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Journal articles on the topic 'AMS dating'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 25 June 2025

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1

Vasil'chuk, Yurij K., Alla C. Vasil'chuk, Austin Long, A. J. T. Jull, and D. J. Donahue. "AMS Dating Mammoth Bones: Comparison with Conventional Dating." Radiocarbon 42, no. 2 (2000): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200059087.

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Fossilized Siberian mammoth remains are important indicators of environmental change in the Late Pleistocene. The NSF-Arizona AMS Laboratory radiocarbon results on amino acid separations compare well with mammoth bone collagen from the same specimens treated by HCl and dated by beta counting (the Russian Academy Geological Institute Radiocarbon Laboratory). Neither laboratory was aware of the other's dates for these comparisons. The results coincide very closely (a difference of 50–800 yr), and demonstrate that AMS dating provides a very good perspective for applications of past mammoth population studies.

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Lee, J. H., K. Choe, J. C. Kim, et al. "14C AMS dating Yongcheon cave." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 294 (January 2013): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2012.09.029.

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3

Heinemeier, Jan, Högne Jungner, Alf Lindroos, Åsa Ringbom, Thorborg von Konow, and Niels Rud. "AMS 14C dating of lime mortar." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 123, no. 1-4 (1997): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(96)00705-7.

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4

Hüls, C. Matthias, Pieter M. Grootes, Marie-Josée Nadeau, Frank Bruhn, Peter Hasselberg, and Helmut Erlenkeuser. "AMS radiocarbon dating of iron artefacts." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 223-224 (August 2004): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.132.

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5

Ajie, Henry O., Issac R. Kaplan, Peter J. Slota, and R. E. Taylor. "AMS radiocarbon dating of bone osteocalcin." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 52, no. 3-4 (1990): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(90)90452-z.

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6

Cook, Andrea C., Jeffrey Wadsworth, John R. Southon, and Nikolaas J. van der Merwe. "AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Rusty Iron." Journal of Archaeological Science 30, no. 1 (2003): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2002.0811.

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7

David, Bruno. "An AMS date for north Queensland rock art." Rock Art Research 9, no. 2 (1992): 139——141. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6553722.

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Until recently, the dating of pre-Historic rock paintings relied exclusively on indirect determinations by their association with archaeological materials of known antiquity. Because of the fragility of ancient rock art, it had generally not been possible to extract organic matter from rock paintings because of the large amounts of carbon required for conventional carbon dating techniques. The advances in carbon dating, especially via Accelerator MassSpectrometry (AMS), which occurred during the 1980s, enabled the dating of very small amounts of carbon. This has afforded archaeologists with new potentials for dating rock art. Such a potential has already been proven by AMS dates obtained from a number of rock art sites around the world (e.g. Lorblanchet et al. 1990; Loy et al. 1990; McDonald et al. 1990; Russ et al. 1990; Watchman 1992). This paper reports on initial AMS dates obtained from the Chillagoe region of north Queensland, Australia. ...

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8

Madeja, Jacek, and Dariusz Latowski. "Too Old AMS Radiocarbon Dates Obtained from Moss Remains from Lake Kwiecko Bottom Sediments (N Poland)." Geochronometria 32, no. -1 (2008): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10003-008-0029-2.

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Too Old AMS Radiocarbon Dates Obtained from Moss Remains from Lake Kwiecko Bottom Sediments (N Poland)The paper presents the results of the AMS radiocarbon dating of moss macrofossils which seem to be too old in the context of palynological data. The lack of agreement between the obtained results of radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis has been discussed. Some possible causes of the discrepancies between the results of radiocarbon dating and palynological dating have been given.

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9

Stulik, D. C., and D. J. Donahue. "AMS Radiocarbon Dating: Its Current and Future Role in Art Research." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 1 (1992): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400043281.

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Since the development of 14C dating by W.F. Libby in the 1940s and 1950s, the method has proved to be the best absolute method for chronometric dating of organic and some carbon-containing inorganic materials. It has become an essential research tool for both archaeologists and geologists. Even broader application horizons have been opened to radiocarbon dating by use of the accelerator mass spectrometer, which allows routine analysis of submilligram samples. Art curatorship and art conservation directly benefit from this development.There are pronounced similarities between application of radiocarbon dating in archaeology and art research but there are also major differences which make it difficult to simply take a methodology developed for archaeological research and apply it directly to radiocarbon dating of art objects.In both fields the application of dating techniques focuses on dating an object of unknown age or cross-checking the age of an object previously dated by other methods.

