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1

Orefice, Ida, Sergio Balzano, Giovanna Romano, and Angela Sardo. "Amphidinium spp. as a Source of Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and Anticancer Compounds." Life 13, no. 11 (2023): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13112164.

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Dinoflagellates make up the second largest marine group of marine unicellular eukaryotes in the world ocean and comprise both heterotrophic and autotrophic species, encompassing a wide genetic and chemical diversity. They produce a plethora of secondary metabolites that can be toxic to other species and are mainly used against predators and competing species. Dinoflagellates are indeed often responsible for harmful algal bloom, where their toxic secondary metabolites can accumulate along the food chain, leading to significant damages to the ecosystem and human health. Secondary metabolites fro
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2

Luo, Zhaohe, Na Wang, Hala F. Mohamed, et al. "Amphidinium stirisquamtum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate with a novel type of body scale." Algae 36, no. 4 (2021): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2021.36.8.27.

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Amphidinium species are amongst the most abundant benthic dinoflagellates in marine intertidal sandy ecosystems. Some of them produce a variety of bioactive compounds that have both harmful effects and pharmaceutical potential. In this study, Amphidinium cells were isolated from intertidal sand collected from the East China Sea. The two strains established were subjected to detailed examination by light, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The vegetative cells had a minute, irregular, and triangular-shaped epicone deflected to the left, thus fitting the description of Amphidiniu
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3

Molina-Miras, Alejandro, Alejandro Bueso-Sánchez, María del Carmen Cerón-García, Asterio Sánchez-Mirón, Antonio Contreras-Gómez, and Francisco García-Camacho. "Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Light Colimitation on Amphidinol Production and Growth in the Marine Dinoflagellate Microalga Amphidinium carterae." Toxins 14, no. 9 (2022): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090594.

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The marine dinoflagellate microalga Amphidinium carterae is a source of amphidinols, a fascinating group of polyketide metabolites potentially useful in drug design. However, Amphidinium carterae grows slowly and produces these toxins in tiny amounts, representing a hurdle for large-scale production. Understanding dinoflagellate growth kinetics under different photobioreactor conditions is imperative for promoting the successful implementation of a full-scale integrated bioproduct production system. This study evaluates the feasibility of growing Amphidinium carterae under different ranges of
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4

Kubota, Takaaki, Takahiro Iwai, Haruaki Ishiyama, Kanae Sakai, Tohru Gonoi, and Jun’ichi Kobayashi. "Amphidinin G, a putative biosynthetic precursor of amphidinin A from marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." Tetrahedron Letters 56, no. 8 (2015): 990–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.058.

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5

Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo de Mattos. "Criptógamos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP. Algas, 32: Dinophyceae (famílias Dinococcaceae, Gymnodiniaceae e Hemidiniaceae)." Hoehnea 38, no. 1 (2011): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2236-89062011000100008.

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Levantamento florístico dos representantes das famílias Dinococcaceae, Gymnodiniaceae e Hemidiniaceae (Dinophyceae) do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, Brasil. Cinco gêneros (Amphidinium, Dinococcus, Gymnodinium, Hemidinium e Katodinium) e 14 espécies (quatro de Amphidinium, quatro de Hemidinium, três de Gymnodinium, duas de Katodinium e uma de Dinococcus) e duas variedades que não são as típicas de suas respectivas espécies foram identificados. Amphidinium kesslitzii Schiller var. kesslitzii, Gymnodinium fuscum (Ehrenberg) Stein e Hemidinium brasiliense C. Bicudo & Skvor
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6

Kubota, Takaaki, Takahiro Iwai, Kanae Sakai, Tohru Gonoi, and Jun’ichi Kobayashi. "Amphidinins C–F, Amphidinolide Q Analogues from Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." Organic Letters 16, no. 21 (2014): 5624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol502685z.

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7

Kubota, Takaaki, Tetsuya Endo, Yohei Takahashi, Masashi Tsuda, and Jun'ichi Kobayashi. "Amphidinin B, a New Polyketide Metabolite from Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." Journal of Antibiotics 59, no. 8 (2006): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ja.2006.72.

