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1
Zhi lan zhai shu ba chu ji: Zhilanzhai shuba chuji. Beijing Shi: Guo jia tu shu guan chu ban she, 2012.
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Zhi lan zhai shu ba san ji: Zhilanzhai shuba sanji. Beijing Shi: Guo jia tu shu guan chu ban she, 2014.
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3
Tierney, Margaret. Thef ormation and fragmentation of computing as an occupation: A review of shifting 'expertise'. Edinburgh: Research Centre for Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 1991.
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Group, NatWest. Making our expertise and strength work for our customers: Annual review and summary financial statement. [S.l.]: NatWest, 1999.
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Creating constitutionalism?: The politics of legal expertise and administrative law in England and Wales. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.
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Petersen, Kay Uwe. Auswirkungen von Cannabiskonsum und -missbrauch: Eine Expertise zu gesundheitlichen und psychosozialen Folgen ; ein systematisches Review der international publizierten Studien von 1996-2006. Lengerich: Pabst, 2007.
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Chubina, Elena. Experts and expert reviews on the pages of literary works. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1816459.
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The textbook presents a system of case tasks, the purpose of which is to form a circle of necessary knowledge among students about the nature of expert activity, about the history of the use of special knowledge in legal proceedings, about the variety of existing types of forensic examinations, about the possibilities of using the results of forensic expert activity in law enforcement practice. The tasks are compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education (3++) in the specialty 40.05.03 "Forensic Examination". The presented cases can be used in practical classes in the disciplines "Theory of forensic examination" and "Participation of a specialist in procedural actions". The textbook will also be useful as part of the course "Expertise in judicial proceedings", which is included in the training plan 40.03.01 "Jurisprudence" (bachelor's level), specialty 40.05.01 "Legal support of national security" (specialty level), specialty 40.05.04 "Judicial and prosecutorial activities" (specialty level).
For students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools.
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Allsop, Cheryl. Expertise versus Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747451.003.0009.
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This chapter debates what forms of expertise can be helpful to cold case reviews. The Specialist Operations Centre, part of the National Crime Agency, can provide specialized help and access to a variety of experts who can support detectives in hard-to-solve major crime investigations, and this chapter will include a discussion on how these forms of expertise are used in investigations. What becomes apparent is that the review team were less likely to use external experts, preferring to draw on their own experience and areas of expertise, as well as that from colleagues from other neighbouring forces.
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National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. Share your expertise with us. [Bethesda Md.]: National Cancer Insitute, 2001.
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A Practical Guide to Clinical Ethics Consulting: Expertise, Ethos and Power. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007.
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Meyers, Christopher. A Practical Guide to Clinical Ethics Consulting: Expertise, Ethos and Power. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007.
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13
Martini, Carlo, and Jan Sprenger. Opinion Aggregation and Individual Expertise. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680534.003.0009.
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Group judgments are often influenced by their members’ individual expertise. It is less clear, though, how individual expertise should affect the group judgments. This chapter surveys a wide range of models of opinion aggregation and group judgment: models where all group members have the same impact on the group judgment, models that take into account differences in individual accuracy, and models where group members revise their beliefs as a function of their mutual respect. The scope of these models covers the aggregation of propositional attitudes, probability functions, and numerical estimates. By comparing these different kinds of models and contrasting them with findings in psychology, management science, and the expert judgment literature, the chapter provides a better understanding of the role of expertise in group agency, both from a theoretical and from an empirical perspective.
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Allsop, Cheryl. Cold Case Reviews. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747451.001.0001.
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Investigating Cold Cases: DNA, Detective Work, and Unsolved Major Crimes, analyses how long-term unsolved murders and unsolved stranger rapes are investigated years after the crimes were committed. The book examines how and why cold case investigations have become an established component of police investigative practice, the role of specialist expertise used, in particular DNA profiling techniques and technologies, and the investigative skills required to finally detect cold cases. The book is based on original fieldwork with one major crime review team as they investigated cold case murders and cold case stranger rapes, interviews with a variety of experts involved in cold case investigations, and analysis of police case files. Above all else, the book will examine the reliance on advances in DNA profiling techniques, to identify previously unknown offenders and suggests that alongside these technological advances it is traditional detective skills that are also necessary to finally detect these crimes.
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Phillips, Katherine W., Michelle Duguid, Melissa Thomas-Hunt, and Jayaram Uparna. Diversity as Knowledge Exchange: The Roles of Information Processing, Expertise, and Status. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0009.
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As part of an effort to understand diversity’s influence on group processes and performance, some researchers have explored diversity from an information processing perspective. This perspective suggests that because individuals in heterogeneous groups have a broader range of knowledge, skills, and abilities than homogeneous groups, they will also have greater access to a variety of task-relevant information and expertise, which can enhance group decision making. This chapter summarizes the findings of empirical research from this perspective and extends the tenets of this perspective, acknowledging the limitations of the original formulation. Included in the review is research on minority and majority influence processes and the integration of expert knowledge in groups. Finally, the chapter integrates this new information processing view with work that focuses on the effect of status differences on the processing of information in diverse environments.
