Academic literature on the topic 'An audio file'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'An audio file.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "An audio file"
1
Silitonga, Parasian D. P., and Irene Sri Morina. "Compression and Decompression of Audio Files Using the Arithmetic Coding Method." Scientific Journal of Informatics 6, no. 1 (2019): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/sji.v6i1.17839.
Full textAbstract:
Audio file size is relatively larger when compared to files with text format. Large files can cause various obstacles in the form of large space requirements for storage and a long enough time in the shipping process. File compression is one solution that can be done to overcome the problem of large file sizes. Arithmetic coding is one algorithm that can be used to compress audio files. The arithmetic coding algorithm encodes the audio file and changes one row of input symbols with a floating point number and obtains the output of the encoding in the form of a number of values greater than 0 and smaller than 1. The process of compression and decompression of audio files in this study is done against several wave files. Wave files are standard audio file formats developed by Microsoft and IBM that are stored using PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) coding. The wave file compression ratio obtained in this study was 16.12 percent with an average compression process time of 45.89 seconds, while the average decompression time was 0.32 seconds.
2
Sinaga, Helbert, Poltak Sihombing, and Handrizal Handrizal. "Perbandingan Algoritma Huffman Dan Run Length Encoding Untuk Kompresi File Audio." Talenta Conference Series: Science and Technology (ST) 1, no. 1 (2018): 010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/st.v1i1.183.
Full textAbstract:
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis perbandingan hasil kompresi dan dekompresi file audio*.mp3 dan *.wav. Kompresi dilakukan dengan mengurangi jumlah bit yang diperlukan untuk menyimpan atau mengirim file tersebut. Pada penelitian ini penulis menggunakan algoritma Huffman dan Run Length Encoding yang merupakan salah satu teknik kompresi yang bersifat lossless.Algoritma Huffman memiliki tiga tahapan untuk mengkompres data, yaitu pembentukan pohon, encoding dan decodingdan berkerja berdasarkan karakter per karakter. Sedangkan teknik run length ini bekerja berdasarkan sederetan karakter yang berurutan, yaitu hanya memindahkan pengulangan byte yang sama berturut-turut secara terus-menerus. Implementasi algoritma Huffman dan Run Length Encoding ini bertujuan untuk mengkompresi file audio *.mp3 dan *.wav sehingga ukuran file hasil kompresi lebih kecil dibandingkan file asli dimana parameter yang digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja algoritma ini adalah rasio kompresi, kompleksitas yang dihasilkan. Rasio kompresi file audio *.mp3 menggunakan Algoritma Huffman memiliki rata-rata 1.204% sedangkan RLE -94.44%, dan rasio kompresi file audio *.wav memiliki rata-rata 28.954 % sedangkan RLE -45.91%.
 This research was conducted to analyze the comparison of the results of compression and decompression of *.mp3 and *.wav audio files. Compression was completed by reducing the number of bits needed to save or send the file. In this study, the researcher used the Huffman algorithm and Run Length Encoding which is one of the lossless compression techniques. The Huffman algorithm has three stages to compress data, namely tree formation, encoding and decoding which work based on characters per character. On the other hand, the run length technique works based on a sequence of sequential characters that only move the repetitions of the same byte in succession continuously. The implementation of the Huffman algorithm and Run Length Encoding aimed to compress audio files *.mp3 and *.wav so that the size of the compressed file was smaller than the original file where the parameter used to measure the performance of this algorithm was the compression ratio, and the resulting complexity.*.Mp3 audio file compression ratio using Huffman Algorithm had an average of 1.204% while RLE -94.44%, and compression ratio *.wav audio files had an average of 28.954% while RLE -45.91%.
3
Pasaribu, Noki Cahya Putra. "Analisis Implementasi Algoritma Elias Delta Codes Untuk Kompresi File Audio." Bulletin of Information System Research 2, no. 2 (2024): 64–72. https://doi.org/10.62866/bios.v2i2.148.
Full textAbstract:
The development of file sizes today is very diverse, some are small and large, one of the problems that is often encountered among the public is the large number of files stored in memory storage or hard disks on computers, Indeed, in this day and age, storage space already exists that can accommodate many files, but there are still those who do not have a large storage area, so that a lot of data is stored resulting in memory storage space and hard disks on the computer quickly full, and resulting in delays in the file delivery process, then the way that can be done is by compressing the file. One of the files sampled in this study is an audio file, then the solution to reducing the file size by compressing the file, by compressing the original size of the file will be different in size from the file that has been compressed, but it should be known that all compressed files also do not experience a reduction in size as well, when compressing requires a compression algorithm, in this study using the Elias delta codes algorithm, compressing using this algorithm, the original file with the file that has been compressed is different in size. The results of the research that has been done, in compressing audio files using the Elias delta codes algorithm has reduced the file size, proving that the compression technique carried out takes the hexadecimal value of the audio file as much as 22 reducing the file size 0.54% from the original mp3 file to 43.66 MB.
