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Zhang, Zhongfa. "Multiple hypothesis testing for finite and infinite number of hypotheses." online version, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1121461130.
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Aronsson, Carl, and Gösta Kamp. "The Riemann Hypothesis." Thesis, KTH, Matematik (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127725.
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The Riemann hypothesis was first proposed by Bernhard Riemann in 1860 [1] and says all non-trivial zeroes to the Riemann zeta function lie on the line with the real part 12 in the complex plane [1]. If proven to be true this would give a much better approximation of the number of prime numbers less than some number X. The Riemann hypothesis is regarded to be one of the most important unsolved mathematical problems. It is one of the Clay InstituteMilleniumproblems and originally one of the unsolved problems presented by David Hilbert as essential for 20th century mathematics at International Congress ofMathematics in 1900. It is the aim of this report to illustrate how the zeros to the zeta function affects the approximation of the number of primes less than X. We will start out by defining some core concepts in chapters 2,3 and 4 and then move on to some theory about integral functions of order 1. This theory will then be applied a function of interest. We then move on and use the results to derive the prime number theorem.
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Sprenger, Amber Marie Lehman. "Sequential hypothesis generation." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6713.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.<br>Thesis research directed by: Psychology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Sherman, John. "The Efficient Market Hypothesis, the Financial Instability Hypothesis, and Speculative Bubbles." Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3887.
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Thesis advisor: Harold Petersen<br>According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), speculative bubbles do not exist and are impossible. We disagree. If prices are the only observable component of an asset’s value, and they themselves are an aggregated consensus of perceived value, then what about the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is testable? Rather than assume that prices always reflect value (i.e. perfect market efficiency), we maintain that markets are efficient to the extent that one can be confident that tomorrow’s prices will not diverge dramatically or arbitrarily from today’s prices, absent significant new information. Speculative bubbles are not materializing every day, every month, or even every year. But they do have the potential and indeed a tendency to occur from time to time. If markets are efficient, what explains all the trading? Rather than assume rational expectations and a homogenous investor class, we assume four investor classes that diverge in their perception of value (i.e. in their expectation of future returns) and thus trade with each other. Using insights from Hyman Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis (FIH), we develop a theoretical framework for how a speculative bubble might materialize within a modern capitalist economy with securities markets’ that follow a random walk. Obviously, there is no “bubble” variable. We use Tobin’s Q, the ratio of the price of an asset to its replacement cost, and Shiller’s cyclically adjusted P/E ratio as proxy variables for bubbles. We find statistically significant, negative relationships between both of these proxy variables and our dependent variable, Ten Year Cumulative Returns, thereby providing evidence against the EMH and suggesting the possibility of speculative bubbles<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2014<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Economics Honors Program<br>Discipline: Economics
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Hamburger, Yair. "The contact hypothesis reconsidered." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334879.
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ADISAK, CHALERMTHANAKOM. "Essays on Porter Hypothesis." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180355.
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Camargo, Martha. "Reinvigorating the Contact Hypothesis." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22685.
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This work is inspired by Lipsitz (1998) and Allport (1954) because both authors connect micro level processes to social macro level patterns. Allport’s Nature of Prejudice sought to understand patterns of anti-Semitism as connected to a larger social context. From this work, Allport developed the contact hypothesis which is premised on the idea that diversity helps alleviate racial tensions. Lipsitz’ Possessive Investment in Whiteness connects White racial privilege to a history of racial social inequality. In conintuum, I develop the nuances on prejudice formation as it leads to the denial of racial privilege or to the conflation of privileges as oppression. While I focus on White racial privilege, the theoretical contribution of my research develops the framework for individual privilege formation. I then draw upon Bonilla-Silva’s (2013) racial colorblind theory to emphasize the connection between privilege and larger patterns of racial attitudes. The macro level contribution of this dissertation focuses on patterns of overt and colorblind attitudes as affected by racial segregation, social inequality, and respondent characteristics. Data was gathered from the 2000 General Social Survey, 2010 GSS, and U.S. Census county data and applied to a hierarchical linear model. Due to sample selection, this research focuses on racial Whites’ attitudes about the racial Black population. I use measures of racial segregation as proxies for racial contact. I find patterns of racial tolerance through a ‘separate but equal’ storyline among White-Black segregation. When using, social demographics with all minorities included, I find that Whites’ attitudes about racial Blacks are attenuated. This finding supports the literature that non-Black racial minorities act as buffers for White-Black racial relations. Racial diversity is one element in helping alleviate negative racial sentiments, but patterns of segregation and social inequality impact the benefits of this racial diversity.
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Henderson, Cory. "Exploring the Riemann Hypothesis." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1371747196.
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Taylor, Michelle. "Assessing the gateway hypothesis." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702467.
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Background - The Gateway Hypothesis argues that there is a sequence in the use of various drugs and that the use of one substance serves as a gateway for the use of another substance. The aim of this thesis was to examine various aspects of the Gateway Hypothesis using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (unless stated otherwise). Individual summaries of the multiple methodologies applied are described below. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Aim: To conduct a systematic review of current Gateway Hypothesis literature. Methods: Longitudinal studies examining empirical data were selected and study characteristics extracted. Results were combined using metaanalysis. Results: Nineteen articles from 14 studies were included reporting 17 drug exposure and outcome combinations. Meta-analysis provided evidence for association of tobacco use (OR=2.60, 95% CI 1.39-4.85, p=0.003) and alcohol use (OR=1.56, 95% CI 1.16-2.10, p=0.003) with cannabis use, and between cannabis use and other illicit drug use (OR=2.79, 95% CI 2.01-3.87, p<O.OOl). Conclusion: There is consistent evidence for association at some stages of the Gateway hypothesis. An influence of confounding, reverse causation and/or bias cannot be ruled out. Recanting and Hair Drug Testing - Aim: To examine the extent of recanting and the potential of hair drug testing as a biological measure of illicit drug use for use in studies of the Gateway Hypothesis. Methods: Hair and self-report measures of cannabis and other illicit drug use were available at age 18 years. Recanting was defined as reporting use at any of the earlier time points and denying ever use at age 18. Recanting and self-reported responses in hair positive individuals were compared on a range of predictors. Previously reported sensitivity and specificity values were used to compare expected numbers of false positives and false negatives. Results: Cannabis and other illicit drug use was recanted by 176 (14.4%) and 99 (25.2%), respectively. Recanting cannabis use decreased with the reporting of other substances and anti-social behaviour. For the hair testing of cannabis use, we would expect to see 0 (95% CI: 0 to 169) false positives and 394 (95% CI: 323 to 449) false negatives, where 362 potential false positives and 436 potential false negatives were observed. Conclusion: Self-reported use of illicit substances could