Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Amplitude and frequency modulation'

Optical frequency standards are necessary tools for accurate measurement of time and length. In practice these standards are stabilised laser systems locked to a known frequency reference. These references are typically the resonant frequencies of the atoms of an absorption medium that have been theoretically calculated to a high degree of accuracy. This thesis describes a combination of experimental and theoretical research performed on modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS)--a technique used to frequency stabilise a laser in order to produce an accurate frequency reference--with emphasis placed on developing techniques and procedures to overcome the limitations found in existing MTS stabilised laser systems. The focus of the thesis is to generate a highly accurate frequency reference by researching the system parameters that will increase the signal to noise ratio and improve the accuracy of the reference through refinement of the signal structure. The early theoretical interpretation of MTS was effectively a low absorption approximation that occurs at low pressures. This approximation ignores the depletion of beam energy through absorption and is a distinct limitation of the theoretical model in its ability to accurately predict the influence of a range of system parameters on signal strength and structure. To overcome this limitation a 3-D (or volumetric) analysis was developed and is presented here for the first time. This volumetric model is a measure of two depleted beams interacting collinearly in an absorbing medium of iodine and is described to accurately predict the signal maximum as a function of pressure for all wavelengths. This model was found to be more accurate in predicting the influence of system parameters on the signal strength and structure, including that of pump beam intensity, pressure, saturation parameter, cell length and modulation parameters. The volumetric model is a novel approach to MTS theory but is more complex computationally than the traditional low pressure model and therefore more difficult to implement in many situations. To overcome this problem a hybrid model was developed as a combination of the low pressure and volumetric models. The comparison between the rigorous volume model and the hybrid model indicate that there is a deviation in the signal strength at high pressures. However, the agreement was very good in the pressure regimes that are commonly used to realise actual frequency references. Comparison of the hybrid model to experimental data was performed over a range of different wavelengths (532 nm, 543.5 nm, 612 nm and 633 nm) and found to be in close agreement. This gives confidence in the model to accurately predict signal strength and structure in any situation. Three mechanisms have been identified that limit the accuracy of frequency references due to the creation of residual amplitude modulation (RAM) where it shifts the frequency of the reference. The influence of RAM is included in the hybrid model as a ratio of the amplitude modulated and frequency modulated components of the saturating beam. These RAM production mechanisms result from the modulation of the saturating beam, the overlap of the beams in the medium, and the differential absorption of the sidebands in the medium. While the first mechanism has been previously reported the latter two are discussed here in detail for the first time. RAM generated by the modulators used (acousto-optic or electro-optic modulators) was typically of the order of 10% to 12%, depending on the excursion of the created sidebands. RAM generated by an asymmetric beam overlap with the modulators used was found to be as large as 30%. A combination of these two independent mechanisms can be used to provide a "RAM-free" state of the system by using one to cancel the effects of the other. The third RAM generation process--medium induced RAM--is difficult to remove but through a careful combination of absorption related parameters--namely, pump intensity, cell length, pressure and detector phase--the effects of RAM can be removed, leading to a distortion free MTS signal. Further investigation into the predictions provided by the hybrid model shows that there is a complex relationship between cell length and the optimum pressure required for maximum signal strength, such that longer cell lengths will not necessarily improve the signal strength. This is contrary to conventional thinking and is important in the MTS design process to reduce unnecessary costs and improve the signal to noise ratio and frequency accuracy. Optimisation of frequency stabilised laser systems using MTS are generally performed using trial and error. Comparison of these optimum parameter values to those predicted by the hybrid model show that for popular wavelengths such as 532 nm they are similar. In addition, the hybrid model is able to predict the frequency shifts that arise within the system parameters used and has shown that existing systems being used at 532 nm, 633 nm and 778 nm could improve their signal to noise ratio and accuracy through a variation in the parameters. A methodology based on the hybrid model is presented that can be used to calculate the optimum parameters for maximum signal strength and a "RAM-free" state for any wavelength. This systematic approach can therefore be used to guide the design of actual frequency stabilised laser systems prior to and during the design process.

Optical frequency standards are necessary tools for accurate measurement of time and length. In practice these standards are stabilised laser systems locked to a known frequency reference. These references are typically the resonant frequencies of the atoms of an absorption medium that have been theoretically calculated to a high degree of accuracy. This thesis describes a combination of experimental and theoretical research performed on modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS)--a technique used to frequency stabilise a laser in order to produce an accurate frequency reference--with emphasis placed on developing techniques and procedures to overcome the limitations found in existing MTS stabilised laser systems. The focus of the thesis is to generate a highly accurate frequency reference by researching the system parameters that will increase the signal to noise ratio and improve the accuracy of the reference through refinement of the signal structure. The early theoretical interpretation of MTS was effectively a low absorption approximation that occurs at low pressures. This approximation ignores the depletion of beam energy through absorption and is a distinct limitation of the theoretical model in its ability to accurately predict the influence of a range of system parameters on signal strength and structure. To overcome this limitation a 3-D (or volumetric) analysis was developed and is presented here for the first time. This volumetric model is a measure of two depleted beams interacting collinearly in an absorbing medium of iodine and is described to accurately predict the signal maximum as a function of pressure for all wavelengths. This model was found to be more accurate in predicting the influence of system parameters on the signal strength and structure, including that of pump beam intensity, pressure, saturation parameter, cell length and modulation parameters. The volumetric model is a novel approach to MTS theory but is more complex computationally than the traditional low pressure model and therefore more difficult to implement in many situations. To overcome this problem a hybrid model was developed as a combination of the low pressure and volumetric models. The comparison between the rigorous volume model and the hybrid model indicate that there is a deviation in the signal strength at high pressures. However, the agreement was very good in the pressure regimes that are commonly used to realise actual frequency references. Comparison of the hybrid model to experimental data was performed over a range of different wavelengths (532 nm, 543.5 nm, 612 nm and 633 nm) and found to be in close agreement. This gives confidence in the model to accurately predict signal strength and structure in any situation. Three mechanisms have been identified that limit the accuracy of frequency references due to the creation of residual amplitude modulation (RAM) where it shifts the frequency of the reference. The influence of RAM is included in the hybrid model as a ratio of the amplitude modulated and frequency modulated components of the saturating beam. These RAM production mechanisms result from the modulation of the saturating beam, the overlap of the beams in the medium, and the differential absorption of the sidebands in the medium. While the first mechanism has been previously reported the latter two are discussed here in detail for the first time. RAM generated by the modulators used (acousto-optic or electro-optic modulators) was typically of the order of 10% to 12%, depending on the excursion of the created sidebands. RAM generated by an asymmetric beam overlap with the modulators used was found to be as large as 30%. A combination of these two independent mechanisms can be used to provide a "RAM-free" state of the system by using one to cancel the effects of the other. The third RAM generation process--medium induced RAM--is difficult to remove but through a careful combination of absorption related parameters--namely, pump intensity, cell length, pressure and detector phase--the effects of RAM can be removed, leading to a distortion free MTS signal. Further investigation into the predictions provided by the hybrid model shows that there is a complex relationship between cell length and the optimum pressure required for maximum signal strength, such that longer cell lengths will not necessarily improve the signal strength. This is contrary to conventional thinking and is important in the MTS design process to reduce unnecessary costs and improve the signal to noise ratio and frequency accuracy. Optimisation of frequency stabilised laser systems using MTS are generally performed using trial and error. Comparison of these optimum parameter values to those predicted by the hybrid model show that for popular wavelengths such as 532 nm they are similar. In addition, the hybrid model is able to predict the frequency shifts that arise within the system parameters used and has shown that existing systems being used at 532 nm, 633 nm and 778 nm could improve their signal to noise ratio and accuracy through a variation in the parameters. A methodology based on the hybrid model is presented that can be used to calculate the optimum parameters for maximum signal strength and a "RAM-free" state for any wavelength. This systematic approach can therefore be used to guide the design of actual frequency stabilised laser systems prior to and during the design process.

Les interactions non linéaires entre modes de pulsation, induisant des modulations d'amplitude et de fréquence, sont difficiles à mettre en évidence avec les télescopes au sol en raison des temps caractéristiques en jeu, de l'ordre de la semaine, du mois, ou même de l'année. L'avènement des télescopes spatiaux comme KEPLER (opéré par la NASA) a considérablement changé la donne en apportant de nouvelles données pour ce domaine de recherche. Dans cette thèse, nous analysons les données photométriques obtenues avec KEPLER pour 24 étoiles compactes pulsantes, incluant 18 étoiles sous-naines de type B (sdB) et 6 naines blanches. Nous établissons que les modulations d'amplitude et de fréquence des modes d'oscillation sont un phénomène courant dans ces étoiles. Nous étudions en particulier deux étoiles : KIC 0862602, une naine blanche pulsante de type DB, et KIC 10139564, une étoile sdB variable à courtes périodes. KIC 0862602 et KIC 10139564 ont été observées sans interruption par KEPLER en cadence rapide pendant deux années pour la première et plus de trois ans pour la seconde. En analysant en détail ces données photométriques de très haute précision, nous mettons en évidence différents types de comportements affectant les composantes de triplets induits par la rotation stellaire. Les fréquences et amplitudes de ces modes montrent des variations soi périodiques soi irrégulières, ou demeurent constantes. Ces comportements peuvent être connectés à ceux prédits par les équations d'amplitude dans le cas de couplages non linéaires résonants entre modes, en particulier pour les temps caractéristiques des modulations. De plus, nous montrons que les modes en résonance constituant les triplets peuvent également interagir avec des modes extérieurs par le biais d'autres formes de résonances telle que la résonance à trois modes v 0 ~ v 1 + v 2 , une situation qui n'est pas prise en compte dans le cadre théorique existant. Ces études apportent pour la première fois une preuve claire de l'existence de mécanismes de couplages non linéaires entre modes d'oscillations dans les pulsateurs compacts. Cette découverte résonne comme un avertissement pour les projets visant à mesurer les taux de changement des périodes dus à l'évolution dans les étoiles compactes en général. Les modulations de fréquence d'origine non linéaire peuvent potentiellement empêcher toute mesure fiable de ces taux, à moins de corriger ces effets auparavant. Les modulations observées caractérisées dans cette thèse apportent un regard nouveau sur "l'astérosismologie non linéaire" et appellent à revisiter les méthodes d'analyse des courbes de lumière pour en extraire les modes d'amplitude et de fréquence variables. Dans un futur proche, nous anticipons davantage d'attention portée à ces phénomènes non inéaires dans différents types d'étoiles pulsantes observées depuis l'espace, ainsi qu'un regain d'intérêt pour la théorie non linéaire des oscillations stellaires en général<br>Nonlinear mode interactions, inducing amplitude and frequency modulations, are difficult to observe from ground-based telescopes as these typical timescales of the modulations are of the order of weeks, months, or even years. The launch of space telescopes such as Kepler (operated by NASA) has tremendously changed the situation by providing new data for this research field. In this thesis, we analyze the Kepler photometric data observed for 24 compact pulsators, including 18 hot B subdwarf (sdB) stars and six white dwarf stars. We find that it is a common phenomenon that oscillation modes in these pulsating stars show amplitude and/or frequency variations. We focus in particular on two stars, KIC 08626021, a DB white dwarf, and KIC 10139564, a short period sdB star. KIC 08626021 and KIC 10139564 have been monitored by Kepler in short-cadence mode for nearly two years and more than three years without interruption, respectively. By analyzing in depth these high-quality photometric data, we find that the modes within triplets induced by rotation clearly reveal different types of behaviors : their frequency and amplitude may exhibit either periodic or irregular modulations, or remain constant. These various behaviors can be linked to those predicted within the amplitude equation formalism in the case of the nonlinear resonant mode coupling mechanism, particularly for the modulation timescales. Furthermore, we find that the triplet resonance modes can also interact with outside modes through other types of resonances such as the three-mode resonance v 0 ~ v 1 + v 2 , which is not considered within the current nonlinear theoretical frameworks. These findings constitute the first clear evidence of nonlinear resonant mode couplings occurring in compact pulsators. This should resonate as a warning to projects aiming at measuring the evolutionary change rate of pulsation periods in compact stars in general. Nonlinear modulations of the frequencies can potentially jeopardize any attempt to measure reliably such rates, unless they can be corrected beforehand. The observed modulations characterized in this thesis provide new insights to "nonlinear asteroseismology" and call for new methods to process the signals of variable modes from the observed light curves. We foresee that increasing attention will focus on these nonlinear phenomena in various types of pulsating stars observed from space in the near future, thus reviving interest in the nonlinear oscillation theory in general

