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1
P, VINDHYAVARMAN. "Utilization of synthetic amphidiploids in resistance breeding of groundnut." Madras Agricultural Journal 89, December (2002): 678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00286.
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Eight diploid wild species of groundnut were hybridized to produce eight amphidiploids. Both the parental diploid species and synthetic amphidiploids were screened for foliar diseases viz. early leaf spot and rust, besides for sucking pests viz. thrips and leaf hopper. All the diploid species had high level of resistance for rust disease. Arachis cardenasii registered high level of resistance for both leaf hopper. Those desirable attributes were combined in the amphidiplods. The pollen fertility ranged from 19.0 to 67.4 per cent in the seven amphidiploid involving both 'A' genome species. Whereas it was only 1.5 per cent in A. villosa x A. batizocoi where 'A' and 'B' genomes were involved.
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Hossain, M. M., H. Inden, and T. Asahira. "Pollen Morphology of Interspecific Hybrids of Brassica oleracea and B. campestris." HortScience 25, no. 1 (1990): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.1.109.
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Pollen morphology was examined in amphidiploid and amphidaploid interspecific hybrids between Brassica oleracea L. and B. campestris L. Pollen of the amphidiploid interspecific hybrids between B. oleracea var. capitata and B. campestris var. pekinensis, and between B. campestris var. chinensis and B. oleracea var. capitata, were significantly longer and wider than those of their diploid parents, presumably due to the phenotypic expression of the hybrid genomes and ploidy effects. The exine ridges and pores of the amphidiploids were well-developed and significantly larger than those of their diploid parents, but they were poorly developed in the amphihaploids.
3
McConnell, James, and H. Kamemoto. "Morphology and Meiotic Behavior of Three Dendrobium Amphidiploids and Their Diploid Counterparts." HortScience 28, no. 9 (1993): 935–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.9.935.
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Floral characteristics, meiotic behavior, and sporad formation were compared in three Dendrobium tetraploids (amphidiploids) and their diploid counterparts. Amphidiploid flowers were larger than those of diploids. Diploid meiotic behavior varied; mean configurations at Metaphase I ranged from 14.3 bivalents and 9.4 univalents to 18.9 bivalents and 0.2 univalents. In amphidiploids, nearly all cells had 38 bivalents. Sporad formation also varied; diploids had 36% to 70% tetrads and amphidiploids had 97% to 100% tetrads. Preferential pairing and small chromosome size may promote bivalent formation in amphidiploids.
4
Zhang, Xiao-Xiao, Ying Zhang, Xiao-Tong Cui, et al. "In vitro amphidiploid induction of a distant hybrid Populus simonii × P. euphratica cv. ‘Xiaohuyang-2’ and its effect on plant morphology and anatomy." Silvae Genetica 71, no. 1 (2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sg-2022-0013.
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Abstract Highly gametic sterility of a distant hybrid Populus simonii × P. euphratica cv. ‘Xiaohuyang-2’ restricts its utilization in breeding programs of Populus. Amphidiploid induction by somatic chromosome doubling is expected to restore its gametic fertility. In this study, nodal-segment and leaf explants of ‘Xiaohuyang-2’ were used to induce chromosome doubling with colchicine in vitro. Although chromosome doubling of the nodal-segment explants only produced mixoploids, the treatments of leaf explants on adventitious bud regeneration medium successfully produced 4 amphidiploids, which might be attributed to the direct organogenesis of the adventitious buds on the leaf explants. This is the first report of amphidiploid induction in a distant hybrid between Populus section Tacamahaca and sect. Turanga. The highest amphidiploid induction frequency was 16.7 %. Both the explant survival rate and polyploidization frequency were significantly affected by colchicine concentration and exposure time. The amphidiploid plants significantly differed from the diploid and mixoploid plants in morphological and anatomical characteristics. They had larger, thicker, and greener leaves than the diploids and mixoploids. The increase in ploidy level also resulted in changes in stomatal features. The induced amphidiploid plants of the distant hybrid ‘Xiaohuyang-2’ are expected to play important roles in breeding programs of Populus in the future, which can be used as a bridge parent with the ability of unreduced gamete formation to cross with fast-growth germplasms to produce triploids pyramiding desirable traits of fast growth, easy cutting propagation, and salt and drought tolerances.
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Attia, T., and G. Röbbelen. "Meiotic pairing in haploids and amphidiploids of spontaneous versus synthetic origin in rape, Brassica napus L." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 3 (1986): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-049.
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Newly resynthesized AC amphihaploids, which were characterized by high meiotic pairing and multivalent formulation, after doubling of their chromosome number showed preferential pairing and bivalent formation in the resynthesized amphidiploid Brassica napus (AACC). However, univalents as well as multivalents were also formed indicating that their chromosome behaviour was not fully diploidized. Stabilization of chromosome pairing in newly resynthesized amphidiploids can be achieved through genetic control or structural modification of the homoeologous chromosomes. A comparison of the meiotic behaviour of spontaneous haploids of natural rapeseed with that of the newly synthesized AC amphihaploids provides some evidence that both processes may be involved in the regulation of chromosome pairing in Brassica.Key words: Brassica, amphihaploid, amphidiploid, meiosis, univalents, multivalents.
6
McCollum, Gilbert D. "Amphidiploid Onion Germplasm f-c 8407 and f-c 8432." HortScience 23, no. 5 (1988): 918–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.5.918.
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Abstract The seedling vigor of the amphidiploid (2n = 4x = 32) green bunching onion, ‘Beltsville Bunching’, surpasses that of its constituent species, Allium cepa L. (common bulb onion, 2n = 16) and A. fistulosum L. (Japanese bunching or Welsh onion, 2n = 16). Released in 1950, ‘Beltsville Bunching’ was developed by Henry A. Jones from a natural amphidiploid discovered in a population of F1 hybrids between A. cepa ‘White Portugal’ inbred 3-203-113-5 and A. fistulosum “Nebuka type” (1, 3). ‘Beltsville Bunching’ is not widely grown, which may be attributed to poor seed productivity. The original cultivar, apparently derived from a single plant, probably does not contain the genetic variability needed to allow improvement by selection alone. Additional germplasm for outcrossing is needed to correct the horticultural defects in this onion. To expand the range of tetraploid germplasm available for developing new ‘Beltsville Bunching’-type amphidiploids, several A. cepa × A. fistulosum and reciprocal crosses were treated with colchicine in the Vegetable Laboratory at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center beginning in 1981. Seeds of two amphidiploid populations designated f-c 8407 and f-c 8432, were released in Feb. 1987 from that program.
7
Ma, Yan, David H. Byrne, and Katrina G. Porter. "Cytological and Morphological Characterization of Amphidiploids for Rose Breeding." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 627a—627. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.627a.