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Williams, George W., Navneet Kaur Grewal, and Marc J. Popovich, eds. Anesthesiology Critical Care Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190908041.001.0001.
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Focused preparation for Critical Care Certification is needed to ensure success. The Anesthesiology Critical Care Certification examination in particular provides an objective assessment from the perspective of physicians who have a keen perioperative mindset and skillset, while simultaneously demonstrating comfort in caring for patients from every background and co-morbidity as all such patients frequently eventually require pre-operative or post-operative management. The Anesthesiology Critical Care board review provides Critical Care Examination style stems with an emphasis on being oriented toward Anesthesiology Critical Care certification, though examination preparation for the Internal Medicine (Pulmonary Critical Care), Neurocritical Care and Surgical Critical Care could easily be achieved with this text as part of one’s preparation strategy. The authors provide clinical vignettes with realistic images and values to test one’s diagnostic and critical thinking approach to the perioperative patient. Furthermore, every chapter is authored by a physician board certified in critical care medicine. While most authors are anesthesiologists, our text includes content from intensivists with core training in Surgery and Neurology in order to provide a well-rounded perspective on the cases in this book. Much like ICU rounds, this book is systems based and covers the keywords listed by the American Board of Anesthesiology for certification in Critical Care Medicine. Finally, as each area of content is covered, reference materials are available for the reader to gain further expertise in each topical area. The author’s goal is the impart this text to the reader as a formidable tool for Critical Care Examination Preparation.
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Temesgen, Zelalem, ed. Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199827626.001.0001.
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While infections have always played an important role in the history of mankind, advances in science and technology as well as rapid globalization have resulted in an unprecedented wave of new and old infections thrust into the limelight. The recent pandemic of H1N1 influenza virus infection demonstrates the recurrent theme of emerging and reemerging pathogens that continue to impact public health and patient care areas. Drug resistance among various organisms (not limited to bacteria) has unfortunately become the expectation and, not infrequently, we have been left with few or no efficacious treatment options, an experience not witnessed in more than 7 decades. Human immunodeficiency virus infection continues to challenge our abilities to provide the desired level of care in most areas of the world. Novel syndromes of infection continue to be defined as newer forms of immunosuppression and the development of unique medical devices become standard practice in all areas of medicine and surgery. For trainees and practitioners in the field of infectious diseases today, these factors mandate intense study to establish an expertise in the field that is required to provide best practices now and beyond. This board review will be pivotal in that education. This book is designed and intended primarily for infectious diseases trainees and practitioners preparing for the infectious disease subspecialty examination of the American Board of Internal Medicine. We believe that this book will also be useful to infectious diseases practitioners as well as general internists and other clinicians who desire a comprehensive but practical overview of contemporary infectious diseases topics.
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Devin Consulting Review: Vrida den Världen Upp-Och-Ner Med Innovativ Expertis Som Specialist Pool och Spa Konsulterande. Luvetche Sy , 2017.
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Devin Consulting Review: Turning the World Up-side-down with Innovative Expertise as Specialist Pool and Spa Engineering Consultants. Carl Calcote, 2017.
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Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., William D. Freeman, James Y. Findlay, and Ayan Sen, eds. Mayo Clinic Critical and Neurocritical Care Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190862923.001.0001.
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Physicians have cared for acutely ill patients throughout history; after the devastating poliomyelitis epidemics of the 1950s, a new specialty emerged. Initially, respiratory care units were created for these severely affected patients, but soon they were transformed into intensive care units (ICUs). Trauma units and transplant units soon followed. Specialized care for patients with acute neurologic and neurosurgical disease occurred in parallel with these developments, but many of the early neuroscience ICUs were redesigned wards for neurosurgical or neurologic patients. Specialized physicians and nursing staff delivered multidisciplinary care, recognizing that no one group could function well alone. It was inevitable that critical care for the sickest patient was the only option to give them a fighting chance to survive. Currently, neurocritical care board examination combines neurocritical care with general intensive care, and questions are equally divided between the two. It is therefore appropriate to combine both areas of expertise in one single volume. The chapters correspond with the key disorders suggested by UCNS to assist in preparation for the examination. As expected, this book is not only detailed in basic pathophysiology but also presents major disorders and syndromes and their management. Because it has unprecedented full coverage of acute neurology, this book is equally useful as a preparation for the critical care medicine board examination.
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Bruno, Michael A. Error and Uncertainty in Diagnostic Radiology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665395.001.0001.