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8

Durán-Riveroll, Lorena María, Oscar E. Juárez, Yuri B. Okolodkov, et al. "Morphological and Molecular Characterization of the Benthic Dinoflagellate Amphidinium from Coastal Waters of Mexico." Phycology 3, no. 2 (2023): 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/phycology3020020.

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The genus Amphidinium Clap. & J. Lachm. comprises a high diversity of planktonic and benthic (epiphytic and sand-dwelling) dinoflagellates from marine and freshwater ecosystems. High morphological plasticity and vaguely defined genus characteristics (e.g., a small epicone size) have complicated the clear delineation of species boundaries. Although six Amphidinium morphospecies have been reported from Mexican coastal waters, species identifications are uncertain and not generally supported by molecular phylogenetic data. In this study, seven isolates of Amphidinium from diverse benthic coas
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9

Murray, Shauna, Mårten Flø Jørgensen, Niels Daugbjerg, and Leslie Rhodes. "AMPHIDINIUM REVISITED. II. RESOLVING SPECIES BOUNDARIES IN THE AMPHIDINIUM OPERCULATUM SPECIES COMPLEX (DINOPHYCEAE), INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF AMPHIDINIUM TRULLA SP. NOV. AND AMPHIDINIUM GIBBOSUM. COMB. NOV.1." Journal of Phycology 40, no. 2 (2004): 366–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03132.x.

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10

Kubota, Takaaki, Takahiro Iwai, Haruaki Ishiyama, Kanae Sakai, Tohru Gonoi, and Jun'ichi Kobayashi. "ChemInform Abstract: Amphidinin G, a Putative Biosynthetic Precursor of Amphidinin A from Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." ChemInform 46, no. 25 (2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201525239.

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11

Kubota, Takaaki, Takahiro Iwai, Kanae Sakai, Tohru Gonoi, and Jun'ichi Kobayashi. "ChemInform Abstract: Amphidinins C-F, Amphidinolide Q Analogues from Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." ChemInform 46, no. 18 (2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201518258.

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12

Kobayashi, J., K. Shimbo, Takaaki Kubota, and M. Tsuda. "Bioactive macrolides and polyketides from marine dinoflagellates." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 2-3 (2003): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375020337.

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Absolute stereochemistry of amphidinolides G and H, potent cytotoxic 27- and 26-membered macrolides, respectively, isolated from a marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp., was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, synthesis of a degradation product, and chemical interconversion. Six new macrolides, amphidinolides H2~H5, G2, G3, and W, have been isolated from a marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. (strain Y-42), and the structures were elucidated by 2D NMR data and chemical means. The structure-activity relationship of amphidinolide H-type macrolides for cytotoxicity was examined. The biosyn
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13

Jørgensen, Mårten Flø, Shauna Murray, and Niels Daugbjerg. "AMPHIDINIUM REVISITED. I. REDEFINITION OF AMPHIDINIUM (DINOPHYCEAE) BASED ON CLADISTIC AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES1." Journal of Phycology 40, no. 2 (2004): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03131.x.

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14

Bosch, Cascales, Castro-Alvarez, et al. "Amphidinolides and Iriomoteolides, Potent Anticancer Macrolides." Proceedings 22, no. 1 (2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019022041.

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15

Kobayashi, Jun'ichi, Naoko Yamaguchi, and Masami Ishibashi. "Amphidinin A, a novel amphidinolide-related metabolite from the cultured marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." Tetrahedron Letters 35, no. 38 (1994): 7049–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(94)88222-3.

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16

Kim, Hae-Mi, Hyeonhwa Oh, Jong Hoon Jeong, Sang-Cheon Lee, Hye-Jung Moon, and Yong-Seob Jeong. "Functional evaluation of marine micro-algae Amphidinium carterae extract." Korean Journal of Food Preservation 24, no. 5 (2017): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2017.24.5.673.

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17

Kubota, T., T. Iwai, H. Sato, and J. Kobayashi. "New polyketides from dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." Planta Medica 81, S 01 (2016): S1—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596659.

