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1
Lazzara, Matthew A., Linda M. Keller, Timothy Markle, and John Gallagher. "Fifty-year Amundsen–Scott South Pole station surface climatology." Atmospheric Research 118 (November 2012): 240–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.027.
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Burton, Michael, Carlos A. Abia, John E. Carlstrom, Vincent Coudé du Foresto, Xiangqun Cui, Sebastián Gurovich, Takashi Ichikawa, et al. "INTER-DIVISION IX-X WORKING GROUP ENCOURAGING THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ANTARCTIC ASTRONOMY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, T27A (December 2008): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308025799.
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Two major astronomical experiments are underway at the US Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. The first is the South Pole Telescope, a 10m sub-millimetre telescope designed to measure primary and secondary anisotropies in the CMBR, with the aim of placing constraints on the equation of state for dark energy. The second is the IceCube neutrino observatory, which will be a cubic kilometre array designed to image sources of high energy neutrinos.
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Burton, Michael G. "Why Antarctica?" Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 13, no. 1 (January 1996): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000020403.
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AbstractThe dry, cold, tenuous and stable air above the Antarctic Plateau provides superb conditions for the conduct of many classes of astronomical observations. We review in particular the rationale for undertaking near-IR, mm and particle astronomy in Antarctica, disciplines where telescopes are now operating at the US Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station.
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Kirchner, Severine, and Robert J. Delmas. "A 1000 Year Glaciochemical Study at the South Pole." Annals of Glaciology 10 (1988): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500004213.
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Major soluble chemical impurities have been measured along a 130 m firn core from the Amundsen–Scott Station in order to assess Southern Hemisphere environmental variability over the last millennium. Particular attention is given to the possible impact of the Little Ice Age, a well-known climatic disturbance which occurred in the Northern Hemisphere between about A.D. 1500 and 1900.Na+, K+, NH4+, Cl+, SO42− and NO3− concentrations were carefully determined in forty-two 40 cm firn sections. Stringent precautions were taken to ensure the analytical reliability of the data set obtained. The average concentrations are (in ng g−1): 11.0 ± 2.5, 0.7 ± 0.4, 0.5 ± 0.2, 31 ± 5.6, 58 ± 11.6 and 103 ± 11.6 respectively (the scatter represents the standard deviation).No definite trend is detected which could be linked to the Little Ice Age disturbance.
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Leitch, E. M., J. E. Carlstrom, G. Davidson, M. Dragovan, N. W. Halverson, W. L. Holzapfel, S. Laroque, et al. "DASI: The Degree Angular Scale Interferometer." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 201 (2005): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900216070.
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We describe the design and current status of the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI), a compact cm-wave interferometer operating at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole research station. With 20-cm diameter primary antenna elements operating over the frequency range 26 − 36 GHz, DASI is optimized to measure the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) over the multipole range 140 − 920, (corresponding to scales of 25′ − 2°.6), as well as make high-sensitivity maps of the microwave sky. The telescope was built at the University of Chicago and deployed at the South Pole during the 1999-2000 austral summer.
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Reichardt, Christian L., Tijmen de Haan, and Lindsey E. Bleem. "The South Pole Telescope: Unraveling the Mystery of Dark Energy." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 43 (January 2016): 1660189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516601897.
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The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10-meter telescope designed to survey the millimeter-wave sky, taking advantage of the exceptional observing conditions at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. The telescope and its ground-breaking 960-element bolometric camera finished surveying 2500 square degrees at 95. 150, and 220 GHz in November 2011. We have discovered hundreds of galaxy clusters in the SPT-SZ survey through the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect. The formation of galaxy clusters the largest bound objects in the universe is highly sensitive to dark energy and the history of structure formation. I will discuss the cosmological constraints from the SPT-SZ galaxy cluster sample as well as future prospects with the soon to-be-installed SPT-3G camera.
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Kirchner, Severine, and Robert J. Delmas. "A 1000 Year Glaciochemical Study at the South Pole." Annals of Glaciology 10 (1988): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500004213.
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Major soluble chemical impurities have been measured along a 130 m firn core from the Amundsen–Scott Station in order to assess Southern Hemisphere environmental variability over the last millennium. Particular attention is given to the possible impact of the Little Ice Age, a well-known climatic disturbance which occurred in the Northern Hemisphere between about A.D. 1500 and 1900. Na+, K+, NH4 +, Cl+, SO4 2− and NO3 − concentrations were carefully determined in forty-two 40 cm firn sections. Stringent precautions were taken to ensure the analytical reliability of the data set obtained. The average concentrations are (in ng g−1): 11.0 ± 2.5, 0.7 ± 0.4, 0.5 ± 0.2, 31 ± 5.6, 58 ± 11.6 and 103 ± 11.6 respectively (the scatter represents the standard deviation). No definite trend is detected which could be linked to the Little Ice Age disturbance.
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Lalande, S., P. J. Anderson, A. D. Miller, M. L. Ceridon, K. C. Beck, K. A. O’Malley, J. B. Johnson, and B. D. Johnson. "Variability in pulmonary function following rapid altitude ascent to the Amundsen–Scott South Pole station." European Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 9 (February 16, 2011): 2221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1864-9.
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Rathborne, J. M., and M. G. Burton. "Results from the South Pole Infra-Red EXplorer Telescope." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153929960001769x.
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AbstractThe SPIREX telescope, located at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, was a prototype system developed to exploit the excellent conditions for IR observing at the South Pole. Observations over two winter seasons achieved remarkably deep, high-resolution, wide-field images in the 3-5 μm wavelength regime. Several star forming complexes were observed, including NGC 6334, Chamaeleon I, η Chamaeleontis, the Carina Nebula, 30 Doradus, RCW 57, RCW 38, as well as the Galactic Center. Images were obtained of lines at 2.42/μm H2, 3.29/μm PAH and 4.05/μm Br α, as well as 3.5/μm L-band and 4.7 μm M-band continuum emission. These data, combined with near-IR, mid-IR, and radio continuum maps, reveal the environments of these star forming sites, as well as any protostars lying within them. The SPIREX project, its observing and reduction methods, and some sample data are summarized here.
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Balm, Simon P. "The Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO)." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 13, no. 1 (January 1996): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000020439.
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AbstractThe Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO) is a highly automated 1·7 m diameter telescope aimed at exploiting the superb submillimetre skies of the Antarctic Plateau for astronomy and aeronomy studies. It was recently installed at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station during the 1994/95 Austral season and is currently undergoing its first winter-over of operation. In this paper we briefly outline the capabilities of the instrument and describe some recent achievements culminating in the telescope’s first observations of the South Polar submillimetre sky.
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Martin, Christopher L. "Ten years from the Antarctic Sub-millimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, no. 14 (August 2006): 686–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307012264.