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Diagnostic radiology is a medical specialty that is primarily devoted to the diagnostic process, centered on the interpretation of medical images. This book reviews the high level of uncertainty inherent to radiological interpretation and the overlap that exists between the uncertainty of the process and what might be considered “error.” There is also a great deal of variability inherent in the physical and technological aspects of the imaging process itself. The information in diagnostic images is subtly encoded, with a broad range of “normal” that usually overlaps the even broader range of “abnormal.” Image interpretation thus blends technology, medical science, and human intuition. To develop their skillset, radiologists train intensively for years, and most develop a remarkable level of expertise. But radiology itself remains a fallible human endeavor, one involving complex neurophysiological and cognitive processes employed under a range of conditions and generally performed under time pressure. This book highlights the human experience of error. A taxonomy of error is presented, along with a theoretical classification of error types based on the underlying causes and an extensive discussion of potential error-reduction strategies. The relevant perceptual science, cognitive science, and imaging science are reviewed. A chapter addresses the issue of accountability for error, including peer review, regulatory oversight/accreditation, and malpractice litigation. The potential impact of artificial intelligence, including the use of machine learning and deep-learning algorithms, to reduce human error and improve radiologists’ efficiency is also explored.
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Jørgensen, Harald, and Susan Hallam. Practising. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0025.
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This article reviews studies on the nature of practice and its importance in developing musical expertise. The musician not only needs to consider the development of technical skills but must also develop musical interpretation, may have to play or sing from memory, rehearse and perform in cooperation with other musicians, improvise, and contend with stage fright. Both the quantity and quality of practice contribute to the level of expertise attained, and the individual's ability to adopt more effective practising strategies is inextricably linked with their level of expertise. Musicians exhibit considerable diversity in the ways they practise, which can lead to equally successful outcomes.
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Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. The addiction thought collective: How think tanks foster addiction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.003.0005.
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The rise of think tanks is a key development in the evolution of policy networks. The sheer scale and reach of think tanks is underappreciated: for example, the European Policy Institutes Network has a membership of at least 500 think tanks. In Europe, the conversation about the relationship between think tanks, new policy elites, and the politics of expertise is still at an early stage. Think tanks, however, are widely held to play a fundamental role in the politics of expertise in Brussels. In this chapter we first examine how think tanks appear in our network data and then review the activities and role of five central think tanks in the Brussels arena. Our data show that, empirically speaking, think tanks are an important and underappreciated element of the architecture of corporate policy action in relation to tobacco, alcohol, food, and gambling products.
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Horsley, Alex, Steve Cunningham, and J. Alastair Innes, eds. Cystic Fibrosis (Oxford Respiratory Medicine Library). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.001.0001.
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Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a multi-system disorder, requiring not just respiratory expertise but also management of nutrition, diabetes, musculoskeletal and psychosocial issues. This online resource is a concise companion for all health care professionals who manage patients with CF, and it covers all aspects of care, including both paediatric and adult-specific issues, and summarizes up-to-date literature in a concise and focussed style. There is an emphasis on the practical aspects of management with separate chapters covering the effects of CF in the lung, the microbiology of pulmonary CF, and management of exacerbations. Psychosocial aspects of CF care, end of life care and lung transplantation are also covered, and potential future therapies reviewed. This second edition has been extensively updated to reflect the UK CF Trust Standards of Care, treatment guidelines and Cochrane reviews, and it also includes updates on emerging organisms, an expanded section on physiotherapy, and a new pharmacopeia that covers all common CF medications.
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Manning, Stephan, Marcus Møller Larsen, and Chacko George Kannothra. Global Sourcing of Business Processes: History, Effects, and Future Trends. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.49.
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The chapter reviews key drivers, trends, and consequences of global sourcing of business processes—the sourcing of administrative and more knowledge-intensive processes from globally dispersed locations. It is argued that global sourcing, which is also associated with ‘offshoring’ and ‘offshore outsourcing’, has co-evolved over the last three decades with the advancement of information and communication technology, a growing pool of low-cost, yet-often-qualified labour and expertise in developing countries, and increasing client-side global sourcing experience. It is shown how this dynamic has led firms to develop new global capabilities, governance and business models, changed the geographical distribution of work and expertise, and promoted the emergence of new geographical knowledge services clusters. Further, three new trends are introduced—the emergence of global delivery models, information technology-enabled service automation, and impact sourcing—and discuss future directions for research.
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Jefee-Bahloul, Hussam, and Zakaria Zayour. Telemental Health in the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190622725.003.0005.
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The Middle East (ME) has a high burden of mental disorder that is not addressed adequately with current services. This context makes it a prime target for Telemental health interventions. This chapter presents a review of the existing reports concerning implementation of telemental health in the Middle East. While telemental health programs can facilitate access to quality mental health services for patients and serve as a training and educational tool to advance mental health workers’ expertise, several barriers stand in the way of its implementation. Evaluation of each country’s unique cultural, financial, legal, and infrastructural conditions should guide the strategies for developing these systems.