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10

Gowlett, J. A. J., R. E. M. Hedges, and I. A. Law. "Radiocarbon accelerator (AMS) dating of Lindow Man." Antiquity 63, no. 238 (1989): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00075591.

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‘Pete Marsh’, the bog body from Lindow Moss in Cheshire that is properly called ‘Lindow 2’, has given remarkable research opportunities. One of these-perhaps less expected-has been the study of the considerable discrepancies in the suites of dates for the body obtained by two radiocarbon laboratories. The laboratories think this is a specific anomaly which has no implications for any other dates, but one may wonder how many other anomalies would declare themselves if more sites had so many determinations that should relate to the same event.

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11

Mueller, Ken, and Paul Muzikar. "Correcting for Contamination in AMS 14C Dating." Radiocarbon 44, no. 2 (2002): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200031945.

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When using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for radiocarbon dating, it is important to correct for carbon contamination that is added to the sample and the standard during chemical processing. We derive an equation for making this correction that generalizes previous work in several ways. We treat the case in which contaminating carbon is added during both the combustion step and graphitization step. Taking this two-stage contamination process into account is particularly important when only a fraction of the CO2 produced in the combustion is graphitized. We also allow for the fact that the 13C fractions of the sample, the standard, and the contaminants may be different.

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12

Tisnérat-Laborde, N., H. Valladas, E. Kaltnecker, and M. Arnold. "AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Bones at LSCE." Radiocarbon 45, no. 3 (2003): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220003277x.

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In this paper, we explain our routine pretreatment of bone for radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), based on the specific reaction between amino acids and ninhydrin described by Nelson (1991). The values and uncertainties of the total system background are presented as a function of the carbon sample mass and the reliability of this method is discussed.

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13

Burrow, Stephen, and Timothy Darvill. "AMS dating of the Manx Ronaldsway Neolithic." Antiquity 71, no. 272 (1997): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008501x.

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The Ronaldsway Culture of the Isle of Man was recognized as a classic later Neolithic assemblage over 50 years ago; its dating and duration have been matters of debate. AMS radiocarbon determinations from carbonaceous deposits on Ronaldsway-style pots resolve chronological questions, while new research provides a more secure social context.

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Oda, Hirotaka, Yasukazu Yoshizawa, Toshio Nakamura, and Keiko Fujita. "AMS radiocarbon dating of ancient Japanese sutras." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 172, no. 1-4 (2000): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(00)00355-4.

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15

Séguin, Fredrick H., Robert J. Schneider, Glenn A. Jones, and Karl F. von Reden. "Optimized data analysis for AMS radiocarbon dating." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 92, no. 1-4 (1994): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)96001-1.

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16

Long, Austin, A. T. Wilson, R. D. Ernst, B. H. Gore, and P. E. Hare. "AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Bones at Arizona." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200011735.

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Modern bone contains ca 25% protein material, most of which is collagen. Amino acids separated from collagen isolated from bone are suitable for 14C dating of fossil bone, but attempts to carry out this procedure on bones seriously depleted in protein can yield erroneous 14C dates. Amino-acid analysis of fossil bone gives quantitative information on the degree of preservation of its organic component. Also, the relative abundance of the amino-acid components reveal the degree to which the collagen-like pattern has been altered. Alteration may be caused by addition of extraneous material. A 1mg sample of bone material is sufficient for this preliminary analysis. We have developed a series of acceptance criteria for whether a particular specimen is likely to yield the correct 14C age. 14C dating of fossil bones not seriously depleted in protein is a straightforward procedure and yields reliable dates.

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17

Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Árný E., Jan Heinemeier, Peter Kristensen, Niels Rud, Áslaug Geirsdóttir, and Jórunn Harđardóttir. "14C AMS Dating of Icelandic Lake Sediments." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220001883x.