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Beginning with the winter season of 1995 and for the next ten years, the Antarctic Sub-mm Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO, Stark et al. 1997; Stark et al. 2001; <http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/ASTRO/>), a 1.7m diameter, offset Gregorian telescope located at an altitude of 2847m at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station collected sub-mm and Terahertz data in the 1.3mm to 200μm wavelength bands. From its location just a few hundred meters away from the geophysical South Pole, AST/RO was the first sub-mm telescope to over-winter on the polar plateau, a location uniquely suited to high quality sub-mm observations due its very low humidity, high atmospheric stability and thin troposphere (Chamberlin et al. 1997).
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Chartier, Alex T., Juha Vierinen, and Geonhwa Jee. "First observations of the McMurdo–South Pole oblique ionospheric HF channel." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 3023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3023-2020.
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Abstract. We present the first observations from a new low-cost oblique ionosonde located in Antarctica. The transmitter is located at McMurdo Station, Ross Island, and the receiver at Amundsen–Scott Station, South Pole. The system was demonstrated successfully in March 2019, with the experiment yielding over 30 000 ionospheric echoes over a 2-week period. These data indicate the presence of a stable E layer and a sporadic and variable F layer with dramatic spread F of sometimes more than 500 km (in units of virtual height). The most important ionospheric parameter, NmF2, validates well against the Jang Bogo Vertical Incidence Pulsed Ionospheric (VIPIR) ionosonde (observing more than 1000 km away). GPS-derived TEC data from the Multi-Instrument Data Analysis Software (MIDAS) algorithm can be considered necessary but insufficient to predict 7.2 MHz propagation between McMurdo and the South Pole, yielding a true positive in 40 % of cases and a true negative in 73 % of cases. The success of this pilot experiment at a total grant cost of USD 116 000 and an equipment cost of ∼ USD 15 000 indicates that a large multi-static network could be built to provide unprecedented observational coverage of the Antarctic ionosphere.
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Taylor, Mary Jane. "Emission Line Variations in γ2 Velorum." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 143 (1991): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900045113.
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In this paper, we present results of an intensive search for periodic variations in the strength of the Hell emission line of �2 Vel relative to the nearby continuum. The data were obtained in 1986 and 1988 using an automated optical system located at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Ten of the data sets have a time resolution between 2 and 3 minutes and consist of 2.3 - 20.4 hours of continuous photometry (Taylor, AJ, in press). Three of the data sets have a time resolution of about 1 minute and span between 1.2 and 6.5 hours.
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Mehta, Dhvanit, Andrew J. Gerrard, Yusuke Ebihara, Allan T. Weatherwax, and Louis J. Lanzerotti. "Short-period mesospheric gravity waves and their sources at the South Pole." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 2 (January 20, 2017): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-911-2017.
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Abstract. The sourcing locations and mechanisms for short-period, upward-propagating gravity waves at high polar latitudes remain largely unknown. Using all-sky imager data from the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, we determine the spatial and temporal characteristics of 94 observed small-scale waves in 3 austral winter months in 2003 and 2004. These data, together with background atmospheres from synoptic and/or climatological empirical models, are used to model gravity wave propagation from the polar mesosphere to each wave's source using a ray-tracing model. Our results provide a compelling case that a significant proportion of the observed waves are launched in several discrete layers in the tropopause and/or stratosphere. Analyses of synoptic geopotentials and temperatures indicate that wave formation is a result of baroclinic instability processes in the stratosphere and the interaction of planetary waves with the background wind fields in the tropopause. These results are significant for defining the influences of the polar vortex on the production of these small-scale, upward-propagating gravity waves at the highest polar latitudes.
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Mosley-Thompson, Ellen, Lonnie G. Thompson, Pieter M. Grootes, and N. Gundestrup. "Little Ice Age (Neoglacial) Paleoenvironmental Conditions At Siple Station, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500008570.
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The 550-year records of δ 18O and dust concentrations from Siple Station, Antarctica suggest warmer and less dusty atmospheric conditions from 1600 to 1830 A.D. which encompasses much of the northern hemisphere Little Ice Age (LIA). Dust and δ 18O data from South Pole Station indicate that the opposite conditions (e.g. cooler and more dusty) were prevalent there during the LIA. Meteorological data from 1945–85 show that the LIA temperature opposition between Amundsen-Scott and Siple, inferred from δ 18O, is consistent with the present spatial distribution of surface temperature. There is some observational evidence suggesting that under present conditions stronger zonal westerlies produce a temperature pattern similar to that of the LIA. These regional differences demonstrate that a suite of spatially distributed, high resolution ice-core records will be necessary to characterize the LIA in Antarctica
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Mosley-Thompson, Ellen, Lonnie G. Thompson, Pieter M. Grootes, and N. Gundestrup. "Little Ice Age (Neoglacial) Paleoenvironmental Conditions At Siple Station, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500008570.
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The 550-year records of δ18O and dust concentrations from Siple Station, Antarctica suggest warmer and less dusty atmospheric conditions from 1600 to 1830 A.D. which encompasses much of the northern hemisphere Little Ice Age (LIA). Dust and δ18O data from South Pole Station indicate that the opposite conditions (e.g. cooler and more dusty) were prevalent there during the LIA. Meteorological data from 1945–85 show that the LIA temperature opposition between Amundsen-Scott and Siple, inferred from δ18O, is consistent with the present spatial distribution of surface temperature. There is some observational evidence suggesting that under present conditions stronger zonal westerlies produce a temperature pattern similar to that of the LIA. These regional differences demonstrate that a suite of spatially distributed, high resolution ice-core records will be necessary to characterize the LIA in Antarctica
17
Henry, Robert F. "Measurement of the turbulent fluxes of ions to the Earth's surface at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station." Journal of Geophysical Research 91, no. D1 (1986): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jd091id01p01097.
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Mosley-Thompson, E., P. D. Kruss, L. G. Thompson, M. Pourchet, and P. Grootes. "Snow Stratigraphic Record at South Pole: Potential for Paleoclimatic Reconstruction." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500005863.
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An extensive investigation of the visible stratigraphy, microparticle concentration, liquid conductivity, oxygen isotopes and beta-radioactivity was conducted in pits excavated at Amundsen-Scott South Pole station. The objectives of the investigation were to assess the spatial representativeness of the geochemical and physical records preserved within the snow strata and to ascertain the temporal resolution which can be obtained from such ice-core records. Accurate interpretation of the time scale and reconstruction of climatic conditions from these time series requires (1) the analysis of as many stratigraphic parameters as possible and (2) the synthesis of data from a suite of cores in the study area. For periods of 10 a or less, regionally representative accumulation rates cannot be obtained from annual accumulation time series reconstructed at a single site. Although the microparticle concentrations, liquid conductivity and oxygen isotopic abundances all exhibit a seasonal cycle in the firn, the construction of an accurate time scale requires all three parameters in conjunction with the beta-radioactivity. Absolute dating will be impossible for cores from South Pole where entire accumulation years may be missing. Nevertheless, for East Antarctica, where accumulation rates are low (<0.1 m a−1 water equivalent), the good temporal resolution and the preservation of a distinct annual signal in some geochemical parameters makes the South Pole a very attractive site for deep ice-core drilling.