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Mills, Kerry R., ed. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.001.0001.
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The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Neurophysiology provides a comprehensive account from world experts of the modern practice of the specialty. It deals with the full range of techniques giving the underpinning basic science and clinical use. The importance of clinical skills, as well as technical expertise are emphasized. Section I reviews the physiology of nerve, muscle, and cortex, and the digital techniques used to study them. Section II discusses the techniques for nerve conduction, electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography, evoked potentials, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, including axonal excitability measurement, reflex studies, sleep studies pelvic floor neurophysiology and intracranial EEG. Section III reviews focal and generalized neuropathy, nerve, root, and plexus lesions, neuromuscular junction disorders, muscle disease, paediatric conditions, neurodegenerations, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and EMG-guided botulinum toxin therapy. Section IV reviews generalized and focal epilepsy, status epilepticus, coma, presurgical evaluation for epilepsy, syncope, paediatric conditions, sleep disorders and intraoperative monitoring. This title incudes video content and is written for trainees and trainers in clinical neurophysiology.
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Norcross, John C., and Bruce E. Wampold, eds. Psychotherapy Relationships that Work. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190843960.001.0001.
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Psychotherapy Relationships That Work is the definitive, evidence-based book on the psychotherapy relationship: what works in general (Volume 1) and what works for particular patients (Volume 2). Each chapter presents definitions, clinical examples, landmark studies, comprehensive meta-analyses, diversity considerations, and training implications and ends with bulleted clinical practices. The third edition of the classic Psychotherapy Relationships That Work features expanded coverage and updated reviews with an enhanced practice focus. The result is a compelling synthesis of best available research, clinical expertise, and patient values that underscores the power of the therapist-client connection.
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Coffman, Elesha. The Bible and the Mainline Denominations. Edited by Paul C. Gutjahr. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258849.013.16.
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The National Council of Churches holds the copyright to the Revised Standard and New Revised Standard versions of the Bible. This fact speaks volumes about the mainline Protestant approach to the Bible, which emphasizes scholarly expertise, institutional authorization, and ecumenical cooperation. This chapter explains how these three emphases shaped the mainline in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and how the mainline continued to rely on them amid dramatic cultural changes in the later twentieth century. The chapter closes by exploring ways the Bible has been both unifying and divisive among mainline Protestants in more recent history.
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Bonaccio, Silvia, and Jihyun Esther Paik. Advice in the Workplace. Edited by Erina L. MacGeorge and Lyn M. Van Swol. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630188.013.22.
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This chapter reviews research related to the role of advice in workplace interactions. Indeed, advice is a ubiquitous aspect of work processes, and it is commonly sought, purchased, and received. The chapter first defines advice, reviews the benefits of advice taking, and explain findings related to advice discounting. In discussing factors that influence such behavior, the focus is on advisor characteristics (e.g., expertise, intentions, and confidence) and then on psychological states and traits of the decision maker that influence the receipt of advice. Next, the chapter discusses topics that are particularly important in the context of workplace relationship in relation to the aforementioned factors, which include seeking and purchasing advice, advisor motives, unsolicited advice, and withholding advice. The chapter concludes with methodological observations and ideas for future research, as well as with advice on giving advice.
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Dukas, Reuven. Cognition and learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0017.
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The traditional view of insects, as driven primarily by instinct, has changed dramatically in the past few decades. It begins with a brief review of insects’ sophisticated cognition, defined as the neuronal processes concerned with the acquisition, retention, and use of information. Three illuminating examples that illustrate adaptive aspects of cognitive traits in the context of night vision, memory and antipredatory decisions are given. Most insects possess good individual learning abilities and learning is positively associated with insect fitness. While social learning has been instrumental in social insects’ lives, its prevalence and importance in other insect taxa is still unknown. The chapter concludes by highlighting promising topics for future investigation, including research on heritable variation in insect cognitive traits and its association with fitness, expertise development, social learning in non-social insects, and the role of emotion in guiding insect decisions.
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Klimecki, Olga M., and Tania Singer. The Compassionate Brain. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.9.
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This chapter focuses on the neuroscience of compassion and related social emotions such as empathy, empathic concern, or empathic distress. First, we review neuroscientific literature on empathy and relate empathy to similar social emotions. We then turn to neuroscientific research on caregiving and social connection before describing cross-sectional studies on the neural signatures of compassion. To investigate whether training of compassion can change neural functions, the neural “fingerprints” of compassion expertise were studied in both expert and inexperienced meditators. The latter included the comparison between functional plasticity induced by empathy for suffering as opposed to compassion training. These studies show that compassion training changes neural functions, and that the neural substrates related to empathy for suffering differ experientially as well as neuronally. This is in line with the observation of distinct behavioral patterns related to feelings of empathic distress and compassion, described towards the end of the chapter.