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18

Barone, Maria Elena, Elliot Murphy, Rachel Parkes, et al. "Antibacterial Activity and Amphidinol Profiling of the Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae (Subclade III)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (2021): 12196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212196.

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Microalgae have received growing interest for their capacity to produce bioactive metabolites. This study aimed at characterising the antimicrobial potential of the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae strain LACW11, isolated from the west of Ireland. Amphidinolides have been identified as cytotoxic polyoxygenated polyketides produced by several Amphidinium species. Phylogenetic inference assigned our strain to Amphidinium carterae subclade III, along with isolates interspersed in different geographic regions. A two-stage extraction and fractionation process of the biomass was carried ou
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19

KOBAYASHI, J., N. YAMAGUCHI, and M. ISHIBASHI. "ChemInform Abstract: Amphidinin A, a Novel Amphidinolide-Related Metabolite from the Cultured Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." ChemInform 26, no. 8 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199508277.

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20

Durán-Riveroll, Lorena M., Jannik Weber, and Bernd Krock. "First Identification of Amphidinols from Mexican Strains and New Analogs." Toxins 15, no. 2 (2023): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15020163.

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The genus Amphidinium has been the subject of recent attention due to the production of polyketide metabolites. Some of these compounds have shown significant bioactivities and could be related to species interactions in the natural benthic microenvironment. Among these compounds, amphidinols (AMs) are suspected to be related to fish kills and probably implicated in ciguatera symptoms associated with the occurrence of benthic harmful algal blooms (bHABs). Here, we present the first report of a variety of AMs produced by cultured strains from several species from the Mexican Pacific, the Gulf o
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21

Roberts, Keith R., Mark A. Farmer, Robin M. Schneider, and Julie E. Lemoine. "THE MICROTUBULAR CYTOSKELETON OF AMPHIDINIUM RHYNCHOCEPHALUM(DINOPHYCEAE)." Journal of Phycology 24, no. 4 (1988): 544–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1988.tb00104.x.

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22

Roberts, Keith R., Mark A. Farmer, Robin M. Schneider, and Julie E. Lemoine. "THE MICROTUBULAR CYTOSKELETON OF AMPHIDINIUM RHYNCHOCEPHALUM (DINOPHYCEAE)." Journal of Phycology 24, no. 4 (1988): 544–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1988.tb04260.x.

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23

Yang, Xiao, Zhi Yan, Jingjing Chen, Derui Wang, and Ke Li. "Acute Toxicity of the Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae on Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Toxics 11, no. 4 (2023): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040370.

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Dinoflagellates of the genus Amphidinium can produce a variety of polyketides, such as amphidinols (AMs), amphidinoketides, and amphidinin, that have hemolytic, cytotoxic, and fish mortality properties. AMs pose a significant threat to ecological function due to their membrane-disrupting and permeabilizing properties, as well as their hydrophobicity. Our research aims to investigate the disparate distribution of AMs between intracellular and extracellular environments, as well as the threat that AMs pose to aquatic organisms. As a result, AMs containing sulphate groups such as AM19 with lower
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24

Hotos, George N., and Despoina Avramidou. "The Effect of Various Salinities and Light Intensities on the Growth Performance of Five Locally Isolated Microalgae [Amphidinium carterae, Nephroselmis sp., Tetraselmis sp. (var. red pappas), Asteromonas gracilis and Dunaliella sp.] in Laboratory Batch Cultures." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (2021): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111275.

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After a 1.5-year screening survey in the lagoons of Western Greece in order to isolate and culture sturdy species of microalgae for aquaculture or other value-added uses, as dictated primarily by satisfactory potential for their mass culture, five species emerged, and their growth was monitored in laboratory conditions. Amphidinium carterae, Nephroselmis sp., Tetraselmis sp. (var. red pappas), Asteromonas gracilis, and Dunaliella sp. were batch cultured using low (20 ppt), sea (40 ppt), and high salinity (50 or 60 or 100 ppt) and in combination with low (2000 lux) and high (8000 lux) intensity
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25

Borchhardt, Nadine, Nicolas Chomérat, Gwenael Bilien, et al. "Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Bindiferia gen. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new marine, sand-dwelling dinoflagellate genus formerly classified within Amphidinium." Phycologia 60, no. 6 (2021): 631–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1978040.