In order to meet the ever-growing demand for mobile data, a number of different technologies have been adopted by the fourth generation standardization bodies. These include multiple access schemes such as spatial division multiple access (SDMA), and efficient modulation techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based modulation. The specific objectives of this theses are to develop an effective feedback method for interference management in smart antenna SDMA systems and to design an efficient OFDM-based modulation technique, where an additional dimension is added to the conventional two-dimensional modulation techniques such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In SDMA time division duplex (TDD) systems, where channel reciprocity is maintained, uplink (UL) channel sounding method is considered as one of the most promising feedback methods due to its bandwidth and delay efficiency. Conventional channel sounding (CCS) only conveys the channel state information (CSI) of each active user to the base station (BS). Due to the limitation in system performance because of co-channel interference (CCI) from adjacent cells in interference-limited scenarios, CSI is only a suboptimal metric for multiuser spatial multiplexing optimization. The first major contribution of this theses is a novel interference feedback method proposed to provide the BS with implicit knowledge about the interference level received by each mobile station (MS). More specifically, it is proposed to weight the conventional channel sounding pilots by the level of the experienced interference at the user’s side. Interference-weighted channel sounding (IWCS) acts as a spectrally efficient feedback technique that provides the BS with implicit knowledge about CCI experienced by each MS, and significantly improves the downlink (DL) sum capacity for both greedy and fair scheduling policies. For the sake of completeness, a novel procedure is developed to make the IWCS pilots usable for UL optimization. It is proposed to divide the optimization metric obtained from the IWCS pilots by the interference experienced at the BS’s antennas. The resultant new metric, the channel gain divided by the multiplication of DL and UL interference, provides link-protection awareness and is used to optimize both UL and DL. Using maximum capacity scheduling criterion, the link-protection aware metric results in a gain in the median system sum capacity of 26.7% and 12.5% in DL and UL respectively compared to the case when conventional channel sounding techniques are used. Moreover, heuristic algorithm has been proposed in order to facilitate a practical optimization and to reduce the computational complexity. The second major contribution of this theses is an innovative transmission approach, referred to as subcarrier-index modulation (SIM), which is proposed to be integrated with OFDM. The key idea of SIM is to employ the subcarrier-index to convey information to the receiver. Furthermore, a closed-form analytical bit error ratio (BER) of SIM OFDM in Rayleigh channel is derived. Simulation results show BER performance gain of 4 dB over 4-QAM OFDM for both coded and uncoded data without power saving policy. Alternatively, power saving policy maintains an average gain of 1 dB while only using half OFDM symbol transmit power.

An investigation into performance improvements to the modulator stage of a class-D amplifier is conducted in this thesis. Two of the standard topologies, namely class-D open-loop pulse-width modulation (PWM), and the improved self-oscillating feedback system are benchmarked against a topology which includes both a hysteretic comparator in a feedback loop and triangle wave injection. Circuit performance is analyzed by comparing how the triangle injection circuit handles known issues with open-loop and self-oscillating circuits. Using this analysis, it is shown that the triangle injection topology offers an improved power supply rejection ratio relative to open-loop PWM and reduces distortion generated by frequency modulation characteristic of the self-oscillating topology.

Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthode pour modéliser les fonctions non linéaires de modulations d’amplitude et de fréquence de signaux multicomposantes non stationnaires de durée longue. La méthode repose sur une décomposition du signal en segments courts pour une modélisation locale sur les segments. Pour initialiser la modélisation, nous avons conçu une première étape qui peut être considérée comme un estimateur indépendant et non paramétrique des fonctions de modulations. L’originalité de l’approche réside dans la définition d’une matrice de convergence totale intégrant simultanément les valeurs d’amplitude et de fréquence et utilisé pour l’association d’un pic à une composante selon un critère d’acceptation stochastique. Suite à cette initialisation, la méthode estime les fonctions de modulations par l'enchaînement des étapes de segmentation, modélisation et fusion. Les fonctions de modulations estimées localement par maximum de vraisemblance sont connectées dans l'étape de fusion, qui supprime les discontinuités, et produit l’estimation globale sur la durée totale du signal. Les étapes sont conçues afin de pouvoir modéliser des signaux multicomposantes avec des morts et naissances, ce qui en fait une de ses originalités par rapport aux techniques existantes. Les résultats sur des signaux réels et simulés ont illustré les bonnes performances et l’adaptabilité de la méthode proposée<br>In this thesis, a novel method is proposed for modeling the non-linear amplitude and frequency modulations of non-stationary multi-component signals of long duration. The method relies on the decomposition of the signal into short time segments to carry out local modelings on these segments. In order to initialize the modeling, a first step is designed which can be considered as an independent estimator of the modulations over the entire duration of the signal. The originality of this approach lies in the definition of the total divergence matrix integrating simultaneously the amplitude and frequency values, which are employed for the association of a peak to a component according to a stochastic acceptation criteria. Following the initialization, the proposed method estimates the modulations by the step sequence of segmentation, modeling and fusion. The locally obtained modulation functions estimated by maximum likelihood are finally connected in the fusion step which suppresses their discontinuity and yields the global estimation over the entire signal duration. All these steps are defined in order to be able to model multicomponent signals with births and deaths, making one of its original features compared to existing techniques. The results on real and simulated signals have shown the good performance and adaptability of the proposed method

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as a viable modulation technique for an ultrasonic acoustic underwater modem. The underwater environment provides a challenging setting for acoustic communications. Long delay spreads due to multipath propagation, severe Doppler frequency shifts, frequency dependent absorption and very limited bandwidth are but some of the challenges to overcome. OFDM essentially provides the parallel transmission of symbols in the frequency domain by simultaneously modulating many closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers. The resulting long parallel symbol rate together with the cyclic extension of symbols render the signal robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath propagation. Intercarrier interference (ICI) between the overlapping frequency responses of subcarriers is mitigated by their property of orthogonality. Doppler spread contributes to the loss of orthogonality and can result in severe ICI. A method of measuring the Doppler shift by means of including a preamble and postamble symbol with each data frame is proposed. The detected frequency offset is corrected by resampling the frame at the desired sample rate. Not only do the ambles serve as a mechanism for timing and frequency synchronisation, but they are also applied in the channel estimation process. The equalisation of channel response is required for the coherent demodulation of the received symbols. An investigation into different phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations reveal optimal arrangements for minimal symbol errors. The optimised QAM constellations do not lend themselves to Gray-coding, so that an efficient interleaving scheme is needed to mitigate the non-uniform distribution of bit errors among symbol errors. Forward error correction is provided via a Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) block code. Variable code rates, together with the ability to switch between different constellations, enable the modem to perform so-called variable modulation in an attempt to maximise the throughput under specific channel conditions. The modulation/demodulation scheme is wholly defined in software as to provide flexibility and facilitate experimentation with different signal processing methods. The accompanying hardware platform allows for the transmission of a pre-generated signal and the recording of a received signal for off-line processing. The prototype design serves as a proof of concept and thus provides only simplex communication. Field tests over limited distances demonstrate the successful operation of the prototype modem. We conclude that OFDM is indeed a suitable modulation technique for acoustic underwater communication.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die toepassing van ortogonale frekwensiedeling multipleksering (OFDM) as modulasie tegniek op ʼn onderwater kommunikasie modem. Die onderwater omgewing bied vele uitdagings vir akoestiese kommunikasie. Lang vertraging-verstrooiings as gevolg van multipad voortplanting, Doppler frekwensieskuif, frekwensieafhanklike absorpsie, en beperkte bandwydte is van die uitdagings wat oorkom moet word. In essensie bied OFDM die parallelle versending van ʼn aantal simbole deur die gelyktydige modulasie van verskeie nou-gespasieerde subdraers in die frekwensiegebied. Die gevolglike lang parallelle simboolperiodes, tesame met die sikliese uitbreiding van simbole, verleen immuniteit teen intersimbool steurnisse (ISI) wat ontstaan as gevolg van multipad voortplanting. Die ortogonaliteit van naburige draers in die frekwensiegebied beperk interdraer steuring (ICI) tussen hul oorvleuelende frekwensie weergawes. Doppler frekwensieskuif kan egter lei tot die verlies aan ortogonaliteit en bydra tot ernstige interdraer steurings. ʼn Metode wat gebruik maak van aanhef en slot simbole, ingesluit by elke raam, word voorgestel om die Dopplerskuif te meet. Die bepaalde frekwensieafset word gekorrigeer deur die monstertempo van die raam aan te pas na die verlangde tempo. Buiten die tyd- en frekwensie-sinkronisasie funksies van die aanhef en slot simbole, speel dit ook ʼn belangrike rol in die ontrekking van die frekwensie weergawe van die kanaal. Die effening van die kanaal se frekwensieweergawe is noodsaaklik vir die koherente demodulasie van die ontvangde simbole. ʼn Ondersoek na verskillende fase verskuif sleuteling (PSK) en kwadratuur amplitude modulasie (QAM) konstellasies het optimale rangskikkings opgelewer vir minimale simboolfoute. Hierdie optimale QAM konstellasies verleen hulself egter nie na Gray-kodering nie. ʼn Effektiewe invlegtegniek is nodig om die nie-uniforme verspreiding van bisfoute tussen simboolfoute te beperk. Fout korrigering funksionaliteit word gebied deur ʼn Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) blokkode. Verstelbare koderingstempo’s en die vermoë om tussen verskillende konstellasies te skakel, stel die modem in staat om sogenaamde verstelbare modulasie te gebruik in ʼn poging om die data deurset te optimeer onder spesifieke kanaal kondisies. Die modulasie en demodulasie skema is volledig in sagteware gedefinieer. Dit verleen buigbaarheid en vergemaklik eksperimentering met verskeie seinverwerkingstegnieke. Die meegaande hardeware platvorm stel die modem in staat om vooraf opgewekte seine uit te saai en rou ontvangde siene op te neem vir na-tydse verwerking. Die prototipe ontwerp dien as ʼn konseptuele bewys en bied dus slegs simplekse kommunikasie. Die suksesvolle werking van die modem is gedemonstreer deur toetsing oor beperkte afstande. Hieruit word afgelei dat OFDM inderdaad geskik is vir akoestiese onderwater kommunikasie.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:28:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobsonST_DISSERT.pdf: 350196 bytes, checksum: eaf6055553dc1f6cec39e0f754c20635 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-02<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior<br>Brain oscillation are not completely independent, but able to interact with each other through cross-frequency coupling (CFC) in at least four different ways: power-to-power, phase-to-phase, phase-to-frequency and phase-to-power. Recent evidence suggests that not only the rhythms per se, but also their interactions are involved in the execution of cognitive tasks, mainly those requiring selective attention, information flow and memory consolidation. It was recently proposed that fast gamma oscillations (60 150 Hz) convey spatial information from the medial entorhinal cortex to the CA1 region of the hippocampus by means of theta (4-12 Hz) phase coupling. Despite these findings, however, little is known about general characteristics of CFCs in several brain regions. In this work we recorded local field potentials using multielectrode arrays aimed at the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus for chronic recording. Cross-frequency coupling was evaluated by using comodulogram analysis, a CFC tool recently developted (Tort et al. 2008, Tort et al. 2010). All data analyses were performed using MATLAB (MathWorks Inc). Here we describe two functionally distinct oscillations within the fast gamma frequency range, both coupled to the theta rhythm during active exploration and REM sleep: an oscillation with peak activity at ~80 Hz, and a faster oscillation centered at ~140 Hz. The two oscillations are differentially modulated by the phase of theta depending on the CA1 layer; theta-80 Hz coupling is strongest at stratum lacunosum-moleculare, while theta-140 Hz coupling is strongest at stratum oriens-alveus. This laminar profile suggests that the ~80 Hz oscillation originates from entorhinal cortex inputs to deeper CA1 layers, while the ~140 Hz oscillation reflects CA1 activity in superficial layers. We further show that the ~140 Hz oscillation differs from sharp-wave associated ripple oscillations in several key characteristics. Our results demonstrate the existence of novel theta-associated high-frequency oscillations, and suggest a redefinition of fast gamma oscillations<br>As oscila??es cerebrais n?o s?o completamente independentes, mas capazes de interagir umas com as outras atrav?s de acoplamentos entre frequ?ncias (cross-frequency coupling, doravante CFC) em pelo menos quatro diferentes modalidades: amplitudeamplitude, fase-fase (coer?ncia), fase-frequ?ncia e fase-amplitude. Evid?ncias recentes sugerem que n?o somente os ritmos per se, mas tamb?m as intera??es entre eles est?o envolvidas na execu??o de tarefas cognitivas, principalmente aquelas que requerem aten??o seletiva, transmiss?o de informa??es e consolida??o de mem?rias. Estudos recentes prop?em que oscila??es gama alto (60 150 Hz) transferem informa??es espaciais do c?rtex entorrinal medial para a regi?o CA1 do hipocampo atrav?s do acoplamento com a fase de teta (4 12 Hz). Apesar destas descobertas, entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre as caracter?sticas gerais dos CFCs em diversas regi?es cerebrais. Neste trabalho, registramos potenciais de campo local usando matrizes de multieletrodos implantadas no hipocampo dorsal para registro neural cr?nico. O acoplamento fase-amplitude foi avaliado por meio da an?lise de comodulogramas, uma ferramenta de CFC desenvolvida recentemente (Tort et al. 2008, Tort et al. 2010). Todas as an?lises de dados foram realizadas em MATLAB (MathWorks Inc). Descrevemos duas oscila??es funcionalmente distintas dentro da faixa de frequ?ncia de gama, ambas acopladas ao ritmo teta durante explora??o ativa e sono REM: uma oscila??o com um pico de atividade em ~80 Hz e uma mais r?pida centrada em ~140 Hz. As duas oscila??es s?o diferencialmente moduladas pela fase de teta conforme a camada de CA1; o acoplamento teta-80 Hz ? mais forte no stratum lacunosum-moleculare, enquanto que o acoplamento teta-140 Hz ? mais forte no stratum oriens-alveus. Este perfil laminar sugere que a oscila??o de 80 Hz origina-se das entradas do c?rtex entorrinal para as camadas profundas de CA1, e que a oscila??o de 140 Hz reflete a atividade de CA1 em camadas superficiais. Ademais, n?s mostramos que a oscila??o de 140 Hz difere-se das oscila??es ripples associadas com sharp-waves em diversos aspectos chave. Nossos resultados demonstram a exist?ncia de novas oscila??es de alta frequ?ncia associadas ? teta e sugerem uma redefini??o das oscila??es gama alto