be affected by recanting. Hair is an unreliable measure of substance use in a general population sample. Mendelian Randomisation (MR) - Aim: To use MR to examine the causal effect of on alcohol consumption. Methods: I used rsl051730 as a proxy for heaviness of smoking and smoking cessation. MR methods were used to assess the relationship between: [1] continued smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy; and [2] smoking heaviness weekly alcohol consumption (also using data from The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT) and the Copenhagen General Population Study (GCPS) to increase statistical power). Results: There was little evidence for an association between rsl051730 and alcohol consumption during pregnancy in ALSPAC (OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.10, P = 0.473) or between rsl051730 and units of alcohol per week in ALSPAC, HUNT or CGPS (SO increase in units of alcohol per additional copy of the risk allele = -0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.01, P = 0.328, 12 = 0.0%). Conclusion: Previously reported associations between smoking and alcohol are likely to have been over-estimated and the result of confounding and/or reverse causation. Baseline models - Aims: To examine associations between tobacco phenotypes in adolescence and alcohol and cannabis use in early adulthood, accounting for evidence of pre-existing problems. Methods: I examined associations between exposures (smoking status, smoking heaviness and tobacco dependence) and outcomes (hazardous drinking, ever use of cannabis and cannabis abuse) taking account of baseline problems. Multiple imputation was utilised to take account of missing data. Results: After taking account of pre-existing problems, there was evidence for association between: smoking status and ever use of cannabis (OR in former smokers = 1.98,95% 1.53 to 2.57; OR in current smokers = 1.66,95% CI 1.13 to 2.44; P≤O.OOl); smoking status and cannabis abuse (OR in former smokers = 1.57, 95% 0.73 to 3.23; OR in current smokers = 2.79,95% CI 1.40 to 5.65; P = 0.009); cigarettes per day and harmful alcohol consumption (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.98, P = 0.018); and tobacco dependence and ever use of cannabis (OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.97, P = 0.030). Conclusion: Previously reported associations between tobacco and alcohol/cannabis might be due, in part, to underlying psychopathology. Latent Class Analysis - Aims: To characterise patterns of cannabis-use across adolescence, and assess their influence on substance in early adulthood. Methods: longitudinal latent class analysis was used to derive trajectories of cannabis use. 1 investigated whether latent class membership predicted subsequent nicotine dependence, harmful alcohol use and other illicit drug use. Results: Cannabis-use patterns were captured as four latent classes: 'non-users' (80.1%); 'late-onset occasional' (14.2%); 'early-onset occasional' (2.3%); and 'regular' users (3.4%). Compared with the non-user class late-onset occasional, early onset occasional and regular cannabis user class had higher odds of nicotine dependence (OR=3.5, 95%CI 0.7-17.9; OR=12.1 95%CI 1.0-150.3; and OR=37.2, 95%CI 9.5- 144.8, respectively); harmful alcohol consumption (OR=2.6 95%CI 1.5-4.3; OR= 5.0 95%CI 2.1-12.1; and OR=2.6 95%CI 1.0- 7.1, respectively); and recent illicit drug use (OR=22.7, 95%CI 11.3-45.7; OR=15.9, 95%CI 3.9- 64.4; and OR=47.9 95%CI 47.9- 337.0, respectively). Conclusion: One-fifth of UK adolescents follow a pattern of occasional or regular cannabis-use. These people are more likely to progress to harmful substance use behaviours in early adulthood. Conclusion - Evidence that smoking does not causally influence alcohol consumption suggests that future interventions targeting both drugs should include a common factor. Strong associations between various other drugs provide further evidence for the Gateway Hypothesis, however, other theories of drug use cannot be ruled out as causality cannot be determined
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Dick, Christian. "Schützen Impfungen vor der Entstehung von Allergien ?" Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-105865.
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Bibliographische Beschreibung:
Christian Dick
„Schützen Impfungen vor der Entstehung von Allergien?“
Universität Leipzig, Dissertation
68 S., 72 Lit., 9 Abb., 19 Tab., 7 Anlagen.
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Die Anzahl von Kindern mit allergischen Erkrankungen steigt in den industrialisierten Staaten dieser Welt stetig. Nach der „Hygiene-Hypothese“ ist dafür ein moderner „westlicher“ Lebensstil mitverantwortlich. Dieser führt dazu, dass Menschen einer immer geringeren Anzahl von Infektionen und mikrobiellen Expositionen ausgesetzt sind. Diese scheinen jedoch gerade in den ersten Lebensjahren ein wichtiges Stimulans des Immunsystems darzustellen. Die Folge davon scheint eine Imbalance zwischen T1- und T2-Helferzellen zu sein, welche zu einem verstärkten Auftreten von allergischen Erkrankungen führt. Entsprechend dieser „Hygiene-Hypothese“ könnten im Umkehrschluss Impfungen im frühen Kindesalter als eine Art „Ersatzinfektion“ einen protektiven Effekt auf allergische Erkrankungen besitzen. Anhand der Daten einer prospektiven Geburtskohortenstudie mit einer Anfangsteilnehmerzahl von 3097 Kindern wurde zum Ende des 6. Lebensjahres die Lebenszeitprävalenz des atopischen Ekzems von geimpften und nicht geimpften Kindern verglichen. Der Vergleich wurde zum einen für drei unterschiedliche Impfungen -Tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae b und Masern- einzeln durchgeführt. Zum anderen wurden Kinder mit einem hohen Impfstatus, welche drei Mal als erfolgreich geimpft gewertet wurden, Kindern mit niedrigem Impfstatus gegenübergestellt, die nur einmal oder gar nicht als erfolgreich geimpft gewertet wurden.
Für keine der drei einzeln untersuchten Impfungen konnte ein signifikanter Einfluss auf die Ekzemlebenszeitprävalenz zum Ende des 6. Lebensjahrs festgestellt werden. Dagegen erwies sich ein hoher Impfstatus als protektiver Faktor in Bezug auf die Ekzemlebenszeitprävalenz zum vollendeten 6. Lebensjahr (OR=0,29, 95% Konfidenzintervall=0,12 - 0,71 /p=0,006).
Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist, dass sich ein hoher Impfstatus protektiv auf die Allergieentwicklung auswirkt. Damit stützen die Ergebnisse die „Hygiene-Hypothese“.
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Sandham, Alexandra Louise. "Hypothesis generation in investigative contexts." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.656863.
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The generation of decisions concerning responses to uncertain evidence is a significant source of errors in investigations. In an attempt to understand the basis of investigative decision-making and illuminate the basis of flawed decisions, this thesis investigated how individuals generate hypotheses to explain uncertain evidence. The hypotheses generated by novices and experienced investigators were explored, and subsequently those generated by dyads and triads. The theoretical framework of mental models theory was used to explore the effects of event type and event familiarity on the number and types of hypotheses generated for investigative scenarios where the evidence presented is open to question. In an attempt to improve hypothesis generation performance, training based upon analogical transfer and the use of visual support aids were also evaluated. Analysis of numbers and types of hypotheses generated showed that both laypeople and experienced investigators struggled to generate those hypothesis types identified by mental models theory as difficult to discover. In addition, all participants showed an evidential truth bias with familiar events. Whilst training based upon analogical reasoning increased the number of all kinds of hypothesis generated and removed biases associated with familiarity, training did not help all participant types to consistently generate all hypotheses types across all event types. These results show that multiple hypothesis generation, although crucial in investigative contexts, is difficult and intransigent. Contrasting effects of collaboration were found. Triads generated more hypotheses than individuals who in turn reported more hypotheses than dyads. Results show support for theories of inhibition based upon collaborative satisficing for dyads and facilitation for triads based upon falsification by a third party. The results are interpreted within a putative process model of investigative hypothesis generation. Initial hypotheses are based on the construction of a mental representation of evidence and implications guided by the operation of a principle of truth, with subsequent fleshing out to discover alternative hypotheses. Hypothesis generation is further moderated by inclusion of hypotheses made available from familiarity with scenarios, and by exclusion of hypotheses depending upon the goals of the reasoner. Collaborative performance further impacts on hypothesis generation ·1 by imposing either strategies of satisficing that limit search for alternative hypotheses or of falsification that enable the discovery of alternative hypotheses.