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Several colchicine-induced amphidiploids of blackspot-resistant, wild diploid rose species were produced for interbreeding with tetraploid garden roses. Shoot-tip chromosome counts confirmed that 86-7 (Rosa wichuraiana Crep. × R. rugosa rubra Hort.) and 86-3 (R. laevigata Michx. × R. banksiae Aiton) are amphidiploids (2n = 4x = 28), and that 84-1000 (R. roxburghii Tratt. × R. laevigata Michx.) is a mixoploid with diploid (2n = 2x = 14) and hypotetraploid (2n = 4x-1 = 27) sectors. The measured volume of pollen grains and guard cells was higher in the tetraploids. Pollen stainability was higher in amphidiploids 86-3 and 86-7 than in mixoploid 84-1000. The amphidiploid 86-7 has greater pollen fertility as determined by crossing with a range of commercial tetraploid roses than 86-3 and 84-1000, but is less fertile than its parental diploid species. Leaflets of the amphidiploids are larger and more crinkled along the midrib than in their diploid parents. These three amphidiploids provide new additions to tetraploid rose germplasm.
8
Nehe, Ajit, Julie King, Ian P. King, Erik H. Murchie, and M. John Foulkes. "Identifying variation for N-use efficiency and associated traits in amphidiploids derived from hybrids of bread wheat and the genera Aegilops, Secale, Thinopyrum and Triticum." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (2022): e0266924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266924.
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Future genetic progress in wheat grain yield will depend on increasing biomass and this must be achieved without commensurate increases in nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs to minimize environmental impacts. In recent decades there has been a loss of genetic diversity in wheat through plant breeding. However, new genetic diversity can be created by incorporating genes into bread wheat from wild wheat relatives. Our objectives were to investigate amphidiploids derived from hybrids of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and related species from the genera Aegilops, Secale, Thinopyrum and Triticum for expression of higher biomass, N-use efficiency (NUE) and leaf photosynthesis rate compared to their bread wheat parents under high and low N conditions. Eighteen amphidiploid lines and their bread wheat parents were examined in high N (HN) and low N (LN) treatments under glasshouse conditions in two years. Averaged across years, grain yield reduced by 38% under LN compared to HN conditions (P = 0.004). Three amphidiploid lines showed positive transgressive segregation compared to their bread wheat parent for biomass per plant under HN conditions. Positive transgressive segregation was also identified for flag-leaf photosynthesis both pre-anthesis and post-anthesis under HN and LN conditions. For N uptake per plant at maturity positive transgressive segregation was identified for one amphidiploid line under LN conditions. Our results indicated that introgressing traits from wild relatives into modern bread wheat germplasm offers scope to raise biomass and N-use effciency in both optimal and low N availability environments.
9
Su, Yarui, Dale Zhang, Yuge Li, and Suoping Li. "Nonhomologous Chromosome Pairing in Aegilops-Secale Hybrids." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 147, no. 4 (2015): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000444435.
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Intergeneric hybrids and amphidiploid hybrids from crosses of Aegilopstauschii and Secale cereale were produced using young embryo rescue. The hybrids showed complete sets of both parental chromosomes. The dihaploid plants showed an average meiotic pairing configuration of 10.84 I + 1.57 II + 0.01 III. Genomic in situ staining revealed 3 types of bivalent associations, i.e. D-D, R-R and D-R at frequencies of 8.6, 8.2 and 83.3%, respectively. Trivalents consisted of D-R-D or R-D-R associations. These results suggested that both intra- and intergenomic chromosome homology were contributed to chromosome pairing. Derived amphidiploids with 2n = 28 paired at metaphase I of meiosis as 4.51 I + 11.70 II + 0.03 III. Chromosome pairing of amphidiploids appeared more or less regular, i.e. bivalent-like with some trivalent configurations.
10
Nemeth, Csilla, Cai-yun Yang, Paul Kasprzak, et al. "Generation of amphidiploids from hybrids of wheat and related species from the genera Aegilops, Secale, Thinopyrum, and Triticum as a source of genetic variation for wheat improvement." Genome 58, no. 2 (2015): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0002.
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We aim to improve diversity of domesticated wheat by transferring genetic variation for important target traits from related wild and cultivated grass species. The present study describes the development of F1 hybrids between wheat and related species from the genera Aegilops, Secale, Thinopyrum, and Triticum and production of new amphidiploids. Amphidiploid lines were produced from 20 different distant relatives. Both colchicine and caffeine were successfully used to double the chromosome numbers. The genomic constitution of the newly formed amphidiploids derived from seven distant relatives was determined using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Altogether, 42 different plants were analysed, 19 using multicolour GISH separating the chromosomes from the A, B, and D genomes of wheat, as well as the distant relative, and 23 using single colour GISH. Restructuring of the allopolyploid genome, both chromosome losses and aneuploidy, was detected in all the genomes contained by the amphidiploids. From the observed chromosome numbers there is an indication that in amphidiploids the B genome of wheat suffers chromosome losses less frequently than the other wheat genomes. Phenotyping to realize the full potential of the wheat – related grass germplasm is underway, linking the analyzed genotypes to agronomically important target traits.
11
Sybenga, J. "Preferential pairing estimates from multivalent frequencies in tetraploids." Genome 37, no. 6 (1994): 1045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-149.
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Mathematical models are presented for estimating preferential pairing and chiasma parameters in amphidiploids and autotetraploids on the basis of diakinesis or metaphase I configuration frequencies and are compared with other approaches of estimating affinity. With a preferential pairing factor p, estimated from quadrivalent and trivalent frequencies, and estimated chiasmate association factors for the two arms in quadrivalents (a(qu) and b(qu) for arms A and B, respectively) and in bivalents (a(bi) and b(bi)) a perfect fit between observed and predicted configuration frequencies can often be obtained in amphidiploids of several plant species, including Solanaceae and Gramineae. Since several proven autotetraploids give very similar apparent preferential pairing estimates, the biological significance of such parameters as preferential pairing and affinity factors is considered limited. The same is true for pairing parameters estimated by optimizing fit of configuration frequencies expected on the basis of theoretical models to observed data.Key words: amphidiploid, diakinesis, metaphase, meiosis, model, preferential pairing, tetraploid.
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Breiman, Adina, and Dan Graur. "WHEAT EVOLUTION." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 43, no. 2 (1995): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1995.10676595.
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Many wild and cultivated wheat species are amphidiploid, i.e., they are polyploid species containing two or more distinct nuclear genomes, each with its own independent evolutionary history, but whose genetic behavior resembles that of diploids. Amphidiploidy has important evolutionary consequences in wheat. Since the beginning of this century different methods have been employed to identify the diploid donors of the coexisting genomes in the polyploids. To date, several of the genomic donors have been identified, and the search for the others has been narrowed down considerably. Molecular methodologies that are being increasingly used in studies aimed at reconstructing the evolutionary history of wheat species and their wild relatives have resolved many of the phylogenetic relationships among the various taxa.
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Lanham, Patrick G., Sarah Fennell, J. P. Moss, and W. Powell. "Detection of polymorphic loci in Arachis germplasm using random amplified polymorphic DNAs." Genome 35, no. 5 (1992): 885–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-134.