4
Astuti, Tri Windi. "Implementasi Algoritma MD4 Pada Aplikasi Duplicate Audio Scanner." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Informasi 1, no. 4 (2022): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/jussi.v1i4.2293.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays there are many applications that help the process of duplicating audio, of course this takes up more storage space. For that we need a method that can be used to identify the same or duplicate audio files. The solution that can be done to handle duplication of audio files or duplicates is to apply hash type cryptography techniques where the process of identifying the hash value of the audio file is carried out so that the resulting value is different from the original file. The hash type cryptographic algorithm used is the MD4 algorithm. The results obtained from the process of applying the MD4 algorithm are grouping audio files based on the same hash value, making it easier and faster for users to delete duplicate audio files
5
Klimov, Roman Aleckseevich, and Azat Shavkatovich Yakupov. "Development of a System for Searching and Indexing the Content of Audio Recordings." Russian Digital Libraries Journal 26, no. 4 (2023): 483–97. https://doi.org/10.26907/1562-5419-2023-26-4-483-497.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the development of a search and indexing system for audio files using Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Elasticsearch. Current Russian-language audio file transcription systems have been analyzed, and Whisper has been chosen as the best one. An algorithm for optimizing transcription speed using parallelization of file processing processes has been developed, and its effectiveness has been demonstrated. A microservice architecture-based system has been built, capable of indexing audio file content and their metadata for search purposes. The research results show that the proposed approach can be applied to create efficient and flexible systems for searching and analyzing audio information.
6
Si, Ruochen, Masatoshi Arikawa, Hideki Kaji, Tianqi Xia, and Shibasaki Ryosuke. "No Sudden Audio Switch – Preventing discontinuous POI audio playing in LBS." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-337-2019.
Full textAbstract:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Many LBS applications provide automatic audio playing functions for introducing POI’s. Appropriate automatic audio playing can improve users’ expressions during traveling with LBS and in some degree prevent walking-smartphone. However, the problem of discontinuity of audio playing on the contrary affects users’ expressions. One main reason that cause the discontinuity of audio playing is the sudden switch of audios, usually caused by a user entering the geofence of another POI while the audio of current POI is under playing. This paper proposed a preliminary approach to prevent the sudden switch of the audio instruction of POI’s by making adjustments on the POI’s audios and geofences.</p><p>Current main approach for automatic POI audio playing is using a geofence of the POI as a spatial trigger to control the audio playing. This simple approach may cause sudden switch of audio playing, which causes negative users’ expressions. As shown in Figure 1, a user’s moving trajectory frequently crosses geofences of two POI’s, which will result in a frequent switch of POI’s audios with neither completely played. The inflexible audio files and geofences are the main reasons causes the sharp audio switches and we are going to solve the problem by making the audio files and geofences flexible.</p><p>Conventional POI audio is made of one integrated file. As shown in Figure 2, we separate the POI audio content into several audio files, with each file consists one sentence or one short paragraph, and we call it <i>composed audio</i>. The files of a composed audio will be played in sequence, and the basic rule of playing a composed audio is not stopping until one file is completely played, which ensures that the composed audio will stop naturally after a complete sentence or paragraph. We define four important events for automatic playing composed audios. <i>Start playing</i> means start to play a composed audio from the beginning. It usually happens when a user enters a geofence of a POI. <i>Stop playing</i> means to stop a composed audio when finishing playing the current audio file. It usually happens when a user enters the geofence of another POI. <i>Prepare playing</i> means to start playing a composed audio when finishing playing the composed audio that is under playing. It usually happens when enters the geofence of a second POI. <i>Cancel playing</i> means to cancel the prepare playing status of a composed audio. It happens when a composed audio of a POI is in prepare playing status but the user leaves the geofence of the current POI or enters the geofence of another POI before the composed audio starting playing.</p><p>By introducing buffers to a geofence (Tokita, Arikawa, Si et al, 2018), it makes a geofence flexible, and we note the geofences with buffers as the <i>buffered geofences</i>. As shown in Figure 3, here we add an outer buffer to the geofence in Figure 1 to improve stability of POI’s audio play. An object has two status related to the buffered geofence: <i>out</i> and <i>in</i>, and it has two events related to the buffered geofence: <i>enter</i> and <i>leave</i>. The enter event occurs when the object is out of the buffered geofence and crosses the geofence’s boundary; the leave event occurs when the object is in the buffered geofence and crosses the geofence’s outer buffer. The result is that even though the user is frequently crossing the boundaries of the buffered geofences, he/she only enters each buffered geofences once, thus the audios of each POI will play once and will not be frequently switched.</p><p>Given a POI set S={POI<sub>1</sub>, POI<sub>2</sub>…POI<sub>n</sub>}, as shown in Table 1, by combining the composed audio event and buffered geofence event, we are able to play POI’s audios naturally without sudden or switches of the audios.</p><p>In this paper we introduced an approach to prevent discontinuous POI’s audio playing by composed audios and buffered geofences. This research is still preliminary, and it needs more researches on how to separate POI audios: too fragmented separation of POI audio may still make users feel an unnatural finish of an audio, and too generalized separation may result in more time costed before stopping a composed audio. Also, the current rules for playing composed audios based on the buffered geofences are relatively simple, which may cause unbalanced audio play. For example, when a user enters the buffered geofence of POI_A and soon enters the buffered geofence of POI_B, the time for playing composed audio of POI_A will be short. In the future, we plan to estimate the overall time for candidate audios to be played and balance the time for each of them.</p>
7
Simanjuntak, Sari Magdalena. "Analisis Perbandingan Kompresi File Audio Menggunakan Algoritma Shannon Fano Dengan Algoritma Fibonacci Code." Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah Teknologi Informasi dan Komputer 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.62866/jutik.v2i1.110.