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We report an age-depth profile for the sediments of the Lake Hesrvatn, southern Iceland, based on 14C analyses of the organic fraction of bulk sediment samples, molluscs and foraminifera. Our age-depth curve is supported by the occurrence of the well-dated Vedde ash in the lowermost part of the sediments. Comparison of foraminifera dates with the age of the Vedde ash indicates a reservoir age of ca. 400 yr. The results suggest that the sediments at Hestvatn accumulated in a marine environment until ca. 8700 bp and thereafter in freshwater.Owing to the lack of terrestrial macrofossils and the low concentration of molluscs and foraminifera, we were forced to attempt to date most of the core with the organic fraction of the bulk sediment samples. We found, however, that this fraction is not homogeneous in density or 14C age. We believe that during sample pretreatment we managed to isolate a light organic fraction, which closely represents the true age of the sediment, whereas the denser fraction yields ages that are too high. This age diversity may to some extent be explained by the large drainage area of the lake, from which plant remains of different ages may have been washed into the lake.

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18

Gillespie, Richard. "Chemical Isotope Dilution for 14C Ams and the Potential for GC/AMS." Radiocarbon 28, no. 3 (1986): 1065–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200020129.

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The advent of accelerator-based mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating has reduced the minimum sample size required to ca 1 mg from the 1 g of traditional beta counting techniques (cf Wölfli, Polach & Andersen, 1984). However, it is clear that even smaller samples will be necessary for some fields of endeavor, particularly environmental work where the absolute quantities are small, perhaps of the order of a few micrograms (Currie et al, 1985). This raises serious problems in the handling and measurement of such small amounts, so that dilution will sometimes be required. Normally, sample dilution is accomplished by adding “dead” CO2 to the combusted sample CO2, which requires very careful measurement of two gas pressures for the calculation of a dilution ratio. By forming a chemical derivative of a sample before combustion, gas pressure measurement is not necessary and an exact dilution ratio can be selected by judicous choice of the dilution reagent. This paper demonstrates that such a technique is possible for the AMS 14C dating of derivatized amino acids.

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19

Piotrowska, Natalia, Andrzej Bluszcz, Dieter Demske, Wojciech Granoszewski, and Georg Heumann. "Extraction and AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen from Lake Baikal Sediments." Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039503.

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This work focuses on the preparation and dating of sporomorph (pollen and spores) concentrates of high purity. Three sediment cores recovered from Lake Baikal within the EU-Project CONTINENT were subjected to palynological analyses and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating. Laboratory processing of concentrates was aimed at the removal of non-sporomorph organic matter by means of chemical treatment, micro-sieving, and heavy liquid separation. The obtained concentrates were checked under the microscope and sample purity was estimated on the basis of particle counts. The results of AMS 14C dating show differences in the sedimentation rate among 3 sites of Lake Baikal.

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20

Zhang, H. C., H. F. Fan, F. Q. Chang, et al. "AMS Dating on the Shell Bar Section from Qaidam Basin, Ne Tibetan Plateau, China." Radiocarbon 50, no. 2 (2008): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200033555.

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Radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of the shell bar section of Qaidam Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau, shows that this section was formed between ~39.7 and ~17.5 14C kyr BP and represented the highest paleolake development period since the Late Pleistocene. It was difficult to obtain reliable dates due to the low organic carbon content, which was formed mainly by authochtonous algae-bacteria (Zhang et al. 2007a). In order to improve the dating, 14C ages of both the alkali residual and acid-soluble components of the organic carbon were measured to check the consistency of the dating results. Total organic carbon (TOC) content and stable carbon isotopes (δ13Corg) might also be used as critical references for checking the reliability of dates. For example, in our study of the shell bar section from Qaidam Basin, we found that when the TOC content was higher than 0.15% and/or δ13Corg was lower than −23, the AMS dates were reliable. AMS dating of fossil shells demonstrated that they could provide valuable age information. The ages given by fossil shells are comparable to those of bulk carbonate from a similar sampling site, and are about 15~18 kyr older than the ages given by organic matter. Due to the U/Th dating requirements and open nature of the system, we concluded that U/Th dating results are unreliable and that this technique is unsuitable for dating halite deposits from Qaidam Basin.

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Huysecom, Eric, Irka Hajdas, Marc-André Renold, Hans-Arno Synal, and Anne Mayor. "The “Enhancement” of Cultural Heritage by AMS Dating: Ethical Questions and Practical Proposals." Radiocarbon 59, no. 2 (2016): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.79.