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The development of easily scoreable genetic markers in Arachis will facilitate the introgression of desirable traits from wild species into adapted germplasm. We have used random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) to identify polymorphic molecular markers in a range of wild and cultivated Arachis species. From a total of sixty 10-mer oligonucleotide primers, 49 polymorphic loci were identified between a cultivated A. hypogaea type (TMV-2) and a synthetic amphidiploid (B × C)2 created from a A. batizocoi and A. chacoense cross. The inheritance of polymorphic markers, both in the amphidiploid and in the F1 progeny in a TMV-2 × (B × C)2 cross, has also been demonstrated. The potential exploitation of RAPD markers in groundnut improvement programs is discussed.Key words: groundnut, Arachis species, RAPDs, amphidiploid.
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Kerlan, M. C., A. M. Chevre, and F. Eber. "Interspecific hybrids between a transgenic rapeseed (Brassica napus) and related species: cytogenetical characterization and detection of the transgene." Genome 36, no. 6 (1993): 1099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-146.
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In interspecific hybrids produced between a transgenic rapeseed, an allotetraploid species, resistant to herbicide, phosphinotricin, and five diploid related species, the risk for gene introgression in weed genomes was explored through cytogenetic and bar gene characterizations. Among the 75 hybrids studied, most had the expected triploid structure, with the exception of B. napus – B. oleracea amphidiploid plants and one B. napus – S. arvensis amphidiploid plant. In triploid hybrid plants, the reciprocal hybrids did not exhibit any difference in their meiotic behavior. The comparison of the percentage of chromosome pairing in the hybrids with that of haploid rapeseed permit to conclude that allosyndesis between AC genomes and related species genomes took place. This possibility of recombination was confirmed by the presence of multivalent associations in all the interspecific hybrids. Nevertheless, in B. napus – B. adpressa hybrids a control of chromosome pairing seemed to exist. The possibility of amphidiploid plant production directly obtained in the F1 generation increased the risk of gene dispersal. The B. napus – B. oleracea amphidiploid plant presented a meiotic behavior more regular than that of the B. napus – S. arvensis amphidiploid plant. Concerning the herbicide bar gene characterization, the presence of the gene detected by DNA amplification was correlated with herbicide resistance, except for two plants. Different hypotheses were proposed to explain these results. A classification of the diploid species was established regarding their gene dispersal risk based on the rate of allosyndesis between chromosomes of AC genomes of rapeseed and the genomes of the related species.Key words: Brassicaceae, transgenic rapeseed, risk assessment, interspecific hybrids, chromosome pairing, bar gene characterization.
15
Bodnaryk, R. P. "Leaf epicuticular wax, an antixenotic factor in Brassicaceae that affects the rate and pattern of feeding of flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 4 (1992): 1295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-163.
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Crop brassicas with waxy leaves (> 1000 mg kg−1) were fed upon by flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at a low rate, and feeding occurred predominantly at the edges of leaves. Species with non-waxy leaves (< 240 mg kg−1) were fed upon at a high rate, and feeding occurred randomly throughout the leaf. The regression of feeding rate upon amount of epicuticular wax had an R2 = 0.64, indicating that 64% of the feeding variation of flea beetles on diverse species and cultivars of Brassicaceae was explained by a single factor regression. Feeding studies on low-wax (eceriferum, cer) Brassica mutants confirmed that leaf epicuticular wax is an important antixenotic factor that affects the rate and pattern of feeding of flea beetles. The CC genome of B. oleraceae was identified as the source of the waxy-leaf character that gives rise to the low feeding rate and edge-feeding pattern of flea beetles. The digenomic amphidiploid B. napus (AACC genome), derived from the monogenomic diploids B. oleraceae (CC genome) and B. rapa (AA genome), and the digenomic amphidiploid B. carinata (BBCC genome), derived from monogenomic diploids B. oleraceae and B. nigra (BB genome), had waxy leaves and an edge-feeding pattern and rate similar to members of the B. oleraceae group. All other monogenomic diploids (AA, BB, DD, SS, RR) and digenomic amphidiploids (AABB) not possessing the CC genome had non-waxy leaves, a high rate of feeding and a random feeding pattern by flea beetles.Key words: Brassica, epicuticular wax, feeding, resistance, Phyllotreta cruciferae
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Stoyanov, H., and I. Belchev. "Androgenic response of Triticum durum-Dasypyrum villosum amphidiploids and their parental forms." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 26, no. 2 (2022): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-22-17.
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Wide hybridization in cereal crops is one of the most efficient tools for the enrichment of genetic variability and addressing a number of breeding problems related to resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, a large number of amphidiploids between species possessing different morphological, genetic and physiological properties have been developed. One of the most valuable species with regard to the possibilities for introducing valuable traits and properties into wheat species is the wild Dasypyrum villosum. With the aim to study the androgenic response of the Triticum durum-D. villosum amphidiploids, two accessions and their parental forms – the durum wheat cultivars Gergana and Argonavt and a landrace of the D. villosum – were studied. The following parameters were determined: callus induction, plant regeneration, yield of albino and green regenerants. It was found that the callus induction of the two studied amphidiploids differed significantly from that of the parental forms (2.1–7.2 %), being significantly higher, 30.7 and 16.5 %, respectively. Regardless of the difference in callus induction, the amphidiploids did not significantly differ from the parental forms in their regeneration ability. The yield of albino plants exceeded the yield of green regenerants and followed the tendency observed in callus induction. Green plants were found only in the amphidiploid Gergana-D. villosum and in the parental form durum wheat Gergana. Plants were regenerated from the species D. villosum, although they were only albinos, showing its good responsiveness to anther culture. The established characteristics of the amphidiploids and their parental forms make their practical use highly valuable for the improvement of different types of cereal crops.
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Navalikhina, A. G., M. Z. Antonyuk, and T. K. Ternovska. "The role of siRNAs in genome stability maintaining in the bread wheat introgression lines." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 26 (September 1, 2020): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v26.1251.
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Aim. Deviations of the siRNAs levels from the parental ones in the plants with hybrid genomes are associated with the activation of transposable elements (TE). This, in turn, lead to the further genome rearrangements. Introgression lines Triticum aestivum / Amblyopyrum muticum are cytologically stable, however, there are visible signs of genetic and (or) epigenetic restructuring that are still going on. Molecular mechanisms of these processes are the subject of our study. Methods. The levels of siRNAs in the plant lemmas were determined by small RNA-seq. Reads of the small RNA libraries were aligned to the repeats to find siRNA sequences. Results. Introgression lines (ILs) and parental amphidiploid have variable levels of siRNAs regulating MITE and CACTA transposable elements, compared with the parental bread wheat variety. For twelve TE sequences, majority of which are CACTA elements, decrease in the levels of siRNAs in ILs and amphidiploid, compared to the wheat, is statistically significant. Decreased siRNAs levels could lead to the activation of corresponding TE classes. Conclusions. Variation of siRNA levels in ILs and amphidiploid can be the key factor that cause rearrangements in their genomes. These include activation of TEs, changes in DNA methylation patterns, and gene expression variation. Therefore, detected changes in siRNA levels can be the molecular mechanisms of the processes that occur in studied hybrid genomes.
 Keywords: siRNA, transposable elements, amphidiploid, introgression lines.
