma. Immediately after hydrogen gas plasma charging, TDS tests were performed under ultra-high vacuum. The hydrogen desorption spectrums obtained by TDS tests had three peaks corresponding to the co-diffusion of hydrogen-vacancy pair, dislocation and pore. Compared to a sample without charging, in a plasma charged sample, the amount of hydrogen trapped in vacancies especially increased.
43
M. Kopak, Albert, and Norman G. Hoffmann. "The association between drug dependence and drug possession charges." Drugs and Alcohol Today 14, no. 2 (May 27, 2014): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-10-2013-0043.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to investigate the extent to which drug dependence was associated with the probability of being charged with drug possession compared to drug sales or other offenses. Design/methodology/approach – Data were drawn from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) II program which collected information from ten cities across the USA between April 1 and September 30, 2010. The sample was comprised of male arrestees between the ages of 18-65 who reported past drug use (n=2,193). Findings – Multinomial logistic regression results indicated the odds of being arrested for drug possession compared to other types of offenses increased by 12 percent for each additional symptom of drug dependence reported by arrestees (RRR=1.12, 95 percent CI=1.06-1.19). In contrast, drug dependence did not predict an increased probability of being charged with drug sales over other types of offenses or drug possession charges. Practical implications – This evidence suggests drug dependence was a preeminent factor in the likelihood arrestees were charged with drug possession. Criminal justice policies should prioritize dependence assessment and formulate individualized treatment plans to realize a significant reduction in the amount of possession cases processed through the system. Originality/value – There have been many empirically underdeveloped arguments calling for the decriminalization of drug possession, but none have considered the importance of drug dependence as a preeminent reason why offenders receive possession charges. This research provides a clear and concise illustration of why drug dependence needs to be acknowledged in policy-oriented discussions focused on the criminalization of drug possession.
44
Kim, Kyung Su, and Hong-Gyun Wu. "Who Will Benefit from Charged-Particle Therapy?" Cancer Research and Treatment 53, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.299.
Full textAbstract:
Charged-particle therapy (CPT) such as proton beam therapy (PBT) and carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) exhibit substantial physical and biological advantages compared to conventional photon radiotherapy. As it can reduce the amount of radiation irradiated in the normal organ, CPT has been mainly applied to pediatric cancer and radioresistent tumors in the eloquent area. Although there is a possibility of greater benefits, high set-up cost and dearth of high level of clinical evidence hinder wide applications of CPT. This review aims to present recent clinical results of PBT and CIRT in selected diseases focusing on possible indications of CPT. We also discussed how clinical studies are conducted to increase the number of patients who can benefit from CPT despite its high cost.
45
Hao, Wen Ge, Xiao Zhen Ren, Meng Cheng Li, and Ru Li. "Study on Non-Static Collection Theory for Dust of Electrostatic Precipitator." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2849.
Full textAbstract:
In order to further improve the collection efficiency of ESP especially for high-resistivity dust and perfect electrostatic collection theory, how dust layer effects collection efficiency should be revealed more accurately. Taking dust layer as research object, the paper has theoretically analysed the charge distribution of dust layer based on basic principles of electrostatics and Ohm’s Law in order to deduce the formula of the amount of accumulated charge in dust layer. The formula of electric-field strength formed by accumulated charges in collection space was deduced according to the principle of constant voltage and the potential continuity principle of phase boundary. Then the formulas of calculating the effective collecting electric-field and the effective theory migration velocity of charged particles were obtained. The theoretical criterion of occurring back corona was proposed by theoretical analysis of distribution characteristics of electric-field strength in dust layer. Besides that, the elaboration of non-static electrostatic collection theory has enriched and developed the traditional electrostatic collection theory. The paper has player an important role in the design of structure and the selection of operating parameters of ESP, and in the direction to explore the new ways of improving collection efficiency of high-resistivity dust.
46
Wide, Leif, and Bruce Hobson. "Influence of the assay method used on the selection of the most active forms of FSH from the human pituitary." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 1 (September 1986): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1130017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The biological properties of different forms of human pituitary FSH, varying in their molecular charge, were investigated. FSH in two individual human pituitaries and a pool of 30 human pituitaries was extracted and subjected to electrophoresis. From each electrophoresis 14 consecutive fractions with the highest RIA activity were examined with in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The in vitro assay was based upon the estimation of oestradiol produced by cultured Sertoli cells from 10 day old rats. The in vivo bioassay was an hCG augmented test using immature female mice injected on 3 consecutive days. The increase in ovarian weight was the index of response. Both in the individual and in the pooled pituitary material the less negatively charged forms had the highest activity in the in vitro bioassay. In contrast, the more negatively charged forms had the highest activity in the in vivo bioassay. Forms of FSH from each of the two individual pituitary extracts were pooled according to their migration rate and injected iv into mice. The amount of FSH remaining in the circulation of the mouse after 1 h was related to the molecular charge. The highest value was obtained with the pool containing the more negatively charged forms of the hormone. The results indicate that the disappearance rate of the FSH molecule is a dominant factor in the in vivo bioassay. A consequence of these observations will be that the assay method chosen to monitor the purification of FSH will have a major influence on the biological properties of the final preparation.