The increase in capacity demand along with the advancement in digital signal processing (DSP) have recently revived the interest in coherent optical communications and led to its commercialization. However, design and development of robust DSP algorithms for example for carrier phase recovery (CPR) becomes complex as we opt for high order modulation formats such as 16QAM and beyond. Further, electrical-domain dispersion compensation (EDC), while providing many advantages, makes the system more susceptible to laser frequency noise (FN). For instance, in coherent optical links with post-reception EDC, while the transmitter frequency noise causes only phase impairment, the local oscillator (LO) FN in these systems results in a noise enhancement in both amplitude and phase. This noise is commonly known as equalization enhanced phase noise (EEPN). It results in asymmetric requirements for transmitter laser and LO laser. Further, the system design in the presence of lasers with non-white frequency noise becomes increasingly challenging for increased capacity-distance product. The main contributions of this thesis are, firstly, an experimentally validated theory of coherent optical links with lasers having general non-white frequency noise spectrum and corresponding system/laser design criteria and mitigation technique. Secondly, low complexity and high phase noise tolerant CPR for high order modulation formats. The general theory propounded in this thesis elucidates the origin of the laser frequency noise induced noise enhancement in coherent optical links with different DSP configurations. The thesis establishes the existence of multiple frequency noise regimes and shows that each regime results in different set of impairments. The influence of the impairments due to some regimes can ideally be reduced by optimizing the corresponding mitigation algorithms, while other regimes cause irretrievable impairments. Experimentally validated theoretical boundaries of these regimes and corresponding criteria applicable to system/laser design are provided. Further, an EEPN mitigation method and its two possible implementations are proposed and discussed. The thesis also demonstrates an intrinsic limitation of the conventional Blind Phase Search (BPS) algorithm due to angular quantization and provides methods to overcome it. Finally, this thesis proposes and demonstrates single stage and multi-stage carrier phase recovery algorithms for compensation of phase impairments due to the two lasers for higher order circular and square modulations. The proposed methods outperform the state of art algorithms both in performance and in complexity.<br><p>QC 20170516</p><br>European project ICONE gr. #608099

Les signaux de communication, dont la parole, contiennent des modulations d'amplitude et de fréquence relativement lentes qui jouent un rôle capital dans l'identification et la discrimination des sons. Le but de ce programme de recherche doctorale est de comprendre plus finement les mécanismes impliqués dans la perception de l'AM et de la FM, et de clarifier les effets du vieillissement et de la perte auditive neurosensorielle sur ceux-ci. Les seuils auditifs de détection d'AM et de FM sont mesurés pour des sujets normo-entendants (NE) jeunes et âgés, ainsi que pour des sujets malentendants (ME) âgés, à basse fréquence porteuse (500 Hz) et à basse cadence de modulation (2 et 20 Hz). Le nombre de cycles de modulation, N, varie entre 2 et 9. Les seuils de détection de FM sont mesurés en présence d'une AM interférente, de façon à contraindre l'utilisation des indices d’enveloppe temporelle. Pour l'ensemble des groupes, les seuils de détection d'AM et de FM sont meilleurs à 2 qu'à 20 Hz. La sensibilité à l'AM et la FM s'améliore lorsque N augmente, démontrant une intégration temporelle des indices d’AM et de FM. Pour l’AM, les effets du vieillissement et de la perte auditive sont antagonistes: aux deux cadences de modulation, la sensibilité à l'AM décline avec l'âge, tandis qu'elle s'améliore en présence d'une perte auditive. L'intégration temporelle est similaire pour les deux groupes de NE, tandis que l'intégration temporelle est améliorée chez les sujets ME. Pour la sensibilité à la FM, l'âge dégrade sélectivement les seuils de détection de FM à basse cadence de modulation, tandis que la perte auditive a un effet délétère global aux deux cadences de modulation. L'intégration temporelle est similaire pour l'ensemble des groupes. Deux modèles computationnels (mono-bande et multi-bandes) utilisant un banc de filtres de modulation et un processus d'appariement de gabarit sont développés pour rendre compte des données. Pris ensemble, les données psychophysiques et de modélisation suggèrent que: 1) pour des cadences de modulation rapides, la détection d'AM et de FM sont encodés par un mécanisme commun, probablement basé sur les indices d’enveloppe temporelle. A l'inverse, à basse cadence de modulation, l'AM et la FM sont encodés par des mécanismes distincts, utilisant probablement et respectivement des indices d’enveloppe temporelle et de structure temporelle fine; 2) le vieillissement dégrade la sensibilité à l'AM et la FM (i.e. les indices d’enveloppe temporelle et de structure temporelle fine), mais affecte plus fortement ces derniers; 3) la perte auditive n'affecte pas la sensibilité à l'AM (indices d’enveloppe temporelle), mais dégrade la sensibilité à la FM aux deux cadences de modulation; 4) Les processus décisionnels et mnésiques impliqués dans l'intégration temporelle d'AM et de FM sont préservés par le vieillissement. En présence d'une perte auditive, l'intégration temporelle d'AM est améliorée, probablement en raison de la perte de compression cochléaire, tandis que l'intégration temporelle en FM reste préservée. Toutefois, certains aspects de l’efficacité de traitement (modélisés par un bruit interne) déclinent avec l’âge et encore plus fortement avec une perte auditive. Les implications de ces résultats pour la définition, le diagnostic et la réhabilitation de la presbyacousie sont discutés<br>Communication sounds, including speech, contain relatively slow (&lt;5-10 Hz) patterns of amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) that play an important role in the discrimination and identification of sounds. The goal of this doctoral research program was to better understand the mechanisms involved in AM and FM perception and to clarify the effects of age and hearing loss on AM and FM perception. AM and FM detection thresholds were measured for young and older normal-hearing (NH) listeners and for older hearing-impaired (HI) listeners, using a low carrier frequency (500 Hz) and low modulation rates (2 and 20 Hz). The number of modulation cycles, N, varied between 2 to 9. FM detection thresholds were measured with and without an interfering AM to disrupt temporal-envelope cues. For all groups of listeners, AM and FM detection thresholds were lower for the 2-Hz than for the 20-Hz rate. AM and FM sensitivity improved with increasing N, demonstrating temporal integration for AM and FM detection. As for AM thresholds, opposite effects of age and hearing loss were observed: AM sensitivity declines with age, but improves with hearing loss at both modulation rates. Temporal integration of AM cues was similar across NH listeners, but better for HI listeners. As for FM sensitivity, ageing degrades FM thresholds at the low modulation rate only, whereas hearing loss has a deleterious effect at both modulation rates. Temporal integration of FM cues was similar across all groups. Two computational models (a single-band and a multi-band version) using the modulation filterbank concept and a template-matching decision strategy were developed in order to account for the data. Overall, the psychophysical and modeling data suggest that: 1) at high modulation rates, AM and FM detection are coded by a common underlying mechanism, possibly based on temporal-envelope cues. In contrast, at low modulation rates, AM and FM are coded by different mechanisms, possibly based on temporal-envelope cues and temporal-fine-structure cues, respectively. 2) Ageing reduces sensitivity to both AM and FM (i.e., both temporal-envelope and temporal-fine-structure cues), but more so for the latter. 3) Hearing loss does not affect sensitivity to AM (temporal-envelope cues) but impairs FM sensitivity at both rates. 4) The memory and decision processes involved in the temporal integration of AM and FM cues are preserved with age. With hearing loss, the temporal integration of AM cues is enhanced, probably due to the loss of amplitude compression, while the temporal integration of FM cues remains unchanged. Still, some aspects of processing efficiency (as modeled by internal noise) decline with age and even more following cochlear damage. The implications for the definition, diagnosis and rehabilitation of presbyacysis are discussed

Timing offsets result from the use of real clocks that are non-ideal in sampling intervals. These offsets also known as timing jitter were shown to degrade the performance of the two forms of UWB systems impulse radio and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based UWB. It was shown that for impulse radio, timing jitter distorts the correlation property of the transmitted signal and the resulting performance loss is proportional to the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the timing jitter. For the OFDM-based UWB, timing jitter introduced inter-channel interference (ICI) and the performance loss was dependent on the product of the bandwidth and the RMS of the timing jitter. A number of techniques were proposed for mitigating the performance degradation in each form of UWB. Specifically, for impulse radio, the methods of pulse shaping and sample averaging were provided, whereas for OFDM-based UWB, oversampling and adaptive modulation were given. Through analysis and simulation, it was shown that substantial gain in signal power-to-noise ratio can be achieved using these jitter-reduction methods.

Signal processing has been playing a key role in providing solutions to key problems encountered in communications, in general, and in wireless communications, in particular. Time-Frequency Signal Processing (TFSP) provides eective tools for analyzing nonstationary signals where the frequency content of signals varies in time as well as for analyzing linear time-varying systems. This research aimed at exploiting the advantages of TFSP, in dealing with nonstationary signals, into the fundamental issues of signal processing, namely the signal estimation and signal separation. In particular, it has investigated the problems of (i) the Instantaneous Frequency (IF) estimation of Linear Frequency-Modulated (LFM) signals corrupted in complex-valued zero-mean Multiplicative Noise (MN), and (ii) the Underdetermined Blind Source Separation (UBSS) of LFM signals, while focusing onto the fast-growing area of Wireless Communications (WCom). A common problem in the issue of signal estimation is the estimation of the frequency of Frequency-Modulated signals which are seen in many engineering and real-life applications. Accurate frequency estimation leads to accurate recovery of the true information. In some applications, the random amplitude modulation shows up when the medium is dispersive and/or when the assumption of point target is not valid; the original signal is considered to be corrupted by an MN process thus seriously aecting the recovery of the information-bearing frequency. The IF estimation of nonstationary signals corrupted by complex-valued zero-mean MN was investigated in this research. We have proposed a Second-Order Statistics approach, rather than a Higher-Order Statistics approach, for IF estimation using Time-Frequency Distributions (TFDs). The main assumption was that the autocorrelation function of the MN is real-valued but not necessarily positive (i.e. the spectrum of the MN is symmetric but does not necessary has the highest peak at zero frequency). The estimation performance was analyzed in terms of bias and variance, and compared between four dierent TFDs: Wigner-Ville Distribution, Spectrogram, Choi-Williams Distribution and Modified B Distribution. To further improve the estimation, we proposed to use the Multiple Signal Classification algorithm and showed its better performance. It was shown that the Modified B Distribution performance was the best for Signal-to-Noise Ratio less than 10dB. In the issue of signal separation, a new research direction called Blind Source Separation (BSS) has emerged over the last decade. BSS is a fundamental technique in array signal processing aiming at recovering unobserved signals or sources from observed mixtures exploiting only the assumption of mutual independence between the signals. The term "blind" indicates that neither the structure of the mixtures nor the source signals are known to the receivers. Applications of BSS are seen in, for example, radar and sonar, communications, speech processing, biomedical signal processing. In the case of nonstationary signals, a TF structure forcing approach was introduced by Belouchrani and Amin by defining the Spatial Time- Frequency Distribution (STFD), which combines both TF diversity and spatial diversity. The benefit of STFD in an environment of nonstationary signals is the direct exploitation of the information brought by the nonstationarity of the signals. A drawback of most BSS algorithms is that they fail to separate sources in situations where there are more sources than sensors, referred to as UBSS. The UBSS of nonstationary signals was investigated in this research. We have presented a new approach for blind separation of nonstationary sources using their TFDs. The separation algorithm is based on a vector clustering procedure that estimates the source TFDs by grouping together the TF points corresponding to "closely spaced" spatial directions. Simulations illustrate the performances of the proposed method for the underdetermined blind separation of FM signals. The method developed in this research represents a new research direction for solving the UBSS problem. The successful results obtained in the research development of the above two problems has led to a conclusion that TFSP is useful for WCom. Future research directions were also proposed.