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Stephens, Loren C., and Robin L. Fruth. "IMPROVEMENT OF NEW GUINEA IMPATIENS BY INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1177a—1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1177a.
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New Guinea Impatiens cultivars, I. hawkeri Bull., are susceptible to hot, windy conditions throughout much of the Midwest and Western U.S. Certain Indonesian Impatiens from Java (I. platypetala Lindl.) and Celebes (I. aurantiaca Teysm.) are much more heat-tolerant. Interspecific hybrids involving Java and Celebes Impatiens with the New Guinea species have been produced, but lack of fertility has been a persistent problem, unless amphidiploids are produced. Because selection is difficult in amphidiploid populations, other methods of recovering fertility have been investigated. Some interspecific hybrid fertility has been obtained from crossing Impatiens `Tangeglow' with a Java × New Guinea hybrid. Evidence will be presented on the role of the Celebes genome in female fertility, and the role of unreduced pollen in the Java × New Guinea hybrid. Approaches to understanding and overcoming sterility in Impatiens interspecific hybrids will be discussed.
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Blanpied, G. David. "Seed-propagated Amphidiploid Dendrobium Cultivars." HortScience 20, no. 1 (1985): 2–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.1.2.
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Abstract Dendrobium orchids have become an important florist crop in Hawaii. The long, gracefully arching sprays (racemes) with numerous attractive individual flowers have a variety of uses. The sprays can be utilized in bud vases or combined effectively with other flowers in arrangements, while indvidual flowers can be used in corsages, wedding bouquets, and leis. The sprays are long lasting and are easy to pack and ship to distant markets.
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Vdovychenko, Zh, Ja Cichoński, L. Shubenko, and G. Chrzanowski. "The degree of genetic stability of amphidiploids from Triticinae tribe." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(187) (May 24, 2024): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2024-187-1-237-250.
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Modern cultivars of wheat have narrowed genetic diversity. Their further improvement requires the expansion and enrichment of the gene pool. One of the sources of valuable genes for adaptive traits is considered to be related wild species of wheat, the involvement of which is possible through remote hybridization. However, the wide application of this method is severely limited due to a certain level of biological incompatibility of the crossed species: there is often no normal chromosome pairing, which leads to low fertility and the transfer of foreign genes to the genetic background of cultivated species as whole chromosomes or large translocations. Also, amphidiploids and lines with foreign introgressions show a certain level of genetic instability, because they experience the so-called «genomic shock». The purpose of this research was to study the «genomic shock» in amphidiploids from species of the tribe Triticinae, from the genus Aegilops and Triticum. The plants were analyzed by a set of morphological features and electrophoretic spectra of storage proteins (gliadins). A search was made for plants that would have deviations from the typical morphotype or electrophoretic profile of the corresponding amphidiploid. Such deviations could indicate the course of «genomic shock» caused by polyploidization. The study of this phenomenon is important to find methods of accelerating diploidization processes, restoration of genetic stability and normal fertility in amphidiploids. The results of the study showed the stable expression of the morphological features in all studied amphidiploids. Examination of the electrophoretic spectra of gliadins revealed the presence of some grains, which were marked either by the presence of additional protein components or by the absence of certain components. It cannot be ruled out that the appearance of atypical grains among the offspring of the studied amphidiploids may be a consequence of the «genomic shock». Key words: remote hybridization, genomic shock, gliadins, amphidiploids, Triticinae.
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Jauhar, Prem P. "A reassessment of genome relationships between Thinopyrum bessarabicum and T. elongatum of the Triticeae." Genome 30, no. 6 (1988): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-146.
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Chromosome pairing and chiasma frequency in diploid (2n = 2x = 14; JE genomes), amphidiploid (2n = 4x = 28; JJEE), and triploid (2n = 3x = 21; JJE) hybrids between Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14; JJ) and T. elongatum (2n = 2x = 14; EE) were analyzed. The diploid hybrids (JE) showed a mean pairing of < 0.01V + 0.30IV + 0.28III + 4.98II + 1.97I with 8.36 chiasmata per cell. The pairing was rather poor, most bivalents being rod-shaped; some were clearly hetero-morphic and loosely paired (probably pseudochiasmate). The diploid hybrids were sterile, showing the reproductive isolation of the parental species. The JJE triploid had a mean chromosome configuration of < 0.01VI + 0.06IV + 1.53III + 5.46II + 5.20I with a chiasma frequency of 13.45 per cell. Chromosomes of the duplicated genome JJ showed preferential pairing, forming mostly ring bivalents with two or even three chiasmata each, as in the T. bessarabicum parent; most chromosomes of the E genome remained as univalents. Thus, the E genome chromosomes offered little synaptic competition to the chromosomes of the duplicated JJ genome. The degree of preferential pairing was even stronger in the JJEE amphidiploids, which predominantly showed bivalent pairing with up to 14 ring bivalents in some cells. They had a mean pairing of 0.01VI + 0.55IV + 0.26III + 11.75II + 1.42I; the mean quadrivalent frequency per cell varied from 0.10 to 1.53. Thus J and E genomes essentially maintained their meiotic integrity at the 4x level. This pattern of chromosome pairing in hybrids at different ploidies and the sterility of diploid hybrids show that J and E are distinct genomes and that there is little justification for merging them, as suggested by previous workers. The J and E are homoeologous at best. The merger of Lophopyrum (E genome) with the genus Thinopyrum (J genome) would be improper. Although the J and E genomes are close enough to permit some intergenomic gene flow, which may be exploited in plant breeding, they are certainly not close enough to have the same genomic designation. The JJEE amphidiploids are meiotically stable and may be a useful source of genes for wheat improvement.Key words: genome, meiosis, chromosome pairing, phylogenetic relationships, Thinopyrum, interspecific hybrid, autoallo-triploid, amphidiploid.
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Wang, Richard R. C. "An assessment of genome analysis based on chromosome pairing in hybrids of perennial Triticeae." Genome 32, no. 2 (1989): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-427.
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Genome analysis based on chromosome pairing in diploid hybrids of perennial Triticeae species was examined along with those interpretations based on data of triploid and tetraploid hybrids and (or) species. The mean arm pairing frequency, c, of diploid hybrids with known genome combinations was used as a measure of chromosome homology. The mean trivalent frequency and the averaged sum of trivalents and quadrivalents were used as indices of pairing in triploids and tetraploids, respectively, to assess the validity of the diploid c values. The relative affinity, x value, of the respective triploid hybrids was also used to assess the c value of a diploid combination. Positive correlation coefficients were found between c values of diploid hybrids and trivalent frequencies in triploid hybrids (r = 0.97) as well as between the former and sums of trivalents and quadrivalents in tetraploid hybrids or amphidiploids (r = 0.92). A lower correlation coefficient (r = 0.65) was found for the comparison between diploid and amphidiploid hybrids involving annual Triticeae species. The c values of diploid combinations were negatively correlated (r = −0.79) with the x values of triploid hybrids. These relationships indicate that chromosome relatedness can be measured by the level of pairing in diploid hybrids of perennial Triticeae. It is also suggested that if the diploid hybrid has a c value of about 0.5, a conclusion regarding the genome relationship should be based on additional evidence, such as karyotype data. It is shown that assignment of genome symbols cannot be guided by the presence or absence of preferential pairing in polyploids. Genes regulating chromosome pairing pose problems for genome analysis but should not invalidate either genome analysis as a whole or that of diploid hybrids in particular.Key words: genome, karyotype, meiosis, hybrid, amphidiploid, triploid, diploid, Triticeae.