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Bell, Rachel Ann. "The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312764.
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Weatherall, Peter. "The language of thought hypothesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282900.
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Baggett, Christopher David Stevens June Sheppa. "Studies of the "activitystat" hypothesis." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1576.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Public Health Epidemiology." Discipline: Epidemiology; Department/School: Public Health.
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Bartroff, Jay L. Lorden Gary. "Asymptotically optimal multistage hypothesis tests /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2004. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05202004-133633.
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Chwialkowski, K. P. "Topics in kernal hypothesis testing." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1519607/.
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This thesis investigates some unaddressed problems in kernel nonparametric hypothesis testing. The contributions are grouped around three main themes: Wild Bootstrap for Degenerate Kernel Tests. A wild bootstrap method for nonparametric hypothesis tests based on kernel distribution embeddings is proposed. This bootstrap method is used to construct provably consistent tests that apply to random processes. It applies to a large group of kernel tests based on V-statistics, which are degenerate under the null hypothesis, and non-degenerate elsewhere. In experiments, the wild bootstrap gives strong performance on synthetic examples, on audio data, and in performance benchmarking for the Gibbs sampler. A Kernel Test of Goodness of Fit. A nonparametric statistical test for goodness-of-fit is proposed: given a set of samples, the test determines how likely it is that these were generated from a target density function. The measure of goodness-of-fit is a divergence constructed via Stein's method using functions from a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space. Construction of the test is based on the wild bootstrap method. We apply our test to quantifying convergence of approximate Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, statistical model criticism, and evaluating quality of fit vs model complexity in nonparametric density estimation. Fast Analytic Functions Based Two Sample Test. A class of nonparametric two-sample tests with a cost linear in the sample size is proposed. Two tests are given, both based on an ensemble of distances between analytic functions representing each of the distributions. Experiments on artificial benchmarks and on challenging real-world testing problems demonstrate good power/time tradeoff retained even in high dimensional problems. The main contributions to science are the following. We prove that the kernel tests based on the wild bootstrap method tightly control the type one error on the desired level and are consistent i.e. type two error drops to zero with increasing number of samples. We construct a kernel goodness of fit test that requires only knowledge of the density up to an normalizing constant. We use this test to construct first consistent test for convergence of Markov Chains and use it to quantify properties of approximate MCMC algorithms. Finally, we construct a linear time two-sample test that uses new, finite dimensional feature representation of probability measures.
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Varshney, Kush R. (Kush Raj). "Frugal hypothesis testing and classification." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60182.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-175).<br>The design and analysis of decision rules using detection theory and statistical learning theory is important because decision making under uncertainty is pervasive. Three perspectives on limiting the complexity of decision rules are considered in this thesis: geometric regularization, dimensionality reduction, and quantization or clustering. Controlling complexity often reduces resource usage in decision making and improves generalization when learning decision rules from noisy samples. A new margin-based classifier with decision boundary surface area regularization and optimization via variational level set methods is developed. This novel classifier is termed the geometric level set (GLS) classifier. A method for joint dimensionality reduction and margin-based classification with optimization on the Stiefel manifold is developed. This dimensionality reduction approach is extended for information fusion in sensor networks. A new distortion is proposed for the quantization or clustering of prior probabilities appearing in the thresholds of likelihood ratio tests. This distortion is given the name mean Bayes risk error (MBRE). The quantization framework is extended to model human decision making and discrimination in segregated populations.<br>by Kush R. Varshney.<br>Ph.D.
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Brisdon, Kay. "Hypothesis verification using iconic matching." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278094.
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A new technique for iconic hypothesis verification in model-based vision systems has been developed, which enhances the resolution of the problem of three-dimensional object recognition in two-dimensional scenes. This thesis investigates an iconic feature-matching approach to verification, in which two-dimensional image features are predicted from a specific view of a three-dimensional geometric model, and these features are matched directly to the unprocessed image data. This solves the crucial image to model registration problem. The iconic matching approach solves two of the major disadvantages of the usual symbolic matching method; where symbolic image constructs are compared with symbolic model data. The symbolic description of image features is not robust, and detailed matches cannot be made, as much of the original data has been lost. The investigation of iconic verification has been split into two parts. Firstly individual features are matched. Secondly the results from these are aggregated into a model match score. For the first stage four iconic evaluators have been developed and compared. These predictive evaluators are designed to assess the "edge-ness" of a small patch of an image. The advantage of one of these techniques over its equivalent data-driven approach is shown. The complete verification procedure aggregates the image-specific iconic feature evaluation scores. The iconic matching technique has been tested in the domain of car recognition in outdoor scene images. Its sensitivity in images containing a great deal of distracting noise has been very encouraging. There are however many application areas for this research. Iconic matching can be used to track both individual features and entire objects, for example in successive frames of a sequence of images over time
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Juchmes, Franziska. "Zeta Functions and Riemann Hypothesis." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för matematik (MA), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-32363.
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In this thesis the zeta functions in analytic number theory are stud-ied. The distribution of primes and the connection between primes andzeta functions are discussed. Numerical results for linear combinationsof zeta functions are presented. These functions have a symmetric dis-tribution of zeros around the critical line.
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Elin, Fjellheim. "BOTTLENECK-HYPOTHESIS G2 ÅARJELSAEMIEN LOHKEHTIMMESNE." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-155144.