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Swart, Juani, Nina Katrin Hansen, and Nicholas Kinnie. Strategic Human Resource Management and Performance Management in Professional Service Firms. Edited by Laura Empson, Daniel Muzio, Joseph Broschak, and Bob Hinings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.20.
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This chapter draws on previous research to consider how HRM practices are used to manage human and social capital to generate superior performance in professional service firms. Previous research indicates that PSFs rely on both human capital (knowledge and skills) and social capital (relationships inside and outside the PSF) to manage their performance outputs. In this context the authors review the existing research on strategic HRM practices in PSFs which is predominantly categorized into expertise- and efficiency-orientated HRM systems. They draw on their own research to outline two models of HRM practices which are used to manage human and social capital and discuss the link to innovation. The first of these emphasizes the protection of human capital and therefore has centripetal properties, whereas the second is more client-focused and therefore displays centrifugal properties. Finally, they consider the managerial challenges that these models present and point to avenues for future research.
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Bouma, WJ, GI Pearman, and MR Manning, eds. Greenhouse: Coping with Climate Change. CSIRO Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105034.
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Consideration of climate change deals increasingly with impacts and responses, and therefore involves a wide range of technical issues and a diverse community of experts. One of the challenges faced is that of ensuring effective communication between these different areas of expertise. For example, climate change studies require new types of collaboration between carbon cycle modellers and economists, and between meteorologists and coastal geomorphologists. Furthermore, there is a need to distil balanced assessments ranging across many disciplines for the benefit of all policymakers.Greenhouse: Coping with Climate Change brings together the contributions of many experts to the climate change debate.
This book is a landmark publication summarising our understanding of climate change issues as they affect Oceania. It contains review papers that report on the status of knowledge, methodologies and developments; and a selection of focused papers that expand on specific issues and present significant new developments of wide general interest and relevance to the region.
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Nosofsky, Robert M., and Thomas J. Palmeri. An Exemplar-Based Random-Walk Model of Categorization and Recognition. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.7.
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In this chapter, we provide a review of a process-oriented mathematical model of categorization known as the exemplar-based random-walk (EBRW) model (Nosofsky & Palmeri, 1997a). The EBRW model is a member of the class of exemplar models. According to such models, people represent categories by storing individual exemplars of the categories in memory, and classify objects on the basis of their similarity to the stored exemplars. The EBRW model combines ideas ranging from the fields of choice and similarity, to the development of automaticity, to response-time models of evidence accumulation and decision-making. This integrated model explains relations between categorization and other fundamental cognitive processes, including individual-object identification, the development of expertise in tasks of skilled performance, and old-new recognition memory. Furthermore, it provides an account of how categorization and recognition decision-making unfold through time. We also provide comparisons with some other process models of categorization.
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Marino, Philip, and Laura Price. Diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0169.
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The diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and associated right ventricular (RV) dysfunction or failure in the setting of critical illness relies on the use of non-invasive tools including echocardiography, and in some cases invasive haemodynamic monitoring. The management for PH and RV failure in the ICU may be challenging, and is dependent on local expertise and drug availability.Systemic vasoactive agents and pulmonary vasodilators play an important role. Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary embolism or chronic thromboembolic PH should be anticoagulated; those with haemodynamically unstable PE may require thrombolysis.The characteristics of individual agents must be considered and monitored carefully.Few clinical studies or ICU-specific guidelines exist. Surgical options exist for patients with PH and RV failure. This chapter reviews the diagnostic and management strategies of PH and RV failure in the ICU setting.
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Geweke, John, Gary Koop, and Herman Van Dijk, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Bayesian Econometrics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559084.001.0001.
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Bayesian econometric methods have enjoyed an increase in popularity in recent years. Econometricians, empirical economists, and policymakers are increasingly making use of Bayesian methods. The Oxford Handbook of Bayesian Econometrics is a single source about Bayesian methods in specialized fields. It contains articles by leading Bayesians on the latest developments in their specific fields of expertise. The volume provides broad coverage of the application of Bayesian econometrics in the major fields of economics and related disciplines, including macroeconomics, microeconomics, finance, and marketing. It reviews the state of the art in Bayesian econometric methodology, with articles on posterior simulation and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, Bayesian nonparametric techniques, and the specialized tools used by Bayesian time series econometricians such as state space models and particle filtering. It also includes articles on Bayesian principles and methodology.
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Başoğlu, Metin, ed. Torture and Its Definition In International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.001.0001.