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Borchhardt, Nadine, Chomérat, Nicolas, Bilien, Gwenael, Zentz, Frédéric, Rhodes, Lesley, Murray, Shauna A., Hoppenrath, Mona (2021): Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Bindiferia gen. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new marine, sand-dwelling dinoflagellate genus formerly classified within Amphidinium. Phycologia 60 (6): 631-643, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2021.1978040, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1978040
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26

Gárate -Lizárraga, I. "PROLIFERATION OF Amphidinium carterae (GYMNODINIALES: GYMNODINIACEAE) IN BAHÍA DE LA PAZ, GULF OF CALIFORNIA." CICIMAR Oceánides 27, no. 2 (2012): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v27i2.115.

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During a sampling on 15 December 2011 in Bahía de La Paz, a bloom of the benthic dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae was detected. Its abundance ranged from 28.2 to 64.8 × 103 cells L–1. Cells of A. carterae varied in length from 18 to 28 μm and 13 to 18 μm in wide (n = 30). The presence of A. carterae and benthic species of diatoms and dinoflagellates at the surface could be an indicator of upwelling water generated by northwestern winds. Seawater temperature during the bloom was 20 °C. Also, new records of dinoflagellates for the Mexican coast of the Pacific are here reported: Amphidiniopsis
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27

Wilcox, Lee W., and Gary J. Wedemayer. "PHAGOTROPHY IN THE FRESHWATER, PHOTOSYNTHETIC DINOFLAGELLATE AMPHIDINIUM CRYOPHILUM1." Journal of Phycology 27, no. 5 (1991): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00600.x.

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28

Barbrook, A. C., and C. J. Howe. "Minicircular plastid DNA in the dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 263, no. 1 (2000): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050042.

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Mejía-Camacho, Ana Luisa, Lorena María Durán-Riveroll, and Allan Douglas Cembella. "Toxicity Bioassay and Cytotoxic Effects of the Benthic Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum." Journal of Xenobiotics 11, no. 2 (2021): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jox11020003.

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Benthic dinoflagellates produce a wide array of bioactive compounds, primarily polyketides, that cause toxic effects on human consumers of seafood and perhaps mediate species interactions in the benthic microenvironment. This study assesses toxic and other bioactive effects of the benthic dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum (strain AA60) in two targeted bioassays. The brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay revealed lethal effects of direct exposure to live dinoflagellate cells (Treatment A) and even higher potency with ethanolic extracts of lysed cells (Treatment D). There were no inimical
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30

López-Rodríguez, Mercedes, Lorenzo López-Rosales, Giullia Diletta, et al. "The Isolation of Specialty Compounds from Amphidinium carterae Biomass by Two-Step Solid-Phase and Liquid-Liquid Extraction." Toxins 14, no. 9 (2022): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090593.

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The two main methods for partitioning crude methanolic extract from Amphidinium carterae biomass were compared. The objective was to obtain three enriched fractions containing amphidinols (APDs), carotenoids, and fatty acids. Since the most valuable bioproducts are APDs, their recovery was the principal goal. The first method consisted of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) in reverse phase that, for the first time, was optimized to fractionate organic methanolic extracts from Amphidinium carterae biomass using reverse-phase C18 as the adsorbent. The second method consisted of a two-step liquid-liq
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31

Russo, Noemi, Giulia Quaini, Marcello Ziaco, et al. "Bioactive Polyketides from Amphidinium spp.: An In-Depth Review of Biosynthesis, Applications, and Current Research Trends." Marine Drugs 23, no. 6 (2025): 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23060255.