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AbstractThe looting of archaeological and ethnographic objects from emerging countries and areas of conflict has prospered due to the high prices that these objects can achieve on the art market. This commercial value now almost necessarily requires proof of authenticity by the object’s age. To do so, absolute dating has been conducted since the end of the 1970s on terra cotta art objects using the thermoluminescence method, a practice that has since been condemned. It is only more recently, since the 2000s, that art dealers and collectors have begun to use the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) method to date different kinds of objects made of organic materials. Compared to conventional radiocarbon dating, the AMS technique requires only very small samples, thus depreciating neither the aesthetics nor commercial value of the object. As a result, the use of absolute dating has become widespread, accompanying the increase in looting of the cultural heritage of countries destabilized by political overthrows and armed conflicts, especially in the Near East and Africa. The present article condemns the practice of AMS dating of looted art objects and encourages the creation of a code of deontology for 14C dating laboratories in order to enhance an ethical approach in this sensitive field facing the current challenges.

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Blau, Soren, and Vadim Yagodin. "AMS Radiocarbon Dates of Kurgans Located On the Ust'-Yurt Plateau, Uzbekistan." Radiocarbon 47, no. 2 (2005): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200019743.

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Recent osteological analyses of archaeological human skeletal remains from the Ust'-Yurt Plateau, Uzbekistan, provided the opportunity to obtain samples for radiocarbon dating. The results of 18 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates are presented in this paper and provide the first absolute dates for late prehistoric and early historic archaeological sites in Uzbekistan. The AMS dates suggest that most sites are earlier than have been traditionally thought based on relative dating using artifact typologies.

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23

Dunbar, E., G. T. Cook, P. Naysmith, B. G. Tripney, and S. Xu. "AMS 14C Dating at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory." Radiocarbon 58, no. 1 (2016): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2015.2.

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AbstractThis paper describes all the major procedures adopted by the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory. This includes sample pretreatment, graphite production, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurement, associated stable isotope measurements, data handling, and age calculations, but with the main emphasis being on the chemical pretreatment methods. All of the above enable the laboratory to provide a complete analytical service comprising advice on sample selection, preparation and analysis of samples, and Bayesian analysis of resulting 14C (and other) data. This applies to both our research and commercial activities. The pretreatment methods that we mainly focus on are used to remove contaminant carbon from a range of sample types or to isolate a particular chemical fraction from a sample prior to combustion/hydrolysis, graphitization, and subsequent AMS 14C measurement. The methods described are for bone (collagen extraction, with and without ultrafiltration), cremated bone, tooth enamel, charcoal, grain, carbon residues, shell, wood (including alpha-cellulose isolation), peat, sediments, textiles, fuel/biofuel, and forensic samples.

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Higham, T. F. G., R. M. Jacobi, and C. Bronk Ramsey. "AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Ancient Bone Using Ultrafiltration." Radiocarbon 48, no. 2 (2006): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200066388.

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The Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) has used an ultrafiltration protocol to further purify gelatin from archaeological bone since 2000. In this paper, the methodology is described, and it is shown that, in many instances, ultrafiltration successfully removes low molecular weight contaminants that less rigorous methods may not. These contaminants can sometimes be of a different radiocarbon age and, unless removed, may produce erroneous determinations, particularly when one is dating bones greater than 2 to 3 half-lives of 14C and the contaminants are of modern age. Results of the redating of bone of Late Middle and Early Upper Paleolithic age from the British Isles and Europe suggest that we may need to look again at the traditional chronology for these periods.

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25

van der Plicht, J., W. A. B. van der Sanden, A. T. Aerts, and H. J. Streurman. "Dating bog bodies by means of 14C-AMS." Journal of Archaeological Science 31, no. 4 (2004): 471–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2003.09.012.

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Zhou, Weijian, Jie Zhou, Jiayi Xiao, D. Donahue, and A. J. T. Jull. "Preliminary study on radiocarbon AMS dating of pollen." Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 42, no. 5 (1999): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02875246.

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Ramsey, C. Bronk, and R. E. M. Hedges. "Gas handling systems for radiocarbon dating by AMS." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 92, no. 1-4 (1994): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)95987-0.

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Gillespie, Richard, R. E. M. Hedges, and M. J. Humm. "Routine AMS Dating of Bone and Shell Proteins." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2A (1986): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220000758x.

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14C dating of bone has been unreliable in comparison with more stable materials such as wood or charcoal. Attempts have been made to use various components or fractions isolated from the raw bone sample; these include dilute acid soluble, dilute acid insoluble, collagen, and gelatin, as well as alkali soluble and insoluble fractions of burned bone, and carbonate or apatite fractions of organic-poor bone. All of these fractions have yielded useful data in some cases, but no single method has proven suitable in all situations. The work reported here describes the isolation and purification of amino acids from the dilute acid insoluble fraction of bone collagen and parchment, with some preliminary experiments on amino acids from shell conchiolin.

