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Journal articles on the topic 'Amplitude of accommodation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 September 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Glasser, Adrian, Machelle T. Pardue, Margot E. Andison, and Jacob G. Sivak. "A behavioral study of refraction, corneal curvature, and accommodation in raptor eyes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 2010–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-834.

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Since there is much speculation in the literature regarding the accommodative abilities of raptors, we undertook a behavioral study of accommodation in the five families of raptors. The resting refractive state and amplitude of accommodation were measured using infrared video photorefraction in a variety of wild-caught and captive-bred raptors. The resting corneal curvature and the extent of changes in corneal curvature during accommodation (corneal accommodation) were measured using video keratometry. External ocular and head dimensions were measured with calipers to look for correlates with accommodative amplitude. In general, all eyes examined were of high optical quality and relatively free of aberrations. No significant refractive errors were recorded in any of the birds examined (< 1.0 diopters (D)). In general, significant amplitudes of accommodation were measured in the hawks (up to 25.0 D), but little accommodation was seen in the owls. Corneal accommodation ranging from 2.8 to 6.2 D in magnitude was recorded in a number of the hawks. These differences in the accommodative behaviors of the owls and hawks are discussed with respect to the limitations of the behavioral techniques used, differences in the degree of cooperation of the different species, and real differences in the accommodative abilities of the owls and hawks in relation to their accommodative needs, such as when feeding.

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Gyldenkerne, Anders, Nicolaj Aagaard, Malene Jakobsen, Carina Toftelund, and Jesper Hjortdal. "Changes in accommodative function following small-incision lenticule extraction for high myopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): e0244602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244602.

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Purpose To examine whether the amplitude of accommodation, the accommodative response, and the accommodative facility is affected and correlated with changes in higher-order aberrations for patients with high myopia surgically treated with small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). Methods 35 highly myopic eyes (myopic spherical equivalent of at least 6 diopters) of 35 patients treated with SMILE were included. Assessments were made before and 3 months after surgery. Donders push-up-method was used to measure the amplitude of accommodation. The accommodative response was assessed using an open-field autorefractor”Grand Seiko WAM-5500” (Grand Seiko Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan) in combination with a Badal optometer and stimuli of accommodation at 0.0, 0.5, 1.25, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 D, respectively. Accommodative facility was measured at 40 cm with ±2,00D flipper lenses. All measurements of accommodation were performed monocularly with the refractive error corrected with soft contact lenses. Results The amplitude of accommodation did not change statistically significantly (mean difference -0.24 D (SD 0.98), 95% CI of mean difference -0.58 D to 0.11 D, paired-sample t(34) = -1.39; P = 0.17). The accommodative responses at 0.0, 0.5, 1.25, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 D did not statistically significantly change either (F(6,29) = 1.15; P = .36). Finally, the accommodative facility was also unchanged with a mean difference of 1.11 cycles per minute (SD 5.11, 95% CI of mean difference -0.64 to 2.87, paired-sample t(34) = 1.29; P = 0.21). No clinically significant associations between changes in accommodation and higher-order aberrations were found. Conclusions SMILE does not alter the amplitude of accommodation, the accommodative response, nor the accommodative facility for highly myopic patients, and the surgically induced corneal higher-order aberrations do not affect the accommodative function.

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Makhova, M. V., and V. V. Strakhov. "Interaction of accommodative and subjective diagnostic criteria of accommodation disorders." Russian Ophthalmological Journal 12, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2019-12-3-13-19.

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Purpose: to study the relationship of accommodative (objective) and subjective criteria of different types of accommodation disorders.Material and methods. 62 patients (124 eyes) with myopic refraction, aged 10 to 18, were divided into 6 groups according to accommodation disorders types. All patients were tested objectively on a Speedy-i accommodograph, which determined the coefficient of accommodation response (CAR) and the coefficient of microfluctuations (CMF) and underwent MEM retinoscopy to determine the accommodation response. In addition, subjective methods were used to determine the amplitude of accommodation (by proximetry) and accommodation flexibility (by ±2 D flipper). Results. A rather close correlation was revealed between the accommodative and subjective evaluation criteria of ciliary muscle performance. Therefore, both the CAR and proximetry data may be used to determine accommodation amplitude. The power of accommodation response may be determined by CAR and MEM retinoscopy, while the accommodation state may be tested by CMF or accommodation flexibility.Conclusion. A statistically significant correlation between accommodative coefficients and the results of subjective tests enable the practitioners of outpatient care to use the available subjective methods of accommodation disorder diagnosis and, accordingly, determine the best suited optical correction and choose adequate methods of treatment of accommodation disorders.

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Ikaunieks, Gatis, Karola Panke, Madara Segliņa, Aiga Švede, and Gunta Krūmiņa. "Accommodative Amplitude in School-Age Children." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71, no. 5 (October 26, 2017): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0065.

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Abstract In children, intensive near-work affects the accommodation system of the eye. Younger children, due to anatomical parameters, read at smaller distance than older children and we can expect that the accommodation system of younger can be affected more than that of older children. We wanted to test this hypothesis. Some authors showed that the norms of amplitude of accommodation (AA) developed by Hofstetter (1950) not always could be applied for children. We also wanted to verify these results. A total of 106 (age 7-15) children participated in the study. Distance visual acuity was measured for all children and only data of children with good visual acuity 1.0 or more (dec. units) were analysed (73 children). Accommodative amplitude was measured before and after lessons using subjective push-up technique (with RAF Near Point Ruler). The results showed that the amplitude of accommodation reduced significantly (p < 0.05) during the day and decrease of AA was similar in different age groups (about ~0.70 D). Additional measurements are needed to verify that the observed changes in AA were associated with fatigue effect. The results showed lower accommodation values compared to average values calculated according to the Hofstetter equation (p < 0.05).