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Thomsen, Tamara. "SYNTHESIS OF AN AMPHIDIPLOID BRASSICA SPECIES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1116c—1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1116c.
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Stock species of Brassica rapa and Brassica nigra were crossed with the intention of synthesizing the amphidiploid species Brassica juncea. Of the stock species, a diploid and a tetraploid were given of both the B. rapa (Aaa and Aaaaa) and the B. nigra (Bbb and Bbbbb). However the identity of these was concealed, and they were presented as 1A 1, 1A2, 1A3, and 1A4. The objective of this experiment was not only to synthesize the species B. juncea (Abaabbb), but to determine the identity of 1A1, 1A2, 1A3, and 1A4 as to which of these were the diploid and tetraploid species, and to test the synthesized B. juncea by crossing it with the natural, male sterile B. juncea.
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Thomas, Huw M. "Analysis of synaptonemal complexes in the amphidiploid of Lolium multiflorum × Festuca drymeja." Genome 33, no. 6 (1990): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-136.
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Synaptonemal complexes in the amphidiploid Lolium multiflorum (4χ) × Festuca drymeja (4χ) have been examined by the whole mount spreading technique in nuclei with between 49 and 100% pairing. At mid to late zygotene nonhomologous associations are formed, with multivalents involving more than half the total axial element length in some cases. However, they are corrected by pachytene. There is evidence of differences in the timing or rate of pairing between the two sets of chromosomes; the L. multiflorum chromosomes seem more advanced than the F. drymeja chromosomes in their pairing at mid and late zygotene, and it is possible that this asynchrony places a constraint on intergenomic chromosome pairing.Key words: Lolium-Festuca, amphidiploid, synaptonemal complexes, nonhomologous pairing, correction mechanism.
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Harutyunyan, Zara, Manvel Badalyan, Iryna Vardanian, Zaruhi Hoveyan, Andranik Barseghyan, and Andreas Melikyan. "Studying of Polymorphism of Some Grain Crop from GenBank Collection of Armenia." E3S Web of Conferences 463 (2023): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346301006.
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During the research, 15 genotypes of grain crop (4 spiecies of Hordeum and 11 of Triticum) from the genbank collection of the Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology were studied. The gluten locus of all studied cultivated and wild species is polymorphic consisting of GluA, GluB, GluC, GluD, GluE alleles. Moreover, GluB, GluC and GluD alleles have the highest meeting frequency, it is 82.35%. The GluE allele has the lowest frequency of occurrence at 41.17%. The following genotypes were formed in the gluten locus: GluAA, AB, BB, BC, CC, CD, DE, EE, EF, the frequency of which is equal to 47.05, 29.53, 70.58, 82.35, 76.47, 17.65, 52.94, 35.29, 23.53 and 23.53%. The highest frequency was recorded for GluBC genotype (82.35%), and the lowest for GluAB, EE, EF (25.53%) genotypes. In the studied species of wild barley, homozygosity is 60-100%, in the case of wild wheat - 66.7-71.42%. Indicators are close to the genetic makeup of free-breeding populations. It ranges from 50-80% in wheat amphidiploids and 25-60% in non-amphidiploids. The genetic similarity index of wild barley species ranges from 0.488 to 0.648, which indicates a unique and rich biodiversity. Meanwhile, it is quite high (r=0.844) in wild types of wheat. For amphidiploid x wild einkorn wheat, it is 0.982-0.982. In other cases, the genetic similarity index ranges from 0.488 to 0.648.
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Snowdon, R. J., W. Köhler, and A. Köhler. "Chromosomal localization and characterization of rDNA loci in the Brassica A and C genomes." Genome 40, no. 4 (1997): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-076.
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Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we located ribosomal DNA loci on prometaphase chromosomes of the diploid species Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea and their amphidiploid Brassica napus. Based on comparisons of chromosome morphology and hybridization patterns, we characterized the individual B. napus rDNA loci according to their presumed origins in the Brassica A and C genomes. As reported in other studies, the sum of rDNA loci observed on B. rapa (AA genome) and B. oleracea (CC genome) chromosomes was one greater than the total number of loci seen in their amphidiploid B. napus (AACC). Evidence is presented that this reduction in B. napus rDNA locus number results from the loss of the smallest A genome rDNA site in the amphidiploid.Key words: Brassica, fluorescence in situ hybridization, ribosomal DNA, rDNA.
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Ma, Yan, David H. Byrne, and Jing Chen. "Amphidiploid Induction from Diploid Rose Interspecific Hybrids." HortScience 32, no. 2 (1997): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.2.292.
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A high priority in rose (Rosa spp.) breeding research is the transfer of disease resistance, especially to black spot (Diplocarpon rosae Lib.), from wild diploid Rosa species to modern rose cultivars. To this end, amphidiploids (2n = 4x = 28) were induced with colchicine from five interspecific diploid (2n = 2x = 14) hybrids involving the black spot resistant diploid species R. wichuraiana Crép, R. roxburghii Thratt., R. banksiae Ait., R. rugosa rubra Hort., and R. setigera Michaux. Two application procedures (agitation of excised nodes in colchicine solution or tissue culture of shoots on medium with colchicine), five colchicine concentrations (0.0, 1.25, 2.50, 3.76, and 5.01 mmol), and five durations (2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 d) were used. After colchicine treatment, the materials were cultured in vitro and the surviving explants were examined for the “gigas” characteristics typical of doubled diploids. Chromosome counts of morphologically suspect genotypes confirmed 15 amphidiploids among 1109 plants that survived colchicine treatment. Although the effect of colchicine treatment varied some among interspecific hybrids, 2.50 mmol for 48 h of node agitation or 1.25 mmol for at least 5 d of shoot culture were optimal.
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Axelsson, T., C. M. Bowman, A. G. Sharpe, D. J. Lydiate, and U. Lagercrantz. "Amphidiploid Brassica juncea contains conserved progenitor genomes." Genome 43, no. 4 (2000): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g00-026.
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To perform a detailed study of genome evolution in the natural Brassica amphidiploid B. juncea, we have constructed two linkage maps based on RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers; one generated from a cross between a resynthesized B. juncea (a chromosome doubled interspecific B. rapa × B. nigra hybrid) and a natural B. juncea cultivar, the other from a cross between two B. juncea cultivars. By using a common cultivar in both crosses, the two maps could be unambiguously integrated. All loci exhibited disomic inheritance of parental alleles in the natural × resynthesized cross, showing that B. rapa chromosomes paired exclusively with their A-genome homologues in B. juncea and that B. nigra chromosomes likewise paired with their B-genome homologues. The maps derived from the two crosses were also perfectly collinear. Furthermore, these maps were collinear with maps of the diploid progenitor species (B. nigra and B. rapa) produced using the same set of RFLP probes. These data indicate that the genome of B. juncea has remained essentially unchanged since polyploid formation. Our observations appear to refute the suggestion that the formation of polyploid genomes is accompanied by rapid change in genome structure.Key words: RFLP, comparative mapping, Brassica rapa, Brassica nigra, genome evolution.