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Batten, R. J., Richard Gillespie, J. A. J. Gowlett, and Rem Hedges. "The AMS Dating of Separate Fractions in Archaeology." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2A (1986): 698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200007918.

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The usefulness of radiocarbon dates in archaeology greatly depends on both the stratigraphic relationship of the sample submitted and on the origin and homogeneity of the measured carbon. For very small samples, stratigraphic relationships can raise additional problems of movement. In chemically well-characterized materials, the best example being collagen, the carbon source can be reasonably well purified. Many samples, however, survive as a complex mixture of high molecular weight polyphenolic materials, with properties between charcoals, humic acids, and lignins. Charred bone, eg, which rarely contains useful quantities of amino acids, and charred seeds, as well as ‘charcoal,’ frequently come into this category. For such samples, the likelihood of contamination by percolating soil humics is high. It is often possible to extract chemically different fractions and to compare the dates obtained. A less exact comparison can also be made for different samples from the same context. The results suggest that ‘humic’ acid dates can be reliable in a surprisingly frequent number of situations, and that where direct comparison is possible, the reliability can be individually assessed.

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Andersen, G. J., J. A. N. Heinemeier, H. L. Nielsen, et al. "AMS 14C Dating on the Fossvogur Sediments, Iceland." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012182.

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Several new AMS 14C dates on shells from the Fossvogur sea sediments in southern Iceland are reported. Up till now, researchers have assumed that the Fossvogur sediments formed during the last interglacial period (Eem), some 100,000 years ago. However, a recent 14C determination from this location yielded an age of ca 11,000 yr. Because of the importance of these sediments for the Quaternary chronology of Iceland, further sampling for 14C dating was subsequently initiated. The present results on several shell samples collected from the Fossvogur layers strongly indicate that these sediments were formed during the warm Allerød period toward the end of the last glaciation.

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Cherkinsky, Alexander, G. V. Ravi Prasad, Hai Pan, and Hong Sheng. "AMS 14C dating of bioapatite: Advantage and disadvantage." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 537 (April 2023): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2023.02.003.

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32

Long, Austin, Owen K. Davis, and Jeanne de Lanois. "Separation and 14C Dating of Pure Pollen from Lake Sediments: Nanofossil AMS Dating." Radiocarbon 34, no. 3 (1992): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200063827.

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We have developed and tested a practical device for manually separating pollen from pollen concentrates in sufficient quantity for AMS 14C dating. It is a combination of standard, commercially available equipment handled in a clean room by an individual trained to recognize pollen. A typical example requires about 15–20 h of hand-picking under the microscope. We show the usefulness of this procedure with results on a mid-Holocene segment from a core from Mono Lake. Sediments from this hardwater lake contain pollen and finely disseminated organic matter, but no macrofossils. The pollen dated ca. 1000 yr younger than the bulk sediment. The sediment “date” is most likely affected by incorporation of limestone-derived carbon, and is erroneously old.

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Rutgers, Leonard V., Klaas van der Borg, and Arie F. M. de Jong. "Radiocarbon Dates from the Catacombs of St. Callixtus in Rome." Radiocarbon 47, no. 3 (2005): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200035177.

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This paper reports the first chronological assessment of the Christian catacombs of Rome by radiocarbon dating. The organic materials dated were found in a set of burial rooms in the so-called Liberian region of the catacombs of St. Callixtus on the Appian Way. 14C dating of small samples by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) represents a major advance over traditional archaeological dating methods used in catacomb archaeology; however, AMS 14C dating raises questions about sample reliability and chronological evaluation. We briefly explore these questions.

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Sookdeo, Adam, Lukas Wacker, Simon Fahrni, et al. "Speed Dating: A Rapid Way to Determine the Radiocarbon Age of Wood by EA-AMS." Radiocarbon 59, no. 3 (2016): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.76.