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Ma, Martin Ming-Leung, Mitchell Scheiman, Cuiyun Su, and Xiang Chen. "Effect of Vision Therapy on Accommodation in Myopic Chinese Children." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1202469.

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Introduction. We evaluated the effectiveness of office-based accommodative/vergence therapy (OBAVT) with home reinforcement to improve accommodative function in myopic children with poor accommodative response.Methods. This was a prospective unmasked pilot study. 14 Chinese myopic children aged 8 to 12 years with at least 1 D of lag of accommodation were enrolled. All subjects received 12 weeks of 60-minute office-based accommodative/vergence therapy (OBAVT) with home reinforcement. Primary outcome measure was the change in monocular lag of accommodation from baseline visit to 12-week visit measured by Shinnipon open-field autorefractor. Secondary outcome measures were the changes in accommodative amplitude and monocular accommodative facility.Results. All participants completed the study. The lag of accommodation at baseline visit was 1.29 ± 0.21 D and it was reduced to 0.84 ± 0.19 D at 12-week visit. This difference (−0.46 ± 0.22 D; 95% confidence interval: −0.33 to −0.58 D) is statistically significant (p<0.0001). OBAVT also increased the amplitude and facility by 3.66 ± 3.36 D (p=0.0013; 95% confidence interval: 1.72 to 5.60 D) and 10.9 ± 4.8 cpm (p<0.0001; 95% confidence interval: 8.1 to 13.6 cpm), respectively.Conclusion. Standardized 12 weeks of OBAVT with home reinforcement is able to significantly reduce monocular lag of accommodation and increase monocular accommodative amplitude and facility. A randomized clinical trial designed to investigate the effect of vision therapy on myopia progression is warranted.

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De-Hita-Cantalejo, Concepción, María-de-los-Ángeles Benítez-Rodríguez, María Carmen Sánchez-González, María-José Bautista-Llamas, and José-María Sánchez-González. "Accommodation Response Variations in University Students under High Demand for Near-Vision Activity." Life 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111837.

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The objective of this study was to investigate accommodation changes and visual discomfort in a university student population after a period of high demand for near-vision activity. A total of 50 university students aged between 20 and 22 years were recruited. The tests performed involved positive relative accommodation (PRA), negative relative accommodation (NRA), accommodation amplitude (AA), and monocular and binocular accommodative facility (MAF and BAF). Visual discomfort was measured on a scale involving a visual discomfort questionnaire (VDQ). All accommodative variables underwent changes during the exam period; specifically, regarding NRA and PRA, 30.4% and 15.1% of the studied population, respectively, appeared to be below average. Moreover, 42.3% of the population exhibited values below average in the second measure of AA. On the other hand, a small percentage of the population was below average in MAF and BAF measurements: 3% in the monocular right eye test, 6% in the left eye test, and 9.1% in the binocular facility test. Finally, the VDQ score did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the two measurements. Prolonged near-distance work, such as a university exams period, changed all accommodation systems (amplitude of accommodation, relative accommodation, and accommodation facility). These changes influence an accommodation excess that results in blurred vision, headache, and problems with focusing.

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Castagno, Victor Delpizzo, Manuel Augusto Pereira Vilela, Rodrigo Dalke Meucci, Deiner Paulo Martins Resende, Francis Huszar Schneid, Rafael Getelina, Maurício Rodrigues Nasiloski, and Anaclaudia Gastal Fassa. "Amplitude of Accommodation in Schoolchildren." Current Eye Research 42, no. 4 (October 18, 2016): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2016.1220586.

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8

Kragha, I. K. O. K. "Measurement of amplitude of accommodation." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 9, no. 3 (July 1989): 342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1989.tb00925.x.

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9

Yu, Hanyang, Wentao Li, Ziping Chen, Mengzhen Chen, Junwen Zeng, Xijiang Lin, and Feng Zhao. "Is Ocular Accommodation Influenced by Dynamic Ambient Illumination and Pupil Size?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 10490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710490.

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Purpose: We investigated ocular accommodative responses and pupil diameters under different light intensities in order to explore whether changes in light intensity aid effective accommodation function training. Methods:A total of 29 emmetropic and myopic subjects (age range: 12–18 years) viewed a target in dynamic ambient light (luminance: 5, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 lux) and static ambient light (luminance: 1000 lux) at a 40 cm distance with refractive correction. Accommodation and pupil diameter were recorded using an open-field infrared autorefractor and an ultrasound biological microscope, respectively. Results: The changes in the amplitude of accommodative response and pupil diameter under dynamic lighting were 1.01 ± 0.53 D and 2.80 ± 0.75 mm, respectively, whereas in static lighting, those values were 0.43 ± 0.24 D and 0.77 ± 0.27 mm, respectively. The amplitude of accommodation and pupil diameter change in dynamic lighting (t = 6.097, p < 0.001) was significantly larger than that under static lighting (t = 16.115, p < 0.001).The effects of light level on both accommodation and pupil diameter were significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Accommodation was positively correlated with light intensity. The difference was about 1.0 D in the range of 0–3000 lux, which may lay the foundation for accommodative training through light intervention.

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López-Artero, Esther, Francisco Poyales, Nuria Garzón, Alicia Matamoros, Alba Sáez, Ying Zhou, and María García-Montero. "Changes in Accommodative and Binocular Function following Phakic Intraocular Lens for High and Low-to-Moderate Myopia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116716.