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Mosley-Thompson, E., P. D. Kruss, L. G. Thompson, M. Pourchet, and P. Grootes. "Snow Stratigraphic Record at South Pole: Potential for Paleoclimatic Reconstruction." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500005863.
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An extensive investigation of the visible stratigraphy, microparticle concentration, liquid conductivity, oxygen isotopes and beta-radioactivity was conducted in pits excavated at Amundsen-Scott South Pole station. The objectives of the investigation were to assess the spatial representativeness of the geochemical and physical records preserved within the snow strata and to ascertain the temporal resolution which can be obtained from such ice-core records. Accurate interpretation of the time scale and reconstruction of climatic conditions from these time series requires (1) the analysis of as many stratigraphic parameters as possible and (2) the synthesis of data from a suite of cores in the study area. For periods of 10 a or less, regionally representative accumulation rates cannot be obtained from annual accumulation time series reconstructed at a single site. Although the microparticle concentrations, liquid conductivity and oxygen isotopic abundances all exhibit a seasonal cycle in the firn, the construction of an accurate time scale requires all three parameters in conjunction with the beta-radioactivity. Absolute dating will be impossible for cores from South Pole where entire accumulation years may be missing. Nevertheless, for East Antarctica, where accumulation rates are low (<0.1 m a−1 water equivalent), the good temporal resolution and the preservation of a distinct annual signal in some geochemical parameters makes the South Pole a very attractive site for deep ice-core drilling.
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Fogt, Ryan L., and David H. Bromwich. "Atmospheric Moisture and Cloud Cover Characteristics Forecast by AMPS*." Weather and Forecasting 23, no. 5 (October 1, 2008): 914–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008waf2006100.1.
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Abstract Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) forecasts of atmospheric moisture and cloud fraction (CF) are compared with observations at McMurdo and Amundsen–Scott South Pole station (hereafter, South Pole station) in Antarctica. Overall, it is found that the model produces excessive moisture at both sites in the mid- to upper troposphere because of a weaker vertical decrease of moisture in AMPS than observed. Correlations with observations suggest AMPS does a reasonable job of capturing the low-level moisture variability at McMurdo and the upper-level moisture variability at South Pole station. The model underpredicts the cloud cover at both locations, but changes to the AMPS empirical CF algorithm remove this negative bias by more than doubling the weight given to the cloud ice path. A “pseudosatellite” product based on the microphysical quantities of cloud ice and cloud liquid water within AMPS is preliminarily evaluated against Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) imagery during summer to examine the broader performance of cloud variability in AMPS. These comparisons reveal that the model predicts high-level cloud cover and movement with fidelity, which explains the good agreement between the modified CF algorithm and the observed CF. However, this product also demonstrates deficiencies in capturing low-level cloudiness over cold ice surfaces primarily related to insufficient supercooled liquid water produced by the microphysics scheme, which also reduces the CF correlation with observations. The results suggest that AMPS predicts the overall CF amount and high cloud variability notably well, making it a reliable tool for longer-term climate studies of these fields in Antarctica.
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Gaisser, Thomas K. "The IceCube Neutrino Telescope." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S288 (August 2012): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312016742.
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AbstractConstruction of IceCube at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station was completed at the end of 2010 after eight construction seasons. The detector consists of 5,160 digital optical modules on 86 cables with 60 modules each, viewing in total a cubic kilometer of ice between 1,450 and 2,450 meters below the surface. IceCube includes a sub-array called DeepCore consisting of 8 special cables, and providing a more densely instrumented region with a lower energy threshold in the deep center of the array. IceCube also includes an air shower array called IceTop directly above the deep detector. Optical modules in all three components of the detector are fully integrated into a single data acquisition system. Data taking and analysis began during construction and continues with the completed detector. This paper describes recent results from IceCube.
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Otto, Christian, Ron Shemenski, Jessica M. Scott, Jeanette Hartshorn, Sheryl Bishop, and Steven Viegas. "Evaluation of Tele-ultrasound as a Tool in Remote Diagnosis and Clinical Management at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station and the McMurdo Research Station." Telemedicine and e-Health 19, no. 3 (March 2013): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2012.0111.
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Keller, L. M., K. A. Baker, M. A. Lazzara, and J. Gallagher. "A Comparison of Meteorological Observations from South Pole Station before and after Installation of a New Instrument Suite." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1220.1.
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Abstract The Amundsen–Scott South Pole surface meteorological instrument suite was upgraded in 2004. To ensure that the new and old instruments were recording similar information, the two suites of instruments ran simultaneously for a year. Statistical analysis of the time series of temperature, pressure, and wind was performed to determine if there were any significant differences in the observations. Significant differences were found in some of the winter months for temperature and wind speed. No differences were found for the wind direction distribution. There are also noticeable differences in wind speed between the Clean Air platform near the Clean Air facility and the platform at the approach end of the skiway. Wind speeds are lower at the skiway tower when the wind is from the northeast quadrant and at the Clean Air tower when the wind is from the southwest quadrant, reflecting the effect of increased surface roughness and flow distortion over and around the station structures. Because of a change in elevation of the pressure sensor, the pressure data were recalculated at a common station elevation (2836 m). Although the resulting differences are small (around 0.1 hPa), there is a systematic sign change between summer and winter. The results of this analysis, while revealing some significant differences, show that the new instrumentation at South Pole station is generally reporting observations that are similar to those of the old instrumentation, and most of the differences are within the accuracy of the instruments. However, the instrument placement and construction of official aviation routine weather reports (METARs) do have an impact on the usefulness of the data for research.
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Hudson, Stephen R., and Richard E. Brandt. "A Look at the Surface-Based Temperature Inversion on the Antarctic Plateau." Journal of Climate 18, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 1673–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3360.1.
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Abstract Data from radiosondes, towers, and a thermistor string are used to characterize the temperature inversion at two stations: the Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole, and the somewhat higher and colder Dome C Station at a lower latitude. Ten years of temperature data from a 22-m tower at the South Pole are analyzed. The data include 2- and 22-m temperatures for the entire period and 13-m temperatures for the last 2 yr. Statistics of the individual temperatures and the differences among the three levels are presented for summer (December and January) and winter (April–September). The relationships of temperature and inversion strength in the lowest 22 m with wind speed and downward longwave flux are examined for the winter months. Two preferred regimes, one warming and one cooling, are found in the temperature versus longwave flux data, but the physical causes of these regimes have not been determined. The minimum temperatures and the maximum inversions tend to occur not with calm winds, but with winds of 3–5 m s−1, likely due to the inversion wind. This inversion wind also explains why the near-surface winds at South Pole blow almost exclusively from the northeast quadrant. Temperature data from the surface to 2 m above the surface from South Pole in the winter of 2001 are presented, showing that the steepest temperature gradient in the entire atmosphere is in the lowest 20 cm. The median difference between the temperatures at 2 m and the surface is over 1.0 K in winter; under clear skies this difference increases to about 1.3 K. Monthly mean temperature profiles of the lowest 30 km of the atmosphere over South Pole are presented, based on 10 yr of radiosonde data. These profiles show large variations in lower-stratospheric temperatures, and in the strength and depth of the surface-based inversion. The near-destruction of a strong inversion at South Pole during 7 h on 8 September 1992 is examined using a thermal-conductivity model of the snowpack, driven by the measured downward longwave flux. The downward flux increased when a cloud moved over the station, and it seems that this increase in radiation alone can explain the magnitude and timing of the warming near the surface. Temperature data from the 2003/04 and 2004/05 summers at Dome C Station are presented to show the effects of the diurnal cycle of solar elevation over the Antarctic Plateau. These data include surface temperature and 2- and 30-m air temperatures, as well as radiosonde air temperatures. They show that strong inversions, averaging 10 K between the surface and 30 m, develop quickly at night when the sun is low in the sky, but are destroyed during the middle of the day. The diurnal temperature range at the surface was 13 K, but only 3 K at 30 m.