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This book presents an interdisciplinary approach to the definition of torture by a group of prominent scholars of behavioral sciences, international law, human rights, and public health with internationally recognized expertise and authority in their field. It brings together behavioral science and international law perspectives on torture in an effort to promote a sound theory- and empirical evidence-based legal understanding of torture. The book consists of four parts. The behavioral science perspective in Part I includes a learning theory formulation of torture, which points to “helplessness under the control of others” as a defining element of torture. This formulation entails a contextual/cumulative approach in assessment of “pain or suffering” induced by ill-treatments and a “risk-based” approach in assessment of individual cases to avoid the problem of circularity in a case-by-case approach. Also reviewed are the definitional implications of this formulation for ill-treatments in different contexts, such as domestic violence and adverse conditions of penal confinement. Part II consists of four chapters that present international law perspectives on the definition of torture and highlight the increasingly broader coverage of ill-treatments in contexts beyond official custody. Part III consists of chapters that provide an account of the US experience with torture in the aftermath of 9/11 and discuss definitional issues around “enhanced interrogation techniques.” Part IV consists of a concluding chapter (by the editor) that addresses the comments by international law scholars on the behavioral science perspective on torture and reviews the points of agreement and disagreement between behavioral science and international law perspectives.
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Joongi, Kim. 4 The Arbitral Tribunal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755432.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses Korean arbitral tribunals. Korean courts have been strict in applying the provisions in the Arbitration Act regarding these. The courts have not hesitated to set aside awards when they have found that the parties have not complied with provisions concerning tribunal requirements or where tribunals have had conflicts of interest. Under the new 2016 Arbitration Act, furthermore, when the parties fail to appoint an arbitrator or reach agreement on a sole arbitrator or the chair, the court can now designate an institution such as the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB) to appoint the arbitrator. The KCAB has accumulated considerable experience and has greater institutional knowledge than the courts concerning the expertise of potential arbitrators, particularly international ones. With these developments in mind, the chapter reviews some formative cases which have shaped these tribunals in their current incarnation.
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Davies, Will, Julian Savulescu, Rebecca Roache, and J. Pierre Loebel, eds. Psychiatry Reborn: Biopsychosocial psychiatry in modern medicine. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789697.001.0001.
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Psychiatry Reborn: Biopsychosocial Psychiatry in Modern Medicine is a comprehensive collection of essays by leading experts in the field, and provides a timely reassessment of the biopsychosocial approach in psychiatry. Spanning the sciences and philosophy of psychiatry, the essays offer complementary perspectives on the ever more urgent importance of the biopsychosocial approach to modern medicine. The collection brings together ideas from the series of Loebel Lectures by world leaders in the field of psychiatry and associated Workshops at the University of Oxford, including revised versions of the Lectures themselves, and a wide range of related commentaries and position pieces. With contributions from psychiatry, psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy, the book provides the most comprehensive account to date of the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in mental health and their ethical dimensions. The 23 chapters of this multi-authored book review the history and place of the biopsychosocial model in medicine, and explore its strengths and shortcomings. In particular, the book considers how understanding this interplay might lead to more effective treatments for mental health disorders as developments in genomic and other neurobiological medicine challenge traditional conceptions and approaches to the research and treatment of mental health disorders. The book explores the challenges and rewards of developing diagnostic tools and clinical interventions that take account of the inextricably intertwined biopsychosocial domains, and the ethical implications of the conceptualization. It concludes with chapters drawing together the book’s range of expertise to propose a best conception of the model, and how it might be adopted going forward in an age of exponentially increasing technological advances and of integrated/collaborative care. The volume is intended to present the biopsychosocial model as it stands today in the academy, the laboratory, and the clinic, and to start to address the challenges and potential that the model has for each.
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Van Swol, Lyn M., Jihyun Esther Paik, and Andrew Prahl. Advice Recipients. Edited by Erina L. MacGeorge and Lyn M. Van Swol. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630188.013.2.
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This chapter examines the psychology of advice recipients, focusing on research predominantly conducted using the Judge Advisor System, in which a participant “judge” receives advice from one or more advisors but has ultimate responsibility for making the decision. First, it reviews methods of typical Judge Advisor System experiments. Next, it surveys the research to explore why decision makers often do not seek out advice, focusing on the costs of advice and decision-maker overconfidence. It then examines why decision makers underutilize the advice they receive due to factors like confirmation bias, egocentric discounting, and power. In addition, factors that increase the utilization of advice, such as trust, advisor confidence, and advisor expertise, are considered. Finally, the influence of advice-recipient power and reception to computerized advice are examined in depth. Finally, advice to decision makers about how to seek and utilize advice to make better decisions is provided.
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Read, Stephen L., Aaron Kaufman, and Daniel T. Hackman. Geriatric Forensic Psychiatry Training in Forensic and Geriatric Psychiatry Fellowships. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0041.