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Funksjonelle morfologije haastadihks munnjien orreme mubpiengïelen soptsestæjjine. Lohkehtæjjine leam vueptiestamme learohkh aaj seamma haestemh vuesehteminie gosse funksjonelle morfologijem lierieh jïh utnieh. Daennie mastereksamenetjaalegisnie gihtjem mejtie Bottleneckhypotese, Slabakova:n (2016) mietie, daejtie haestiemidie vaestede mubpiengïelen lohkehtimmesne, gosse saemien veljie morfologije mohte daaroen goh voestesgïele. Daennie tjaalegisnie sïjhtem vuartasjidh guktie mubpiengïelen soptsestæjjah objeektem mïerhkesjieh jïh guktie verbaalem subjeekten mietie sojjehtieh. Bottleneckhypotese gihtjie mah aelhkie mubpiengïelen lohkehtimmesne jïh mah geerve. Dan gaavhtan gihtjem mejtie aelhkemes subjeekte-verbaale kongruensem darjodh jallh objeektem mïerhkesjidh. Manne goerehtimmiem dorjeme, guktie pryövem vaastoeh dïsse åadtjodh. Manne mubpiengïelen soptsestæjjah nöörjen jïh sveerjen raedtesne gihtjeme. Dej illeldahkh leah referansedåehkien illeldahki vööste viertiestamme. Referansedåehkesne feadtagïelen soptsestæjjah, gïeh aaj aerpiegïelen soptsestæjjah. Dan gaavhtan vaenie åarjelsaemien soptsestæjjah jïh vaenie åarjelsaemien learohkh skuvline, dle vaenie goerehtimmielïhtsegh aaj sjïdti mov goerehtæmman. Læjhkan goerehtimmien illeldahkh Bottleneckhypotesem dåarjelieh. Stuerebh haestemh lohkehtimmesne jijhtieh gusnie voestesgïele jïh mubpiengïele joekehtedtieh duhtie mubpeste. Vaenebh haestemh jijhtieh gosse vaenie joekehtassh gïeli gaskem. Slabakova (2016) jeahta dle vihkeles dejtie haestiemidie mubpiengïelen lohkehtimmesne gaavnedh, jïh Slabakova juvnehte mijjieh tjiehtebe dej haestemigujmie skuvlesne barkedh jeanatjommes tïjjen. Goerehtimmiedåehkiej gaskemedtien illeldahkh vuesiehtieh haastadihks objeektem mïerhkesjidh, destie ij gååvnesh daaroengïelesne. Ij badth goerehtimmiedåehkide haastadihks nominatijvem utnedh, dan gaavhtan mahte seammalaakan gåabpaginie gïeline nominatijvem utnedh. Ij leah seamma kreajnas mejtie aelhkebe verbh subjeekti mietie sojjehtidh goh objeekth mïerhkesjidh, jalhts nemhtie aaj muvhtene våajnoes. Montrul (2016) aaj dam illeldahkem dåarjele gosse aerpiegïelen veljie morfologije jïh mubpiengïelen, goh jienebelåhkoegïele, dle vaenie funksjonelle morfologije. Montrul aerpiegïelen soptsestæjjaj haestemh iktedamme, jïh jeahta dle geervebe dam nominaale morfologijem haalvedh enn verbaale morfologijem. Daate goerehtimmie vuesehte referansedåehkie, åarjelsaemien aerpiegïelen soptsestæjjajgujmie, ij badth seamma illeldahkh vuesiehtieh goh jeatjah 5 aerpiegïelen soptsestæjjah veartanisnie. Daan goerehtimmien referansedåehkien illeldahkh feadtagïelen daltesisnie. Daate murreds, kaanna dan åvteste saemien gïele båatsose veadtaldihkie jïh båatsoe vihkeles mijjen jieliemisnie jïh kultuvresne. Men im leah daan bïjre goerehtamme.<br>Funksjonell morfologi har vært en utfordring for meg som andrespråkstaler, og som lærer så ser jeg at elevene har utfordringer når funksjonell morfologi skal læres og brukes. I denne mastereksamensoppgaven spør jeg om Flaskehalshypotesen, presentert av Slabakova (2016), kan gi oss svar på disse utfordringene i andrespråksopplæringen, når sørsamisk har rik funksjonell morfologi i motsetning til førstespråket norsk. Jeg har avgrenset oppgaven til markering av direkte objekt, og samsvarsbøyning mellom subjekt og verbal i sørsamisk. Da Flaskehalshypotesen spør om hva som er vanskelig i andrespråksopplæringen og hva som er lett, så har jeg valgt markering av direkte objekt og samsvarsbøyning, for å se om dette er like utfordrende eller om noe er enklere enn det andre. For å få svar på dette så har jeg gjort en undersøkelse blant andrespråkstalere av sørsamisk både på norsk og svensk side. Deres resultater er målt mot en referansegruppe av morsmålstalere, som per definisjon også er arvspråkstalere. Da det er få sørsamiske talere og få sørsamiske elever i skolen, så blir utvalget lite. Men likevel gir undersøkelsens resultater støtte til Flaskehalshypotesen. Der førstespråket og andrespråket skiller seg ad, så oppstår det større utfordringer i språkopplæringen. Det skaper lite eller mindre utfordringer for elevene der språkene skiller seg lite. Slabakova (2016) er opptatt av å finne utfordringene i andrespråksopplæringen, og hun gir en klar anbefaling om at det er her vi må bruke størsteparten av tiden i klasserommet. Ut i fra gruppenes gjennomsnittlige resultater så er det liten tvil om at markering av direkte objekt er blant de større utfordringene i andrespråksopplæringen, i motsetning til bruk av nominativ hvor norsk og samisk ikke skiller seg nevneverdig fra hverandre. Om markering av objektskasus er vanskeligere enn samsvarsbøyning mellom subjekt og verbal er ikke like entydig, selv om det langt på vei viser det i denne undersøkelsen. Dette funnet støttes av Montrul (2016), som har sammenfattet arvspråkstalernes utfordringer med å produsere arvspråkets morfologi når arvspråket har rik morfologi, og andrespråket, som er majoritetsspråket, har lite funksjonell morfologi. Hun påpeker at det er vanskeligere å få den nominale morfologien på plass enn den verbale morfologien. Denne undersøkelsen viser at referansegruppen med de sørsamiske arvspråkstalerne ikke oppviser samme resultater som arvspråkstalere generelt sett. De ligger på nivå med innfødte talere. Dette er interessant, og en viktig faktor kan være at sørsamisk språk har stått sterkt i båatsoeh/reindriften, en viktig del av vår livsform og kultur. Men det ligger utenfor denne oppgaven å gi svar på det.
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Vilela, Lucas Pimentel. "Hypothesis testing in econometric models." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18249.