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AbstractRadiocarbon measurements in tree rings can be used to estimate atmospheric 14C concentration and thereby used to create a 14C calibration curve. When wood is discovered in construction sites, rivers, buildings, and lake sediments, it is unclear if the wood could fill gaps in the 14C calibration curve or if the wood is of historical interest until the age is determined by dendrochronology or 14C dating. However, dendrochronological dating is subjected to many requirements and 14C dating is costly and time consuming, both of which can be frivolous endeavors if the samples are not in the age range of interest. A simplified 14C dating technique, called Speed Dating, was thus developed. It can be used to quickly obtain 14C ages as wood samples are neither chemically treated nor graphitized. Instead, wood is combusted in an elemental analyzer (EA) and the CO2 produced is carried into an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) with a gas ion source. Within a day, 75 samples can be measured with uncertainties between 0.5–2% depending on the age, preservation, and contaminants on the material and Speed Dating costs about one-third of conventional AMS dates.

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Bronk Ramsey, Christopher, Thomas Higham, and Philip Leach. "Towards High-Precision AMS: Progress and Limitations." Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039308.

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Precision and accuracy in accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating relies on the systematic reduction of errors at all stages of the dating process, from sampling to AMS measurement. With new AMS systems providing much better precision and accuracy for the final stage of the process, we need to review the process as a whole to test the accuracy of reported results. A new High Voltage Engineering Europa (HVEE) AMS system was accepted at Oxford in September 2002. Since then, the system has been in routine use for AMS dating and here we report on our experiences during the first year. The AMS system itself is known to be capable of making measurements on single targets to a precision of better than 0.2% for the 14C/13C ratio and better than 0.1% for the 13C/12C ratio. In routine operation, we measure known-age wood to a precision of just above 0.3%, including uncertainties in background and pretreatment. At these levels, the scatter in results is no higher than reported errors, suggesting that uncertainties of ±25 to ±30 14C yr can be reliably reported on single target measurements. This provides a test of all parts of the process for a particular material in a particular state of preservation. More generally, sample pretreatment should remove as much contamination as feasible from the sample while adding as little laboratory contamination as possible. For more complex materials, such as bone, there is clearly more work needed to prove good reproducibility and insignificant offsets in all circumstances. Strategies for testing accuracy and precision on unknown material are discussed here, as well as the possibilities of one day reaching precisions equivalent to errors of <±20 14C yr.

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Kim, Jangsuk, David K. Wright, Youngseon Lee, et al. "AMS Dates from Two Archaeological Sites of Korea: Blind Tests." Radiocarbon 58, no. 1 (2016): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2015.10.

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AbstractIn interpreting radiocarbon dating results, it is important that archaeologists distinguish uncertainties derived from random errors and those from systematic errors, because the two must be dealt with in different ways. One of the problems that archaeologists face in practice, however, is that when receiving dating results from laboratories, they are rarely able to critically assess whether differences between multiple 14C dates of materials are caused by random or systematic errors. In this study, blind tests were carried out to check four possible sources of errors in dating results: repeatability of results generated under identical field and laboratory conditions, differences in results generated from the same sample given to the same laboratory submitted at different times, interlaboratory differences of results generated from the same sample, and differences in the results generated between inner and outer rings of wood. Five charred wood samples, collected from the Namgye settlement and Hongreyonbong fortress, South Korea, were divided into 80 subsamples and submitted to five internationally recognized 14C laboratories on a blind basis twice within a 2-month interval. The results are generally in good statistical accordance and present acceptable errors at an archaeological scale. However, one laboratory showed a statistically significant variance in ages between batches for all samples and sites. Calculation of the Bayesian partial posterior predictive p value and chi-squared tests rejected the null hypothesis that the errors randomly occurred, although the source of the error is not specifically known. Our experiment suggests that it is necessary for users of 14C dating to establish an organized strategy for dating sites before submitting samples to laboratories in order to avoid possible systematic errors.

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Zhang, Li, Zhenkun Wu, Hong Chang, et al. "A Case Study Using 10Be-26Al Exposure Dating at the Xi’an AMS Center." Radiocarbon 58, no. 1 (2016): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2015.20.

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ABSTRACTExposure age dating using in situ10Be and 26Al is a very useful technique for dating fluvial terraces. This is especially true in semiarid regions where other methods suffer from a paucity of suitable dating materials. This article describes sample preparation procedures and analytical benchmarks established at the Xi’an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Center for the study of in situ10Be and 26Al. Four intercomparison samples were analyzed in the study, using an improved sample preparation method. The exposure age results are shown to be in good agreement with published data, and demonstrate the reliability of the dating method. This article also presents new 10Be and 26Al results from quartz samples collected from a series of fluvial terraces from Guanshan River, along the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The ages of three fluvial terraces from the Jinfosi site are shown to be (56.4±5.3) ka for T3, (10.7±1.0) ka for T2, and (7.2±1.0) ka for T1. The dating results are consistent with published data from the same region (10Be, 14C, and optically stimulated luminescence dating methods). A comparison of high-resolution climate records with age constraints for the terrace formation shows a close relationship between terrace formation and climate change.