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SMITH, GIDEON F. "The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe ×vadensis [K. blossfeldiana × K. marmorata var. somaliensis] (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early nothospecies produced in The Netherlands in the 1950s." Phytotaxa 561, no. 2 (2022): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.561.2.8.
Full textAbstract:
The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe ×vadensis (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) [hybrid formula: K. blossfeldiana × K. marmorata var. somaliensis], an artificially produced amphidiploid, are discussed and clarified. An amplified description is provided for the nothospecies. The name K. ×vadensis is epitypified.
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Jakir Hasan, Muhammad, Stephen E. Strelkov, Ronald J. Howard, and Habibur Rahman. "Screening of Brassica germplasm for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotypes prevalent in Canada for broadening diversity in clubroot resistance." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 3 (2012): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2010-006.
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Hasan, M. J., Strelkov, S. E., Howard, R. J. and Rahman, H. 2012. Screening of Brassica germplasm for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotypes prevalent in Canada for broadening diversity in clubroot resistance. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 501–515. Clubroot disease of crucifers, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, poses a threat to the Canadian canola industry, and the development of resistant cultivars is urgently needed. Germplasm resistant to local pathotype(s) is the prime requirement for breeding clubroot-resistant cultivars. The objective of this study was to identify Brassica germplasm possessing resistance to P. brassicae pathotypes prevalent in Alberta. Pathotype-specific resistance was identified in the diploid species Brassica rapa (AA) and B. oleracea (CC), and in the amphidiploid B. napus (AACC). Among B. rapa genotypes, turnip was the most resistant, followed by winter type and spring type oilseed rape. The rutabaga group of B. napus, on the other hand, was homogeneous for resistance to Canadian P. brassicae pathotypes. The diploid species B. nigra (BB) also showed pathotype-specific resistance. However, the two amphidiploids carrying the B. nigra genome, B. juncea (AABB) and B. carinata (BBCC) were completely susceptible to clubroot.
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Kopsell, Dean A., J. Scott McElroy, Carl E. Sams, and David E. Kopsell. "Genetic Variation in Carotenoid Concentrations among Diploid and Amphidiploid Rapid-cycling Brassica Species." HortScience 42, no. 3 (2007): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.3.461.
Full textAbstract:
Vegetable crops can be significant sources of nutritionally important dietary carotenoids, and Brassica are sources that also exhibit antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity. The family Brassicaceae contains a diverse group of plant species commercially important in many parts of the world. The six economically important Brassica species are closely related genetically. Three diploid species (B. nigra, B. rapa, B. oleracea) are the natural progenitors of the amphidiploid species (B. juncea, B. napus, B. carinata). The objective of this study was to characterize the accumulation of important dietary carotenoid pigments among the genetically related Brassica species. High-performance liquid chromatographic quantification revealed significant differences in carotenoid and chlorophyll pigment concentrations among the Brassica species. Brassica rapa accumulated the highest concentrations of antheraxanthin [0.79 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW)], lutein (8.89 mg/100 g FW), and zeaxanthin (0.75 mg/100 g FW). The highest concentrations of β-carotene (4.41 mg/100 g FW) and total chlorophyll (125.9 mg/100 g FW) were found in B. juncea. Brassica nigra accumulated the highest concentrations of 5,6-epoxylutein (0.41 mg/100 g FW) and violaxanthin (2.28 mg/100 g FW), whereas B. oleracea accumulated the highest concentrations of neoxanthin (2.10 mg/100 g FW). For many of the pigments analyzed, the amphidiploids B. carinata and B. napus accumulated significantly less carotenoid concentrations than the diploid species and B. juneca. Brassica convey unique health attributes when consumed in the diet. Identification of genetic relationships among the Brassica species would be beneficial information for improvement programs designed to increase carotenoid values.
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FRANDSEN, H. N., and Ö. WINGE. "BRASSICA NAPOCAMPESTRIS, A NEW CONSTANT AMPHIDIPLOID SPECIES HYBRID." Hereditas 16, no. 1-2 (2010): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1932.tb02568.x.
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Kh.A.Muminov. "MORPHOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON AMPHIDIPLOID HYBRIDS." Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 12 (2024): 560–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14538749.
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The results of research on studying of the morphobiologic and economically valuable traits of amphidiploids F<sub>1</sub> (cultivar «Kelajak»<em> </em>(<em>G.hirsutum subsp. euhirsutum</em>)<em> </em>х<em> </em>(<em>G.arboreum subsp. perenne </em>x<em> G.arboreum subsp. obtusifolium var. indicum)</em>) and F<sub>1</sub> (cultivar «Kelajak»<em> </em>(<em>G.hirsutum subsp. euhirsutum</em>)<em> </em>х<em> </em>(<em>G.arboreum subsp. obtusifolium var. indicum </em>x<em> G.herbaceum subsp. pseudoarboreum</em>)) obtained by use of vicarious cotton species.
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Axelsson, T., C. M. Bowman, A. G. Sharpe, D. J. Lydiate, and U. Lagercrantz. "Amphidiploid Brassica juncea contains conserved progenitor genomes." Genome 43, no. 4 (2000): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-43-4-679.
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Ashraf, M., Nyla Nazir, and T. McNeilly. "Comparative salt tolerance of amphidiploid and diploid Brassica species." Plant Science 160, no. 4 (2001): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00449-0.
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Depta, Anna, Teresa Doroszewska, and Apoloniusz Berbeć. "Assessment of Resistance to PVY in Interspecific Hybrids Obtained by Combining Type va Resistance from Nicotiana tabacum with the Resistance from PVY-Immune Species Nicotiana africana." Agriculture 14, no. 12 (2024): 2284. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122284.
Full textAbstract:
Tobacco veinal necrosis caused by the potato virus Y (PVY) substantially affects yields and crop quality of tobacco. PVY shows high variability in virulence due to numerous mutations and recombinations. The types of resistance available for tobacco include the va type, effective against some PVY isolates but succumbing to others, and the Nicotiana africana-derived type, fully effective in its native genetic milieu but limited to varying degrees of tolerance when transferred to N. tabacum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pyramiding potential of these two sources of resistance in alloploid hybrids of Nicotiana tabacum x N. africana. To this end, amphidiploids involving N. tabacum cvs. VAM and Wiślica, each being the carrier of a different variant of the va gene, were created and advanced from F1 to two subsequent selfed generations and to BC1 generation with either VAM or Wiślica as the recurrent N. tabacum parent. The hybrid populations thus produced were challenged with two PVY necrotic isolates, IUNG 23 and IUNG 20, mild and severe isolate belonging to the PVYN-Wi and PVYNTN groups, respectively. The mild isolate failed to infect any of the hybrids or parental species. The hybrids varied in their response to IUNG 20. The F1 and F2 populations were composed of asymptomatic hosts to PVY and of those showing mild vein clearing but no necrotic plants. There was a progressive increase in ability to resist PVY in successive amphidiploid generations, with 30 and 10% of fully resistant plants appearing in the F3 amphidiploids involving VAM and Wiślica. Further research is needed to account for the appearance of segregants completely resistant to PVY, since neither N. africana factor is fully expressed in N. tabacum, nor do the va alleles confer resistance against PVYNTN isolates.