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Previous issue date: 2015-12-11<br>This thesis contains three chapters. The first chapter considers tests of the parameter of an endogenous variable in an instrumental variables regression model. The focus is on one-sided conditional t-tests. Theoretical and numerical work shows that the conditional 2SLS and Fuller t-tests perform well even when instruments are weakly correlated with the endogenous variable. When the population F-statistic is as small as two, the power is reasonably close to the power envelopes for similar and non-similar tests which are invariant to rotation transformations of the instruments. This finding is surprising considering the poor performance of two-sided conditional t-tests found in Andrews, Moreira, and Stock (2007). These tests have bad power because the conditional null distributions of t-statistics are asymmetric when instruments are weak. Taking this asymmetry into account, we propose two-sided tests based on t-statistics. These novel tests are approximately unbiased and can perform as well as the conditional likelihood ratio (CLR) test. The second and third chapters are interested in maxmin and minimax regret tests for broader hypothesis testing problems. In the second chapter, we present maxmin and minimax regret tests satisfying more general restrictions than the alpha-level and the power control over all alternative hypothesis constraints. More general restrictions enable us to eliminate trivial known tests and obtain tests with desirable properties, such as unbiasedness, local unbiasedness and similarity. In sequence, we prove that both tests always exist and under suficient assumptions, they are Bayes tests with priors that are solutions of an optimization problem, the dual problem. In the last part of the second chapter, we consider testing problems that are invariant to some group of transformations. Under the invariance of the hypothesis testing, the Hunt-Stein Theorem proves that the search for maxmin and minimax regret tests can be restricted to invariant tests. We prove that the Hunt-Stein Theorem still holds under the general constraints proposed. In the last chapter we develop a numerical method to implement maxmin and minimax regret tests proposed in the second chapter. The parametric space is discretized in order to obtain testing problems with a finite number of restrictions. We prove that, as the discretization turns finer, the maxmin and the minimax regret tests satisfying the finite number of restrictions have the same alternative power of the maxmin and minimax regret tests satisfying the general constraints. Hence, we can numerically implement tests for a finite number of restrictions as an approximation for the tests satisfying the general constraints. The results in the second and third chapters extend and complement the maxmin and minimax regret literature interested in characterizing and implementing both tests.<br>Esta tese contém três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo considera testes de hipóteses para o coeficiente de regressão da variável endógena em um modelo de variáveis instrumentais. O foco é em testes-t condicionais para hipóteses unilaterais. Trabalhos teóricos e numéricos mostram que os testes-t condicionais centrados nos estimadores de 2SLS e Fuller performam bem mesmo quando os instrumentos são fracamente correlacionados com a variável endógena. Quando a estatística F populacional é menor que dois, o poder é razoavelmente próximo do poder envoltório para testes que são invariantes a transformações que rotacionam os instrumentos (similares ou não similares). Este resultado é surpreendente considerando a baixa performance dos testes-t condicionais para hipóteses bilaterais apresentado em Andrews, Moreira, and Stock (2007). Estes testes possuem baixo poder porque as distribuições das estatísticas-t na hipótese nula são assimétricas quando os instrumentos são fracos. Explorando tal assimetria, nós propomos testes para hipóteses bilaterais baseados em estatísticas-t. Estes testes são aproximadamente não viesados e podem performar tão bem quanto o teste de razão de máxima verossimilhança condicional. No segundo e no terceiro capítulos, nosso interesse é em testes do tipo maxmin e minimax regret para testes de hipóteses mais gerais. No segundo capítulo, nós apresentamos testes maxmin e minimax regret que satisfazem restrições mais gerais que as restrições de tamanho e de controle sobre todo o poder na hipótese alternativa. Restrições mais gerais nos possibilitam eliminar testes triviais e obter testes com propriedades desejáveis, como por exemplo não viés, não viés local e similaridade. Na sequência, nós provamos que ambos os testes existem e, sob condições suficientes, eles são testes Bayesianos com priors que são solução de um problema de otimização, o problema dual. Na última parte do segundo capítulo, nós consideramos testes de hipóteses que são invariantes à algum grupo de transformações. Sob invariância, o Teorema de Hunt-Stein implica que a busca por testes maxmin e minimax regret pode ser restrita a testes invariantes. Nós provamos que o Teorema de Hunt-Stein continua válido sob as restrições gerais propostas. No último capítulo, nós desenvolvemos um procedimento numérico para implementar os testes maxmin e minimax regret propostos no segundo capítulo. O espaço paramétrico é discretizado com o objetivo de obter testes de hipóteses com um número finito de pontos. Nós provamos que, ao considerarmos partições mais finas, os testes maxmin e minimax regret que satisfazem um número finito de pontos possuem o mesmo poder na hipótese alternativa que os testes maxmin e minimax regret que satisfazem as restrições gerais. Portanto, nós podemos implementar numericamente os testes que satisfazem um número finito de pontos como aproximação aos testes que satisfazem as restrições gerais.
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Lapenta, Elia. "Three Essays in Hypothesis Testing." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10053.
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Visser, Vernon. "Keystone megaherbivore hypothesis - white elephants?" Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26690.
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Grabitzky, Vera Katharina. "Vulnerable language areas in attriting L1 German : testing the interface hypothesis and structural overlap hypothesis." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1328.
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Linguists studying language acquisition often assume that once a first language is fully acquired, its mental linguistic representation remains constant and stable. Observations of native language attrition due to the influence of a dominant second language have led researchers to rethink the nature of the first language and consider the possibility that the mental representation of our first language may not be completely stable.
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate specific areas of the first language that may be particularly vulnerable to L1 attrition if exposed to a dominant L2. I test Sorace's (2003) Vulnerable Interface Hypothesis, and propose and test the Structural
Overlap Hypothesis.
The Vulnerable Interface Hypothesis for first language attrition claims that linguistic properties located in the interfaces between the linguistic computational system and external domains (e.g. discourse or pragmatics) are particularly vulnerable to attrition, while internal interfaces (e.g. the syntax-semantics interface) are only somewhat vulnerable to attrition. The domain of narrow syntax is assumed to remain stable unless the L1 begins to attrite in childhood (Montrul, 2008). The Structural Overlap Hypothesis assumes that properties which exhibit structural overlap between the L1 and L2 are more vulnerable to L1 attrition.
The predictions of both hypotheses are tested using 15 L1 German adult attriters whose dominant L2 is English, in order to observe the degree of stability of the linguistic system in adult onset bilinguals. Four linguistic properties of German are examined, which are grouped in two pairings of a purely syntactic property with a grammatically related interface property. 15 monolingual L1 German speakers and 15 monolingual L1 English speakers serve as controls.
The data obtained also shed light on a frequently debated question of attrition research, viz. whether L1 attrition is due to transfer from the L2, or a decrease in the linguistic processing capacity due to competition of a dominant L2, or both.
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Koubová, Veronika. "Firm´s Location Sensitivity to the European Union´s Environmental Policies. Pollution haven Hypothesis or Hypothesis?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73331.
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Donmez, Ayca. "Adaptive Estimation And Hypothesis Testing Methods." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611724/index.pdf.
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For statistical estimation of population parameters, Fisher&rsquo<br>s maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) are commonly used. They are consistent, unbiased and efficient, at any rate for large n. In most situations, however, MLEs are elusive because of computational difficulties. To alleviate these difficulties, Tiku&rsquo<br>s modified maximum likelihood estimators (MMLEs) are used. They are explicit functions of sample observations and easy to compute. They are asymptotically equivalent to MLEs and, for small n, are equally efficient. Moreover, MLEs and MMLEs are numerically very close to one another. For calculating MLEs and MMLEs, the functional form of the underlying distribution has to be known. For machine data processing, however, such is not the case. Instead, what is reasonable to assume for machine data processing is that the underlying distribution is a member of a broad class of distributions. Huber assumed that the underlying distribution is long-tailed symmetric and developed the so called M-estimators. It is very desirable for an estimator to be robust and have bounded influence function. M-estimators, however, implicitly censor certain sample observations which most practitioners do not appreciate. Tiku and Surucu suggested a modification to Tiku&rsquo<br>s MMLEs. The new MMLEs are robust and have bounded influence functions. In fact, these new estimators are overall more efficient than M-estimators for long-tailed symmetric distributions. In this thesis, we have proposed a new modification to MMLEs. The resulting estimators are robust and have bounded influence functions. We have also shown that they can be used not only for long-tailed symmetric distributions but for skew distributions as well. We have used the proposed modification in the context of experimental design and linear regression. We have shown that the resulting estimators and the hypothesis testing procedures based on them are indeed superior to earlier such estimators and tests.