Full textAbstract:
Compression is a technique used to reduce the size of the data that serves to reduce memory capacity and speed up the data transfer process. In this study, the method used is the Shannon Fano method and the Fibonacci Code. In the Shannon Fano method the compression process is carried out by knowing the frequency of occurrence of each symbol which will then be sorted from the largest to the smallest frequency, while the Fibonacci Code method uses the Fibonacci integer series to encode the bit value of the data or file to be compressed. The file to be compressed is an audio file with an MP3 extension, to perform compression in reducing the size of the audio file, the technique used is lossless. Lossless technique is a compression technique that can restore compressed files converted to their original form (decompression). The algorithms used in file compression both use lossless techniques. Files that have been compressed using the Shannon Fano and Fibonacci Code methods will be compared to find out which method is more efficient in compressing audio files. The results showed that the method of Shannon Fano and Fibonacci can compress audio files. Based on the analysis of the compression ratio results generated using the Shannon Fano algorithm, there was a 69% change using 48 data samples, while the compression ratio results generated using the Fibonacci algorithm experienced a 66% change using the same 48 data samples as the Shannon Fano algorithm
8
Anggraeni, Lenita Cahya, Ahmad Fashiha Hastawan, and Djuniadi Djuniadi. "Implementasi Kompresi File MP3 dengan Menerapkan Algoritma Levenstein." Jurnal Ilmiah SINUS 22, no. 1 (2024): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30646/sinus.v22i1.752.
Full textAbstract:
MP3 is an audio format that is often used because the data stored in MP3 format resembles the actual data when recorded.Storage space requirements will also rise if you keep a large number of MP3 files. Because of this, MP3 files must be compressed in order to prevent the storage space from filling up too quickly. This is because the compressed data will be lower in size. The Lossless compression method can be used to compress audio. The author uses the Levenstein Algorithm to implement audio compression in MP3 format. Levenstein's algorithm compresses data without any loss. When a file is compressed using lossless compression, the resulting file has the exact same size as the original file upon decompression. The author will be able to assess the effectiveness of MP3 file compression by using the Levenstein Algorithm to compress MP3 files. This will allow for faster transmission times and less data storage space consumption because the compressed MP3 file will shrink from its initial large size. After compression, the MP3 file's size—which was originally 128 bits—was reduced to 104 bits, yielding an 81.25% compression ratio. The purpose of this computation is to determine whether the compressed files are similar enough to be either decompressed or restored to their original size.
9
Naufal, Muhammad Fakhri, Rini Marwati, and Ririn Sispiyati. "Kriptografi Audio Menggunakan Transposisi dan Affine Cipher yang Dikembangkan dengan Algoritma Blum Blum Shub." Jurnal EurekaMatika 9, no. 1 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jem.v9i1.32634.
Full textAbstract:
Di era informasi, teknologi berkembang dengan pesat dan kemudahan dalam bertukar informasi menjadi sangat mudah, namun dengan perkembangan tersebut timbul suatu masalah yaitu keamanan informasi tersebut terutama untuk suatu informasi rahasia. Salah satu bentuk informasi seperti file audio memerlukan sebuah mekanisme untuk mengamankan file audio tersebut, salah satunya dengan kriptografi. Teknik kriptografi audio seperti transposisi membuat data audio teracak sehingga suara yang dihasilkan file audio tersebut tidak dapat dipahami. Namun, untuk meningkatkan keamanan nilai data audio pada file audio diperlukan teknik enkripsi substitusi salah satunya yaitu Affine Cipher. Dengan melakukan pengembangan pada Affine Cipher menggunakan pembangkit bilangan acak semu Blum Blum Shub, dapat memberikan peningkatan yang cukup signifikan pada teknik kriptografi klasik ini. Hasil yang diperoleh dengan mengenkripsi file audio WAV menggunakan Python dapat mengamankan file audio sehingga menghasilkan suara acak dan file audio terenkripsi dapat didekripsi untuk mendapatkan informasi asli.
10
Rusdianto, Rusdianto, Natalia Silalahi, and Norenta Sitohang. "Penerapan Algoritma Rabin-Public Key Untuk Pengamanan File Audio." Bulletin of Artificial Intelligence 2, no. 1 (2023): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.62866/buai.v2i1.45.
Full textAbstract:
Data encoding problems such as text files, images, audio and video are used more often as messages or information. However, with advances in technology that are increasingly developing, it is increasingly possible for messages or information to be stored in the form of other files such as images, audio and video. For example, a music recording company wants to release the latest album and they want to get a big profit from selling CDs or downloading legally (paid) through the site. Before the album officially goes out to the public, they want to make sure that no one party gets a leak or listens to the audio file first. One of the technical solutions that can be used to protect the confidentiality of audio files is cryptography by applying the Rabin-Public Key algorithm. The Rabin-p algorithm is an algorithm that implements an asymmetric key. An asymmetric key is a key that uses two types of keys, namely the public key which is used to encrypt the message and the secret key which is used to decrypt the message. Rabin-p is named rabin with an additional p which symbolizes that the proposed scheme uses only one prime p as the decryption key. The results for encoding audio files are based on an asymmetric cryptographic system that uses a public key and a private key for encoding audio files (the key used for the encryption process). and decryption) into a cipher so that the security and confidentiality of messages are maintained. Audio file analysis is the stage where analysis is carried out on any files that are processed in a design system or procedure, in this case the audio files to be encrypted and decrypted in cryptographic applications are audio files in wave format (*.WAV).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "An audio file"
1
Buonviri, Nathan. "Audio-OnlyTest [Digital File]." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/254227.