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The aim was to evaluate accommodative and binocular function of phakic intraocular lens implantable collamer lens (ICL) in high and low-to-moderate myopia. Prospective comparative cohort study with 38 myopic patients who underwent ICL implantation were divided into two groups of 19 patients, each one based on the spherical equivalent (SE): high-power (SE ≤ −6 D) and low-to-moderate (SE > −6 D). The push-up amplitude of accommodation (AA), monocular accommodative facility (MAF), distance and near ocular deviation, near convergence amplitude, near point convergence (NPC), stereopsis, and accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio were assessed before surgery and 1 week and 1 month postoperatively. The mean residual refractive error at 1 month after surgery improved in both groups, 0.18 ± 0.34 D and 0.09 ± 0.26 D, respectively (p < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in AA in both groups between preoperatively and at 1-week (p = 0.001; p = 0.008, respectively) and 1-month follow-up (p = 0.001; p = 0.008). For the rest of the binocular measurements, no statistically significant postoperative changes were found in any group. This finding suggests follow-up studies on amplitude of accommodation in phakic intraocular lens ICL implantation.

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Tarutta, Yelena Petrovna, Natalya Alekseyevna Tarasova, and Narine Vladimirovna Khodzhabekyan. "Comprehensive investigation of subjective and objective accommodation parameters in children and teenagers with myopia." Ophthalmology journal 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ov201323-9.

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The accommodation tonus, subjective and objective parameters of accommodation were examined in 130 patients aged 6–18 years (average age 11.26 ± 0.2) with various degrees of myopia. The accommodation state was determined using subjective methods (relative accommodation reserves, amplitude of accommodation) and objective methods (binocular and monocular accommodative responses, the objective relative accommodation reserves, the habitual tonus of accommodation in the open field, tonus of accommodation rest). It was revealed, that accommodation tonus measured in the virtual, open and non-oriented spaces had different values. Myopic patients showed the highest values of the tonus accommodation rest (–0.77 ± 0.03) and the lowest values (–0.17 ± 0.02) of the habitual tonus of accommodation in the open field. A synchronic decrease of subjective and objective parameters of accommodation was revealed in children and teenagers with myopia. The subjective-measured accommodation reserves showed higher values compared to objective-measured ones. A significant difference of examined parameters between fellow eyes was revealed in anisometropic myopia: the common tonus of accommodation in virtual, as well as in real space was higher in eyes with lower myopia; in eyes with higher myopia, the tonus showed negative values in both cases. The monocular accommodative response was the same in the paired eyes, the binocular accommodative response was significantly higher in eyes with higher myopia.

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Jitendra, Yadav, De Tapas Kumar, Sah Sanjay Kumar, and Anyam Sandip Das. "Changes in anterior segment parameters of normal subjects during accommodation using a Scheimpflug imaging system." Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Optometry 1, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry117.

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Background: Accommodation changes ocular parameters, such as the anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and pupil diameter (PD), which can reflect a risk of angle-closure glaucoma. Previous studies of changes in ocular anterior segment parameters, have used high diopters or maximum amplitude. Here, we focused on normal accommodation at a reading distance of 30‒40 cm. The aim of this study was to assess changes in anterior segment parameters during a normal accommodative state, using a Scheimpflug imaging system. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 emmetrope subjects (mean ± SD of age: 22 ± 4.0 years) who met the inclusion criteria and provided informed consent were enrolled. Clinical history, refraction, amplitude of accommodation, slit lamp examination, Goldman applanation tonometry, and Pentacam investigations were performed on all subjects. Accommodative and non-accommodative targets were induced via the Pentacam. Two seconds were allowed for accommodation or relaxation prior to measurements in each eye. Results: Eighty normal eyes were evaluated; a small but statistically significant change in ACV, ACA, and PD during accommodation (P < 0.01, < 0.01, and < 0.05, respectively) was observed. The ACD did not change substantially with accommodation (P = 0.29). The mean ± SD values of ACV, ACD, ACA, and PD before and after accommodation were 151.85 ± 24.04 mm3 and 145.38 ± 23.30 mm3, 2.87 ± 0.28 mm and 2.86 ± 0.27 mm, 35.06° ± 3.68° and 33.84° ± 3.72°, and 3.46 ± 0.57 mm and 3.41 ± 0.53 mm, respectively. Conclusions: Accommodation changes ocular parameters, such as ACV, ACA, and PD, in healthy young emmetropes. Interestingly, the ACD remains unaltered during accommodation. Nevertheless, although these changes were statistically significant, they were not clinically significant in our study.

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Odigie, Oseleonomhen M., Precious N. Uwagboe, and Omawumi P. Okpaghoro. "Evaluation of accommodative function in the dominant and non dominant eye." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20192507.

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Background: Ocular dominance is the physiological preference of one eye over the other, hence its input is favoured when there is conflicting information to the two eyes. Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes focus from distant to near images and is produced by a change in the shape of the crystalline lens. The aim of this study was to compare the accommodative amplitude, facility and lag in the dominant and non-dominant eye.Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out on 80 visually normal subjects. Ocular dominance was determined using hole-in-the- card method. Amplitude of accommodation, accommodative facility and response was measured monocularly and randomly using push up method, ±2.00DS flipper lenses and Nott technique respectively.Results: Results obtained from the study showed that the right eye was dominant in 62.5% of subjects. The mean (SD) for accommodative amplitude, facility and response (lag) in the dominant eye was 11.08 (2.16) D, 10.00 (1.52) cycles per minute and 0.62 (0.27) respectively. The mean (SD) for accommodative amplitude, facility and lag in the non-dominant eye was 10.98 (2.20) D, 9.86 (1.44) cycles per minute and 0.60 (0.25) D respectively.Conclusions: It may be inferred that the dominant eye has more accommodative amplitude, facility and lag than the non-dominant eye but this difference was not statistically significant.

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Dallacorte, Dauana Arielli, Giovana Silva Sprizon, Kimberly Suellin Bueno, Pâmela Giovana Hotz, Fernando Amâncio Aragão, and Gladson Ricardo Flor Bertolini. "Comparison of the effects of interferential current between male and female healthy adults." Scientia Medica 27, no. 3 (August 20, 2017): 27660. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2017.3.27660.