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Polyketides (PKs) are a widespread class of secondary metabolites with recognised pharmacological properties. These molecules are abundantly produced in the marine environment, especially by dinoflagellate-photosynthetic organisms able to produce several PKs, including neurotoxins, cytotoxins, and immunomodulating agents. The biosynthesis of these compounds is driven by a conserved enzymatic process involving polyketide synthase complexes. Different genera of dinoflagellates produce PKs. Among them, dinoflagellates of the genus Amphidinium are of particular interest due to its ability to produ
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32

Blanco, Antolin V., and George B. Chapman. "Ultrastructural Features of the Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium klebsii (Dinophyceae)." Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 106, no. 3 (1987): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3226250.

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33

Kubota, Takaaki, Yusuke Sakuma, Masashi Tsuda, and Jun’ichi Kobayashi. "Amphidinolide C2, New Macrolide from Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium Species." Marine Drugs 2, no. 3 (2004): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md203083.

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34

Nisbet, R. Ellen R., V. Lila Koumandou, Adrian C. Barbrook, and Christopher J. Howe. "Novel plastid gene minicircles in the dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum." Gene 331 (April 2004): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2004.02.008.

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35

Barlow, Steven B., and R. E. Triemer. "Alternate life history stages in Amphidinium klebsii (Dinophyceae, Pyrrophyta)." Phycologia 27, no. 3 (1988): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-27-3-413.1.

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36

Haq, Saddef, Benjamin L. Oyler, Ernest Williams, et al. "Investigating A Multi-Domain Polyketide Synthase in Amphidinium carterae." Marine Drugs 21, no. 8 (2023): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21080425.

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Dinoflagellates are unicellular organisms that are implicated in harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by potent toxins that are produced through polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways. However, the exact mechanisms of toxin synthesis are unknown due to a lack of genomic segregation of fat, toxins, and other PKS-based pathways. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, the actions and expression of the PKS proteins were investigated using the toxic dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae as a model. Cerulenin, a known ketosynthase inhibitor, was shown to reduce acetate incorporation into all fat cl
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37

Osorio-Ramírez, María del Carmen, Alan Gerardo Hernández-Melgar, Allan D. Cembella, et al. "Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis and Cytotoxicity of Extracts of the Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium eilatiense Against Human Cancer Cell Lines." Toxins 17, no. 4 (2025): 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040150.

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Members of the benthic marine dinoflagellate genus Amphidinium produce a variety of bioactive compounds, exhibiting potent cytotoxicity in cell assays. Crude methanolic extracts from three genetically distinct cultured strains of A. eilatiense J.J. Lee were screened for cytotoxicity against three human breast and four lung cancer cell lines to evaluate potential applications in anticancer therapy. A standard tetrazolium cell viability assay demonstrated that the methanolic crude extract (100 µg mL−1) from strain AeSQ181 reduced cell viability by 20–35% in five cancer cell lines. Further bioass
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38

Dason, Jeffrey S., and Brian Colman. "Inhibition of growth in two dinoflagellates by rapid changes in external pH." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 4 (2004): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-023.

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The effect of external pH and high CO2 were investigated on growth and photosynthesis in two marine dinoflagellates, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt and Heterocapsa oceanica Stein. Exposure of both species to high CO2 caused a rapid decrease in external pH from 8 to 7 and a complete suppression of growth. Both species were able to grow at pH 7 but the Vmax of photosynthesis was significantly lower than in cells grown at pH 8. There was also a significant reduction in the photosynthetic rate of both species after being on high CO2 for 6 h and a complete loss after 24 h. The internal pH of both spe
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39

Kubota, Takaaki, Ayako Takahashi, Masashi Tsuda, and Jun\'ichi Kobayashi. "Luteophanol D, New Polyhydroxyl Metabolite from Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." Marine Drugs 3, no. 4 (2005): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md304113.

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40

Daranas, Antonio H., José J. Fernández, and Manuel Norte. "New Monogalactosyl Triacylglycerol from a Cultured Marine Dinoflagellate amphidinium Sp." Natural Product Letters 14, no. 2 (1999): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10575639908041217.