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Newton, David. "Essays on the rank-wealth hypothesis." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/22476.
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This thesis comprises two manuscripts which sequentially develop and test
the Rank-Wealth Model (RWM).
The first manuscript constructs the RWM from basic economic principles
by assuming consumer good indivisibility. If consumer goods are indivisible,
and one also assumes finite supply and homogeneous preferences, the resultant
derived utility function of each individual will become their rank in
society. This is an important result for it can explain 'Keeping up with the
Joneses' motives as well as generate a value function that in the aggregate
closely resembles Kahneman and Tversky's Prospect Theory (1979). The
RWM can therefore explain a number of nancial anomalies including the
endowment effect, simultaneous gambling and insuring, lottery regressivity
and sub-optimal diversification.
The second manuscript tests some of the predictions that arise from
RWM. Using methodology similar to Kumar (2009) the second study begins
by confirming the previously documented observation that poor individuals
hold more lottery-type-stocks (LTS) than the rich. Next, tests of the RWM
are conducted using a proxy variable that measures individual rank as well as
the Gini measure of wealth concentration. As expected, high LTS portfolios
do underperform low LTS portfolios using standard risk metrics but that
dominance is reversed when rank is considered. The second manuscript
provides empirical support for the RWM by showing that it may be fully
rational for the poorest individuals to concentrate their portfolio value into
a few stocks that have higher idiosyncratic risk and skewness even if the
(conventional) risk-adjusted expected return of those stocks is negative.
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Ennis, Tricia M. "The oculomotor readiness hypothesis, revisited again!" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ34358.pdf.
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Bonaccorso, Stefania. "Cytokines and depression: a neurochemical hypothesis." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2005. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6039.
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Konstam, Dominic. "Stock market efficiency and overreaction hypothesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302917.
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Allison, James Samuel. "Bootstrap-based hypothesis testing / J.S. Allison." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3701.
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One of the main objectives of this dissertation is the development of a new method of evaluating the performance of bootstrap-based tests. The evaluation method that is currently in use in the literature has some major shortcomings, for example, it does not allow one to determine the robustness of a bootstrap estimator of a critical value. This is because the evaluation and the estimation are based on the same data. This traditional method of evaluation often leads to too optimistic probability of type I errors when bootstrap critical values are used.
We show how this new, more robust, method can detect defects of bootstrap estimated critical values which cannot be observed if one uses the current evaluation method. Based on the new evaluation method, some theoretical properties regarding the bootstrap critical value are derived when testing for the mean in a univariate population. These theoretical findings again highlight the importance of the two guidelines proposed by Hall and Wilson (1991) for bootstrap-based testing, namely that resampling must be done in a way that reflects the null hypothesis and bootstrap tests should be based on test statistics that are pivotal (or asymptotically pivotal).
We also developed a new nonparametric bootstrap test for Spearman's rho and, based on the results obtained from a Monte-Carlo study, we recommend that this new test should be used when testing for Spearman's rho. A semiparametric test based on copulas was also developed as a useful benchmark tool for measuring the performance of the nonparametric test.
Other research objectives of this dissertation include, among others, a brief overview of the nonparametric bootstrap and a general formulation of methods which can be used to apply the bootstrap correctly when conducting hypothesis testing.<br>Thesis (Ph.D. (Statistics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Lewsey, James Daniel. "Hypothesis testing in unbalanced experimental designs." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322213.
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Dawda, Darek. "The literacy hypothesis and cognitive development /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2006. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2635.
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Vu, Hung Thi Hong. "Testing the individual effective dose hypothesis." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1247508549/.
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Ba-Dhfari, Thamer Omer Faraj. "Hypothesis formulation in medical records space." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hypothesis-formulation-in-medical-records-space(cfbc207f-89df-49f4-988b-d5c0204b84c5).html.
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Patient medical records are a valuable resource that can be used for many purposes including managing and planning for future health needs as well as clinical research. Health databases such as the clinical practice research datalink (CPRD) and many other similar initiatives can provide researchers with a useful data source on which they can test their medical hypotheses. However, this can only be the case when researchers have a good set of hypotheses to test on the data. Conversely, the data may have other equally important areas that remain unexplored. There is a chance that some important signals in the data could be missed. Therefore, further analysis is required to make such hidden areas become more obvious and attainable for future exploration and investigation. Data mining techniques can be effective tools in discovering patterns and signals in large-scale patient data sets. These techniques have been widely applied to different areas in medical domain. Therefore, analysing patient data using such techniques has the potential to explore the data and to provide a better understanding of the information in patient records. However, the heterogeneity and complexity of medical data can be an obstacle in applying data mining techniques. Much of the potential value of this data therefore goes untapped. This thesis describes a novel methodology that reduces the dimensionality of primary care data, to make it more amenable to visualisation, mining and clustering. The methodology involves employing a combination of ontology-based semantic similarity and principal component analysis (PCA) to map the data into an appropriate and informative low dimensional space. The aim of this thesis is to develop a novel methodology that provides a visualisation of patient records. This visualisation provides a systematic method that allows the formulation of new and testable hypotheses which can be fed to researchers to carry out the subsequent phases of research. In a small-scale study based on Salford Integrated Record (SIR) data, I have demonstrated that this mapping provides informative views of patient phenotypes across a population and allows the construction of clusters of patients sharing common diagnosis and treatments. The next phase of the research was to develop this methodology and explore its application using larger patient cohorts. This data contains more precise relationships between features than small-scale data. It also leads to the understanding of distinct population patterns and extracting common features. For such reasons, I applied the mapping methodology to patient records from the CPRD database. The study data set consisted of anonymised patient records for a population of 2.7 million patients. The work done in this analysis shows that methodology scales as O(n) in ways that did not require large computing resources. The low dimensional visualisation of high dimensional patient data allowed the identification of different subpopulations of patients across the study data set, where each subpopulation consisted of patients sharing similar characteristics such as age, gender and certain types of diseases. A key finding of this research is the wealth of data that can be produced. In the first use case of looking at the stratification of patients with falls, the methodology gave important hypotheses; however, this work has barely scratched the surface of how this mapping could be used. It opens up the possibility of applying a wide range of data mining strategies that have not yet been explored. What the thesis has shown is one strategy that works, but there could be many more. Furthermore, there is no aspect of the implementation of this methodology that restricts it to medical data. The same methodology could equally be applied to the analysis and visualisation of many other sources of data that are described using terms from taxonomies or ontologies.
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Sestok, Charles K. (Charles Kasimer). "Data selection in binary hypothesis testing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16613.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-123).<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Traditionally, statistical signal processing algorithms are developed from probabilistic models for data. The design of the algorithms and their ultimate performance depend upon these assumed models. In certain situations, collecting or processing all available measurements may be inefficient or prohibitively costly. A potential technique to cope with such situations is data selection, where a subset of the measurements that can be collected and processed in a cost-effective manner is used as input to the signal processing algorithm. Careful evaluation of the selection procedure is important, since the probabilistic description of distinct data subsets can vary significantly. An algorithm designed for the probabilistic description of a poorly chosen data subset can lose much of the potential performance available to a well-chosen subset. This thesis considers algorithms for data selection combined with binary hypothesis testing. We develop models for data selection in several cases, considering both random and deterministic approaches. Our considerations are divided into two classes depending upon the amount of information available about the competing hypotheses. In the first class, the target signal is precisely known, and data selection is done deterministically. In the second class, the target signal belongs to a large class of random signals, selection is performed randomly, and semi-parametric detectors are developed.<br>by Charles K. Sestok, IV.<br>Ph.D.