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***Comparison of the effects of interferential current between male and female healthy adults***AIMS: To assess accommodation phenomena characteristics (threshold, time and amplitude/intensity) during stimulation with interferential current, comparing male and female healthy adults.METHODS: A non randomized clinical trial with intentional sampling by gender included 30 healthy adult volunteers aged between 18 and 25 years, who were divided in two groups (15 in the Female Group and 15 in the Male Group) and received a tetrapolar interferential current for 20 minutes, close to L1 and L5 vertebrae. The subjects were instructed to refer an intense but comfortable paresthesia sensation and to report the moment it diminished (accommodation), requiring increasing of the current intensity. The first three events of accommodation (AV1, AV2 and AV3), including time and amplitude threshold, were analyzed. The differences from AV1 to AV2 (D1) and AV2 to AV3 (D2) were also considered. The number of accommodations for each subject during the 20 minutes experiment was identified. ANOVA and Student's t-test were used for analysis and the significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: In the Male Group the mean time for accommodation was higher in AV3 compared to AV1 and AV2. In the Female Group the accommodation mean time was higher in AV3 in relation to AV2, and in AV2 in relation to AV1. No differences were found in the Male Group for D1 and D2, but in the Female Group, D2 was superior to D1. Women were accommodated more quickly than men in all three assessments, but the differences between one evaluation and another were constant considering both groups. Both groups showed similar current intensity behavior comparing the three evaluations within the same group. In the comparison between groups, women had lower mean values of intensity in the three evaluations. The Female Group had 7.5±1.5 accommodations, and the Male Group had 5.9±2.0 accommodations (p=0.0367) during the 20 minutes of the experiment.CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of healthy young adults, men required higher interferential current amplitude to obtain a comfortable paresthesia and took more time to have accommodations, while women had more accommodation episodes.

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Hassan, Sadiq, Philips I. Ebisike, Christopher O. Timothy, Basheer A. Z. Chedi, Rabi Y. Sani, and Saudat G. Habib. "Accommodative-Convergence Mechanism failure in HIV-Positive Non Presbyopic Patient on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy: A case report." Journal of the Nigerian Optometric Association 22, no. 1 (August 14, 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jnoa.v22i1.7.

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Purpose: Accommodative-convergence mechanism failure could occur in non presbyopic HIV- sero positive patients on Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART). This could be due to either direct neuronal infection by HIV, pathologic changes of the lens or the ciliary body or adverse effects of some individual drugs constituting the HAART regimen on the cranial nerves which play vital roles in the mechanism of accommodation and convergence. Case report: This is a case report of an accommodative- convergence mechanism failure in HIV positive non presbyopic 32-year-old male patient that was on HAART for more than five years. He presented with distance visual acuity (VA) of OD: 6/9 +2, OS: 6/9, and near visual acuity (NVA) of N24 both eyes, 3Δ esophoria at distance and 4Δ esophoria at near. Amplitude of accommodation (AA) was 3.50D and accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio was 6/1. Following comprehensive evaluation, his refractive correction was OD: Plano/-0.50DC X 180 6/5 and OS: Plano/-0.50DC X 90 6/5 at distance with near addition (Add) 2.50D N5. This was prescribed for regular wear in form of D-Top bifocal lens. Conclusion: These findings showed that HIV sero-positive adults on HAART could develop accommodativeconvergence mechanism failure, which may be characterized by low amplitude of accommodation, receded near point of convergence and high non presbyopic reading addition. These conditions may be under-recognized and need for reading addition of a non presbyopic age is often overlooked. Key Words: Accommodative-Convergence, HIV, Lateral Phoria, Refractive error.

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Dewi, Luh Gede Anggasari, Ariesanti Tri Handayani, Ida Bagus Putra Manuaba, and Anak Agung Mas Putrawati Triningrat. "Karakteristik amplitudo akomodasi mata pada anak sekolah dasar dengan kelainan refraksi di Kabupaten Badung, Bali, Indonesia." Intisari Sains Medis 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 1381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/ism.v11i3.789.

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Background: Amplitude of Accommodation (AA) is the maximum amount of accommodation of a person's response when looking closely. Decreased accommodation capability indicates functional abnormalities, including refractive disorders. This study aims to determine the characteristics of accommodative amplitude in elementary school children with refractive abnormalities in Badung Regency, Bali.Methods: This study was an analytic cross-sectional observational research. Data were collected prospectively based on the results of examinations and observational records of students in four elementary schools. Data were presented in frequency, percentage, and bivariate tests. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 for Windows.Results: Most of the study respondents were 7 years old (25.7%), female (52.7%), not wearing glasses (91.2%), bilateral myopia correction (43.2%), and having sharp vision before correction of 0.3 (0.2-0.5) diopters. There was a significant difference in binocular eye accommodation based on the comparison of Subject AA with the Expected Value (p = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the comparison of students' refractive errors with the amplitude of monocular accommodation (p> 0.05).Conclusion: The measurement of monocular AA decreased with age and in this study, there was no AA result that was lower than the expected value or the minimum value according to the Hofstetteer formula. AA measurement results are not affected by refractive errors. It is necessary to screen for refractive errors early in children to reduce the number of amblyopia. Latar Belakang: Amplitudo akomodasi (AA) adalah jumlah maksimum akomodasi dari respon seseorang saat melihat dekat. Penurunan kemampuan akomodasi menunjukkan adanya kelainan fungsional antara lain berupa kelainan refraksi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik amplitudo akomodatif pada anak sekolah dasar dengan kelainan refraksi di Kabupaten Badung, Bali.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan observasional dengan pendekatan studi potong lintang analitik. Data dikumpulkan secara prospektif berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan dan pencatatan hasil observasi pada anak-anak di empat sekolah dasar. Data ditampilkan dalam bentuk frekuensi, persentase, dan analisis bivariat. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS versi 20 untuk Windows.Hasil: Sebagian besar responden penelitian berusia 7 tahun (25,7%), berjenis kelamin perempuan (52,7%), tidak menggunakan kacamata (91,2%), koreksi kacamata myopia bilateral (43,2%), dan memiliki tajam pengelihatan sebelum koreksi sebesar 0,3 (0,2-0,5) dioptri. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna akomodasi mata binokular berdasarkan perbandingan AA Subjek dengan Expected Value (p=0,001). Akan tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada perbandingan kelainan refraksi siswa dengan amplitudo akomodasi monokular (p>0,05).Kesimpulan: Pengukuran AA monokular menurun sesuai usia dan pada penelitian ini, tidak terdapat hasil AA yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan expected value maupun nilai minimal menurut formula Hofstetteer. Hasil pengukuran AA tidak dipengaruhi oleh kelainan refraksi. Perlu dilakukan skrining kelainan refraksi lebih awal pada anak-anak untuk mengurangi jumlah ambliopia.