47
Lim, Hyeon Ha, Seung Ho Lee, Hyung Mi Lim, and Dae Sung Kim. "Preparation of ZnO Nanosol Dispersed in Aqueous Medium and its Dispersion Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 481 (December 2013): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.481.66.
Full textAbstract:
Highly dispersed ZnO nanosol, having an average particle size of about 40nm based on Particle Size Analysis (PSA), was prepared under aqueous solution without the removal of large particles by centrifugation. The ZnO nanosol was investigated on the effect of various dispersion parameters, i.e. milling time, dispersant content, pH, etc. The nanosol was effectively dispersed at 20~30 wt% of dispersant amount compared to ZnO content under ball-milling for 10 hours at pH 10. The dispersion characteristic of the nanosol was investigated into particle size and zeta potential. We discussed on the dispersion behavior of (-) charged ZnO particle surrounded by dispersant together with the variation of (-) charged dispersant's amount in aqueous medium at pH 10. The ZnO powder and nanosol were characterized by SEM, TEM, TGA, FT-IR, PSA and Zeta-potential.
48
Mahmood, Haroon, Laura Simonini, Andrea Dorigato, and Alessandro Pegoretti. "Graphene Deposition on Glass Fibers by Triboelectrification." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073123.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, a novel nanomaterial deposition technique involving the triboelectrification (TE) of glass fibers (GF) to create attractive charges on their surface was investigated. Through TE, continuous GF were positively charged thus, attracting negatively charged graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles dispersed in a solution. The electrical charges on the glass fibers surface increased with the intensity of the TE process. The deposited GO coating was then chemically treated to obtain reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the surface of GFs. The amount of coating obtained increased with the GO solution concentration used during the deposition process, as revealed by FESEM analysis. However, the same increment could not be noticed as a function of the intensity of the process. Both uncoated and coated GF were used to obtain single fiber microcomposites by using a bicomponent epoxy matrix. The fiber/matrix interfacial shear strength was evaluated through micro debonding tests, which revealed an increment of fiber/matrix adhesion up to 45% for rGO coated GF in comparison to the uncoated ones. A slight improvement in the electrical conductivity of rGO coated fibers through TE compared to conventional dip coating was also observed in terms of volumetric resistivity by a four-point probe setup.
49
Van Dyke, Frances. "Activities: Visualizing Cost, Revenue, and Profit." Mathematics Teacher 91, no. 6 (September 1998): 488–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.91.6.0488.
Full textAbstract:
Cost, revenue, and profit are frequently used in applications and are often modeled with linear functions. The sheets in this activity are designed to help students become familiar with the graphs, equations, and tables of these functions. For the cost line, we assume that certain fixed one-time costs occur and that a specific cost can be associated with each unit produced. For the revenue line, a fixed amount per unit is charged for the product, and the revenue is obtained from that charge. In this activity, we assume that everything that is produced is sold, so the profit is found by subtracting costs from revenue.
50
Liu, Yun Jian, Hua Jun Guo, Xin Hai Li, and Zhi Xing Wang. "Study on the Storage Performance of Manganese Spinel Battery." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1395.
Full textAbstract:
The power battery was manufactured with the commercial LiMn2O4 and graphite, and its storage performances with different charged state were studied. Structure, morphology and surface state change of the LiMn2O4 before and after storage were observed by XRD, XPS and AC technique, respectively. The result shows that the capacity recovery of LiMn2O4 stored at discharge state is best (99.2%). While that of full-charged state is worst (93.6%). The cyclic performance of LiMn2O4 stored at full-charged state is best (capacity retention ratio of 89.8% after 200 cycles), while that of before storage is 83.0%. The crystal of the spinel was destroyed after storage, and the intensity of breakage is increased with charged state increasing. The amount of soluble Mn and Li-ion migration resistance (Rf) are increased with chare state increasing, and the oxygen loss is detected.