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Egeland, A., and C. S. Deehr. "Roald Amundsen's contributions to our knowledge of the magnetic fields of the Earth and the Sun." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 10, 2011): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2-99-2011.
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Abstract. Roald Amundsen (1872–1928) was known as one of the premier polar explorers in the golden age of polar exploration. His accomplishments clearly document that he has contributed to knowledge in fields as diverse as ethnography, meteorology and geophysics. In this paper we will concentrate on his studies of the Earth's magnetic field. With his unique observations at the polar station Gjøahavn (geographic coordinates 68°37'10'' N; 95°53'25'' W), Amundsen was first to demonstrate, without doubt, that the north magnetic dip-pole does not have a permanent location, but steadily moves its position in a regular manner. In addition, his carefully calibrated measurements at high latitudes were the first and only observations of the Earth's magnetic field in the polar regions for decades until modern polar observatories were established. After a short review of earlier measurements of the geomagnetic field, we tabulate the facts regarding his measurements at the observatories and the eight field stations associated with the Gjøa expedition. The quality of his magnetic observations may be seen to be equal to that of the late 20th century observations by subjecting them to analytical techniques showing the newly discovered relationship between the diurnal variation of high latitude magnetic observations and the direction of the horizontal component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF By). Indeed, the observations at Gjøahavn offer a glimpse of the character of the solar wind 50 yr before it was known to exist. Our motivation for this paper is to illuminate the contributions of Amundsen as a scientist and to celebrate his attainment of the South Pole as an explorer 100 yr ago.
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Ustinov, V. P., E. L. Baranova, K. N. Visheratin, M. I. Grachev, and A. V. Kalsin. "Variations of methane in the Antarctic atmosphere in 2009–2017 by ground-based and satellite data." Arctic and Antarctic Research 66, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2020-66-1-66-81.
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The article presents the results of systematic measurements (2009−2017) of the total column abundances of methane (TC_CH4 ) and the column-averaged concentration (X_CH4 ) at the Antarctic station Novolazarevskaya. Solar radiation is recorded in the range 2990 – 3006 cm–1 using a diffraction spectrometer with 0.2 cm–1 resolution. The inverse task CH4 total column determining is achieved using the SFIT4 v0.9.4.4 code. The analysis shows that during the measurement period the average TC_CH4 was (3.4±0.8).1019 molecules/cm2 during the measurement period, and the average X_CH4 is (1663±34) ppbv. TC_CH4 trend is (4.5±2.2).1015 molecules/cm2 /month, and X_CH4 trend is (0.28 ± 0.11) ppbv/month. The average TC_CH4 values and trend at Novolazarevskaya are in good agreement with the measurements by the Brucker120HR instrument at the Arrival Heights station. Seasonal variations of atmospheric methane have the maximum in October–November and the minimum in May–July. The trends of surface methane concentrations at Sywa, the Halley station and the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station are 0.59 – 0.61 ppbv/month and exceed the trend of the column-averaged concentration at Novolazarevskaya and AIRS trends for the troposphere (0.24 – 0.32) ppbv/month, due to a decrease in the maximal values of TC_CH4 in the period after 2014. The closest agreement of X_CH4 variations at Novolazarevskaya with AIRS data is observed at the levels of 150–200 hPa. Significant semiannual harmonics varied with height are characteristic of CH4 variations according to the AIRS data. The interference of annual and semiannual harmonics leads to the appearance of two maxima in the seasonal variations of methane with relative position to each other varies with height. The statistical model is developed for all the series considered. It approximates the trend, annual and semi-annual components of CH4 oscillations.The authors have no competing interests.
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Kuttippurath, J., F. Goutail, J. P. Pommereau, F. Lefèvre, H. K. Roscoe, A. Pazmiño, W. Feng, and M. P. Chipperfield. "Estimation of Antarctic ozone loss from Ground-based total column measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2010): 7641–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-7641-2010.
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Abstract. The passive ozone method is used to estimate ozone loss from ground-based measurements in the Antarctic. A sensitivity study shows that the O3 loss can be estimated within an accuracy of ~4%. The method is then applied to the observations from Amundsen-Scott/South Pole, Arrival Heights, Belgrano, Concordia, Dumont d'Urville, Faraday, Halley, Marambio, Neumayer, Rothera, Syowa and Zhongshan for the diagnosis of ozone loss in the Antarctic. On average, the five-day running mean of the vortex averaged ozone column loss deduced from the ground-based stations shows about 53% in 2009, 59% in 2008, 55% in 2007, 56% in 2006 and 61% in 2005. The observed O3 loss and loss rates are in very good agreement with the satellite observations (Ozone Monitoring Instrument and Sciamachy) and are well reproduced by the model (Reprobus and SLIMCAT) calculations. The historical ground-based total ozone measurements show that the depletion started in the late 1970s, reached a maximum in the early 1990s, stabilising afterwards at this level until present, with the exception of 2002, the year of an early vortex break-up. There is no indication of significant recovery yet. At southern mid-latitudes, a total ozone reduction of 40–50% is observed at the newly installed station Rio Gallegos and 25–35% at Kerguelen in October–November of 2008–2009 and 2005–2009 (except 2008) respectively, and of 10–20% at Macquarie Island in July–August of 2006–2009. This illustrates the significance of measurements at the edges of Antarctica.
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Grootes, Pieter M., and Minze Stuiver. "Oxygen-Isotope Records Covering the Last 2 KA at South Pole." Annals of Glaciology 10 (1988): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500004493.