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Jhanji, Vishal. "New Compact Accommodometer to Measure Accommodation Amplitude." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology 1, no. 2 (2012): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/apo.0b013e318249fc0b.

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Adnan, N. Efron, A. Mathur, K. Edwards, N. Pritchard, M. Suheimat, and D. A. Atchison. "Amplitude of Accommodation in Type 1 Diabetes." Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 55, no. 10 (October 8, 2014): 7014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-15376.

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Atchison, David A., Lucas L. Lister, Marwan Suheimat, Pavan K. Verkicharla, and Edward A. H. Mallen. "Author Response: Gravity Affects Amplitude of Accommodation." Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 57, no. 11 (September 6, 2016): 4571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20069.

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ATCHISON, DAVID A., ELIZABETH J. CAPPER, and KELLIE L. MCCABE. "Critical Subjective Measurement of Amplitude of Accommodation." Optometry and Vision Science 71, no. 11 (November 1994): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199411000-00005.

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Fong, Donald S. "Is Myopia Related to Amplitude of Accommodation?" American Journal of Ophthalmology 123, no. 3 (March 1997): 416–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70148-5.

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López-Alcón, Diego, Iván Marín-Franch, Vicente Fernández-Sánchez, and Norberto López-Gil. "Optical factors influencing the amplitude of accommodation." Vision Research 141 (December 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.09.003.

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Kragha, I. K. O. K. "AMPLITUDE OF ACCOMMODATION: POPULATION AND METHODOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 6, no. 1 (January 1986): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00703.x.

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Del Águila-Carrasco, Antonio J., José J. Esteve-Taboada, Eleni Papadatou, Teresa Ferrer-Blasco, and Robert Montés-Micó. "Amplitude, Latency, and Peak Velocity in Accommodation and Disaccommodation Dynamics." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2735969.

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The aim of this work was to ascertain whether there are differences in amplitude, latency, and peak velocity of accommodation and disaccommodation responses when different analysis strategies are used to compute them, such as fitting different functions to the responses or for smoothing them prior to computing the parameters. Accommodation and disaccommodation responses from four subjects to pulse changes in demand were recorded by means of aberrometry. Three different strategies were followed to analyze such responses: fitting an exponential function to the experimental data; fitting a Boltzmann sigmoid function to the data; and smoothing the data. Amplitude, latency, and peak velocity of the responses were extracted. Significant differences were found between the peak velocity in accommodation computed by fitting an exponential function and smoothing the experimental data (mean difference 2.36 D/s). Regarding disaccommodation, significant differences were found between latency and peak velocity, calculated with the two same strategies (mean difference of 0.15 s and −3.56 D/s, resp.). The strategy used to analyze accommodation and disaccommodation responses seems to affect the parameters that describe accommodation and disaccommodation dynamics. These results highlight the importance of choosing the most adequate analysis strategy in each individual to obtain the parameters that characterize accommodation and disaccommodation dynamics.

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Croft, Mary Ann, Paul L. Kaufman, Kathryn S. Crawford, Michael W. Neider, Adrian Glasser, and Laszlo Z. Bito. "Accommodation dynamics in aging rhesus monkeys." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 275, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): R1885—R1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.6.r1885.

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Accommodation, the mechanism by which the eye focuses on near objects, is lost with increasing age in humans and monkeys. This pathophysiology, called presbyopia, is poorly understood. We studied aging-related changes in the dynamics of accommodation in rhesus monkeys aged 4–24 yr after total iridectomy and midbrain implantation of an electrode to permit visualization and stimulation, respectively, of the eye’s accommodative apparatus. Real-time video techniques were used to capture and quantify images of the ciliary body and lens. During accommodation in youth, ciliary body movement was biphasic, lens movement was monophasic, and both slowed as the structures approached their new steady-state positions. Disaccommodation occurred more rapidly for both ciliary body and lens, but with longer latent period, and slowed near the end point. With increasing age, the amplitude of lens and ciliary body movement during accommodation declined, as did their velocities. The latent period of lens and ciliary body movements increased, and ciliary body movement became monophasic. The latent period of lens and ciliary body movement during disaccommodation was not significantly correlated with age, but their velocity declined significantly. The age-dependent decline in amplitude and velocity of ciliary body movements during accommodation suggests that ciliary body dysfunction plays a role in presbyopia. The age changes in lens movement could be a consequence of increasing inelasticity or hardening of the lens, or of age changes in ciliary body motility.