Full textAbstract:
Music Education<br>Ph.D.<br>The purpose of this study was to determine how pitch and rhythm aspects of melodic memory are affected by aural distractions when melodic stimuli are presented both visually and aurally, as compared to aurally only. The rationale for this research is centered on the need for improved melodic memory skills of students taking melodic dictation, and the possibility that temporary visual imagery storage of target melodies might enhance those skills. The participants in this study were undergraduate and graduate music majors (n=41) at a large northeastern university. All participants had successfully completed the first two semesters of college-level music theory, and none had perfect pitch. Participants progressed through two self-contained experimental tests at the computer. Identical target melodies were presented: 1) aurally only on one test; and 2) aurally, with visual presentation of the matching notation, on the other test. After the target melody, a distraction melody sounded, during which time participants were to maintain the original target melody in memory. Participants then chose which of two aural options matched the original target, with a third choice of "neither." The incorrect answer choice in each item contained either a pitch or rhythm discrepancy. The 2x2 factorial design of this experiment was based on independent variables of test presentation format and answer discrepancy type. The dependent variable was experimental test scores. Each participant took both parts of both tests, yielding 164 total observations. Additional data were collected for exploratory analysis: the order in which each participant took the tests, the major instrument of each participant, and the educational status of each participant (undergraduate or graduate). Results of a 2x2 ANOVA revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on either test format or answer discrepancy type, and no interaction between the factors. The exploratory analyses revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on test order, major instrument, or student status. Results suggest that visual reinforcement of melodies does not affect aural memory for those melodies, in terms of either pitch or rhythm. Suggestions for further research include an aural-visual melodic memory test paired with a learning modalities survey, a longitudinal study of visual imagery applied to aural skills study, and a detailed survey of strategies used by successful and unsuccessful dictation students.<br>Temple University--Theses
2
Buonviri, Nathan. "Audio-VisualTest [Digital File]." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/254228.
Full textAbstract:
Music Education<br>Ph.D.<br>The purpose of this study was to determine how pitch and rhythm aspects of melodic memory are affected by aural distractions when melodic stimuli are presented both visually and aurally, as compared to aurally only. The rationale for this research is centered on the need for improved melodic memory skills of students taking melodic dictation, and the possibility that temporary visual imagery storage of target melodies might enhance those skills. The participants in this study were undergraduate and graduate music majors (n=41) at a large northeastern university. All participants had successfully completed the first two semesters of college-level music theory, and none had perfect pitch. Participants progressed through two self-contained experimental tests at the computer. Identical target melodies were presented: 1) aurally only on one test; and 2) aurally, with visual presentation of the matching notation, on the other test. After the target melody, a distraction melody sounded, during which time participants were to maintain the original target melody in memory. Participants then chose which of two aural options matched the original target, with a third choice of "neither." The incorrect answer choice in each item contained either a pitch or rhythm discrepancy. The 2x2 factorial design of this experiment was based on independent variables of test presentation format and answer discrepancy type. The dependent variable was experimental test scores. Each participant took both parts of both tests, yielding 164 total observations. Additional data were collected for exploratory analysis: the order in which each participant took the tests, the major instrument of each participant, and the educational status of each participant (undergraduate or graduate). Results of a 2x2 ANOVA revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on either test format or answer discrepancy type, and no interaction between the factors. The exploratory analyses revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on test order, major instrument, or student status. Results suggest that visual reinforcement of melodies does not affect aural memory for those melodies, in terms of either pitch or rhythm. Suggestions for further research include an aural-visual melodic memory test paired with a learning modalities survey, a longitudinal study of visual imagery applied to aural skills study, and a detailed survey of strategies used by successful and unsuccessful dictation students.<br>Temple University--Theses
3
Wang, Edward M. 1976. "Supreme Court audio file search engine." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17997.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-74).<br>Search engines have evolved from simple text indexing to indexing other forms of media, such as audio and video. I have designed and implemented a web-based system that permits people to search the transcripts of selected Supreme Court cases, and retrieve audio file clips relevant to the search terms. The system development compared two implementation approaches, one based on transcript aligning technologies developed by Hewlett-Packard, the other is a servlet-based search system designed to return pre-parsed audio file clips. While the first approach has the potential to revolutionize audio content search, it could not consistently deliver successively parsed audio file clips with the same user friendly content and speed as the simpler second approach. This web service, implemented with the second approach, is currently deployed and publicly available at www.supremecourtaudio.net .<br>by Edward M. Wang.<br>M.Eng.
4
Vidiksis, Adam. "Vidiksis-Transfigurations [Digital File]." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/253842.