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Pirotta, Melina Zacarelli, Fabiana Mota da Silva, Marcos Doniseti Michelotto, Alessandra Pereira Fávero, Ignácio José de Godoy, and Sandra Helena Unêda-Trevisoli. "Resistance to Enneothrips flavens Moulton and genetic parameters estimation in interspecific genotypes of peanut." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 39, no. 3 (2017): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v39i3.32776.
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Peanut is an oilseed crop of great importance for Brazilian agribusiness. A major factor affecting its production is pest incidence, mainly thrips. This study aimed to evaluate the potential for resistance to Enneothrips flavens in genotypes derived from the cross between IAC 503 and the amphidiploid (A. magna x A. cardenasii)4x and to estimate the genetic and phenotype parameters in these genotypes, allowing for better targeting in the selection. The experiments were conducted in a Federer augmented block design with additional checks in two generations (F3 and F4). Resistance to thrips was evaluated by its natural infestation and the symptoms of attacks by the insect. They were also evaluated using agronomic trait indicators of interspecific segregating with cultivated species. The results indicated that the selected progeny exhibited high resistance to thrips compared to commercial genotypes, and they had the amphidiploid as the insect resistance source. Some progenies selected as resistant also had good production traits, but with the degree of suitability to the A. hypogaea L. genotypes still low, the use of a backcross as an alternative for the introgression of resistance genes and the consequent recovery of adapted genotypes of superior recurring parents is suggested.
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Haber, Erich. "The hybrid identity and taxonomic status of Pyrola sikkimensis (Ericaceae) from eastern Himalaya." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 1 (1985): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-016.
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Pyrola sikkimensis is recognized as being of hybrid origin between P. minor and P. rotundifolia s.l. on the basis of several distinctive floral features that characterize hybrids of Pyrola in which one of the parents is P. minor. The similarity in morphology of P. sikkimensis to P. media, an amphidiploid between P. minor and P. rotundifolia, suggests that P. sikkimensis is conspecific with P. media.
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Ray, Dennis T., Anson E. Thompson, and Allen C. Gathman. "Interspecific Hybridization in Cuphea." HortScience 23, no. 4 (1988): 751–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.4.751.
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Abstract Eighteen interspecific hybrids from eight different Cuphea species have been confirmed morphologically and cytologically. Seven hybrids from reciprocal crosses of various accessions of the herbaceous annual C. procumbens (N = 9) and the semiwoody perennial C. llavea (N = 9) exhibited a relatively high degree of fertility. Some hybrids have horticultural potential and are currently undergoing evaluation as new pot or bedding plants. Other hybrids that are sterile due to meiotic irregularities are: C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. crassiflora (N = 12); C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. leptopoda (N = 10); C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. leptopoda (N = 8); C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. lanceolata (N = 6); C. lanceolata (N = 6) × C. llavea (N = 9); C. lanceolata (N = 6) × C. lophostoma (N = 8); C. leptopoda (N = 10) × C. laminuligera (N = 10); C. procumbens (N = 9) × C. caesariata (N = 18); and C. lanceolata (N = 6) × C. caesariata (N = 18). C. leptopoda × C. laminuligera is of considerable interest, because it is the first successful interspecific hybrid between species in different fatty acid groups. A relatively fertile amphidiploid of C. leptopoda × C. laminuligera was induced by colchicine. Seed has been produced by self-pollination of the amphidiploid and attempts are being made to backcross the hybrid to the original parents.
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Singh, Amit K., Kitty Lo, Chongmei Dong, Peng Zhang, Richard M. Trethowan, and Peter J. Sharp. "Development of RNA-seq-based molecular markers for characterizing Thinopyrum bessarabicum and Secale introgressions in wheat." Genome 63, no. 11 (2020): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2020-0057.
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Sequence-based markers have added a new dimension in the efficiency of identifying alien introgressions in wheat. Expressed sequence tag-sequence tagged sites (EST-STS) markers have proved useful in tracing alien chromatin. In this study, we report the development of Thinopyrum bessarabicum- and Secale anatolicum-specific EST-STS markers and their application in tracing respective alien chromatin introgressions in wheat. The parental lines, Chinese Spring (CS), ISR991.1 (CS/Th. bessarabicum amphidiploid), and ISR1049.2 (CS/Secale anatolicum amphidiploid), were used as core experimental materials. Using comparative analysis of RNA-Seq data, 10 903 and 10 660 candidate sequences specific to Th. bessarabicum and S. anatolicum, respectively, were assembled and identified. To validate the genome specificity of these candidate sequences, 68 and 64 EST-STS markers were developed from randomly selected candidate sequences of Th. bessarabicum and S. anatolicum, respectively, and tested on sets of alien addition lines. Fifty-five and 53 markers for Th. bessarabicum and S. anatolicum chromatin, respectively, were assigned to chromosomal location(s), covering all seven chromosomes. Approximately 83% of S. anatolicum-specific markers were transferable to S. cereale. The genome-specific candidate sequences identified and the EST-STS markers developed will be valuable resources for exploitation of Th. bessarabicum and Secale species diversity in wheat and triticale breeding.
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Wang, Richard R. C. "Amphidiploids of perennial Triticeae. I. Synthetic Thinopyrum species and their hybrids." Genome 35, no. 6 (1992): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-145.
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Amphiploids of the hybrid Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) D.R. Dewey (2n = 2x = 14; JeJe) × Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Löve (2n = 2x = 14; SS) were obtained by the colchicine treatment of regenerants from inflorescence culture. Meiotic pairings in the JJSS amphiploids averaged 2.90 I + 4.44 rod II + 7.50 ring II + 0.14 III + 0.20 IV at metaphase I but had 13.38 ring II + 0.30 IV at diakinesis. This amphidiploid was crossed with that of T. bessarabicum (Savul. &Rayss) A. Löve (2n = 2x = 14; JbJb) × T. elongatum and the latter was also crossed with T. scirpeum (K. Presl) D.R. Dewey (2n = 4x = 28; JeJeJeJe) to obtain JbJeJeS and JeJeJeJb hybrids, respectively. The former hybrid had a metaphase I pairing pattern of 7.82 I + 4.33 rod II + 2.76 ring II + 1.51 III + 0.35 IV. The latter hybrid had 3.04 I + 4.05 rod II + 4.31 ring II + 1.26 III + 1.08 IV. These meiotic pairing data are in agreement with the genomic relationships based on the diploid hybrids involving these genomes. Fertility of the hybrid between T. scirpeum and the amphiploid of T. bessarabicum × T. elongatum suggested that their genomes were similar and balanced and that gene flow could occur between the JJ diploids and the JJJJ tetraploid.Key words: hybrid, amphidiploid, genome, isozyme, chromosome pairing, Triticeae, Thinopyrum.