Signal processing has been playing a key role in providing solutions to key problems encountered in communications, in general, and in wireless communications, in particular. Time-Frequency Signal Processing (TFSP) provides eective tools for analyzing nonstationary signals where the frequency content of signals varies in time as well as for analyzing linear time-varying systems. This research aimed at exploiting the advantages of TFSP, in dealing with nonstationary signals, into the fundamental issues of signal processing, namely the signal estimation and signal separation. In particular, it has investigated the problems of (i) the Instantaneous Frequency (IF) estimation of Linear Frequency-Modulated (LFM) signals corrupted in complex-valued zero-mean Multiplicative Noise (MN), and (ii) the Underdetermined Blind Source Separation (UBSS) of LFM signals, while focusing onto the fast-growing area of Wireless Communications (WCom). A common problem in the issue of signal estimation is the estimation of the frequency of Frequency-Modulated signals which are seen in many engineering and real-life applications. Accurate frequency estimation leads to accurate recovery of the true information. In some applications, the random amplitude modulation shows up when the medium is dispersive and/or when the assumption of point target is not valid; the original signal is considered to be corrupted by an MN process thus seriously aecting the recovery of the information-bearing frequency. The IF estimation of nonstationary signals corrupted by complex-valued zero-mean MN was investigated in this research. We have proposed a Second-Order Statistics approach, rather than a Higher-Order Statistics approach, for IF estimation using Time-Frequency Distributions (TFDs). The main assumption was that the autocorrelation function of the MN is real-valued but not necessarily positive (i.e. the spectrum of the MN is symmetric but does not necessary has the highest peak at zero frequency). The estimation performance was analyzed in terms of bias and variance, and compared between four dierent TFDs: Wigner-Ville Distribution, Spectrogram, Choi-Williams Distribution and Modified B Distribution. To further improve the estimation, we proposed to use the Multiple Signal Classification algorithm and showed its better performance. It was shown that the Modified B Distribution performance was the best for Signal-to-Noise Ratio less than 10dB. In the issue of signal separation, a new research direction called Blind Source Separation (BSS) has emerged over the last decade. BSS is a fundamental technique in array signal processing aiming at recovering unobserved signals or sources from observed mixtures exploiting only the assumption of mutual independence between the signals. The term "blind" indicates that neither the structure of the mixtures nor the source signals are known to the receivers. Applications of BSS are seen in, for example, radar and sonar, communications, speech processing, biomedical signal processing. In the case of nonstationary signals, a TF structure forcing approach was introduced by Belouchrani and Amin by defining the Spatial Time- Frequency Distribution (STFD), which combines both TF diversity and spatial diversity. The benefit of STFD in an environment of nonstationary signals is the direct exploitation of the information brought by the nonstationarity of the signals. A drawback of most BSS algorithms is that they fail to separate sources in situations where there are more sources than sensors, referred to as UBSS. The UBSS of nonstationary signals was investigated in this research. We have presented a new approach for blind separation of nonstationary sources using their TFDs. The separation algorithm is based on a vector clustering procedure that estimates the source TFDs by grouping together the TF points corresponding to "closely spaced" spatial directions. Simulations illustrate the performances of the proposed method for the underdetermined blind separation of FM signals. The method developed in this research represents a new research direction for solving the UBSS problem. The successful results obtained in the research development of the above two problems has led to a conclusion that TFSP is useful for WCom. Future research directions were also proposed.

La memoire visuelle immediate est fortement perturbee par un environnement acoustique langagier. Alors que le bruit rose, meme intense, n'exerce pas d'effet majeur sur les performances de memoire immediate, la musique locale deteriore le rappel a court terme. Il apparait que l'information visuelle est codee phonemiquement , puis stockee dans un registre phonemique a court terme, par un processus interne de repetition articulatoire

This thesis is focused on the evaluation of rotor dynamics of the induction machine, which can be used as a basis for online diagnosis of driven load in the future. It describes the problem of time varying loading torque at its impact to electromagnetic variables in induction machine. Followed by the possible ways of monitoring and diagnostic of loading torque using Fourier analysis on supply current.

Les centres de données deviennent de plus en plus importants, allant de petites fermes de serveurs distribuées à des grandes fermes dédiées à des tâches spécifiques. La diffusion de services "dans le nuage" conduit à une augmentation incessante de la demande de trafic dans les centres de données. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'évolution des réseaux dans les centres de données et proposons des solutions à court et à long terme pour leur intra-connexion physique. Aujourd'hui, la croissance de la demande de trafic met en lumière la nécessité urgente d’interfaces à grande vitesse capables de faire face à la bande passante exigeant de nouvelles applications. Ainsi, à court terme, nous proposons de nouveaux transpondeurs optiques à haut débit, mais à faible coût, permettant la transmission de 200 Gb /s utilisant des schémas de modulation en intensité et à détection directe. Plusieurs types de modulations d’impulsions en amplitude avancées sont explorés, tout en augmentant la vitesse à des débits symboles allant jusqu’à 100 GBd. La génération électrique à haute vitesse est réalisé grâce à un nouveau convertisseur analogique-numérique intégré, capable de doubler les vitesses des entrées et de générer des signaux à plusieurs niveaux d’amplitude. Cependant, le trafic continuera sa croissance. Les centres de données actuels reposent sur plusieurs niveaux de commutateurs électroniques pour construire un réseau d'interconnexion capable de supporter une telle grande quantité de trafic. Dans une telle architecture, la croissance du trafic est directement liée à une augmentation du nombre des composants du réseau, y-compris les commutateurs avec plus de ports, les interfaces et les câbles. Le coût et la consommation d'énergie qui peut être attendus à l'avenir est intenable, ce qui appelle à une réévaluation du réseau. Par conséquent, nous présentons ensuite un nouveau concept fondé sur la commutation de "slots" optiques (Burst Optical Slot Switching, i.e. BOSS) dans lequel les serveurs sont connectés via des nœuds BOSS à travers des anneaux de fibres multiplexé en longueur d'onde et en temps, et organisés dans une topologie en tore. Au cours de cette thèse, nous étudions la mise en œuvre des nœuds BOSS; en particulier, la matrice de commutation et les transpondeurs optiques. L'élément principal au sein de la matrice de commutation est le bloqueur de slots, qui est capable d'effacer n’importe quel paquet (slot) sur n’importe quelle longueur d'onde en quelques nanosecondes seulement. D'une part, nous explorons l'utilisation d'amplificateurs optiques à semi-conducteurs comme portes optiques à utiliser dans le bloqueur des slots, et étudier leur cascade. D'autre part, nous développons un bloqueur de slots intégré monolithiquement capable de gérer jusqu'à seize longueurs d'onde avec la diversité de polarisation. Ensuite, nous présentons plusieurs architectures de transpondeur et nous étudions leur performance. La signalisation des transpondeurs doit répondre à deux exigences principales: le fonctionnement en mode paquet et la résistance au filtrage serré. D'abord, nous utilisons des transpondeurs élastiques qui utilisent des modulations Nyquist N-QAM, et qui adaptent le format de modulation en fonction du nombre de nœuds à traverser. Ensuite, nous proposons l'utilisation du multiplexage par répartition orthogonale de la fréquence en cohérence optique (CO-OFDM). Avec une structure de paquet inhérente et leur grande adaptabilité fréquentielle, nous démontrons que les transpondeurs CO-OFDM offrent une capacité plus élevée et une meilleure portée que leurs homologues Nyquist. Finalement, nous comparons notre solution BOSS avec la topologie Clos replié utilisée aujourd'hui. Nous montrons que notre architecture BOSS nécessite 400 fois moins de transpondeurs et de câbles que les réseaux de commutation électronique d'aujourd'hui, ce qui ouvre la voie à des centres de données hautement évolutifs et durables<br>Data centers are becoming increasingly important and ubiquitous, ranging from large server farms dedicated to various tasks such as data processing, computing, data storage or the combination thereof, to small distributed server farms. The spread of cloud services is driving a relentless increase of traffic demand in datacenters, which is doubling every 12 to 15 months. Along this thesis we study the evolution of data center networks and present short- and long-term solutions for their physical intra-connection. Today, rapidly-growing traffic in data centers spotlights the urgent need for high-speed low-cost interfaces capable to cope with hungry-bandwidth demanding new applications. Thereby, in the short-term we propose novel high-datarate low-cost optical transceivers enabling up to 200 Gb/s transmission using intensity-modulation and direct-detection schemes. Several advanced pulse amplitude modulation schemes are explored while increasing speeds towards record symbol-rates, as high as 100 GBd. High-speed electrical signaling is enabled by an integrated selector-power digital-to- analog converter, capable of doubling input baud-rates while outputting advance multi-level pulse amplitude modulations. Notwithstanding, data centers’ global traffic will continue increasing incessantly. Current datacenters rely on high-radix all-electronic Ethernet switches to build an interconnecting network capable to pave with such vast amount of traffic. In such architecture, traffic growth directly relates to an increase of networking components, including switches with higher port-count, interfaces and cables. Unsustainable cost and energy consumption that can be expected in the future calls for a network reassessment. Therefore, we subsequently present a novel concept for intra-datacenter networks called burst optical slot switching (BOSS); in which servers are connected via BOSS nodes through wavelength- and time-division multiplexed fiber rings organized in a Torus topology. Along this thesis we investigate on the implementation of BOSS nodes; in particular, the switching fabric and the optical transceivers. The main element within the switching fabric is the slot blocker, which is capable of erasing any packet of any wavelength in a nanosecond time-scale. On the one hand, we explore the use of semiconductor optical amplifiers as means of gating element to be used within the slot blocker and study their cascadability. On the other hand we develop a monolithically integrated slot blocker capable of handling up to sixteen wavelength channels with dual-polarization diversity. Then we present several transceiver architectures and study their performances. Transceivers’ signaling needs to fulfill two main requirements: packet-mode operation, i.e. being capable of recovering few microsecond –long bursts; and resiliency to tight filtering, which occurs when cascading many nodes (e.g. up to 100). First we build packet-mode Nyquist-pulse-shaped N-QAM transceivers, which adapt the modulation format as a function of the number of nodes to traverse. Later we propose the use of coherent-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM). With inherent packet structure and high spectral tailoring capabilities, we demonstrate that CO-OFDM-based transceivers offer higher capacity and enhanced reach than its Nyquist counterpart. Finally, we compare our BOSS solution to today’s Folded Clos topology, and show that our BOSS architecture requires x400 fewer transponders and cables than today’s electronic switching networks, which paves the way to highly scalable and sustainable datacenters

The purpose of this semestral project is to explain the basic issues of simple digital modulations through the creation of simple digital modulations using direct digital synthesis. It begins with a short review of digital modulation theory and the theory about direct digital synthesis. All the technical documentation is attached, including schematics and boards of functional modulator.