Full textAbstract:
Music Composition<br>D.M.A.<br>Transfigurations is a symphonic work in one movement for orchestra and live computer processing utilizing the graphical audio programming language Pure Data. The score and patch for this piece are accompanied by an essay describing the audio processing techniques and the compositional processes employed in this work. Programming methods discussed include strategies for data capture, patch structure, user interface, and processor management. All audio processing in the work is realized in realtime. These sounds are derived directly from the orchestra in performance, except for the last. The processes involved in Transfigurations include pitch and amplitude tracking, pitch-shifting, filtering, frequency and amplitude modulation, granular synthesis, delay, and convolution. The final sounds from the computer employ stochastic processes for synthesis which are derived from the germinal materials of the piece. The essay also discusses the aesthetic philosophy and formal structure of the work, principle themes and motives, and formative pitch materials, as well as the compositional processes in each section. The final discourse of the essay considers microphone and loudspeaker setups, patch preparation and leveling, and strategies for rehearsal and performance.<br>Temple University--Theses
5
Sibanda, Phathisile. "Connection management applications for high-speed audio networking." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006532.
Full textAbstract:
Traditionally, connection management applications (referred to as patchbays) for high-speed audio networking, are predominantly developed using third-generation languages such as C, C# and C++. Due to the rapid increase in distributed audio/video network usage in the world today, connection management applications that control signal routing over these networks have also evolved in complexity to accommodate more functionality. As the result, high-speed audio networking application developers require a tool that will enable them to develop complex connection management applications easily and within the shortest possible time. In addition, this tool should provide them with the reliability and flexibility required to develop applications controlling signal routing in networks carrying real-time data. High-speed audio networks are used for various purposes that include audio/video production and broadcasting. This investigation evaluates the possibility of using Adobe Flash Professional 8, using ActionScript 2.0, for developing connection management applications. Three patchbays, namely the Broadcast patchbay, the Project studio patchbay, and the Hospitality/Convention Centre patchbay were developed and tested for connection management in three sound installation networks, namely the Broadcast network, the Project studio network, and the Hospitality/Convention Centre network. Findings indicate that complex connection management applications can effectively be implemented using the Adobe Flash IDE and ActionScript 2.0.
6
Андрейко, Лариса Володимирівна, Лариса Владимировна Андрейко та Larysa Volodymyrivna Andreiko. "Використання подкастів при викладанні англійської мови у вищій школі". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67066.
Full textAbstract:
На сучасному етапі розвитку технологій викладання англійської
мови як іноземної стає ще більш захоплюючим процесом. В арсеналі
викладачів є безліч потужних інтернет ресурсів, які мають
величезний навчальний потенціал. Одним з таких інструментів є
подкаст.
7
Антипин, А. Ф. "Схема интервализации звуковых файлов на основе интервально-логических регуляторов". Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/39118.
Full textAbstract:
Звук в цифровом виде – есть совокупность байтов, которую можно анализировать, используя методы математического анализа.Чтобы получить данные из файлов предлагается использовать методы интервально-логических регуляторов
8
Morimoto, Norishige. "Techniques for data hiding in audio files." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11422.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-76).<br>by Norishige Morimoto.<br>M.S.
9
Nozaic, Claire. "An introduction to audio post-production for film." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17405.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Mus.)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa there has been an increase over the last few years in audio engineering courses which include modules of study in audio post-production or even offer audio post-production as a major focus of study. From an academic standpoint however, and despite the growth in the local film industry, very little study of this field has been undertaken in South Africa until recently.
In 2005, a MMus thesis was submitted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal entitled Acoustic Ambience in Cinematography: An Exploration of the Descriptive and Emotional Impact of the Aural Environment (Turner, 2005: online). The thesis briefly outlines the basic components of the soundtrack and focuses on describing and analysing the properties of ambience, a sub-section of sound effects. At Stellenbosch University, research has recently begun in the fields of film music and Foley (sound effects associated with human movement onscreen).
The purpose of this thesis is to provide an overview of audio post-production and the contribution of sound to the film medium. It provides an outline of the processes involved in creating a soundtrack for film and includes a description of the components of the soundtrack and recommendations for practical application.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die afgelope paar jaar was daar ‘n toename in oudio-ingenieurskursusse, insluitend studiemodules in oudio post-produksie, en selfs ‘n aanbod vir modules in post-produksie as hoofstudierigting. Desnieteenstaande, en ten spyte van die groei in die plaaslike filmindustrie is tot onlangs min akademiese studies op dié terrein in Suid-Afrika onderneem.
In 2005 is ‘n MMus-tesis aan die Universiteit van KwaZulu-Natal voorgelê, met die titel Acoustic Ambience in Cinematography: An Exploration of the Descriptive and Emotional Impact of the Aural Environment (Turner, 2005: aanlyn). Hierdie tesis gee ‘n basiese oorsig oor die basiese komponente van die klankbaan, en fokus op die beskrywing en analise van die eienskappe van ambience – ‘n onderafdeling van klankeffekte. By die Universiteit van Stellenbosch is onlangs ‘n begin gemaak met navorsing oor die terreine van filmmusiek en Foley, d.w.s. klankeffekte geassosieer met menslike bewegings op die skerm.. Hierdie tesis beoog om ‘n oorsig te gee van oudio post-produksie en die bydrae van klank tot die filmmedium. Dit verskaf ‘n oorsig oor die prosesse betrokke by die daarstelling van ‘n filmklankbaan en sluit ook in ‘n beskrywing van die komponente van die klankbaan en aanbevelings vir die praktiese toepassing daarvan.