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Fengchao, Zhou, Li Xue, Huang Yingying, Li Yuhao, Zhang Jiali, Chen Hao, and Bao Jinhua. "Effect of Spectacle Lenses with Highly Aspherical Lenslets on Binocular Vision and Accommodation in Myopic Children with and without Intermittent Exotropia." Journal of Ophthalmology 2022 (October 12, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9306848.

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Purpose. To evaluate the influence of spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets (HAL) on binocular vision and accommodation in myopic children with intermittent exotropia (IXT) and compare the changes after wearing HAL in binocular vision and accommodation in myopic children with or without IXT. Method. Forty myopic subjects aged 8–12 years were recruited: 20 with IXT and 20 visually normal children. Stereoacuity, phoria, accommodative facility, fusional vergence, vergence facility, near point of convergence, amplitude of accommodation, and accommodative response (AR) were measured by wearing HAL or single vision spectacle lenses (SVL) in a random order after adapting for 20 minutes. Accommodative microfluctuation (AMF) was defined as the standard deviation of AR. Changes in binocular vision and accommodation after wearing HAL were compared between the two groups. Results. No significant differences were found in binocular vision after wearing HAL versus SVL in either group (all P > 0.05 ). A greater AMF was found after wearing HAL than after wearing SVL in both groups (0.04 D, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.03 to 0.05 D, P < 0.001 for the IXT group; 0.05 D, 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.07 D, P < 0.001 for the visually normal group); however, the other accommodation parameters did not change significantly (all P > 0.05 ). There were no differences in the changes after wearing HAL in any parameter between the two groups (all P > 0.05 ). Conclusion. HAL did not significantly change the binocular vision and accommodation for myopic children with or without IXT except for AMF in the short term.

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Abraham, LekhaMary, Thomas Kuriakose, Viswanathan Sivanandam, Nithya Venkatesan, Ravi Thomas, and Jayaprakash Muliyil. "Correlation between ocular parameters and amplitude of accommodation." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 58, no. 6 (2010): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.71680.

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Gundogan, FatihC, Uzeyir Erdem, and Ahmet Tas. "Correlation between ocular parameters and amplitude of accommodation." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 59, no. 6 (2011): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.86331.

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Küçük, Bekir, Mehmet Hamamcı, Seray Aslan Bayhan, Hasan Ali Bayhan, and Levent Ertuğrul Inan. "Amplitude of Accommodation in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis." Current Eye Research 44, no. 11 (June 20, 2019): 1271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2019.1629596.

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Edwards, M. H., L. F. Law, C. M. Lee, K. M. Leung, and W. O. Lui. "Clinical norms for amplitude of accommodation in Chinese." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 13, no. 2 (April 1993): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00454.x.

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Sergienko, Nikolai M., and Dmitry P. Nikonenko. "Measurement of amplitude of accommodation in young persons." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 98, no. 4 (May 5, 2015): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12278.

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Rosenfield, M. "Push-up amplitude of accommodation and target size." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 15, no. 3 (May 1995): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0275-5408(95)90576-n.

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Bilbao, Carmen, and David Pablo Piñero. "Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders." Brain Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030351.

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A prospective, non-randomized comparative study was conducted to compare the distribution of oculomotor and visual alterations in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and healthy children without such disorders. Sixty-nine children (aged 6–13 years) were enrolled and divided into three groups: a control group (CG) of 23 healthy children; a group of 18 healthy children with oculomotor abnormalities (OAG); and a group of 28 children with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDDG), with 15 cases of dyslexia, 7 cases of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and 6 cases of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Significantly worse near stereopsis was found in NDDG compared with CG (p < 0.001) and OAG (p = 0.001). Likewise, a significantly lower amplitude of accommodation was found in NDDG compared with CG in both the right (p = 0.001) and left eyes (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences between groups were found in the measurement of near and distance phoria (p ≥ 0.557), near point of convergence (p = 0.700) and fusional vergences (p ≥ 0.059). Significantly impaired oculomotor test scores were found in NDDG compared with CG (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between OAG and NDDG (p ≥ 0.063). The comparison between the three types of neurodevelopmental disorders included revealed the presence of a significantly lower amplitude of accommodation in children with DCD compared with dyslexics. Furthermore, less exophoria at near was present in children with dyslexia compared with children with ADHD (p = 0.018) and DCD (p = 0.054). In conclusion, children with dyslexia, ADHD and DCD show an altered oculomotor pattern and a more reduced amplitude of accommodation, not always compatible with the diagnostic criteria of an accommodative insufficiency. Accommodative and binocular vision problems are not always present in these children and cannot be considered an etiologic factor.

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Dhallu, Sheppard, Drew, Mihashi, Zapata-Díaz, Radhakrishnan, Iskander, and Wolffsohn. "Factors Influencing Pseudo-Accommodation—The Difference between Subjectively Reported Range of Clear Focus and Objectively Measured Accommodation Range." Vision 3, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3030034.

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The key determinants of the range of clear focus in pre-presbyopes and their relative contributions to the difference between subjective range of focus and objective accommodation assessments have not been previously quantified. Fifty participants (aged 33.0 ± 6.4 years) underwent simultaneous monocular subjective (visual acuity measured with an electronic test-chart) and objective (dynamic accommodation measured with an Aston open-field aberrometer) defocus curve testing for lenses between +2.00 to -10.00 DS in +0.50 DS steps in a randomized order. Pupil diameter and ocular aberrations (converted to visual metrics normalized for pupil size) at each level of blur were measured. The difference between objective range over which the power of the crystalline lens changes and the subjective range of clear focus was quantified and the results modelled using pupil size, refractive error, tolerance to blur, and ocular aberrations. The subjective range of clear focus was principally accounted for by age (46.4%) and pupil size (19.3%). The objectively assessed accommodative range was also principally accounted for by age (27.6%) and pupil size (15.4%). Over one-quarter (26.0%) of the difference between objective accommodation and subjective range of clear focus was accounted for by age (14.0%) and spherical aberration at maximum accommodation (12.0%). There was no significant change in the objective accommodative response (F=1.426, p=0.229) or pupil size (F=0.799, p=0.554) of participants for levels of defocus above their amplitude of accommodation. Pre-presbyopes benefit from an increased subjective range of clear vision beyond their objective accommodation due in part to neural factors, resulting in a measured depth-of-focus of, on average, 1.0D.