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Two cores which had been drilled to a depth of over 200 m were recovered near Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station during the 1980–82 field seasons. A firn core drilled from 3 to 19 m depth was taken in December 1982 from a site about 5 km distant from the two others.The cores cannot be used to study the seasonal δ18O cycle, because: (i) detailed sampling (1–2 cm increments) provides evidence of isotopic enrichment in the 1 m core sections during storage, both in the field and in the laboratory cold-room, and (ii) low accumulation (9.2 g cm−2a−1, given by Jouzel and others 1983) led to missing years or parts thereof. Estimates of the proportion of missing years range from 1 in 10 (J.R. Petit, quoted in Mosley-Thompson and Thompson 1982) to 1 in 20 (Jouzel and others 1983).The cores are still useful for studies on a decadal or longer time-scale. The average δ18O value of detailed measurements of the upper 40 m of the 1980 firn core differs by only 0.14±0.05‰ from the average of measurements made about 16 months earlier. Thus, although storage in the cold-room changed the isotopic composition of the outer firn layer, the bulk of the firn core was unaffected. The two measurement series of this profile show a high correlation (r2= 0.75, P<10−6) when smoothed with a I m moving average (equivalent to 4–7 years’ accumulation) in order to reduce noise and the effect of enrichment at the ends of the 1 m sections.In both long cores and in the short core which was taken in 1982 the δ18O–depth profile shows a long-term trend with superimposed shorter fluctuations. The seasonal signal soon disappears but variability of up to 2‰ on a 3–5 year time-scale persists at depth. Linear-correlation analysis shows a significant correlation between the 1980 firn core and the 1982 short core (r2= 0.32, P = 0.011) for a 1 m moving average of samples 0.25 m long. Some correlation is also observed between the deeper ice parts of the 1982 core (106–227 m) and the 1981 core (100–202.4 m) (r2= 0.087, P = 0.00043, I m moving average), if the relative depths are shifted by 3.75 m. A firm time-scale for both cores is needed to determine whether such a shift corrects for an artefact of the depth logs of the cores, or proves that no real correlation exists between the two cores.Comparison of the long-term trend of the two South Pole cores with the 2.5 ka isotope climatic record from the 1979 Dome C core (Benoist and others 1982) and with the Law Dome core BHD record (Morgan 1985) again suggests possible correlation, but cannot prove it for lack of a firm time-scale. Collaboration with other investigators which brings together data on visible stratigraphy and density (personal communication from A.J. Gow), solid conductivity (Schwander unpublished), acid horizons (Langway and others 1988, this volume) and microparticles may solve this problem.
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Grootes, Pieter M., and Minze Stuiver. "Oxygen-Isotope Records Covering the Last 2 KA at South Pole." Annals of Glaciology 10 (1988): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500004493.
Full textAbstract:
Two cores which had been drilled to a depth of over 200 m were recovered near Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station during the 1980–82 field seasons. A firn core drilled from 3 to 19 m depth was taken in December 1982 from a site about 5 km distant from the two others.The cores cannot be used to study the seasonal δ18O cycle, because: (i) detailed sampling (1–2 cm increments) provides evidence of isotopic enrichment in the 1 m core sections during storage, both in the field and in the laboratory cold-room, and (ii) low accumulation (9.2 g cm−2a−1, given by Jouzel and others 1983) led to missing years or parts thereof. Estimates of the proportion of missing years range from 1 in 10 (J.R. Petit, quoted in Mosley-Thompson and Thompson 1982) to 1 in 20 (Jouzel and others 1983).The cores are still useful for studies on a decadal or longer time-scale. The average δ18O value of detailed measurements of the upper 40 m of the 1980 firn core differs by only 0.14±0.05‰ from the average of measurements made about 16 months earlier. Thus, although storage in the cold-room changed the isotopic composition of the outer firn layer, the bulk of the firn core was unaffected. The two measurement series of this profile show a high correlation (r2= 0.75, P<10−6) when smoothed with a I m moving average (equivalent to 4–7 years’ accumulation) in order to reduce noise and the effect of enrichment at the ends of the 1 m sections.In both long cores and in the short core which was taken in 1982 the δ18O–depth profile shows a long-term trend with superimposed shorter fluctuations. The seasonal signal soon disappears but variability of up to 2‰ on a 3–5 year time-scale persists at depth. Linear-correlation analysis shows a significant correlation between the 1980 firn core and the 1982 short core (r2= 0.32, P = 0.011) for a 1 m moving average of samples 0.25 m long. Some correlation is also observed between the deeper ice parts of the 1982 core (106–227 m) and the 1981 core (100–202.4 m) (r2= 0.087, P = 0.00043, I m moving average), if the relative depths are shifted by 3.75 m. A firm time-scale for both cores is needed to determine whether such a shift corrects for an artefact of the depth logs of the cores, or proves that no real correlation exists between the two cores.Comparison of the long-term trend of the two South Pole cores with the 2.5 ka isotope climatic record from the 1979 Dome C core (Benoist and others 1982) and with the Law Dome core BHD record (Morgan 1985) again suggests possible correlation, but cannot prove it for lack of a firm time-scale. Collaboration with other investigators which brings together data on visible stratigraphy and density (personal communication from A.J. Gow), solid conductivity (Schwander unpublished), acid horizons (Langway and others 1988, this volume) and microparticles may solve this problem.
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Forte, Roberta, Francesco Berrilli, Daniele Calchetti, Dario Del Moro, Bernhard Fleck, Cynthia Giebink, William Giebink, et al. "Data reduction pipeline for MOF-based synoptic telescopes." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 10 (2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020065.
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There are strong scientific cases and practical reasons for building ground-based solar synoptic telescopes. Some issues, like the study of solar dynamics and the forecasting of solar flares, benefit from the 3D reconstruction of the Sun’s atmosphere and magnetic field. Others, like the monitoring and prediction of space weather, require full disk observations, at the proper sampling rate, combining H-alpha images and Doppler velocity and magnetic field. The synoptic telescopes based on Magneto Optical Filters (MOF) using different lines are capable of measuring the line-of-sight Doppler velocity and magnetic field over the full solar disk at different ranges of height in the Sun’s photosphere and low chromosphere. Instruments like the MOTH (Magneto-Optical filters at Two Heights), using a dual-channel based on MOFs operating at 589.0 nm (Na D2 line) and 769.9 nm (K D1 line), the VAMOS instrument (Velocity And Magnetic Observations of the Sun), operating at 769.9 nm (K D1 line), and the future TSST (Tor Vergata Synoptic Solar Telescope), using a dual-channel telescope operating at 656.28 nm (H-alpha line) and at 769.9 nm (K D1 line), allow to face both aspects, the scientific and the operative related to Space Weather applications. The MOTH, VAMOS and TSST data enable a wide variety of studies of the Sun, from seismic probing of the solar interior (sound speed, rotation, details of the tachocline, sub-surface structure of active regions), to the dynamics and magnetic evolution of the lower part of the solar atmosphere (heating of the solar atmosphere, identification of the signatures of solar eruptive events, atmospheric gravity waves, etc.), to the 3D reconstruction of the solar atmosphere and flare locations. However, the use of MOF filters requires special care in calibrating the data for scientific or operational use. This work presents a systematic pipeline that derives from the decennial use of MOF’s technology. More in detail, the pipeline is based on data reduction procedures tested and validated on MOTH data acquired at Mees Solar Observatory of the University of Hawaii Haleakala Observatories and at South Pole Solar Observatory (SPSO), at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica, during Antarctica Summer Campaign 2016/17.