10
Scovell, Adam. "The audio-visuality of transcendental style in film." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2018. http://research.gold.ac.uk/24281/.
Full textAbstract:
Transcendental style in film is an expression of spiritual, ineffable and even holy subjects, often conveyed via a reduction of cinematic aesthetics and further aided by narratives of hardship. In audio-visual studies, the concept of the transcendental has been a consistent presence, especially in descriptive language concerned with the use of music in film, due in part to music’s abstract, ineffable form. Film studies, on the other hand, have been more concerned with the notion of the transcendental as a reception effect, linked to an aesthetic style rather than simply a formal outcome. In this thesis, the various aspects of a transcendental style will be addressed within a cinematic context with two aims: • To highlight a neglect of aural analysis within the cinematic realm of transcendental studies. • To critique the etymological and philosophical assumptions regarding the transcendental elements found in the language of audio-visual scholarship. The labelling of something as transcendental is simultaneously distinctive and vague. This duality allows writers to identify aspects of audio-visual work that are ultimately beyond the reach of language-based communication. The word has complex connotations within a variety of different philosophical and theological movements, and the use within cinematic academia - as a descriptor of an aesthetic style - is equally as complex. In his 1972 work, Transcendental Style in Film, Paul Schrader suggested a transcendental potential within cinema through discussing a number of temporal means and aesthetics. Music is mostly absent from his analysis, however. Film supposedly needs to move from "abundance" to "stasis" and this is often suggested by the reduction of the general cinematic style and the removal of music due to its editorial intonation. I argue, on the contrary, that music and sound used in specific ways can inform the viewer of transcendental qualities and create both old and new ways of expressing transcendence. What my thesis will show is how this is achieved by a number of different filmmakers with emphasis on their aural character as well as the aural potential already found within previous theorisations of the style.
Books on the topic "An audio file"
3
Brad, Gilmer, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers., and European Broadcasting Union, eds. File interchange handbook for images, audio, and metadata. Focal Press, 2004.
Find full text
4
P, Ruth, Diagram Group, and Facts on File Inc, eds. Physical sciences on file. Facts On File, 1999.
Find full text
5
1932-, Lambert David, Beresford Linda, and Diagram Group, eds. Earth science on file. Facts on File, 1988.
Find full text
6
David, Lambert. Earth science on file. Edited by Diagram Group. Facts On File, 2004.
Find full text
8
Cousins, Mark. Logic Pro 9: Audio and music production. Focal Press/Elsevier, 2010.
Find full text
9
Howard, Todd M. GarageBand '09 power!: The comprehensive recording and podcasting guide. Course Technology, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "An audio file"
1
Green, Corey Marie. "File Formats and Settings." In The Podcaster's Audio Handbook. Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7361-6_1.
Full text
2
Chen, Yi, and Long Huang. "Inputs and Outputs." In MATLAB Roadmap to Applications. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8788-3_7.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Understand the various file formats supported by MATLAB for input and output operations, including MAT-files, spreadsheet files, binary files, image files, text files, audio files, video files, JSON files, HDF5 files, XML files, and database files.
3
Das, Soumen, and Debasree Sarkar. "Audio File Digitization and Encryption Using ASCII Conversion." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3908-9_60.
Full text
4
Gera, Anju, and Vaibhav Vyas. "Encrypted, Compressed, and Embedded Text in Audio WAV File Using LSB Audio Stenography." In Sustainable Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13577-4_18.
Full text
5
Patel, Sameer, Ghaleb Abdulla, Marc Abrams, and Edward A. Fox. "NMFS: Network multimedia file system protocol." In Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57183-3_35.
Full text
6
Piva, Alessandro, and Massimo Iuliani. "Integrity Verification Through File Container Analysis." In Multimedia Forensics. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7621-5_14.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn the previous chapters, multimedia forensics techniques based on the analysis of the data stream, i.e., the audio-visual signal, aimed at detecting artifacts and inconsistencies in the (statistics of the) content were presented. Recent research highlighted that useful forensic traces are also left in the file structure, thus offering the opportunity to understand a file’s life-cycle without looking at the content itself. This chapter is then devoted to the description of the main forensic methods for the analysis of image and video file formats.
7
Rodrigo, W. U. D., H. U. W. Ratnayake, and I. A. Premaratne. "Identification of Music Instruments from a Music Audio File." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4355-9_26.
Full text
8
Patil, Lakhichand Khushal, and Kalpesh A. Popat. "Design and Implementation of Multilayer Encryption for Audio File Security." In Advancements in Smart Computing and Information Security. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59100-6_14.
Full text
9
Ramakrishnan, K. K., Lev Vaitzblit, Cary Gray, et al. "Operating system support for a video-on-demand file service." In Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58404-8_20.
Full text
10
Jain, Pushker, Ayan Sar, Tanupriya Choudhury, Vishal Singh, and Ketan Kotecha. "Differentiation of Music Genre from an Audio File Using Neural Networks." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70789-6_40.