Les centres de données deviennent de plus en plus importants, allant de petites fermes de serveurs distribuées à des grandes fermes dédiées à des tâches spécifiques. La diffusion de services "dans le nuage" conduit à une augmentation incessante de la demande de trafic dans les centres de données. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'évolution des réseaux dans les centres de données et proposons des solutions à court et à long terme pour leur intra-connexion physique. Aujourd'hui, la croissance de la demande de trafic met en lumière la nécessité urgente d’interfaces à grande vitesse capables de faire face à la bande passante exigeant de nouvelles applications. Ainsi, à court terme, nous proposons de nouveaux transpondeurs optiques à haut débit, mais à faible coût, permettant la transmission de 200 Gb /s utilisant des schémas de modulation en intensité et à détection directe. Plusieurs types de modulations d’impulsions en amplitude avancées sont explorés, tout en augmentant la vitesse à des débits symboles allant jusqu’à 100 GBd. La génération électrique à haute vitesse est réalisé grâce à un nouveau convertisseur analogique-numérique intégré, capable de doubler les vitesses des entrées et de générer des signaux à plusieurs niveaux d’amplitude. Cependant, le trafic continuera sa croissance. Les centres de données actuels reposent sur plusieurs niveaux de commutateurs électroniques pour construire un réseau d'interconnexion capable de supporter une telle grande quantité de trafic. Dans une telle architecture, la croissance du trafic est directement liée à une augmentation du nombre des composants du réseau, y-compris les commutateurs avec plus de ports, les interfaces et les câbles. Le coût et la consommation d'énergie qui peut être attendus à l'avenir est intenable, ce qui appelle à une réévaluation du réseau. Par conséquent, nous présentons ensuite un nouveau concept fondé sur la commutation de "slots" optiques (Burst Optical Slot Switching, i.e. BOSS) dans lequel les serveurs sont connectés via des nœuds BOSS à travers des anneaux de fibres multiplexé en longueur d'onde et en temps, et organisés dans une topologie en tore. Au cours de cette thèse, nous étudions la mise en œuvre des nœuds BOSS; en particulier, la matrice de commutation et les transpondeurs optiques. L'élément principal au sein de la matrice de commutation est le bloqueur de slots, qui est capable d'effacer n’importe quel paquet (slot) sur n’importe quelle longueur d'onde en quelques nanosecondes seulement. D'une part, nous explorons l'utilisation d'amplificateurs optiques à semi-conducteurs comme portes optiques à utiliser dans le bloqueur des slots, et étudier leur cascade. D'autre part, nous développons un bloqueur de slots intégré monolithiquement capable de gérer jusqu'à seize longueurs d'onde avec la diversité de polarisation. Ensuite, nous présentons plusieurs architectures de transpondeur et nous étudions leur performance. La signalisation des transpondeurs doit répondre à deux exigences principales: le fonctionnement en mode paquet et la résistance au filtrage serré. D'abord, nous utilisons des transpondeurs élastiques qui utilisent des modulations Nyquist N-QAM, et qui adaptent le format de modulation en fonction du nombre de nœuds à traverser. Ensuite, nous proposons l'utilisation du multiplexage par répartition orthogonale de la fréquence en cohérence optique (CO-OFDM). Avec une structure de paquet inhérente et leur grande adaptabilité fréquentielle, nous démontrons que les transpondeurs CO-OFDM offrent une capacité plus élevée et une meilleure portée que leurs homologues Nyquist. Finalement, nous comparons notre solution BOSS avec la topologie Clos replié utilisée aujourd'hui. Nous montrons que notre architecture BOSS nécessite 400 fois moins de transpondeurs et de câbles que les réseaux de commutation électronique d'aujourd'hui, ce qui ouvre la voie à des centres de données hautement évolutifs et durables<br>Data centers are becoming increasingly important and ubiquitous, ranging from large server farms dedicated to various tasks such as data processing, computing, data storage or the combination thereof, to small distributed server farms. The spread of cloud services is driving a relentless increase of traffic demand in datacenters, which is doubling every 12 to 15 months. Along this thesis we study the evolution of data center networks and present short- and long-term solutions for their physical intra-connection. Today, rapidly-growing traffic in data centers spotlights the urgent need for high-speed low-cost interfaces capable to cope with hungry-bandwidth demanding new applications. Thereby, in the short-term we propose novel high-datarate low-cost optical transceivers enabling up to 200 Gb/s transmission using intensity-modulation and direct-detection schemes. Several advanced pulse amplitude modulation schemes are explored while increasing speeds towards record symbol-rates, as high as 100 GBd. High-speed electrical signaling is enabled by an integrated selector-power digital-to- analog converter, capable of doubling input baud-rates while outputting advance multi-level pulse amplitude modulations. Notwithstanding, data centers’ global traffic will continue increasing incessantly. Current datacenters rely on high-radix all-electronic Ethernet switches to build an interconnecting network capable to pave with such vast amount of traffic. In such architecture, traffic growth directly relates to an increase of networking components, including switches with higher port-count, interfaces and cables. Unsustainable cost and energy consumption that can be expected in the future calls for a network reassessment. Therefore, we subsequently present a novel concept for intra-datacenter networks called burst optical slot switching (BOSS); in which servers are connected via BOSS nodes through wavelength- and time-division multiplexed fiber rings organized in a Torus topology. Along this thesis we investigate on the implementation of BOSS nodes; in particular, the switching fabric and the optical transceivers. The main element within the switching fabric is the slot blocker, which is capable of erasing any packet of any wavelength in a nanosecond time-scale. On the one hand, we explore the use of semiconductor optical amplifiers as means of gating element to be used within the slot blocker and study their cascadability. On the other hand we develop a monolithically integrated slot blocker capable of handling up to sixteen wavelength channels with dual-polarization diversity. Then we present several transceiver architectures and study their performances. Transceivers’ signaling needs to fulfill two main requirements: packet-mode operation, i.e. being capable of recovering few microsecond –long bursts; and resiliency to tight filtering, which occurs when cascading many nodes (e.g. up to 100). First we build packet-mode Nyquist-pulse-shaped N-QAM transceivers, which adapt the modulation format as a function of the number of nodes to traverse. Later we propose the use of coherent-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM). With inherent packet structure and high spectral tailoring capabilities, we demonstrate that CO-OFDM-based transceivers offer higher capacity and enhanced reach than its Nyquist counterpart. Finally, we compare our BOSS solution to today’s Folded Clos topology, and show that our BOSS architecture requires x400 fewer transponders and cables than today’s electronic switching networks, which paves the way to highly scalable and sustainable datacenters

The aim of the master´s thesis is to create a high-frequency amplifier with switching power amplifier classes among classes A, B, C with output power of 10 W. The amplifier operates at frequency from 3.5 MHz to 14 MHz. Master´s thesis includes also theoretical analysis, design of lowpass filter and amplifiers and their simulation, mechanical realization and measured parameters of the amplifier.

Les communications optiques dans le spectre visible (VLC pour Visible-Light Communications) ont attiré une attention particulière depuis quelques années en tant qu'une solution prometteuse pour les réseaux sans fil à très haut-débit dans les milieux intra-bâtiment. Ainsi, cette technique exploite l'infrastructure d’éclairage basée sur les diodes électroluminescentes (LED) pour la transmission de l'information. Pour cette raison, elle offre de nombreux avantages, comparée aux techniques « classiques » basées sur les transmissions radiofréquences (RF), tels que l'existence d'une grande largeur de bande non réglementée, une sécurité de transmission intrinsèque et une immunité aux interférences électromagnétiques.Les principales contraintes liées à l'établissement d'une transmission VLC à très haut-débit dans ce contexte sont la propagation en trajets multiples et les caractéristiques non-idéales des LEDs commerciales, dites « blanches ». L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'impact réel de ces contraintes sur la transmission des données et de proposer des solutions efficaces de traitement du signal pour atténuer leurs effets. Nous commençons par étudier la réponse impulsionnelle du canal VLC grâce à l'élaboration d'un outil de simulation efficace. Nous évaluons ensuite la sélectivité en fréquence du canal de propagation en considérant différents critères, tels que la réponse fréquentielle, l'étalement temporelle du canal et le rapport signal à interférences. Dans un deuxième temps, compte tenu de la possibilité de la sélectivité en fréquence du canal et aussi la limitation de la bande passante des LEDs, nous étudions la pertinence de l'emploi de différentes techniques de transmission de signaux, notamment celle de l'OFDM optique (pour Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) afin de garantir des débits de transmission compétitifs avec la RF. Etant donné le facteur de crête ou PAPR (pour Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) élevé des signaux modulés en OFDM et la dynamique limitée des LEDs, nous proposons ensuite un nouveau schéma de transmission basé sur la modulation CAP (pour Carrier-less Amplitude and Phase) en plus de l'égalisation dans le domaine fréquentiel (FDE pour Frequency-Domain Equalization) au niveau du récepteur. Nous analysons les performances des liaisons VLC utilisant cette technique et les comparons à l'OFDM optique, en prenant particulièrement en compte la non-linéarité des LEDs. Enfin, nous démontrons l'intérêt de l'utilisation du schéma de transmission CAP-FDE à travers des résultats expérimentaux<br>Visible Light Communications (VLC) have attracted particular attention in the research community since a few years as a promising solution for high-speed indoor wireless networks. By exploiting the existing solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) lighting infrastructure, VLC offer numerous advantages such as a large unlicensed bandwidth, transmission security, and immunity to electro-magnetic interference compared to their radiofrequency counterparts. Within the context of indoor VLC, the multipath propagation channel and the non-ideal characteristics of the commercial white LEDs cause the main limitations for achieving high data-rate transmission. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the true impact of these limitations on the data transmission and to propose efficient signal processing solutions to mitigate their adverse effects. We start by the study of the indoor VLC channel impulse response by developing an efficient simulation tool. We then consider evaluating the channel frequency selectivity through different metrics. Next, given the potentially frequency-selective channel and the limited modulation bandwidth of the LEDs, we investigate the suitability of employing different signal transmission techniques including optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (O-OFDM) in order to achieve high data-rate transmission. Given the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of O-OFDM signals and the limited dynamic range of the LEDs, we then propose a novel transmission scheme, which consists of using carrier-less amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation together with frequency domain equalization (FDE) at the receiver. We analyze the performance of the VLC link using this technique and compare it with the O-OFDM schemes, especially by taking the non-linear characteristics of the LED into account. Lastly, we demonstrate the merits of using the CAP-FDE transmission scheme via some experimental results

У дисертації вирішене актуальне науково-технічне завдання підвищення ефективності прогнозу мілкоамплітудних геологічних порушень вугільних пластів методом неруйнівного контролю до 95%. Запропонована і обґрунтована математична модель розповсюдження акустичного хвильового пакету в дисперсійному породному середовищі, заснована на інформаційній амплітудно-фазовій модуляції несучих частот зондуючого сигналу. Розроблено ефективний спосіб прогнозу прихованих диз'юнктивів у вугільних пластах методом неруйнівного контролю. У його основу покладено аналіз особливостей прояву розривних геологічних порушень у функціях модуляційних параметрів сигналу, який отримано в результаті акустичного зондування вуглепородного масиву. Закономірності, отримані в результаті досліджень використані для розробки рекомендацій щодо тектонічної будови вугільних пластів для шахт «Дніпровська», «Краснолиманська» та «Степова».<br>В диссертации решена актуальная научно-техническая задача повышения эффективности прогноза малоамплитудных геологических нарушений угольных пластов методом неразрушающего контроля до 95%. Организованы и проведены комплексные шахтные, лабораторные и аналитические исследования распространения акустических колебаний в сложноструктурном породном массиве с геологическими нарушениями при использовании различных способов генерации зондирующего акустического сигнала. Впервые доказан факт информационной амплитудно-фазовой модуляции низкочастотных огибающих спектральной плотности мощности несущих частот зондирующего сигнала, прошедшего через исследуемый породный массив. Предложена и обоснована математическая модель распространения акустического волнового пакета в диспергирующей породной среде, отличающаяся от известных тем, что основана она на информационной амплитудно-фазовой модуляции несущих частот зондирующего сигнала. Предложена методика обработки сигнала волнового пакета зондирующего сигнала, прошедшего сквозь структурно-неоднородный породный массив, отличающаяся от известных тем, что в ее основу заложена фазовая демодуляция функции спектральной плотности мощности с применением метода низкочастотного эквивалента. Методика позволяет определить геометрические параметры неоднородностей при прохождении выработок в зонах геологических нарушений. Установлено, что исследование низкочастотной огибающей спектральной плотности мощности несущих частот и последующая ее фазовая демодуляция в среде Matlab позволяет получить фазовые характеристики огибающей, которые несут в себе информационную составляющую, отвечающую за структуру угольного пласта. Доказано, что в случае наличия нарушения график фазовой характеристики имеет один глобальный экстремум, который существенно отличается от остальных – локальных – своей первой производной. Причем, при фазовой демодуляции максимальная амплитуда несущей частоты иногда бывает менее информативна, чем боковые, поэтому в программе оценки нижних частот расчет функции полной фазы низкочастотных спектральных составляющих, осуществляется по четырем несущим с максимальной амплитудой, а среди них выбирается одна – с наиболее резким изменением сигнала. На основе их анализа сделан вывод о том, что на изгибе функции отражается излом характеристики. Доказано, что точка глобального экстремума фазовой характеристики низкочастотной огибающей спектральной плотности мощности несущих частот, вычисляемая методом низкочастотного эквивалента, определяет местонахождение разрывного геологического нарушения в угольном пласте с надежностью не менее 0.95, что позволяет существенно повысить надежность прогноза геоакустическим методом. Описанная точка экстремума возникает в определенное время распространения искусственного сигнала. Имея данные о местонахождении источника сигнала в момент времени его прохождения сквозь массив, местонахождении приемника и скорость распространения акустической волны в волноводе можно определить координаты соответствующей точки разрывного нарушения. Основываясь на анализе данного экстремума установлено, что координаты разрывного нарушения на прямой от источника искусственно генерируемого сигнала до приемника в плоскости волновода определяются произведением средней скорости распространения акустического колебания в угольном пласте и временем, соответствующем возникновению глобального экстремума фазовой характеристики низкочастотной огибающей спектральной плотности мощности несущих частот, что позволяет определить геометрические параметры разрывного нарушения в угольном пласте. Разработан эффективный способ прогноза скрытых дизьюнктивов в угольных пластах методом неразрушающего контроля. В его основу положен анализ особенностей проявления разрывных геологических нарушений в функциях модуляционных параметров сигнала, который получен в результате акустического зондирования углепородного массива. Закономерности, полученные в результате исследований использованы для разработки рекомендаций относительно тектонического строения угольных пластов для шахт «Краснолиманская» ГП «УК «Краснолиманская», «Днепровская» и «Степная» ПАО «ДТЭК Павлоградуголль».<br>In the thesis, the actual scientific and technical problem of raising efficiency of low-amplitude geological disturbances forecast in coal layers by the method of nondestructive testing up to 95 % is solved. The comprehensive mine, laboratory and analytical research concerning propagation of acoustic oscillations in the complex structured rock massif with geological faults by using different methods of probing acoustic signal generation are organized and conducted. The mathematical model of spreading acoustic wave packet in the dispersion medium based on the information and amplitude-phase modulation of carrying frequencies of the probing signal is proposed and justified. An effective method of the forecasting hidden disjunctives in coal layers by the method of non-destructive testing is developed. The method is based on the analysis of characteristic emergencies of geological faults in the functions of a signal modulation parameters obtained by acoustic probing of coal-rock massif. The regularities obtained from the research results are used to develop recommendations regarding the tectonic structure of coal layers for mines "Dniprovska", "Krasnolymanska" and "Stepova".