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Ding, Minghu, Biao Tian, Michael C. B. Ashley, Davide Putero, Zhenxi Zhu, Lifan Wang, Shihai Yang, Chuanjin Li, and Cunde Xiao. "Year-round record of near-surface ozone and O<sub>3</sub> enhancement events (OEEs) at Dome A, East Antarctica." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 3529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3529-2020.
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Abstract. Dome A, the summit of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, is an area challenging to access and is one of the harshest environments on Earth. Up until recently, long-term automated observations from Dome A (DA) were only possible with very low power instruments such as a basic meteorological station. To evaluate the characteristics of near-surface O3, continuous observations were carried out in 2016. Together with observations at the Amundsen–Scott Station (South Pole – SP) and Zhongshan Station (ZS, on the southeast coast of Prydz Bay), the seasonal and diurnal O3 variabilities were investigated. The results showed different patterns between coastal and inland Antarctic areas that were characterized by high concentrations in cold seasons and at night. The annual mean values at the three stations (DA, SP and ZS) were 29.2±7.5, 29.9±5.0 and 24.1±5.8 ppb, respectively. We investigated the effect of specific atmospheric processes on near-surface summer O3 variability, when O3 enhancement events (OEEs) are systematically observed at DA (average monthly frequency peaking at up to 64.5 % in December). As deduced by a statistical selection methodology, these O3 enhancement events (OEEs) are affected by significant interannual variability, both in their average O3 values and in their frequency. To explain part of this variability, we analyzed the OEEs as a function of specific atmospheric processes: (i) the role of synoptic-scale air mass transport over the Antarctic Plateau was explored using the Lagrangian back-trajectory analysis Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) method, and (ii) the occurrence of “deep” stratospheric intrusion events was investigated using the Lagrangian tool STEFLUX. The specific atmospheric processes, including synoptic-scale air mass transport, were analyzed by the HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) model. Short-range transport accounted for the O3 enhancement events (OEEs) during summer at DA, rather than efficient local production, which is consistent with previous studies of inland Antarctica. Moreover, the identification of recent (i.e., 4 d old) stratospheric-intrusion events by STEFLUX suggested that deep events only had a minor influence (up to 1.1 % of the period, in August) on deep events during the variability in near-surface summer O3 at DA. The deep events during the polar night were significantly higher than those during the polar day. This work provides unique data on ozone variation at DA and expands our knowledge of such events in Antarctica. Data are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923517 (Ding and Tian, 2020).
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Murray, Carl. "The use and abuse of dogs on Scott's and Amundsen's South Pole expeditions." Polar Record 44, no. 4 (October 2008): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247408007493.
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ABSTRACTIn the century since Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott led the first and second expeditions to reach the South Pole, commentators have frequently passed judgement on the different means of transport that the two explorers employed. In hindsight, and since he ‘won,’ they have consistently praised Amundsen for using dogs exclusively and criticised Scott for not doing the same. Surprisingly, however, almost no attention has been given to the experience of Amundsen's dogs, whose extreme suffering seems to have vanished into a collective blind spot. Here, with the aim of restoring balance to one part of the vexed historiography of the two explorers, that record is set straight. Amundsen's troubled and contradictory attitude towards his animals is also explored and common misconceptions about Scott's views on the use of dogs for transport are confuted.
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Burdyuzha, V. "Soviet experience at vostok and plans for Antarctic astronomy." Highlights of Astronomy 9 (1992): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600022632.
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The station Vostok is on the polar cap at an altitude of about 3500 m. Vostok comprises a special complex for geophysical research together with accommodation and power generating facilities. Its location far inland at a high altitude provides a unique astroclimate. From 1958 to 1980, the mean annual temperatures were -55.3°C at Vostok, -49.3°C at Amundsen-Scott (S. Pole), and -11.3°C at Mirny (near the coast). Mirny recorded an average of 199 days/year with strong wind, Vostok only 3.2. The mean number of days/month with heavy cloud were 3.4 at Vostok, 4.0 at Amundsen-Scott, and 6.6 at Mirny. The number of days/year with little cloud: Vostok : 361, Mirny : 174.
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Fogt, Ryan L., Megan E. Jones, Susan Solomon, Julie M. Jones, and Chad A. Goergens. "An Exceptional Summer during the South Pole Race of 1911/12." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 2189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0013.1.
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Abstract The meteorological conditions during the Amundsen and Scott South Pole expeditions in 1911/12 are examined using a combination of observations collected during the expeditions as well as modern reanalysis and reconstructed pressure datasets. It is found that over much of this austral summer, pressures were exceptionally high (more than two standard deviations above the climatological mean) at both main bases, as well as along the sledging journeys, especially in December 1911. In conjunction with the anomalously high pressures, Amundsen and his crew experienced temperatures that peaked above –16°C on the polar plateau on 6 December 1911, which is extremely warm for this region. While Scott also encountered unusually warm conditions at this time, the above-average temperatures were accompanied by a wet snowstorm that slowed his progress across the Ross Ice Shelf. Although January 1912 was marked with slightly below-average temperatures and pressure, high temperatures and good conditions were observed in early February 1912, when Scott and his companions were at the top of the Beardmore Glacier. When compared to the anomalously cold temperatures experienced by the Scott polar party in late February and March 1912, the temperature change is in the top 3% based on more than 35 years of reanalysis data. Scott and his companions therefore faced an exceptional decrease in temperature when transiting to the Ross Ice Shelf in February and March 1912, which likely made the persistent cold spell they experienced on the Ross Ice Shelf seem even more intense by comparison.
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Splettstoesser, John. "Antarctican Society centennial medallion." Polar Record 50, no. 2 (May 6, 2011): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000192.
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The Antarctican Society, based in the United States, has produced a medallion (Fig. 1) in recognition of the centennial of the discovery of the South Pole by Roald Amundsen and Captain Robert Falcon Scott, in 1911 and 1912, respectively. This item is representative of both expeditions.
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May, Karen, and George Lewis. "“Strict injunctions that the dogs should not be risked”: A revised hypothesis for this anecdote and others in narratives of Scott’s last expedition." Polar Record 55, no. 6 (November 2019): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000688.
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AbstractThis article updates Karen May’s earlier 2012 hypothesis (Could Captain Scott have been saved? Revisiting Scott’s last expedition). In this revised hypothesis, Cecil Meares, not Surgeon E. L. Atkinson, originated the unsubstantiated statement that “Strict injunctions had been given by Scott that the dogs should not be risked in any way.” This hypothesis incorporates new information uncovered since 2012, specifically Meares’ misrepresentations during the Terra Nova expedition; Atkinson’s 1911 journal entries; Atkinson’s 1919 allegation that Meares had “disobeyed orders”; and Tryggve Gran’s “The Race for the South Pole between Scott and Amundsen”, a 1945/post-1945 document that appears to have been Roland Huntford’s source for anecdotes in Huntford’s 1979 Scott–Amundsen biography. The article gives a proposed chronology for how Meares’ early misrepresentations and Gran’s later misunderstandings influenced the decisions, and later presentations, of the Terra Nova expedition.