Full textConference papers on the topic "An audio file"
1
Muthuselvan, S., Harini B, Nithyasree V, Tharshika R, Babymol Kurian, and M. Beema Mehraj. "Authentication of a System Using Audio File." In 2025 International Conference on Data Science and Business Systems (ICDSBS). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/icdsbs63635.2025.11031913.
Full text
2
Huang, Kai-Wei, and Chia-Ping Chen. "Long Audio File Speaker Diarization with Feasible End-to-End Models." In 2024 Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/apsipaasc63619.2025.10848627.
Full text
3
Wang, Hongkai, Hanyu Rao, Dong Mao, Chen Zhang, Zuge Chen, and Jiaqi Wang. "Wireless multipath VR audio and video file synchronous transmission technology based on two-way transmission." In 2024 International Conference on Computer Vision and Image Processing, edited by Xin Xu and Zhenghao Shi. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3058333.
Full text
4
Vieira, J., M. Coelho, L. Santiago, et al. "Forest Fire Detection and Audio Alarming System." In Frontiers in Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/fio.2024.jtu4a.35.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, we present an optimized forest fires detection distributed temperature sensor that uses existing telecommunications fiber networks, integrated with an audio alert radio broadcasting system to warn car drivers near the fire zone.
5
Bidwe, Ranjeet Vasant, Shivang Raina, Tanmay Nale, Ritesh Badaan, Siddharth Patil, and Vani Hiremani. "Abstractive Summary Generation of Meeting Audio Files." In 2024 Asian Conference on Intelligent Technologies (ACOIT). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/acoit62457.2024.10939801.
Full text
6
Dahia, Márcio, Geber Ramalho, Fernando Trinta, Giordano Cabral, and Marcela Guerra. "Improving audio files availability in file sharing networks." In the XV Brazilian Symposium. ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1858477.1858493.
Full text
7
Gera, Anju, Vaibhav Vyas, and Pawan Kumar Singh. "Embedding and Retrieving the Audio File using Audio Steganography." In 2021 First International Conference on Advances in Computing and Future Communication Technologies (ICACFCT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacfct53978.2021.9837369.
Full text
8
Tanji, Masatsugu, Ryoichi Imanaka, Yoshihiro Okino, Seizo Tsuji, and Wataru Masuda. "Video And Audio Disk File System." In 1985 Los Angeles Technical Symposium, edited by Robert A. Sprague. SPIE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.946441.
Full text
9
Budumuru, Prudhvi Raj, G. Prasanna Kumar, and B. Elisha Raju. "Hiding an Image in an Audio File using LSB Audio Technique." In 2021 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccci50826.2021.9402476.
Full text
10
Do Van Tuan, Kieu Huu Thu, and Ui-Pil Chong. "Novel approach of watermarking in audio file." In 2007 International Forum on Strategic Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifost.2007.4798591.
Full textReports on the topic "An audio file"
1
Sjoberg, J., M. Westerlund, A. Lakaniemi, and Q. Xie. RTP Payload Format and File Storage Format for the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) and Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB) Audio Codecs. RFC Editor, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4867.
Full text
2
Sjoberg, J., M. Westerlund, A. Lakaniemi, and Q. Xie. Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload Format and File Storage Format for the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) and Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB) Audio Codecs. RFC Editor, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3267.
Full text
3
Mintii, I. S. Using Learning Content Management System Moodle in Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University educational process. [б. в.], 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3866.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the results of the survey of 75 lecturers on using learning content management system (LCMS) Moodle in the educational process. It is defined that more than 75% of the respondents use LCMS Moodle. The lecturers up to 30 or over 60 years old, with up to 3-year-work experience in Universities need methodic assistance. Textual e-learning resources are widely used in developed courses while video and audio are not used enough. LCMS Moodle is mostly used during exams or tests and student work, and using LCMS Moodle should be intensified in lectures, laboratory and practical classes. Among the most demanded resources are label, page, file, URL, book, assignment, attendance, glossary, quiz. Thus, the popularization of other resources is identified as one of the most important. An action plan how to improve LCMS Moodle usage: increasing the IT competencies of both teachers and students – planned long-term courses “IT in full-time (blended) learning”; seminars, consultations, (group and individual forms) both on general issues, and according to the specificity of the specialties; methodic handouts and recommendations; improving logistics; improving logistical support – ensuring constant access to the Internet, updating and equipping computer classrooms; creating of transparent, predictable and attractive for authors content of the regulatory framework.
4
Tadros, Mari. Audio Recording Files for The Handbook of Iraqi People’s Heritage. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/ids.2024.046.
Full textAbstract:
The Handbook of Iraqi People’s Heritage contains accounts and personal narratives from individuals across nine communities in Iraq: Armenians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Kakeyîs, Sabean-Mandaeans, Shabak, Syriac Orthodox, Turkmen of Tal Afar, and Yazidis. These audio files comprise some of the multimedia content within the Handbook.
5
Fleitas, Alejandra, Deborah Sprietzer, Maria del Pilar Locano, and Héctor Rabade. Transparency and Confidence in the Public Sector: Advances in Supreme Audit Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean (2002-2012). Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006234.