Muchos tipos de señales que encontramos a diario pertenecen a la categoría de sinusoides no estacionarias. Una gran parte de esas señales son sonidos que presentan una gran variedad de características: acústicos/electrónicos, sonidos instrumentales harmónicos/impulsivos, habla/canto, y la mezcla de todos ellos que podemos encontrar en la música. Durante décadas la comunidad científica ha estudiado y analizado ese tipo de señales. El motivo principal es la gran utilidad de los avances científicos en una gran variedad de áreas, desde aplicaciones médicas, financiera y ópticas, a procesado de radares o sonar, y también a análisis de sistemas. La estimación precisa de los parámetros de sinusoides no estacionarias es una de las tareas más comunes en procesado digital de señales, y por lo tanto un elemento fundamental e indispensable para una gran variedad de aplicaciones. Las transformaciones de tiempo y frecuencia clásicas son solamente apropiadas para señales con variación lenta de amplitud y frecuencia. Esta suposición no suele cumplirse en la práctica, lo que conlleva una degradación de calidad y la aparición de artefactos. Además, la resolución temporal y frecuencial no se puede incrementar arbitrariamente debido al conocido principio de incertidumbre de Heisenberg. \\ El principal objetivo de esta tesis es revisar y mejorar los métodos existentes para el análisis de sinusoides no estacionarias, y también proponer nuevas estrategias y aproximaciones. Esta disertación contribuye sustancialmente a los análisis sinusoidales existentes: a) realiza una evaluación crítica del estado del arte y describe con gran detalle los métodos de análisis existentes, b) aporta mejoras sustanciales a algunos de los métodos existentes más prometedores, c) propone varias aproximaciones nuevas para el análisis de los modelos sinusoidales existentes i d) propone un modelo sinusoidal muy general y flexible con un algoritmo de análisis directo y rápido.<br>Many types of everyday signals fall into the non-stationary sinusoids category. A large family of such signals represent audio, including acoustic/electronic, pitched/transient instrument sounds, human speech/singing voice, and a mixture of all: music. Analysis of such signals has been in the focus of the research community for decades. The main reason for such intense focus is the wide applicability of the research achievements to medical, financial and optical applications, as well as radar/sonar signal processing and system analysis. Accurate estimation of sinusoidal parameters is one of the most common digital signal processing tasks and thus represents an indispensable building block of a wide variety of applications. Classic time-frequency transformations are appropriate only for signals with slowly varying amplitude and frequency content - an assumption often violated in practice. In such cases, reduced readability and the presence of artefacts represent a significant problem. Time and frequency resolu

Research in vocal vibrato has established that vocal tract filtering is primarily responsible for the amplitude modulation (AM) present in Western classical vibrato. Using electroglottography (EGG) and the EGG speed quotient, which is sensitive to fluctuations in the amplitude of vocal fold vibration, AM was detected at the laryngeal (source) level, in addition to the subsequent AM which results from vocal tract filtering. Seventeen classically-trained opera singers sang vowels in three pitch and loudness conditions. EGG and microphone measurements of FM and AM and their rates, extents, and periodicity were made. Airflow was also measured, and the samples were rated by voice professors for vibrato consistency, speed, and width. Physiologic and acoustic data revealed that AM from vocal tract filtering, or the resonance-harmonics interaction (RHI) described by Horii and associates, was present throughout the vibrato samples. Laryngeal-level AM was also present throughout, with soft conditions having the highest mean extents. Singers with lower degrees of laryngeal-level AM were also those rated highest for vibrato consistency. Vibrato rate increased as pitch increased, and, to a lesser extent, as intensity increased. These findings document, in addition to the AM resulting from the RHI, the concurrent presence of laryngeal-level AM in a group of singers representing a range of training and experience.

this is master tesis on characterisation and implementation of amplitude path for a polar modulation transmetter, targeted at bluethooth extended data rate ( EDR).bluethooth EDR uses quadrature modulation techniques to obtain higher data rates. these techniques use ampitude an phase modulation of a carrier to increas bitrate without increasing signal bandwidth compared to anly using amplitude or phas modulation. the amplitude path migjt be futher developed by investigating the use of higjer order anti-elaising filters together with group compesation. alternative solutions for the I/V-stage is also an important area of staudy.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-78).<br>The MIT iLab Project has developed online laboratories (iLabs) which are lab stations that can be accessed and controlled remotely over the Internet. With iLabs, students can conduct real experiments on real equipment over the Internet. With the introduction of the National Instrument's Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrument Suite, NI ELVIS, in the development of iLabs, students to gain a better understanding of engineering concepts by obtaining real data from electronic labs. One of such crucial engineering concepts is telecommunications which plays a key role in transmitting information between people, systems and computers. There are many telecommunication schemes which exist today. The iLab developed in this thesis implements an experiment for studying one of such schemes, Amplitude Modulation. The NI ELVIS is used together with a device called the Emona Digital and Analog Telecommunications Experimenter (DATEx) to achieve the Amplitude Modulation lab setup. This iLab is an Interactive iLab, which gives one student at a time complete, real-time control over the lab set up. The Amplitude Modulation iLab will permit students to tune various controls and observe the behavior and changes of relevant signals, both in time domain and frequency domain. It will also permit students to compare different signals and retrieve data locally for post processing.<br>by Edison M. Achelengwa.<br>M.Eng.

Carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation is generally regarded as a bandwidth efficient two-dimensional (2-D) passband line code. It is closely related to the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes. CAP has been proposed for various digital subscriber loop (DSL) systems over unshielded twisted pairs of copper wires. In this thesis, our main focus is on the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) performance of the ideal (i.e., infinite length) linear and non-linear (decision feedback) CAP receivers/equalisers in the presence of additive, coloured Gaussian noise, and/or data-like cross-talks. An in-depth analysis is given on the performance of both receiver structures. In the case of the linear receiver, one possible view of the overall CAP transceiver system which includes both data and cross-talk transmission paths is that it is a linear multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. Accordingly, the existing MMSE results for a general MIMO system are applicable also to CAP systems. However, up to date, this approach was shown to be unsuccessful in the sense that the derived MMSE expressions are too complex and offer little insights. In our analysis, in order to find a more incisive MMSE expression, we reconsider the problem of minimisation of the MSEs at slicers. By exploiting the Hilbert transform pair relationship between the impulse responses of the inphase and quadrature transmit shaping filters, we are able to obtain an elegant and more meaningful MMSE expression, as well as the corresponding transfer functions of the optimum linear receive filters. In the case of the nonlinear, or decision feedback equaliser (DFE), receiver, we start our analysis with the receiver structure of a generic multidimensional (>/= 3) CAP-type system.This receiver consists of a bank of analog receive filters, the number of which equals the dimension of the CAP line code, and a matrix of cross-connected, infinite-length, baud-spaced feedback filters. It is shown that the optimum filters and the corresponding MMSE of the DFE receiver require the factorisation of a discrete-time channel spectral matrix. This mathematically intractable step can be avoided, however, when the DFE results are specialised to a standard 2-D CAP system where we are able to again exploit the Hilbert transform pair relationship to derive a further and more useful MMSE expression. Three sets of numerical studies are given on the MMSE performance of the CAP receivers. In the first set of studies. we model the sum of all crosstalks as an additive, Gaussian noise source and select three test transmission channels over which we compare the MMSE performance of the linear and DFE receiver structures. In the second set of studies, we compare the performance of the two receiver structures, but in a data-like cross-talk environment. The results demonstrate the importance of NEXT equalisation in the design of CAP receivers operating in a NEXT dominant environment. In the final set of studies which follows from the second set of studies, we investigate the relationship between the MMSE performance of the DFE receiver and system parameters which include excess bandwidth, data rate, CAP scheme. and relative phase between the received signal and the NEXT signal. The results show that data-like cross-talks can be effectively suppressed by using a large excess bandwidth (alpha > 1 in the case of a RC transmit shaping filter) alone.The relative phase also affect; the receiver performance. but to a lesser degree. In addition to the MMSE performance analysis. implementation issues of an adaptive linear CAP receiver are also considered. We propose a novel linear receiver by appending two fixed analog filters to the front-end of the existing adaptive linear receiver using fractionally-spaced equalisers (FSE). We show that if the analog filters are matched to the transmit shaping filters, then inphase and quadrature finite-length FSEs in the proposed receiver have the same NINISE solution. We further propose a modified least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm which takes advantage of this feature. The convergence analysis of the proposed LMS algorithm is also given. We show that the modified LMS algorithm converges approximately twice as fast as the standard LMS algorithm, given the same misadjustment, or alternatively, it halves the misadjustment, given the same initial convergence rate.

Carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation is generally regarded as a bandwidth efficient two-dimensional (2-D) passband line code. It is closely related to the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) schemes. CAP has been proposed for various digital subscriber loop (DSL) systems over unshielded twisted pairs of copper wires. In this thesis, our main focus is on the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) performance of the ideal (i.e., infinite length) linear and non-linear (decision feedback) CAP receivers/equalisers in the presence of additive, coloured Gaussian noise, and/or data-like cross-talks. An in-depth analysis is given on the performance of both receiver structures. In the case of the linear receiver, one possible view of the overall CAP transceiver system which includes both data and cross-talk transmission paths is that it is a linear multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. Accordingly, the existing MMSE results for a general MIMO system are applicable also to CAP systems. However, up to date, this approach was shown to be unsuccessful in the sense that the derived MMSE expressions are too complex and offer little insights. In our analysis, in order to find a more incisive MMSE expression, we reconsider the problem of minimisation of the MSEs at slicers. By exploiting the Hilbert transform pair relationship between the impulse responses of the inphase and quadrature transmit shaping filters, we are able to obtain an elegant and more meaningful MMSE expression, as well as the corresponding transfer functions of the optimum linear receive filters. In the case of the nonlinear, or decision feedback equaliser (DFE), receiver, we start our analysis with the receiver structure of a generic multidimensional (>/= 3) CAP-type system.<br>This receiver consists of a bank of analog receive filters, the number of which equals the dimension of the CAP line code, and a matrix of cross-connected, infinite-length, baud-spaced feedback filters. It is shown that the optimum filters and the corresponding MMSE of the DFE receiver require the factorisation of a discrete-time channel spectral matrix. This mathematically intractable step can be avoided, however, when the DFE results are specialised to a standard 2-D CAP system where we are able to again exploit the Hilbert transform pair relationship to derive a further and more useful MMSE expression. Three sets of numerical studies are given on the MMSE performance of the CAP receivers. In the first set of studies. we model the sum of all crosstalks as an additive, Gaussian noise source and select three test transmission channels over which we compare the MMSE performance of the linear and DFE receiver structures. In the second set of studies, we compare the performance of the two receiver structures, but in a data-like cross-talk environment. The results demonstrate the importance of NEXT equalisation in the design of CAP receivers operating in a NEXT dominant environment. In the final set of studies which follows from the second set of studies, we investigate the relationship between the MMSE performance of the DFE receiver and system parameters which include excess bandwidth, data rate, CAP scheme. and relative phase between the received signal and the NEXT signal. The results show that data-like cross-talks can be effectively suppressed by using a large excess bandwidth (alpha > 1 in the case of a RC transmit shaping filter) alone.<br>The relative phase also affect; the receiver performance. but to a lesser degree. In addition to the MMSE performance analysis. implementation issues of an adaptive linear CAP receiver are also considered. We propose a novel linear receiver by appending two fixed analog filters to the front-end of the existing adaptive linear receiver using fractionally-spaced equalisers (FSE). We show that if the analog filters are matched to the transmit shaping filters, then inphase and quadrature finite-length FSEs in the proposed receiver have the same NINISE solution. We further propose a modified least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm which takes advantage of this feature. The convergence analysis of the proposed LMS algorithm is also given. We show that the modified LMS algorithm converges approximately twice as fast as the standard LMS algorithm, given the same misadjustment, or alternatively, it halves the misadjustment, given the same initial convergence rate.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-128).<br>In frequency modulation (FM) systems, a continuous-time information signal is modulated onto a sinusoidal carrier wave by using the information signal to modulate the frequency of the carrier wave. In this thesis, a more general type of modulation is developed, of which FM is a special case, that we refer to as rate modulation. A rate modulation system consists of a dynamical system whose rate of evolution is varied in proportion to an information signal. The rate-modulated carrier wave is a scalar function of the state variables of the modulator. The thesis is focused on three aspects of rate modulation and demodulation systems. First, explicit expressions are derived for the power density spectrum of the rate modulated carrier wave for sinusoidal modulation. Second, a systematic procedure is derived for constructing demodulators. This procedure requires that the dynamical system used in the modulator has a known exponentially convergent observer. Assuming such an observer is known, a systematic procedure for constructing demodulators is given that depends on the underlying dynamical system in a simple manner. Finally, the quasi-moment neglect closure technique is used to approximate the signal-to-noise ratio when the carrier wave is corrupted by additive white-noise.<br>by Wade P. Torres.<br>Ph.D.