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Väliranta, Minna, Markku Oinonen, Heikki Seppä, Sanna Korkonen, Sari Juutinen, and Eeva-Stiina Tuittila. "Unexpected Problems in AMS 14C Dating of Fen Peat." Radiocarbon 56, no. 1 (2014): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16917.

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Four fen peat sequences in northern Finland were dated by the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon method in order to study past peatland dynamics and carbon accumulation patterns. Initially, plant macrofossils were used for dating. However, the dates were severely disordered, with marked inversions in all sequences. In one 140-cm peat core, for example, all ages fell within a ∼1000-yr time window. Following these unreliable results, a few bulk peat samples were dated to help assess if any of the plant macrofossil-derived dates were reliable. Bulk dates did not help to solve the problem. This study evaluates the possible sources of error but is unable to single out one clear cause. It is probable that many factors related to the fen environment, such as flooding and root intrusion, may have contributed to the errors. Peat plant macrofossils and bulk peat samples are considered to be reliable dating materials, but the examples given herein highlight the difficulties that can be associated with AMS dating of peat samples.

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Subotic, K. M., L. S. Milinkovic, M. T. Zupancic, D. N. Novkovic, and M. S. Stojanovic. "Superconducting Mini-Cyclotrons as AMS Instruments." Radiocarbon 32, no. 1 (1990): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039898.

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We have studied the limitations of conventional mass spectrometry and have examined accelerator based methods which could help circumvent these limitations. In particular, cyclotron-based accelerator mass spectrometric (AMS) techniques are discussed with an emphasis on evaluating performances of superconducting mini-cyclotrons designed for use as AMS instruments. We discussed the design of superconducting mini-cyclotrons dedicated to radioisotope dating research.

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Redvers-Newton, Nicola A., and G. E. Coote. "Bone pretreatments for radiocarbon dating: a study incorporating AMS dating and ion beam analysis." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 92, no. 1-4 (1994): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)96018-6.

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Van Strydonck, Mark J. Y., Klaas Van Der Borg, and Arie F. M. de Jong. "Dating Precolumbian Museum Objects." Radiocarbon 34, no. 3 (1992): 928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200064250.

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We have radiocarbon dated some Precolumbian artifacts. We have used both conventional beta counting and AMS to date textiles, bamboo from weaving looms, a feather carpet and straw from a clay mask. We discuss the particular problems in sample pretreatment.

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Vandergoes, Marcus J., and Christine A. Prior. "AMS Dating of Pollen Concentrates—A Methodological Study of Late Quaternary Sediments from South Westland, New Zealand." Radiocarbon 45, no. 3 (2003): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200032823.

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A simple method for preparing pollen concentrates for 14C AMS dating is applied to organic and inorganic deposits from a peat bog in south Westland, New Zealand, from which preliminary AMS dating indicated age inversions and severe younger carbon contamination problems. The AMS ages of the pollen concentrates provided consistently older age estimates for each sample than ages derived from their respective organic residue or combined pollen and organic residue fractions. It is likely that the younger age estimates of the organic residue fractions result from the incorporation of younger plant material into the sample and possible contamination from younger humic acids percolating through the site.

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Kretschmer, W., G. Anton, M. Benz, et al. "The Erlangen AMS Facility and its Applications in 14C Sediment and Bone Dating." Radiocarbon 40, no. 1 (1997): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018099.

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We report here on the radiocarbon dating of sediment samples from Bavaria using the Erlangen accelerator mass spectrometry facility. The absolute time calibration of different sediment profiles, together with pollen analyses, should establish a better chronology of climate and vegetation during Holocene in Bavaria. For an enhanced reliability of sediment dating, we measured different fractions such as bulk sediments, pollen grains, macrofossils and humic acids. For these fraction, we describe the separation methods and conversion to sputter targets. Furthermore, we discuss the sample preparation for the dating of bones and present some results.

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Richardson, Ffiona, and Valerie A. Hall. "Pollen Concentrate Preparation from Highly Organic Holocene Peat and Lake Deposits for AMS Dating." Radiocarbon 36, no. 3 (1994): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200014582.