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Jones, Max. "Why do the British still remember Scott of the Antarctic?" ACME - Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, no. 03 (December 2012): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/acme-2012-003-jone.
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The announcement of the death of the British polar explorer Captain Robert Scott on his return from the South Pole, which he had reached on 17 January 1912, caused a sensation in Britain and around the world. Although he lost the race to the South Pole to a Norwegian party led by Roald Amundsen, the recent centenary of Scott’s last expedition aroused widespread interest not only in Britain but around the world. This paper examines why the British public continues to consume Scott’s story, with particular reference to the period since 1945. Part one examines how Scott’s story has been adapted to the cultural context of post-imperial Britain, in part by emphasising the scientific aims of his last expedition. Part two moves on to emphasise how this new emphasis was supported by the Royal Geographical Society and the Scott Polar Research Institute, and drew on the extensive material culture and striking visual record left by the Terra Nova expedition.
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May, Karen. "‘Terra firma’: a myth in secondary accounts of the meeting between theFramandTerra Novaexpeditions, 4 February 1911." Polar Record 52, no. 3 (October 12, 2015): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247415000686.
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ABSTRACTIn this article the author isolates an anecdote from Roland Huntford's account of the Scott and Amundsen expeditions’ meeting on 4 February 1911 at Framheim, the Norwegian base in the Bay of Whales. In this anecdote, Lieutenant Victor Campbell allegedly told Roald Amundsen that a British motor sledge was ‘already onterra firma’, which consequently led Amundsen to worry that a British motor-sledge had already travelled across the Great Ice Barrier to reach the Beardmore Glacier. The author demonstrates the primary evidence that indicates that this anecdote is unrealistic: Amundsen's journal further indicates that he did not consider Scott's vehicles a threat. This ‘terra firma’ myth has skewed our modern understanding of events, ascribing to Amundsen an erroneous motivation (a supposed fear of the British motor sledges) to explain and excuse his too-early start for the south pole in September 1911, which was an error that nearly led to a Norwegian death (that of Lieutenant Kristian Prestrud). In reality, fear of Scott's motor sledges was not the reason for Amundsen's ‘false start’. This article concludes with a discussion on the hazards of attributing ‘hidden motivations’ to historical figures without citation of primary evidence, and recommends that Huntford include clearly-cited references and endnotes for the next edition of his joint biography of Scott and Amundsen, in keeping with modern standards of scholarship.
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Noble, Anne, and Geoffrey Batchen. "Had We Lived ... Phantasms & Nieves Penitentes: Conversation between Anne Noble and Geoffrey Batchen." Grimace, Vol. 2, no. 1 (2017): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m2.020.art.
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In the conversation, two of the most prominent New Zealand authors in the field of photography talk about the body of work of Anne Noble’s Antarctica photography projects. Had we lived is a re-photographic project reflecting on the tragedies of heroic age exploration (commemorating the centenary of the deaths of Robert Falcon Scott and his men on their return from the South Pole – Terra Nova Expedition or British Antarctic Expedition to the South Pole, 1912) and on the memory of Erebus tragedy of 1975, when a tourist plane flying over Antarctica crashed into Mt Erebus, killing all 257 people on board. Anne Noble re-photographed image taken by Herbert Bowers at the South Pole – the photograph of Scott and his men taken after they arrived at the South Pole to find Amundsen had already been and gone. Phantasms and Nieves Penitentes projects hint at the triumph of Antarctica over human endeavour and as a non-explorer type herself photographer Anne Noble states: “I rather liked this perverse reversal”. Both tragic events have a notable relationship to photography – Erebus in particular, as those who died were likely looking out of the aeroplane windows taking photographs at the time of impact. This relationship is addressed throughout the conversation between the two, providing an insightful commentary on the questions of authenticity, documentary value and the capacity of photography to exist in the in-between spaces of thoughtful imagining, and rational dreaming. Keywords: Antarctica, authenticity, documentary, photographic imaginary, re-photographing
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Jølle, HaraldDag. "Review of Race for the South Pole: the expedition diaries of Scott and Amundsen, by Roland Huntford (2010)." Polar Research 31, no. 1 (January 2012): 18741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.18741.
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Headland, R. K. "Captain Scott's last camp, Ross Ice Shelf." Polar Record 47, no. 3 (December 2, 2010): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247410000380.
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On 19 March 1912, Captain R.F. Scott, Dr E.A. Wilson, and Lt H.R Bowers reached a latitude of 79° 40ʹS during their return journey from the South Pole. There they camped and were fatally delayed by a blizzard. The date of Scott's last diary entry is 29 March 1912 and he died on, or shortly after, that date, with his two companions, of starvation and cold. They had left their base at Cape Evans in stages from 24 October 1911 with a party of 16. Relay parties returned on 11 and 21 December 1911, and on 4 January 1912. Five men attained the South Pole on 17 January 1912 where they found that an expedition, led by R.E.G. Amundsen from Norway, has preceded them on 14 December 1911. 33 days had elapsed between the departure of the Norwegian party from the pole and Scott's arrival there. During the return journey over the Ross Ice Shelf, roughly along the 169°E meridian, two of the party of five died: E. Evans on 17 February 1912 and L.E.G. Oates on, or shortly after, 16 March 1912.
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Rowe, Sophie. "On the provenance of a historic sledge shoe fragment, said to have been collected by Edward Wilson at the South Pole in 1912." Polar Record 53, no. 4 (July 2017): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000365.
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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the authentication of a metal sledge shoe fragment, believed by the owner to have been collected by Edward Wilson close to the South Pole on 18 January 1912. Microscopic and elemental analysis show that the object is made from ‘German silver’, a copper alloy used only on Norwegian Nansen-style sledges in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and that it was used to clad a tapering sledge runner end about 10 mm thick. By comparing related objects, including sledges used by Amundsen and Scott in their South Pole journeys and a sledge from the Discovery Expedition, we show that the object cannot have come from an English sledge, but would have fitted one of Amundsen's modified sledges. Written sources have been extensively searched, but no direct written provenance for the object exists. However, contemporary Norwegian and British accounts explain specific features of the object and exclude other possible provenances. We conclude that it is most likely that the proposed provenance and history attached to this artefact are correct.
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Bernat, Paolo. "Sfida all’ultimo parallelo: la conquista del Polo Sud cento anni dopo." ACME - Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, no. 03 (December 2012): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/acme-2012-003-bern.