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Tarighati, Alla. "Decentralized Hypothesis Testing in Sensor Networks." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Signalbehandling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195173.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an important role in the future ofInternet of Things IoT systems, in which an entire physical infrastructurewill be coupled with communication and information technologies. Smartgrids, smart homes, and intelligent transportation systems are examples ofinfrastructure that will be connected with sensors for intelligent monitoringand management. Thus, sensing, information gathering, and efficientprocessing at the sensors are essential. An important problem in wireless sensor networks is that of decentralizeddetection. In a decentralized detection network, spatially separatedsensors make observations on the same phenomenon and send informationabout the state of the phenomenon towards a central processor. The centralprocessor (or the fusion center, FC) makes a decision about the state of thephenomenon, base on the aggregate received messages from the sensors. Inthe context of decentralized detection, the object is often to make the bestdecision at the FC. Since this decision is made based on the received messagesfrom the sensors, it is of interest to optimally design decision rules atthe remote sensors. This dissertation deals mainly with the problem of designing decisionrules at the remote sensors and at the FC, while the network is subjectto some limitation on the communication between nodes (sensors and theFC). The contributions of this dissertation can be divided into three (overlapping)parts. First, we consider the case where the network is subjectto communication rate constraint on the links connecting different nodes.Concretely, we propose an algorithm for the design of decision rules at thesensors and the FC in an arbitrary network in a person-by-person (PBP)methodology. We first introduce a network of two sensors, labeled as therestricted model. We then prove that the design of sensors’ decision rules,in the PBP methodology, is in an arbitrary network equivalent to designingthe sensors’ decision rules in the corresponding restricted model. We alsopropose an efficient algorithm for the design of the sensors’ decision rules inthe restricted model. Second, we consider the case where remote sensors share a commonmultiple access channel (MAC) to send their messages towards the FC, andwhere the MAC channel is subject to a sum rate constraint. In this situation,ithe sensors compete for communication rate to send their messages. Wefind sufficient conditions under which allocating equal rate to the sensors,so called rate balancing, is an optimal strategy. We study the structure ofthe optimal rate allocation in terms of the Chernoff information and theBhattacharyya distance. Third, we consider a decentralized detection network where not onlyare the links between nodes subject to some communication constraints,but the sensors are also subject to some energy constraints. In particular,we study the network under the assumption that the sensors are energyharvesting devices that acquire all the energy they need to transmit theirmessages from their surrounding environment. We formulate a decentralizeddetection problem with system costs due to the random behavior of theenergy available at the sensors in terms of the Bhattacharyya distance.<br><p>QC 20161103</p>
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Dietrich, Ralf. "A novel hypothesis for plant capacitance." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/bf5bc916-f294-444e-89b4-a1b8852a4ae6.
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Many authors have reported linear correlations between electrical capacitance, measured between an electrode inserted at the base of a plant and an electrode in the rooting substrate, and root mass. The measured capacitance is conventionally interpreted using the electrical model of F.N. Dalton in which roots are regarded as cylindrical capacitors wired in parallel. This model was tested for barley (Hordeum vulgare) grown hydroponically using treatments that included: raising roots out of solution, and cutting roots at positions below the solution surface. Although good linear correlations were found between capacitance and mass for whole root systems, when roots were raised out of solution, capacitances were non-linearly related to submerged root mass. Excision of roots in the solution had negligible effect on measured capacitance.The latter observations conflict with Dalton’s model. Capacitance correlated linearly with the cross-sectional area of root tissue at the solution surface, and inversely with distance between plant electrode and solution surface. A new model for capacitance was proposed and tested with cereal plants growing in solid substrates. Capacitances of plants in various substrates were measured under contrasting water regimes. Substrate capacitances increased with increasing water content. At water contents approaching field capacity, substrate capacitances were at least an order of magnitude greater than those of plant tissues. Wetting the substrate locally around a plant stem base was both necessary and sufficient to record maximum capacitance, which was correlated with stem cross-sectional area. Capacitance measured between two electrodes could be modelled as an electrical circuit in which component capacitors (plant tissue/ substrate) are wired in series, with capacitances of components connected to the same electrode acting in parallel. All results were consistent with the new model. Whilst the measured capacitance can, in some circumstances, be correlated with root mass, it is not a direct assay of root mass.
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Reschenhofer, Erhard, and Michael A. Hauser. "Tests of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis." Austrian Statistical Society, 1997. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6613/1/541%2DArticle_Text%2D1535%2D1%2D10%2D20160403.pdf.
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This paper surveys various statistical methods that have been proposed for the examination of the efficiency of financial markets and proposes a novel procedure for testing the predictability of a time series. For illustration, this procedure is applied to Austrian stock return series.
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Hamamouche, Karina Ashley. "ASystematic Investigation of the Refinement Hypothesis:." Thesis, Boston College, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108475.
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Thesis advisor: Sara Cordes<br>Throughout early childhood, children learn various symbolic systems to represent abstract concepts such as quantity. Yet it is unclear how the acquisition of symbols for quantity (e.g., number words; measurement concepts of “seconds”, “minutes”… for time, etc.) may shape nonsymbolic representations of these quantities. While previous work hints at the possibility that acquiring numerical symbols refines numerical acuity (i.e., “refinement hypothesis”), these data are correlational in nature, making it impossible to assess causality. As such, experimental manipulations training the symbolic system are necessary in order to determine whether a causal relation exists. Moreover, these investigations have been limited to the domain of number, making it unclear if similar relations exist in continuous quantities, such as time and space. My dissertation tests whether the relation between symbolic and nonsymbolic abilities holds for the inherently continuous quantity of time, while also providing one of the first investigations of the refinement hypothesis outside of the domain of number. Results reveal that nonsymbolic and symbolic timing are related in childhood, both before and during formal instruction on temporal units of measurement (Experiment 1 & 2), but not in adulthood (Experiment 3). Further, I find no support for the refinement hypothesis: learning temporal symbols did not result in improved temporal acuity (Experiment 2), nor did shifting adults’ symbolic mapping of time shape temporal acuity (Experiment 3). Similarly, learning labels for surface area did not enhance adults’ spatial acuity (Experiment 4). Broader educational implications and areas of future investigation are also discussed<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Psychology
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Bielik, Alexander. "An introduction to the Riemann hypothesis." Thesis, KTH, Matematik (Inst.), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-153636.