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Many of the problems inherent with conventional 14C dating of lake and peat deposits are eliminated by AMS dating of pollen concentrates. Published work describes production of pollen concentrates through expulsion of most of the deposit matrix by repeated deflocculation, selective sieving and final retention of the largest subfossil pollen taxa. Less suited to pollen concentrate production are the highly organic peats and lake muds from the British Isles and Europe. In this study we tested the combined effectiveness of physical, chemical and microbiological degradation and elimination techniques for pollen concentrate production on highly organic peats and a lake mud. We also reviewed methods of enhancing concentrations of smaller sub-fossil pollen grains. Here we present a novel method of assessing AMS dating precision of pollen concentrates by comparing their calibrated dates with a volcanic event of known historical age.

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Gillespie, Richard, I. P. Prosser, Edward Dlugokencky, R. J. Sparks, Gavin Wallace, and J. M. A. Chappell. "AMS Dating of Alluvial Sediments on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia." Radiocarbon 34, no. 1 (1992): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013394.

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The dating of alluvial deposits is frequently hampered by a lack of good-quality charcoal or other material for radiocarbon samples. We have dated two sites in southeastern Australia using traditional radiometric methods with minimal pretreatment. Results yielded an inconsistent chronology, affected by contamination with younger humic materials. A more consistent and older chronology was achieved using AMS dating of rigorously pretreated samples of fine-grained charcoal. The results have important implications for the radiocarbon dating of many Late Quaternary stratigraphic sequences with low charcoal abundance.

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Watchman, A. L., R. A. Lessard, A. J. T. Jull, L. J. Toolin, and Weston Blake. "14C Dating of Laser-Oxidized Organics." Radiocarbon 35, no. 2 (1993): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200065024.

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We used a continuous krypton ion laser to rapidly oxidize milligram-sized fragments of coniferous driftwood of known ages, and dated the resulting carbon dioxide by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). AMS 14C ages of non-pretreated young wood from different parts of two logs were within 10% of the ages of conventionally determined alkaline insoluble fractions. The age of the oldest whole wood measured after laser oxidation was within the error ranges of conventional values.

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Theodórsson, Páll. "Gas Proportional Versus Liquid Scintillation Counting, Radiometric Versus AMS Dating." Radiocarbon 33, no. 1 (1991): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013163.

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I discuss here the basis of a comparison of methods for radiocarbon dating and introduce a new index for the relative merit of a system, factor of counting capacity, that is generally more appropriate than the commonly used factor of merit. The merit of a dating system cannot be based on a single figure but other factors must also be considered. A comparison of the gas proportional, liquid scintillation and accelerator mass spectrometry technique is presented that for gas proportional counters is based on a multi-detector system rather than a single detector.

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Lynn, Thomas C. "Dating Papyrus Manuscripts by the AMS Carbon-14 Method." Biblical Archaeologist 51, no. 3 (1988): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210064.

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HOUSLEY, R. A. "Radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS): an introduction." Geology Today 6, no. 2 (1990): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1990.tb00700.x.

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Piotrowska, Natalia, Jacek Tomczyk, Sławomira Pawełczyk, and Łukasz M. Stanaszek. "Radiocarbon AMS Dating of Mesolithic Human Remains from Poland." Radiocarbon 61, no. 4 (2019): 991–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.66.

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ABSTRACTBiological studies on Mesolithic human remains from the Polish region are a rare subject of scientific research due to the limited number of these relics and their poor state of preservation. From the project titled “Old material with new methods: Using the latest bio-chemical analysis in studies of Mesolithic human remains from the Polish areas,” the radiocarbon (14C) dating of bones using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has been performed. For these experiments, the gelatin was extracted from bones, and its quality evaluated by the C/Nat ratio and the stable isotope composition of both carbon and nitrogen. The 14C results have been obtained for 11 bone samples from 5 sites, and throughout this work the results of two preparation methods are compared. The simple gelatin extraction provided material with unsatisfactory collagen quality indicators, while additional alkali treatment allowed us to obtain much more reliable, and generally older, results. Additionally, analysis on VIRI/SIRI samples were conducted to test the developed method. Only seven of the investigated bone samples yielded ages within Mesolithic period, and the most reliable dates range from 5800 to 6800 cal BC. One sample was not datable, and two were shown to be much younger than expected.

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