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As people live longer and the aging population increases, the volume of court cases involving elderly persons has increased. For elderly persons in court proceedings, determinations of decision-making capacity predominate, owing to the high incidence of cognitive loss with aging. Another frequent issue is whether a decision is the result of influence from others. Specific matters at issue may include disputes about testamentary acts, need for conservatorship (guardianship), capacity to manage one’s affairs, as well as the full range of other civil and criminal actions. Elder abuse, including financial elder abuse and victimization by scams, continues to mushroom to epidemic proportions. Courts, therefore, increasingly require expert assistance for forensic matters involving the elderly. Existing training programs in geriatric psychiatry and forensic psychiatry, however, rarely provide adequate training in this crossover field. This chapter reviews the current status of such training programs, including fellowships, and discusses approaches to address this critical and growing need for professionals with both geriatric and forensic psychiatry expertise.
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Hall, Kara, Brooke A. Stipelman, Amanda L. Vogel, and Daniel Stokols. Understanding Cross-Disciplinary Team-Based Research. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.28.
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Cross-disciplinary team-based research is conducted by collaborators from more than one area of expertise. The quality of the scholarship they produce can be influenced strongly by the quality of their collaborative interactions. A new field of study has emerged, called the science of team science (SciTS), that aims to develop an evidence base for the multilevel factors that hinder or facilitate effective research collaboration, such as team characteristics and processes and institutional, funding, and other conditions. This chapter begins with an overview of team science, including a discussion of the major dimensions and processes that shape science teams and unique considerations for cross-disciplinary teams. The chapter then introduces key concepts and milestones in the SciTS field, and reviews conceptual models that explicate the processes and contextual factors that influence research collaboration. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions, including additional evidence needed to promote effective cross-disciplinary teamwork.
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Whitehead, Laurence. Depth Perception. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0003.
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Universalism in the study of world politics, while influential, offers a “flat” view of political reality. Studies of single countries and areas provide an “in-depth” corrective, but by definition this will be partial, even parochial. Well-designed comparisons can combine overall balance, integration, depth of vision, and wider panoramic focus. But it is no soft option. This chapter reviews examples that illustrate this methodological standpoint and offers ten protocols that can improve the quality of such work. It suggests that relevant explanatory features should be “configurative” rather than overly reductionist. This requires a multidisciplinary approach, specialized training, and the application of judgment and expertise. But this needs to complement efforts to develop and test some portable findings. The pursuit of causal explanation must be balanced against an understanding of the resulting resemblances and contrasts. The validity of the findings will depend, in part, on the balanced quality of the comparative work.
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Clark, Gordon L., and Ashby H. B. Monk. Outsourcing and the Principal–Agent Problem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793212.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 relates the conventional model of pension-fund governance and management to the theory and practice of investment. It recommends that the search for an alternative is due. Outsourcing is discussed as an alternative to insourcing. Rather than managing providers through service contracts insourcing utilizes employment contracts with terms and conditions reflecting the objectives of the organization and the market premium available to those with skills and expertise. An alternative model of pension-fund governance and management is introduced. This chapter tables the ways in which the outsourced chief investment officer (OCIO) model has emerged and how this model compares with others. The principles and practices associated with best practice are reviewed, as well as the challenges associated with governing relationships with entities charged with responsibility for managing the entire value chain. Nine interdependent principles underpinning best-practice OCIO management are identified and described.
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Bittner, Edward A., ed. 50 Studies Every Intensivist Should Know. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190467654.001.0001.
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There has been an explosion of clinical trials in critical care medicine since the inception of the specialty more than 50 years ago. This explosion has made it challenging as a trainee in critical care medicine to gain expertise in evidence based medicine. Determining how best to care for patients and understanding the basis for our practice is a never-ending process for all clinicians and it is particularly daunting for trainees. Even for the practicing intensivist, feeling confident in one’s knowledge base of foundational studies in the ever-growing field of critical care practice is no easy task.50 Studies Every Intensivist Should Know presents key studies that have shaped the practice of critical care medicine. Selected using a rigorous methodology, the studies cover topics including: sedation and analgesia, resuscitation, shock, ARDS, nutrition, renal failure, trauma, infection, diabetes, and physical therapy. For each study, a concise summary is presented with an emphasis on the results and limitations of the study, and its implications for practice. An illustrative clinical case concludes each review, followed by brief information on other relevant studies. Selection of studies that emphasize topics that come up frequently on ICU rounds was a priority. This book is a must-read for health care professionals and anyone who wants to learn more about the data behind clinical practice.
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Williams, Erin S., Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi Aina, eds. Clinical Pediatric Anesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.001.0001.