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100 years ago, Antarctica was still mostly unknown and unexplored. The first landings on the Antarctic coast took place in the early decades of the nineteenth century and were made by whalers and sealers. In the following years the first scientific expeditions began and European and US expeditions started the geographical discovery and the mapping of the Antarctic coasts. But it was only in the years 1911-1912 that two expeditions, very different but equally well prepared, arrived almost simultaneously at the South Pole. The events that happened in the Antarctic together with the different nature of the two leaders Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott determined the outcome of these expeditions and the fate of their teams. The centenary of the conquest of the South Pole (December 14, 1911) is an opportunity to remember the passion for science, the spirit of adventure and the fierce perseverance that characterized those extraordinary men and that even now form the basis of scientific research and of human progress, not only in Antarctica but in all areas of knowledge and life.
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Dodds, Klaus J. "Screening Antarctica: Britain, the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, andScott of the Antarctic(1948)." Polar Record 38, no. 204 (January 2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017253.
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AbstractThis paper explores Ealing Studios' cinematic production about Robert Falcon Scott and theTerra Novaexpedition, released to British audiences in 1948. Under the title ofScott of the Antarctic, the film recreated the tragic failure of the expedition on its return from the South Pole. The race to the South Pole had ended with victory for Roald Amundsen and post-colonial Norway. Three decades later, Britain again found itself involved in an intense territorial competition with two post-colonial states, Argentina and Chile. In the midst of decolonisation, the postwar government under Prime Minister Clement Attlee was engaged in a ‘cold war’ in Antarctica. The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) had been created in order to protect sovereignty claims to the Antarctic Peninsula. While some attention has been given to the cultural significance ofScott of the Antarctic, there has been little geopolitical commentary on this film. As an empty space devoid of indigenous populations, Antarctica was invitingly incomplete. Produced with the co-operation of the Scott Polar Research Institute and FIDS, this film depicted a failed imperial project at a time when Britain desperately needed scientific practices such as mapping to consolidate territorial sovereignty. The paper explores the actual filming process along with the verdicts of contemporary critics in order to make a critical appraisal of Britain's changing role in Antarctica. It is sobering to note that while FIDS was supporting the filmScott of the Antarctic, Argentina was attempting to indoctrinate a new generation of schoolchildren about the realities of the Argentine Antarctic sector.
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Codling, Rosamunde. "RACE FOR THE SOUTH POLE: THE EXPEDITION DIARIES OF SCOTT AND AMUNDSEN. R. Huntford. 2010. London: Continuum. xxi + 330 p. illustrated, hard cover. ISBN 978–1441-16982–2. £20." Polar Record 47, no. 3 (December 21, 2010): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247410000653.
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Portnyagin, Y. I., J. M. Forbes, N. A. Makarov, E. G. Merzlyakov, and S. Palo. "The summertime 12-h wind oscillation with zonal wavenumber <i>s</i> = 1 in the lower thermosphere over the South Pole." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 7 (July 31, 1998): 828–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0828-9.
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Abstract. Meteor radar measurements of winds near 95 km in four azimuth directions from the geographic South Pole are analyzed to reveal characteristics of the 12-h oscillation with zonal wavenumber one (s=1). The wind measurements are confined to the periods from 19 January 1995 through 26 January 1996 and from 21 November 1996 through 27 January 1997. The 12-h s=1 oscillation is found to be a predominantly summertime phenomenon, and is replaced in winter by a spectrum of oscillations with periods between 6 and 11.5 h. Both summers are characterized by minimum amplitudes (5–10 ms–1) during early January and maxima (15–20 ms–1) in November and late January. For 10-day means of the 12-h oscillation, smooth evolutions of phase of order 4–6 h occur during the course of the summer. In addition, there is considerable day-to-day variability (±5–10 ms–1 in amplitude) with distinct periods (i.e., ~5 days and ~8 days) which suggests modulation by planetary-scale disturbances. A comparison of climatological data from Scott Base, Molodezhnaya, and Mawson stations suggests that the 12-h oscillation near 78°S is s=1, but that at 68°S there is probably a mixture between s=1 and other zonal wavenumber oscillations (most probably s=2). The mechanism responsible for the existence of the 12-h s=1 oscillation has not yet been identified. Possible origins discussed herein include in situ excitation, nonlinear interaction between the migrating semidiurnal tide and a stationary s=1 feature, and thermal excitation in the troposphere.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics · Middle atmosphere dynamics · Thermospheric dynamics · Waves and tides
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Rosove, Michael H. "RACE TO THE END: AMUNDSEN, SCOTT AND THE ATTAINMENT OF THE SOUTH POLE. R.D.E. McPhee. 2010. New York, London: Sterling Innovation (American Museum of Natural History, in association with the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge). x + 245p., illustrated, hard cover. ISBN 978-1-4027-7029-6. US$27.95, C$35.95." Polar Record 47, no. 3 (October 14, 2010): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247410000471.
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Reddell, B. D. "Seasonal variations of atmospheric electricity measured at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station." Journal of Geophysical Research 109, A9 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004ja010536.
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Nowadly, Craig D., Alex J. Solomon, Sean M. Burke, and John S. Rose. "Evaluation of Serial Chest Radiographs of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema Requiring Medical Evacuation from South Pole Station, Antarctica: From Diagnosis to Recovery." Military Medicine, December 3, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa490.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Chest radiography is a diagnostic tool commonly used by medical providers to assess high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). Although HAPE often causes a pattern of pulmonary edema with right lower lung predominance, previous research has shown that there is no single radiographic finding associated with the condition. The majority of research involves a retrospective analysis of chest radiographs taken at the time of HAPE diagnosis. Little is known about the radiographic progression of HAPE during treatment or medical evacuation. Materials and Methods Three sequential chest radiographs were obtained from two patients diagnosed with HAPE at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica, who required treatment and medical evacuation. Deidentified and temporally randomized images were reviewed in a blinded fashion by two radiologists. A score of 0 (normal lung) to 4 (alveolar disease) was assigned for each of the four lung quadrants for an aggregate possible score ranging from 0 to 16 for each radiograph. Results Patient 1’s initial radiograph showed severe HAPE with an initial score of 13. Despite a rapid clinical improvement after medical evacuation, he continued to show multifocal radiographic evidence of disease in all the lung quadrants on day 1 (score of 11) and day 2 (score of 5). Patient 2’s radiographs showed less severe disease at presentation (score of 6). Despite the need for continued treatment, his radiographs showed a rapid improvement, with radiographic score decreasing to 3 on day 1 and 1 on day 3. Conclusion The chest radiographs showed serial improvement after medical evacuation in both patients. There was not a strong correlation between clinical symptoms and radiographic severity in subsequent images.
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"Chapter 3: General." Polar Record 32, no. 181 (April 1996): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740002787x.
Full textAbstract:
As we sailed south in Penola, our tiny vessel, in the British Graham Land Expedition 1934–1937, to us being young, the exploits of Scott, Amundsen, and Shackleton in the Ross Sea and at the Pole, seemed an age ago, although in reality just a little more than a score of years. And to a young man a score of years is an era. In contemplation one now realizes all of us had been born only just a little before the South Pole was reached first by Amundsen, in December 1911.