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This paper exhibits the intertwinement between the prime numbers and the zeros of the Riemann zeta function, drawing upon existing literature by Davenport, Ahlfors, et al. We begin with the meromorphic continuation of the Riemann zeta function ζ and the gamma function Γ . We then derive a functional equation that relates these functions and formulate the Riemann hypothesis. We move on to the topic of nite-ordered functions and their Hadamard products. We show that the xi function ξ is of finite order, whence we obtain many useful properties. We then use these properties to and a zero-free region for ζ in the critical strip. We also determine the vertical distribution of the non-trivial zeros. We finally use Perron's formula to derive von Mangoldt's explicit formula, which is an approximation of the Chebyshevfunction ψ . Using this approximation, we prove the prime number theorem and conclude with an implication ofthe Riemann hypothesis.
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Kao, Peter Ta-Chao. "Empirical evidences of coherent market hypothesis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4897.
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Bibliography: leaves 202-208.<br>In this dissertation, empirical explorations of basic properties of the CMH-based returns distribution will be conducted on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. This is followed by a the-oretical exploraion of the stochastic differential equations that governs the underlying market dynamics.
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LEONARD, ANTHONY CHARLES. "HYPOTHESIS TESTING WITH THE SIMILARITY INDEX." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1005680996.
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Punzi, Maria Teresa, and Karlo Kauko. "Testing the Global Banking Glut Hypothesis." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4494/1/wp194.pdf.
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This paper presents VAR results on the recent economic history of the U.S and focuses on the dependence of U.S. macrofinancial variables on international capital flows.
Both gross and net flows are included in the analysis. The results indicate that cross-border funding has affected the build-up in the U.S. housing market irrespective of how these flows are defined and measured. Both the savings glut hypothesis and the banking glut hypothesis are supported by these findings. However, net banking flows appear to explain the higher volatility in the increase in house prices as well as the mortgage loan boom. (authors' abstract)<br>Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Lin, Wangke. "Finance Forecasting in Fractal Market Hypothesis." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-47899.
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Pringle, Andrew J. "Creative thinking : a mode shifting hypothesis." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807126/.
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Recent accounts of creative-cognition propose that creativity requires the use of different modes of thought. One mode supports the generation of ideas while a second mode of thought is conducive to evaluating ideas (Gabora & Ranjan, 2013; Howard-Jones, 2002; Kaufman, 2011). It has been suggested that creative individuals may be characterized by being good at shifting between different modes of thinking (Howard-Jones, 2002; Kaufman, 2011; Vartanian, 2009). Modern definitions of creativity emphasize that for a product to be deemed ‘creative’, it must exhibit both novelty and utility (Cropley & Kaufman’s, 2011; Plucker, Beghetto & Dow, 2004). Shifting could be an integral facet of creative-cognition that enables one to produce a creative product possessing these attributes (Gabora & Ranjan, 2013). Prior research has suggested a link between shifting and creativity. However, it has framed shifting in a rather narrow way and examined the link using paradigms that are far removed from the theorized role of shifting in the creative process (Gabora & Ranjan, 2013). The present thesis used an experimental paradigm, a novel self-report measure of shifting and a ‘think-aloud’ protocol to examine multiple facets of shifting and the relationship of these facets to measures of creativity. It revealed that the relationship between shifting and creativity is more complex than previous research suggests, differing across contexts and different creative domains. Different facets of shifting appear to be related to different types of creativity, with metacognitive awareness of shifting distinct from competence shifting and affective processes appearing to play an important role in shifting in the domain of garden design. Based on these findings, it is proposed that future research should take into account the multifaceted nature of shifting. Doing so could significantly aid progress in understanding the nature of the relationship between creativity and shifting between different modes of thought.
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Sazak, Hakan Savas. "Estimation And Hypothesis Testing In Stochastic Regression." Phd thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/724294/index.pdf.
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Regression analysis is very popular among researchers in various fields but almost all the researchers use the classical methods which assume that X is nonstochastic and the error is normally distributed. However, in real life problems, X is generally stochastic and error can be nonnormal. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation technique which is known to have optimal features, is very problematic in situations when the distribution of X (marginal part) or error (conditional part) is nonnormal.
Modified maximum likelihood (MML) technique which is asymptotically giving the estimators equivalent to the ML estimators, gives us the opportunity to conduct the estimation and the hypothesis testing procedures under nonnormal marginal and conditional distributions. In this study we show that MML estimators are highly efficient and robust. Moreover, the test statistics based on the MML estimators are much more powerful and robust compared to the test statistics based on least squares (LS) estimators which are mostly used in literature. Theoretically, MML estimators are asymptotically minimum variance bound (MVB) estimators but simulation results show that they are highly efficient even for small sample sizes. In this thesis, Weibull and Generalized Logistic distributions are used for illustration and the results given are based on these distributions.
As a future study, MML technique can be utilized for other types of distributions and the procedures based on bivariate data can be extended to multivariate data.
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Yanik, Yeliz. "The Twin Deficits Hypothesis: An Empirical Investigation." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608286/index.pdf.
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This study investigates the validity of the twin deficits hypothesis for the Turkish quarterly data over the 1988:1-2005:2 periods. To this end, we consider a VAR variable space containing budget deficits, current account deficits, real output, real interest rates and real exchange rates and employ cointegration, equilibrium/error correction mechanism techniques along with Granger-non-causality tests and impulse response analyses. The empirical results from decompositions of the budget and current account deficits into their cyclical and structural components suggest that both CAD and BD are counter-cyclical. The twin deficit hypothesis, consistent with the conventional Mundell-Flemming framework, postulates that current account and budget deficits move together in the long run and the causality runs from the former to the latter. The results from Engle-Granger and Johansen cointegration procedures support either the twin divergence or the Ricardian equivalence postulations but not the twin deficits hypothesis. Current account deficits and budget deficits are also found to be jointly endogenous. The short-run impacts of budget deficits on current account deficits are found to be mainly through the real exchange rate and real interest rate channels.
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SCHISCHMANOV, NICOLA. "New Hypothesis on the Origin of Metastases." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17613.
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LaPointe, Mitchell, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Testing the animate monitoring hypothesis / Mitchell LaPointe." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3054.
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The detection of human and non-human animals and their unique (and potentially dangerous)
“animation” would have been important to our ancestors’ survival. It would seem plausible
that our ancestors would have required a vigilance above and beyond that dedicated to
other, inanimate, objects. Considering the millions of years of expending extra energy to
monitor these objects, it would also seem likely, at least as advocated by New, Cosmides,
and Tooby (2007), that the human visual system would have developed mechanisms to
allocate attention automatically and quickly to these objects. We tested the New et al.
(2007) “animate monitoring” hypothesis by presenting viewers with a group of animate
objects and a group of inanimate objects using the flicker task—a task that is assumed to
be one that measures automatic visual attention. These objects were presented on a variety
of backgrounds of natural scenes, including some backgrounds that were contextually
inconsistent with the target objects. These objects were also presented in either a consistent
location within each scene or a location that violated that consistency. Only people objects
were consistently more readily detected, not animated objects in general. Detection in this
task was affected by more than just the information provided by the target object. Both
results provide a serious challenge to the “animate monitoring” hypothesis. Furthermore, the
results were shown not to be due to peculiarities of our stimulus set, or by how interesting
the members of each object category were.
iv<br>xii, 108 leaves ; 29 cm