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Kuriakose, Thomas, Viswanathan Sivanandam, Nithya Venkatesan, Ravi Thomas, Jayaprakash Muliyil, and LekhaMary Abraham. "Amplitude of Accommodation and its Relation to Refractive Errors." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 53, no. 2 (2005): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.16173.

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36

Ovenseri-Ogbomo, Godwin O., Emefa P. Kudjawu, Franklin E. Kio, and Emmanuel K. Abu. "Investigation of amplitude of accommodation among Ghanaian school children." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 95, no. 2 (January 19, 2012): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00692.x.

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37

Rosenfield, Mark, and Andrea S. Cohen. "Repeatability of clinical measurements of the amplitude of accommodation." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 16, no. 3 (May 1996): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-1313.1996.95000933.x.

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38

LANG, MAXWELL M. "Anomalies in the Measurement of the Amplitude of Accommodation." Australian Journal of Optometry 44, no. 8 (April 23, 2009): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.1961.tb00384.x.

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RUTSTEIN, ROBERT P., PATTI D. FUHR, and JANET SWIATOCHA. "Comparing the Amplitude of Accommodation Determined Objectively and Subjectively." Optometry and Vision Science 70, no. 6 (June 1993): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199306000-00008.

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Coloma, Pilar, Dolores de Fez, Inmaculada Pascual, and Vicente Camps. "Analysis of the calculation of the amplitude of accommodation." Optik 127, no. 6 (March 2016): 3474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.12.029.

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41

ROSENFIELD, M. "Repeatability of clinical measurements of the amplitude of accommodation." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 16, no. 3 (May 1996): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0275-5408(95)00093-3.

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42

Antona, B., F. Barra, A. Barrio, E. Gonzalez, and I. Sanchez. "Repeatability intraexaminer and agreement in amplitude of accommodation measurements." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 247, no. 1 (September 13, 2008): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-008-0938-9.

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43

Olevskaia, E. A., L. V. Kukoleva, A. V. Guseva, and N. A. Tonkikh. "Accommodative and vergence dysfunction as a reason of asthenopia after refractive surgery." Reflection, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2686-6986-2022-1-78-80.

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Purpose. To evaluate reasons and frequency of asthenopia after refractive surgery. Methods. This study prospectively evaluated 40 eyes of 20 patients. Accommodative amplitude and facility, positive and negative relative accommodation, binocular vision, near point of convergence, heterophoria measurement, AC/A, and accommodative lag were assessed before and 1 month after surgery. This study also evaluates retrospectively 200 eyes of 100 patients within 1 year after surgery. Results. There was no significant impact upon accommodation in prospective group. Asthenopia was found in 7 % of patients in 1 month after surgery and in 1 % in 1 year. It was related with convergence insufficiency in 4 %, convergence excess in 2 % and accommodative insufficiency in 1 %. Conclusions. Refractive surgery does not seem to cause asthenopia. Most problem in fact is already present prior to surgery. Patients with such non-strabismic binocular dysfunction as convergence insufficiency, convergence excess, accommodative insufficiency are in high risk of asthenopia. Preoperative assessment of refractive surgery patients should include a full binocular examination. Key words: refractive surgery; asthenopia; non-strabismic binocular dysfunction; convergence insufficiency; convergence excess; accommodative insufficiency Страница источника: 78-81 Виртуальная выставка КАТАЛОГ Продукции Каталог Продукция Производители Поставщики ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ Офтальмологические клиники, производители и поставщики оборудования

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Chaudhary, Neha Priyadarshani, Pramod Sharma Gautam, Sagar Dahal, and Devendra Acharya. "Study of the Amplitude of Accommodation and its Relation to Errors of Refraction: A Hospital Based Study." Journal of Nobel Medical College 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v7i2.22289.

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Background: The unique ability of the eye to vary the refractive power of the lens and to focus on things at a range of distances is called accommodation. The reduction of this ability in which the near point recedes further away from comfortable reading distance is called presbyopia. There is continuing research to understand this process and correct this affliction that affects each and every person at the peak of their productive life. With an aging population, the proportion of people above 40 years is on the rise. This will therefore have public health and economic implications. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based retrospective study which was conducted in 100 presbyopic patients in age group of 35 to 60 years at outpatient department of ophthalmology in Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, from 1st October 2016 to 30th March 2017. The amplitude of accommodation was calculated by measuring near point of accommodation with the help of RAF rule and the data collected was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Out of 100 patients in this study who visited our OPD with presbyopic complains, the no. of hypermetropic patients were highest (56%) and they presented with presbyopic symptoms at an early age as compared to myopes, while the no. of myopic patients were less(13%) and they presented late with presbyopic symptoms. The mean amplitude of accommodation was highest in myopes in all age group (3.35 D in 36-40 year age group which reduced to 2.65 D in 56-60 year age group).There was stastistically significant difference in amplitude of accommodation between myopia and hypermetropia in all age groups except in 56-60 year age group. Conlusion: The amplitude of accommodation is generally higher in myopes in all age groups as compared to hypermetropes and emmetropes and they usually develope presbyopic symtoms later in life.

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Maagaard, Marianne Ledet. "Independent development of refraction, accommodation and convergence over two years in primary school children." Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science 8, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol8i1p1-4.