Full textAbstract:
Between 2002 and 2012, countries in Latina America and the Caribbean have made considerable progress in modernizing their Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs). Today, 70% of SAIs have adopted a modernized approach based on five pillars: harmonization, standardization, risk and results, transparency, and diversification. While challenges remain, these improvements have increased transparency and the confidence in public institutions of the region. This document presents the key conclusions of a study conducted by the Inter-American Development Bank, in collaboration with the Organization of Latin American and Caribbean Supreme Audit Institutions (OLACEFS in Spanish) and the Caribbean Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (CAROSAI), and analyzes the trends and principal achievements of Supreme Audit Institutions in the Region during the past ten years.
6
Hamlin, Alexandra, Erik Kobylarz, James Lever, Susan Taylor, and Laura Ray. Assessing the feasibility of detecting epileptic seizures using non-cerebral sensor. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42562.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the feasibility of using non-cerebral, time-series data to detect epileptic seizures. Data were recorded from fifteen patients (7 male, 5 female, 3 not noted, mean age 36.17 yrs), five of whom had a total of seven seizures. Patients were monitored in an inpatient setting using standard video electroencephalography (vEEG), while also wearing sensors monitoring electrocardiography, electrodermal activity, electromyography, accelerometry, and audio signals (vocalizations). A systematic and detailed study was conducted to identify the sensors and the features derived from the non-cerebral sensors that contribute most significantly to separability of data acquired during seizures from non-seizure data. Post-processing of the data using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) shows that seizure data are strongly separable from non-seizure data based on features derived from the signals recorded. The mean area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve for each individual patient that experienced a seizure during data collection, calculated using LDA, was 0.9682. The features that contribute most significantly to seizure detection differ for each patient. The results show that a multimodal approach to seizure detection using the specified sensor suite is promising in detecting seizures with both sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the study provides a means to quantify the contribution of each sensor and feature to separability. Development of a non-electroencephalography (EEG) based seizure detection device would give doctors a more accurate seizure count outside of the clinical setting, improving treatment and the quality of life of epilepsy patients.
7
Atwood and Franklin-Alderman. PR-339-093702-R01 Human Factors Influences on Pipeline Damage - Phase II Final Report. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010790.
Full textAbstract:
Pipeline operators expend substantial efforts to develop, implement, and audit their Public Awareness and Pipeline Damage Prevention Programs. While the rate of pipeline damage incidents from third-party and outside force impacts has progressively declined over a period of several decades, these events remain a high priority for the pipeline industry and external stakeholders. One key focus area for Encroachment Detection and Damage Prevention is understanding and managing Human Factors influences in damage prevention programs. This document presents the findings of the Phase II study on the influences of human factors on pipeline damage and damage prevention efforts. The Phase II study builds on the prior literature review and site visits with pipeline operating companies to identify Human Factors issues in Encroachment Detection and Damage Prevention (Phase I). As a result of the Phase I study, over 200 Human Factors issues were identifed that pertain to Encroachment Detection and Damage Prevention. The Phase II study focused on the top 25 issues (as identified by the pipeline operating companies). The report presents the results of two-day workshops that were organized in five countries to develop interventions for each of the 25 high-priority Human Factors Issues. The Final Report includes a �Users Guide� that identifies practical Human Factors interventions to address Encroachment Detection and Pipeline Damage for the 25 high-priority issues. The Users Guide is included in this report as Appendix D. It is also published separately.
8
Murad, M. Hassan, Stephanie M. Chang, Celia Fiordalisi, et al. Improving the Utility of Evidence Synthesis for Decision Makers in the Face of Insufficient Evidence. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcwhitepaperimproving.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Healthcare decision makers strive to operate on the best available evidence. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) Program aims to support healthcare decision makers by producing evidence reviews that rate the strength of evidence. However, the evidence base is often sparse or heterogeneous, or otherwise results in a high degree of uncertainty and insufficient evidence ratings. Objective: To identify and suggest strategies to make insufficient ratings in systematic reviews more actionable. Methods: A workgroup comprising EPC Program members convened throughout 2020. We conducted interative discussions considering information from three data sources: a literature review for relevant publications and frameworks, a review of a convenience sample of past systematic reviews conducted by the EPCs, and an audit of methods used in past EPC technical briefs. Results: Several themes emerged across the literature review, review of systematic reviews, and review of technical brief methods. In the purposive sample of 43 systematic reviews, the use of the term “insufficient” covered both instances of no evidence and instances of evidence being present but insufficient to estimate an effect. The results of the literature review and review of the EPC Program systematic reviews illustrated the importance of clearly stating the reasons for insufficient evidence. Results of both the literature review and review of systematic reviews highlighted the factors decision makers consider when making decisions when evidence of benefits or harms is insufficient, such as costs, values, preferences, and equity. We identified five strategies for supplementing systematic review findings when evidence on benefit or harms is expected to be or found to be insufficient, including: reconsidering eligible study designs, summarizing indirect evidence, summarizing contextual and implementation evidence, modelling, and incorporating unpublished health system data. Conclusion: Throughout early scoping, protocol development, review conduct, and review presentation, authors should consider five possible strategies to supplement potential insufficient findings of benefit or harms. When there is no evidence available for a specific outcome, reviewers should use a statement such as “no studies” instead of “insufficient.” The main reasons for insufficient evidence rating should be explicitly described.
9
Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.
Full textAbstract:
This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.
10
Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, et al. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
Full textAbstract:
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.