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Sharpe, A. G., I. A. P. Parkin, D. J. Keith, and D. J. Lydiate. "Frequent nonreciprocal translocations in the amphidiploid genome of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)." Genome 38, no. 6 (1995): 1112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-148.
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A RFLP map of Brassica napus, consisting of 277 loci arranged in 19 linkage groups, was produced from genetic segregation in a combined population of 174 doubled-haploid microspore-derived lines. The integration of this map with a B. napus map derived from a resynthesized B. napus × oilseed rape cross allowed the 10 linkage groups of the B. napus A genome and the 9 linkage groups of the C genome to be identified. Collinear patterns of marker loci on different linkage groups suggested potential partial homoeologues. RFLP patterns consistent with aberrant chromosomes were observed in 9 of the 174 doubled-haploid lines. At least 4 of these lines carried nonreciprocal, homoeologous translocations. These translocations were probably the result of homoeologous recombination in the amphidiploid genome of oilseed rape, suggesting that domesticated B. napus is unable to control chromosome pairing completely. Evidence for genome homogenization in oilseed rape is presented and its implications on genetic mapping in amphidiploid species is discussed. The level of polymorphism in the A genome was higher than that in the C genome and this might be a general property of oilseed rape crosses.Key words: restriction fragment length polymorphism, genetic linkage map, homoeologous recombination, microspore culture, doubled haploid.
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Tucker, Arthur O., and Henrietta L. Chambers. "Mentha canadensisL. (Lamiaceae): a relict amphidiploid from the Lower Tertiary." TAXON 51, no. 4 (2002): 703–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3647334.
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Ma, Yan, and David H. Byrne. "Meiotic Behavior in an Amphidiploid Rose and Its Hybrid Progeny." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 483d—483. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.483d.
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The amphidiploid rose 86-7 (Rosa wichuraiana × R. rugosa rubra) and its hybrids with the tetraploid breeding selection 82-1134 were analyzed for meiotic configuration frequencies and meiotic abnormalities. Genomic relationships in these hybrids were interpreted with the aid of a model of meiotic chromosome association in tetraploids. The optimized solutions to this model indicated a pattern intermediate between the “211” pattern, with one pair of closest genomes, and the “ring4” pattern, in which one of three possible pairing arrangements is strongly suppressed. The same configuration frequencies could also reflect a “4:0” pattern of equally similar genomes with more than two independent pairing and chiasma-forming domains per chromosome. The observed meiotic abnormalities included chromosome stickiness and asynchronous chromosome contraction within cells. Pollen stainability varied independently of meiotic irregularity or multivalent frequency.
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Seo, Bong-Bo, and Hyun-Hee Kim. "Regeneration of amphidiploid plants from tissue cultures of Allium wakegi." Plant Cell Reports 7, no. 5 (1988): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00269922.
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Kopsell, Dean A., Scott McElroy, Carl Sams, and David Kopsell. "(167) Carotenoid Accumulation Among the Diploid and Amphidiploid Brassica Species." HortScience 41, no. 4 (2006): 1081A—1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1081a.
Full textAbstract:
Vegetable crops can be significant sources of nutritionally important dietary carotenoids and Brassica vegetables are sources that also exhibit antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity. The family Brassicaceae contains a diverse group of plant species commercially important in many parts of the world. The six economically important Brassica species are closely related genetically. Three diploid species (B. nigra, B. rapa, and B. oleracea) are the natural progenitors of the allotetraploid species (B. juncea, B. napus, and B. carinata). The objective of this study was to characterize the accumulation of important dietary carotenoid pigments among the genetically related Brassica species. The HPLC quantification revealed significant differences in carotenoid and chlorophyll pigment accumulation among the Brassica species. Brassica nigra accumulated the highest concentrations of lutein, 5,6-epoxy lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin. The highest concentrations of beta-carotene and total chlorophyll were found in B. juncea. Brassica rapa accumulated the highest concentrations of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin. For each of the pigments analyzed, the diploid Brassica species accumulated higher concentrations, on average, than the amphidiploid species. Brassicas convey unique health attributes when consumed in the diet. Identification of genetic relationships among the Brassica species would be beneficial information for improvement programs designed to increase carotenoid values.
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Jamet, Elisabeth, Andrée Durr, and Jacqueline Fleck. "Absence of some truncated genes in the amphidiploid Nicotiana tabacum." Gene 59, no. 2-3 (1987): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(87)90329-5.
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IANCU, Paula, and Marin SOARE. "SYNTHETIC AMPHIDIPLOID WHEAT – A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF RAISING QUALITY IMPROVEMENT." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 52, no. 2 (2023): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v52i2.1393.
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Synthetic wheat is from the genetic point of view an amphidiploid which combines the genome of parents. It often exhibits superior characteristics that contribute to the enlargement of genetic variation in breeding programs or in the development of new varieties. Breeding programs of NARDI Fundulea, the most important agricultural research unit in Romania began to increase genetic variability by incorporating wild genes to exploit the improvement of wheat through crosses with wild ancestors and succeeded in creating lines of synthetic wheat with some higher quality components. Experimented lines of these programs proved to be an efficient and beneficial source of new genes for common wheat quality from the southern area of Romania.
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Komyshev, Evgenii G., Mikhail A. Genaev, Yuliya V. Kruchinina, Vasily S. Koval, Nikolay P. Goncharov, and Dmitry A. Afonnikov. "Evaluation of the Spike Diversity of Seven Hexaploid Wheat Species and an Artificial Amphidiploid Using a Quadrangle Model Obtained from 2D Images." Plants 13, no. 19 (2024): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13192736.
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The spike shape and morphometric characteristics are among the key characteristics of cultivated cereals, being associated with their productivity. These traits are often used for the plant taxonomy and authenticity of hexaploid wheat species. Manual measurement of spike characteristics is tedious and not precise. Recently, the authors of this study developed a method for wheat spike morphometry utilizing 2D image analysis. Here, this method is applied to study variations in spike size and shape for 190 plants of seven hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) species and one artificial amphidiploid of wheat. Five manually estimated spike traits and 26 traits obtained from digital image analysis were analyzed. Image-based traits describe the characteristics of the base, center and apex of the spike and common parameters (circularity, roundness, perimeter, etc.). Estimates of similar traits by manual measurement and image analysis were shown to be highly correlated, suggesting the practical importance of digital spike phenotyping. The utility of spike traits for classification into types (spelt, normal and compact) and species or amphidiploid is shown. It is also demonstrated that the estimates obtained made it possible to identify the spike characteristics differing significantly between species or between accessions within the same species. The present work suggests the usefulness of wheat spike shape analysis using an approach based on characteristics obtained by digital image analysis.
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Tucker, Arthur O., and Henrietta L. Chambers. "Mentha canadensis L. (Lamiaceae): A Relict Amphidiploid from the Lower Tertiary." Taxon 51, no. 4 (2002): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1555024.
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