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Abstract Purpose: To examine whether age-related changes in refraction covary with changes in parameters describing accommodation and convergence over time in a group of Danish school children. Methods: Two-hundred and seventy-eight unselected Danish school children (7.1-13.9 years) without manifest strabismus were studied at baseline and after two years. Each examination included measurement of distance visual acuity, unilateral cover test, non-cycloplegic autorefraction, monocular amplitude of accommodation, monocular accommodation facility, near phoria, near point of convergence, and positive and negative fusional vergence. The changes in the measured parameters were studied over time, followed by the testing for dependencies in the development of these parameters. Results: After two years there was a significant increase in distance visual acuity (p=0.04), monocular accommodation facility (p<0.001), near point exophoria (p=0.04), near point of convergence (p=0.01), and fusional range (p<0.001), a significant reduction in hyperopia (p=0.01) and monocular amplitude of accommodation (p<0.001), while the midpoint of the fusional range changed significantly towards convergence (p<0.001). The increase in near point of convergence correlated significantly with the decrease in monocular amplitude of accommodation (p<0.001) and the convergent shift in the midpoint of the fusional range was significantly correlated with a larger fusional range (p<0.001). The changes in all other parameters were independent. Conclusions: The development of refraction, accommodation, and convergence parameters in school children over two years are independent. This may be due to separate processes regulating development, and suggests that therapeutic intervention may be performed on each of the parameters individually without a derived effect on the other parameters.

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Che Azemin, Mohd Zulfaezal. "Short Term Effect of Virtual Reality on Eye Accommodative Ability." Journal of Engineering and Science Research 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26666/rmp.jesr.2020.1.6.

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Virtual reality (VR) is a fast-growing technology in the world today. Many countries use virtual reality for many purposes such as education, military and entertainment. Despite the benefits of VR, harmful effects of VR on the users are still inconclusive. With only a few reliable studies that investigate the effect of virtual reality on the users especially on the eyes, yet still there are a lot more things we do not know about the effects of VR. The purpose of this study was to compare the amplitude of accommodation before and after watching 3-dimesional (3D) movie utilizing VR and notebook (control group). Thirty-two participants volunteered in this study and all participants underwent amplitude of accommodation (AA) test using Royal Army Force (RAF) rule before and after watching three-dimensional (3D) movie for 30 minutes using VR and two-dimensional (2D) movie by laptop. The amplitude of accommodation between pre- and post-watching 3D movie on VR was insignificantly changed (p= >0.05). The similar trend was also found after 30 minutes watching movie using laptop (p= >0.05). The utilization of VR and laptop for 30 minutes did insignificantly alter the eye accommodation.

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Joseph, Oleeviya, Sajeev Cherian Jacob, and Venkataramana Kalikivayi. "Orthoptic parameters and asthenopic symptoms analysis after 3D viewing at varying distances." International Eye Research 1, no. 2 (June 28, 2020): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ier.2020.02.10.

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AIM: To analyse visual modifications such as amplitude of accommodation, near point of convergence (NPC) reopsis and near phoria associated with asthenopic symptoms after 3D viewing at varying distances. METHODS: A prospective study. Thirty young adults were randomly selected. Each individual was exposed to 3D viewing thrice in a day for a fixed distance and the distance was varied on three consecutive days. Same video of equal duration and different screen sizes were used for every distance. Cyclic 3D mode of K-multimedia player was used for projecting the 3D video. Different variables like stereopsis, amplitude of accommodation, near point of accommodation, near phoria and asthenopic symptoms were recorded immediately after 3D video viewing. Stereopsis was measured with “Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek” or “Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research” (TNO test), amplitude of accommodation and NPC were measured using Royal Air Force (RAF) ruler, near phoria was measured using prism bar and a closed ended sample questionnaire was used to know the occurrence of asthenopic symptoms. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test etc. Qualitative data was analyzed using Chi-square test. RESULTS: For every distance of 40 cm, 3 m and 6 m, amplitude of accommodation was significantly reduced by 0.66 D, 1.12 D and 1.44 D. NPC got significantly receded by 0.63 cm, 0.93 cm and 1.23 cm, and the near phoria was significantly increased by 0.87, and 2.2 prism dioptres (PD) base-in respectively. It was found that most of the subjects got pain around the eyes; headache and irritation for each viewing distance. This study also revealed that 3D video viewing in theaters may increase the symptoms of headache, watering and irritation. Symptoms like headache, watering, fatigue, irritation and nausea may increase considerably at home environment and symptoms such as headache and watering may cause significant discomfort by 3D viewing using a laptop. CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in amplitude of accommodation, NPC, near phoria and asthenopic symptoms before and after viewing a 3D video and also at three viewing distances. There was a predominant occurrence of asthenopic symptoms after 3D video viewing at different distances.

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Leng, Lin, Qi Chen, Yimin Yuan, Di Hu, Dexi Zhu, Jianhua Wang, Ayong Yu, Fan Lu, and Meixiao Shen. "Anterior Segment Biometry of the Accommodating Intraocular Lens and its Relationship With the Amplitude of Accommodation." Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice 43, no. 2 (March 2017): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icl.0000000000000248.

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Read, S. A., M. J. Collins, H. Becker, J. Cutting, D. Ross, A. K. Savill, and B. Trevor. "Changes in intraocular pressure and ocular pulse amplitude with accommodation." British Journal of Ophthalmology 94, no. 3 (October 12, 2009): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2009.166355.

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50

Lara, Francisco, Paula Bernal-Molina, Vicente Fernández-Sánchez, and Norberto López-Gil. "Changes in the Objective Amplitude of Accommodation with Pupil Size." Optometry and Vision Science 91, no. 10 (October 2014): 1215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000000383.

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