The study of quadrupolar nuclei using NMR spectroscopy in the solid state significantly increased in popularity from the end of the 20th century, with the introduction of specific methods to acquire spectra free from the effects of the quadrupolar interaction, that results in broadened lineshapes that cannot be completely removed by spinning the sample at the magic angle (MAS), unlike most of the other interactions present in the solid state. The first technique which allows, without any specific hardware, the removal of this broadening has been the Multiple-Quantum MQMAS experiment. The method quickly gained a popularity within the NMR community, with numerous successful applications published. However, the multiple-quantum filtration step in this experiment relies on severely limits sensitivity, restricting application to the most sensitive nuclei. Extending the applicability of MQMAS to less receptive nuclei requires the use of signal improvement techniques. There are multiple examples of such approaches in the literature, but most of these require additional optimisation that may be time-consuming, or simply impossible, on less receptive nuclei. This work introduces a novel signal improvement technique for MQMAS, called FAM-N. Its optimisation is solely based on density matrix simulations using SIMPSON, implying no additional experimental optimisation is required, while improving the signal in MQMAS spectra by equivalent or higher amounts than other common methods. In order to prove the applicability of this method on virtually any system, FAM-N has been investigated by simulation, and tested experimentally using a number of model samples, as well as samples known to be challenging to study by NMR. This work also explores other aspects of NMR spectroscopy on quadrupolar nuclei. Adiabatic inversion of the satellite populations can be performed to improve the central transition signal in static or MAS spectra. A range of methods has been tested and compared, with particular attention given to hyperbolic secant-shaped pulses, for which its performance have been described. Finally, cross-polarisation from a spin I = 1/2 nucleus to a quadrupolar nucleus has been investigated. After reviewing the theory for the static case, simulations have been performed under MAS in order to identify the conditions for efficient magnetisation transfer, with applications in spectral editing or for the combination with MQMAS.

Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1998.<br>"December 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Andres Larraza, H. Sarma Lakkaraju. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41). Also available online.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 187-195).<br>Vibration energy harvesters work effectively only when the operating conditions match with the available vibration source. Typical resonating MEMS structures cannot be used with low-frequency, low-amplitude and unpredictable nature of ambient vibrations. Bi-stable nonlinear oscillator based energy harvesters are developed for lowering the operating frequency while widening the bandwidth, and are realized at MEMS scale for the first time. This design concept does not rely on the resonance of the MEMS structure but operates with the large snapping motion of the beam at very low frequencies when proper conditions are provided to overcome the energy barrier between the two energy wells of the structure. A fully functional piezoelectric MEMS energy harvester is designed, monolithically fabricated and tested. An electromechanical lumped parameter model is developed to analyze the nonlinear dynamics and to guide the design of the multi-layer buckled beam structure. Residual stress induced buckling is achieved through the progressive control of the deposition along the fabrication steps. Static surface profile of the released device shows bi-stable buckling of 200 [mu]m which matches very well with the design. Dynamic testing demonstrates the energy harvester operates with 35% bandwidth under 70Hz at 0.5g, operating conditions that have not been met before by MEMS vibration energy harvesters.<br>by Ruize Xu.<br>Ph. D.

Thesis (M.Eng. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-122).<br>Draper Laboratory is developing a high precision MEMS accelerometer. This thesis describes and analyzes the electronics which produce the acceleration estimate and control the actuators within the sensor. The Vector Readout method of amplitude and frequency demodulation is described and shown to be a high precision, environmentally stable method of demodulation. The Vector Readout method of demodulation uses a Hilbert Transform filter and the CORDIC algorithm to simultaneously estimate both the amplitude and phase of a signal. A feedback controller is designed to hold the oscillation of a mass resonator at a constant amplitude.<br>by Lane Gearle Brooks.<br>M.Eng.and S.B.

<p>The ability to image myocardial perfusion is very important in order to detect coronary diseases. GE Vingmed Ultrasound uses contrast agent in combination with a pulse inversion (PI) technique to do the imaging. But this technique does not function sufficiently for all patients. Therefore have other techniques been tested out, including transmission of pulses with different amplitude (AM), to enhance the nonlinear signal from contrast bubbles. But a problem achieving sufficient cancellation of linear tissue signal is a feebleness of the method. In this diploma work has an effort been put into enhancing the tissue suppression in amplitude modulation. First the source of the lack of suppression was searched for by measuring electrical and acoustical pulses. The further examination revealed a dissymmetry in between pulses of different amplitude. To reduce this error were several attempts to make a compensation filter performed, which finally resulted in a filter created of echo data acquired from a tissue mimicking phantom. The filter was furthermore tested out on a flow phantom to see how it affected the signal from tissue and contrast bubbles, compared to the former use of a constant instead of the filter. The comparison showed 1.5-3.2 dB increase in tissue suppression (TS). But unfortunately did the filtering process slightly reduce the contrast signal as well, which resulted in a smaller increase of Contrast-to-Tissue-Ratio (CTR) than TS; 1.0-2.8 dB. During the work was the source of another problem concerning tissue suppression discovered. In earlier work by the author cite{prosjekt} the experimental results suffered from low TS around the transmitted frequency, which was found inexplicable at that time. This problem was revealed to be caused by reverberations from one pulse, interfering with the echoes from the next pulse. The solution suggested in this thesis is to transmit pulses in such a way that every pulse used to create an image has a relatively equal pulse in front. For instance, if a technique employs two pulses to create an image, and the first has half the amplitude and opposite polarity of the second. Then, to eliminate the reverberations must the first imaging pulse have a pulse in front which has half the amplitude and opposite polarity of the pulse in front of the second imaging pulse.</p>

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-117).<br>An automatic dysphonia recognition system is designed that exploits amplitude modulations (AM) in voice using biologically-inspired models. This system recognizes general dysphonia and four subclasses: hyperfunction, A-P squeezing, paralysis, and vocal fold lesions. The models developed represent processing in the auditory system at the level of the cochlea, auditory nerve, and inferior colliculus. Recognition experiments using dysphonic sentence data obtained from the Kay Elemetrics Disordered Voice Database suggest that our system provides complementary information to state-of-the-art mel-cepstral features. A model for analyzing AM in dysphonic speech is also developed from a traditional communications engineering perspective. Through a case study of seven disordered voices, we show that different AM patterns occur in different frequency bands. This perspective challenges current dysphonia analysis methods that analyze AM in the time-domain signal.<br>by Nicolas Malyska.<br>S.M.

This work is about digital signal processing methods to be used to determine information of low frequency low amplitude signals of known frequency. Different adaptive filter concepts such as Wiener filter, NLMS filter and lock-in are implemented and compared to each other. The comparison carried out for different input signal amplitude and noise variance with the objective to find the best algorithm for noise cancelling. The comparison is done using a signal of interest combined with white noise as input to the filter element. The aim of the comparison is to find the most appropriate filter for further signal analyzis. The key topics for the evaluation are the efficiency of noise cancelling and ease of implementation in a data processing unit.

Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1996.<br>"December 1996". Thesis advisor(s): Murali Tummala. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-86). Also available online.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2011.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "September 28, 2010."<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-87).<br>Amplitude modulation systems are used in many areas of engineering, especially communication based disciplines. Typical systems have low-level signals which encode the desired information to be transmitted. These low-level signals are usually not of adequate power to transmit the desired information across a target medium, thus requiring modulation and power amplification. In general, two goals of power amplifier design are low-distortion and high-efficiency. To meet these goals, a unique switch-mode power amplifier intended for amplitude modulation which utilizes spectral content at the carrier frequency is designed, simulated, and built. Theoretical predictions of total harmonic distortion (THD) and efficiency are made, and the constructed prototype results are measured. The THD for a 1 kHz modulating tone is predicted to be 0.9% and measured to be 4.15% worst case. The amplifier output stage efficiency is predicted to be 95.8% and measured to be 95.4% worst case.<br>by Christopher Buenrostro.<br>M.Eng.