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41

Tsuda, Masashi, and Keiko Kumagai. "Comparative proteomics of marine dinoflagellates Amphidinium species producing antitumor substances." Journal of Biotechnology 150 (November 2010): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.825.

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42

Damjanović, Ana, Thorsten Ritz, and Klaus Schulten. "Excitation Transfer in the Peridinin-Chlorophyll-Protein of Amphidinium carterae." Biophysical Journal 79, no. 4 (2000): 1695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76422-8.

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43

Nash, E. A., A. C. Barbrook, R. K. Edwards-Stuart, K. Bernhardt, C. J. Howe, and R. E. R. Nisbet. "Organization of the Mitochondrial Genome in the Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae." Molecular Biology and Evolution 24, no. 7 (2007): 1528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm074.

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44

Kim, Hansoo, Tae-Hoon Bok, Dong-Guk Paeng, et al. "Mobility of Amphidinium carterae Hulburt measured by high-frequency ultrasound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 4 (2017): EL395—EL401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4980007.

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45

Carbonera, Donatella, Giovanni Giacometti, and Giancarlo Agostini. "FDMR spectroscopy of peridinin-chlorophyll-a protein from Amphidinium carterae." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 51, no. 1 (1995): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(94)00204-o.

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46

Chen, Kai, Zhengshuang Xu, and Tao Ye. "Total synthesis of amphidinins E, F and epi-amphidinin F." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 4 (2018): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7qo00820a.

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47

Wong, Donald, and Luis Oliveira. "Effects of Selenite and Selenate Toxicity on the Ultrastructure and Physiology of Three Species of Marine Microalgae." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 7 (1991): 1201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-145.

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The main ultrastructural and physiological changes in cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta, Pavlova lutheri, and Amphidinium carterae treated with selenite or selenate involved the mitochondria and chloroplasts as well as the respiratory and photosynthetic rates. Other changes were observed in the nucleus, lipids, vacuoles, and nitrogen and carbon contents, but these showed greater variability among the microalgae studied. The major alterations suggested that energy-transducing systems were severely affected by selenium toxicity. These led to significant decreases or even elimination of storage pro
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48

Molina, Miras Alejandro, Rosales Lorenzo López, García Maria del Carmen Cerón, et al. "Acclimation of the microalga Amphidinium carterae to different nitrogen sources: potential application in the treatment of marine aquaculture effluents." Journal of Applied Phycology 32 (February 3, 2020): 1075–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02049-9.

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There is growing interest in finding microalgae species that efficiently convert dissolved nutrients contained in aquaculture effluents into highly valuable biomass. The different nitrogen forms that are present in aquaculture effluents are particularly concerning. This study demonstrated that the dinoflagellate <em>Amphidinium carterae</em> can acclimate to both combined and sole nitrogen sources such as nitrate, ammonium, and urea over a wide concentration range. As far as is known, it is the first time that a species of the genus <em>Amphidinium</em> has been successfully cultured with urea
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Shimoda, Kei, Yushi Uchimura, Hiroya Imai, et al. "Bioremediation of Benzophenone by Glycosylation with Immobilized Marine Microalga Chrysocampanulla spinifera and Amphidinium crassum." Biochemistry Insights 4 (January 2011): BCI.S8212. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bci.s8212.

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Reduction and glycosylation of benzophenone, which is an endocrine disrupting chemical, were investigated using immobilized marine microalga and plant cells from the viewpoint of bioremediation of benzophenone. Immobilized marine microalga of Chrysocampanulla spinifera reduced benzophenone to diphenylmethanol. Immobilized marine microalga of Amphidinium crassum glucosylated diphenylmethanol to the corresponding glucoside. The sequential biotransformation with C. spinifera and A. crassum effectively converted benzophenone into diphenylmethyl glucoside. On the other hand, immobilized plant cells
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Shimoda, Kei, and Hiroki Hamada. "Bioremediation of Fluorophenols by Glycosylation with Immobilized Marine Microalga Amphidinium Crassum." Environmental Health Insights 4 (January 2010): EHI.S5392. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ehi.s5392.

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