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Clinical Pediatric Anesthesia: A Case-Based Handbook presents the reader with a very wide variety of clinical scenarios regarding the perioperative management of pediatric patients. It is divided into 15 sections and covers the field of pediatric anesthesiology with a point-of-care approach. This textbook has over 50 contributors who are pediatric anesthesiologists at tertiary children’s hospitals, thus giving the reader multiple approaches to the anesthetic care of the pediatric patient. The clinician can use the discussion section as an opportunity to review various options as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different aspects of the perioperative management of the pediatric patient. Given the many benefits of self-directed and simulation-based learning, the reader is presented with an “Introduction” to the subject, followed by “Learning Objectives” to master after reading the section. By placing the reader in a variety of clinical scenarios, the clinician can think through the management of such vignettes with the “Discussion” section that is written in a “question and answer” format. Each chapter ends with the highest yield, and most salient information presented in the “Summary”. “Annotated References,” “Bibliography,” and “Further Reading” allow the reader to explore the literature pertaining to the topic. Overall, the variety of cases presented along with the expertise of the contributors renders valuable real-life clinical situations that promote critical thinking and evaluation necessary for all pediatric anesthesiology consultants.
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Watt, Gary. Trusts & Equity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198854142.001.0001.
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This book provides a detailed and conceptual analysis of trusts and equity; concentrating on those areas of the subject that are most relevant in the contemporary arena, such as the commercial context. It utilizes expertise in teaching, writing, and researching to enliven the text with helpful analogies and memorable references to extra-legal sources such as history, literature, and film. In this way, the book also stimulates students to engage critically with concepts. This new edition is not merely updated but fully revised to include a new layout and a number of features designed to make the text even more accessible to student readers, one of which is a new context feature at the start of each chapter. This new revised edition also includes the latest legal developments, including decisions of the Supreme Court on dishonesty in relation to the civil liability of strangers to trusts (Ivey v. Genting Casinos UK Ltd (t/a Crockfords Club (2017)) and on equitable relief against forfeiture (The Manchester Ship Canal Company Ltd v. Vauxhall Motors Ltd (2019)). A great many new cases in the Court of Appeal and the High Court have been added, including twenty or more in 2019 alone. Other recent devlepments including law commission reports and academic commentary are also included. Further reading and discussion of anticipated reforms has been updated throughout in light of the latest legal developments.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Environmental DNA. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.001.0001.
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Environmental DNA (eDNA), i.e. DNA released in the environment by any living form, represents a formidable opportunity to gather high-throughput and standard information on the distribution or feeding habits of species. It has therefore great potential for applications in ecology and biodiversity management. However, this research field is fast-moving, involves different areas of expertise and currently lacks standard approaches, which calls for an up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis. Environmental DNA for biodiversity research and monitoring covers current methods based on eDNA, with a particular focus on “eDNA metabarcoding”. Intended for scientists and managers, it provides the background information to allow the design of sound experiments. It revisits all steps necessary to produce high-quality metabarcoding data such as sampling, metabarcode design, optimization of PCR and sequencing protocols, as well as analysis of large sequencing datasets. All these different steps are presented by discussing the potential and current challenges of eDNA-based approaches to infer parameters on biodiversity or ecological processes. The last chapters of this book review how DNA metabarcoding has been used so far to unravel novel patterns of diversity in space and time, to detect particular species, and to answer new ecological questions in various ecosystems and for various organisms. Environmental DNA for biodiversity research and monitoring constitutes an essential reading for all graduate students, researchers and practitioners who do not have a strong background in molecular genetics and who are willing to use eDNA approaches in ecology and biomonitoring.
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Boterberg, Tom, Karin Dieckmann, and Mark Gaze, eds. Radiotherapy and the Cancers of Children, Teenagers, and Young Adults. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198793076.001.0001.
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As most cancers occur in middle-aged or older adults, only a very small proportion of the overall radiotherapy workload relates to children and young people. As there is a wide spectrum of different cancer types in this age group, not only is paediatric cancer uncommon overall but each individual type is very rare. There are many ways in which to deliver radiotherapy, including advanced photon techniques, proton beam therapy, brachytherapy, and molecular radiotherapy. For these reasons, the care of children and young people requiring radiotherapy is limited to a small number of highly specialist centres. Delivery of high-quality paediatric radiotherapy requires a multiprofessional team including radiation or clinical oncologists, therapy radiographers, physicists, dosimetrists, anaesthetists, and play specialists. This team has to interact very closely with the wider paediatric and adolescent oncology multidisciplinary team, which includes oncologists, surgeons with different anatomical expertise, radiologists, and pathologists. Children, with their developing tissues and organs, are more susceptible to long-term radiation-induced complications, including second cancers, than adults. The art of paediatric radiotherapy, therefore, is to select treatment approaches which offer the maximum chance of cure while minimizing the risk of adverse effects. Careful teamwork, peer review of radiotherapy planning, and quality assurance within a clinical trial framework offer the best chances of achieving this balance. This book covers all these aspects, highlighting the need for highly specialist teams with the extensive knowledge and the broad skillset required to offer children and young people the best possible treatments.