[ES] Los sistemas de transmisión óptica no-coherente se emplean actualmente en las redes ópticas de corto alcance (< 80 km), como son las redes de ámbito metropolitano. La implementación más común en el estado del arte se basa en sistemas que emplean multiplexación por división en longitud de onda (WDM, wavelength division multiplexing) de cuatro longitudes de onda (¿) proporcionando un régimen binario de 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps). En los últimos años, los sistemas de transmisión ópticos no-coherentes están evolucionando desde 100 Gbps a 400 Gbps (4¿×100 Gbps). Dado que este mercado comprende un gran número de sistemas, el coste es un parámetro importante que debe ser lo más bajo posible. El objetivo de esta tesis es investigar distintos aspectos del procesado de señal en general y, específicamente, investigar nuevas técnicas de procesado digital de señal (DSP, digital signal processing) que puedan ser utilizadas en sistemas de transmisión óptica no-coherentes empleando la modulación por amplitud de pulsos (PAM, pulse-amplitude modulation). Para que una técnica DSP sea interesante en el contexto de una red óptica WDM no-coherente, esta debe mitigar de manera efectiva al menos una de las tres limitaciones principales que afectan a estos sistemas: limitaciones de ancho de banda, limitaciones por dispersión cromática (CD), y el ruido. En esta tesis se proponen y examinan una serie de algoritmos cuyo su rendimiento es analizado mediante simulación y experimentalmente en laboratorio: - Feed-forward equalizer (FFE): este es el esquema de ecualización más común que se emplea principalmente en las transmisiones ópticas no-coherentes de alto régimen binario. Puede compensar grandes limitaciones en el ancho de banda. - Estimación de la secuencia de máxima verosimilitud (MLSE): el MLSE es un detector óptimo y, por lo tanto, proporciona las mejores prestaciones en detección cuando se abordan las limitaciones por CD y de ancho de banda. - Conformación geométrica de la constelación: en los esquemas de modulación de intensidad óptica multinivel, la distancia entre los niveles de amplitud puede ajustarse adecuadamente (de manera que no son equidistantes) a fin de aumentar la tolerancia de la señal frente al ruido. - Conformación probabilística: técnica diseñada específicamente para esquemas de modulación multinivel. Esta técnica ajusta la probabilidad de cada nivel de amplitud de modo que se incrementa la tolerancia al ruido óptico. - Señalización de respuesta parcial (PRS, partial signaling response): este es un enfoque basado en DSP donde una interferencia entre símbolos (ISI, inter-symbol interference) controlada es introducida intencionalmente de tal manera que la señal resultante requiere menos ancho de banda. La técnica PRS puede adaptarse para combatir también el efecto de CD. - Pre-énfasis digital (DPE, digital pre-emphasis): esta técnica consiste en aplicar el inverso de la función de transferencia del sistema a la señal en el transmisor, lo que reduce el impacto de las limitaciones de ancho de banda en el receptor. - Modulación con codificación Trellis (TCM, Trellis-coded modulation): esquema de modulación que combina elementos de corrección de errores (FEC, forward error correction) con técnicas de partición en conjuntos y modulación multidimensional para generar una señal más resistente al ruido. - Modulación multidimensional por partición en conjuntos: muy similar a TCM, pero sin ningún elemento FEC. Tiene menos ganancias que TCM en términos de tolerancia al ruido, pero no es tan sensible al ISI. Utilizando estas técnicas, esta tesis demuestra que es posible lograr una transmisión óptica con régimen binario de 100 Gbps/¿ empleando componentes de bajo coste. En esta tesis también demuestra regímenes binarios de más de 200 Gbps, lo que indica que la transmisión óptica no-coherente con modulación PAM puede ser una solución viable y eficiente en coste<br>[CAT] Actualment, s'utilitzen sistemes òptics no coherents en xarxes òptiques de curt abast ( < 80 km), com són les xarxes d'àmbit metropolità. La implementació més comuna que podem trobar en l'estat de l'art es correspon amb sistemes emplenant multiplexació per divisió en longitud d'ona (WDM, wavelength division multiplexing) de quatre longituds d'ona (¿) proporcionant un règim binari de 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps). En els últims anys, els sistemes de transmissió òptica no-coherents han evolucionat des de 100 Gbps cap a 400 Gbps (100 Gbps/¿). Atès que el mercat de sistemes de curt abast compren un gran volum de dispositius òptics instal·lats, el cost unitari és molt important i ha de ser el més baix possible. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és analitzar aspectes del processament de senyal en general i, específicament, investigar noves tècniques de processament digital de senyal (DSP, digital signal processing) que puguen ser utilitzades en sistemes de transmissió òptica no-coherent que utilitzen la modulació per amplitud d'impulsos (PAM, pulse-amplitude modulation). Per tal que una tècnica DSP es considere interessant per a una xarxa òptica WDM no-coherent, aquesta ha de mitigar efectivament almenys una de les tres principals limitacions que afecten aquests sistemes: limitacions d'ample de banda, limitacions per dispersió cromàtica (CD), i el soroll. En aquesta tesi s'examinen una sèrie d'algoritmes, el seu rendiment s'analitza per simulació i experimentalment en laboratori: - Feed-forward equalizer (FFE): aquest és l'esquema d'equalització més comú i s'utilitza bàsicament en les transmissions òptiques no coherents d'alt règim binari. Pot compensar grans quantitats de limitacions d'ample de banda. - Estimació de la seqüència de probabilitat màxima (MLSE): el MLSE és un detector òptim i, per tant, proporciona el millor rendiment quan es tracta de limitacions d'ample de banda i de CD. - Conformació geomètrica de la constel·lació: en esquemes de modulació òptica d'intensitat multinivell es pot ajustar la distància entre els nivells d'amplitud (de manera que ja no són equidistants) per augmentar la tolerància del senyal al soroll. - Conformació probabilística: una tècnica dissenyada específicament per als esquemes de modulació multinivell; ajusta la probabilitat de cada nivell d'amplitud de manera que augmenta la tolerància al soroll òptic. - Senyalització de resposta parcial (PRS, partial signaling response): és un enfocament basat en DSP on la interferència entre símbols (ISI, inter-symbol interference) controlada s'introdueix intencionalment de manera que el senyal resultant requereix menys ample de banda. La tècnica PRS es pot adaptar per combatre els efectes del CD. - Pre-èmfasi digital (DPE, digital pre-emphasis): aquesta tècnica consisteix a aplicar la inversió de la funció de transferència del sistema a la senyal en el transmissor de manera que es redueix l'impacte de les limitacions d'ample de banda en la senyal en el receptor. - Modulació amb codificació Trellis (TCM, Trellis-coded modulation): esquema de modulació que combina els elements de correcció d'errors avançats (FEC, forward error correction) amb tècniques de partionament de conjunts i modulació multidimensional per generar un senyal més resistent al soroll. - Modulació multidimensional per partició en conjuntes: molt similar a TCM però sense elements FEC. Té guanys menors que TCM en termes de tolerància al soroll, però no és tan sensible a l'ISI. Mitjançant l'ús d'aquestes tècniques, aquesta tesi demostra que és possible aconseguir una transmissió òptica amb un règim binari de 100 Gbps/¿ utilitzant components de baix cost. Esta tesi també demostra règims binaris de més de 200 Gbps, el que indica que la tecnologia no-coherent amb modulació PAM és una solució viable i eficient en cost per a una nova generació de sistemes transceptors òptics WDM funcionant a 800 Gbps (4¿×200 G<br>[EN] Non-coherent optical transmission systems are currently employed in short-reach optical networks (reach shorter than 80 km), like metro networks. The most common implementation in the state-of-the-art is the four wavelength (¿) 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transceiver. In recent years non-coherent optical transmissions are evolving from 100 Gbps to 400 Gbps (4¿×100 Gbps). Since in the short-reach market the volume of optical devices being deployed is very large, the cost-per-unit of the devices is very important, and it should be as low as possible. The goal of this thesis is to investigate some general signal processing aspects and, specifically, digital signal processing (DSP) techniques required in non-coherent pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) optical transmission, and also to investigate novel algorithms which could be applied to this application scenario. In order for a DSP technique to be considered an interesting solution for non-coherent WDM optical networks it has to effectively mitigate at least one of the three main impairments affecting such systems: bandwidth limitations, chromatic dispersion (CD) and noise (in optical or electrical domain). A series of algorithms are proposed and examined in this thesis, and their performance is analyzed by simulation and also experimentally in the laboratory: - Feed-forward equalization (FFE): this is the most common equalizer and it is basically employed in every high-speed non-coherent optical transmission. It can compensate high bandwidth limitations. - Maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE): the MLSE is the optimum detector and thus provides the best performance when it comes to dealing with CD and bandwidth limitations. - Geometrical constellation shaping: in multilevel optical intensity modulation schemes the distance between amplitude levels can be adjusted (such that they are no longer equidistant) in order to increase the signal's tolerance to noise. - Probabilistic shaping: another technique designed specifically for multilevel modulation schemes; it adjusts the probability of each amplitude level such that the tolerance to optical noise is increased. - Partial response signaling (PRS): this is a DSP-based approach where a controlled inter-symbol interference (ISI) is intentionally introduced in such a way that the resulting signal requires less bandwidth. PRS can be customized to also mitigate CD impairment, effectively increasing transmission distances up to three times. - Digital pre-emphasis (DPE): this technique consists in applying the inverse of the transfer function of the system to the signal at the transmitter side which reduces the impact of bandwidth limitations on the signal at the receiver side. - Trellis-coded modulation (TCM): a modulation scheme that combines forward error correction (FEC) elements with set-partitioning techniques and multidimensional modulation to generate a signal that is more resistant to noise. - Multidimensional set-partitioned modulation: very similar with TCM but without any FEC elements. It has lower gains than TCM in terms of noise tolerance but is not so sensitive to ISI. By using the techniques enumerated above, this thesis demonstrates that is possible to achieve 100 Gbps/¿ optical transmission bitrate employing cost-effective components. Even more, bitrates higher than 200 Gbps are also demonstrated, indicating that non-coherent PAM is a viable cost-effective solution for next-generation 800 Gbps (4¿×200 Gbps) WDM transceivers.<br>Prodaniuc, C. (2019). Advanced Signal Processing for Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Optical Transmission Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/117315<br>TESIS

Amplitude and phase modulated optical OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) are analyzed in a 50GBit/s single channel and 40GBit/s 5 channel 512 subcarrier non-ideal dispersion-compensated fiber optic communication systems. PM-OFDM is investigated as an alternative to AM-OFDM to alleviate the problem associated with amplitude-modulated signals in a nonlinear medium. The inherent dispersion compensation capability in OFDM (using a cyclic prefix) allows transmission over a link whose dispersion map is not exactly known. OFDM also mitigates the effects of dispersion slope in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems. Moreover, the overall dispersion throughout the transmission link may vary due to environmental effects and aging. OFDM is inherently tolerant to over- or under-compensation and dispersion slope mismatch. OFDM transmission over dispersive, non-dispersion managed fiber links using OFDM requires an overhead in excess of the maximum accumulated dispersion. Existing WDM systems usually employ periodic dispersion management. OFDM in these systems requires a smaller overhead. It is, however, more susceptible to nonlinearity due to the coherent beating of subcarriers after each dispersion-compensated span. The large variation in intensity associated with amplitude-modulated OFDM makes this modulation format more susceptible to nonlinear effects in fiber compared to phase-modulated signals. This holds true unless dispersion and EDFA noise lead to amplitude variations strong enough for PM-OFDM to be degraded by nonlinear effects as well. In conclusion OFDM is beneficial for non-ideal dispersion managed systems. PM-OFDM can further improve the performance.<br>M.S.<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics MS

La manipulation de l’aimantation est un des sujets de recherche les plus étudiés dans le domaine de l’électronique de spin. Différentes méthodes de manipulations peuvent exciter les propriétés dynamiques de l’aimantation à différentes échelles de temps. Parmi les phénomènes dynamiques, la précession de l’aimantation et la désaimantation ultrarapide ont suscité un intérêt particulier. La fréquence de précession de l’aimantation est de l’ordre du GHz et correspond à une période de centaines de picosecondes. Cette précession est le mécanisme à l’œuvre dans les nano-oscillateurs à transfert de spin (NOTS), un nouveau type de dispositif microonde présentant des avantages sur l’oscillateur commandé en tension (OCT) conventionnel en termes de taille, de consommation d’énergie et d’adaptabilité de la fréquence. La désaimantation ultrarapide a été observé pour la première fois dans du nickel en quelques centaines de femtosecondes. Le renversement tout optique (RTO), nécessitant la désaimantation ultrarapide, a ensuite été démontré expérimentalement. Le RTO est bien plus rapide que tout autre retournement de l’aimantation par couple et est donc prometteur pour construire des mémoires magnétiques ultrarapides. Bien que de nombreuses études sur ces deux phénomènes existent, plusieurs problèmes se doivent d’être résolus avant de pouvoir passer à l’étape de production industrielle. Les NOTS sont censés être utilisés pour la modulation par déplacement d’amplitude (MDA) ou la modulation par déplacement de fréquence (MDF), mais les conditions optimales pour ces deux types de modulation microondes n’ont pas encore été assez investiguées. Quant au RTO, l’influence des paramètres du laser tels que la fluence ou la durée de l’impulsion et des propriétés du matériau tels que le composition et l’épaisseur n’a pas fait l’objet d’études systématique. Dans ce manuscrit, ces deux types de manipulation de l’aimantation sont étudiés en détail. En ce qui concerne la précession de l’aimantation, nous démontrons qu’un champ magnétique accru permet d’obtenir une plus large plage de fréquence possible alors qu’un champ magnétique plus faible résulte en une plage d’amplitude possible élargie. Ainsi ces deux scenarii sont applicables au MDF et MDA, respectivement, et posent les bases d’une utilisation des NOTS en modulation microonde. Dans la deuxième étude, nous démontrons que le RTO dépends fortement des caractéristiques de l’impulsion laser. Pour cela nous avons construit un diagramme d’état pour le GdFeCo et le Co/Pt, deux matériaux typiques respectivement du retournement tout optique indépendant de l’hélicité (RTO-IH) et du retournement tout optique dépendant de l’hélicité (RTO-DH). Ces résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme fondamental régissant la dynamique de l’aimantation induite par exposition à un laser<br>Magnetization manipulation is one of the most actively researched topics in the field of spintronics. Different ways of manipulation can trigger magnetization dynamics on different time scales. Among these dynamics, magnetization precession and ultrafast demagnetization have attracted substantial interests. The frequency of magnetization precession is normally in the GHz range corresponding to a period of hundreds of ps, which is the basic mechanism of spin torque nano-oscillators (STNO), a new type of microwave devices which show advantages over conventional voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in terms of size, energy consumption and tunable frequency. Ultrafast demagnetization was first observed in Ni which takes places in hundreds of femtoseconds. Triggered by this, All-Optical Switching (AOS) was then demonstrated which is much faster than any torque induced switching, promising for application in the high-speed magnetic memory. Although many studies on these two phenomena have been reported, several issues need to be addressed before they move toward application. STNOs are supposed to be used for amplitude shift keying (ASK) or frequency shift keying (FSK), but the optimal conditions for these two types of microwave modulation are still not well explored. As for AOS, the influence of the laser parameters such as fluence and pulse duration and the material properties such as the composition and the thickness has not been systematically investigated. In this thesis, these two types of magnetization manipulation are studied in detail. Concerning magnetization precession, we demonstrate that a stronger magnetic field allows a wider frequency tuning range while a smaller magnetic field results in a wider amplitude tuning range. Thus, these two scenarios are applicable to FSK and ASK, respectively, providing guidelines for STNO in microwave modulation. In the second study, we demonstrate that AOS depends strongly on pulse characteristic. This was shown by building a magnetization state diagram for GdFeCo and Co/Pt which are two typical materials showing All-Optical Helicity-Independent Switching (AO-HIS) and All-Optical Helicity-Dependent Switching (AO-HDS), respectively. These results allow a better understanding of the fundamental mechanism behind laser-induced magnetization dynamics