Academic literature on the topic 'An input raw material'
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Journal articles on the topic "An input raw material"
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Xu, Xiao Chuan, Xiao Wei Gu, Qing Wang, and Qian Jun Su. "Investigation on Material Input of Raw Coal Production." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2427.
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Taking raw coal of China as the investigation object, MIPS method was used to calculate the material input of raw coal in the period of 1990~2008. Numerical calculation indicated that, in the production of raw coal, water input accounted for above 72% of the total material input, and solid non-biological material input accounted for about 25%, while air input accounted for only 0.4%. As for the whole country, the average input coefficients for water, solid non-biological material, and air were 6.13 t/t, 2.13 t/t, and 0.03 t/t, respectively; the average input coefficients for water, solid non-biological material, and air were 6.07 t/t, 2.26 t/t, and 0.03 t/t, respectively, for the state-owned major coal mines; in the local mine, the average input coefficients for water, solid non-biological material, and air were 6.17 t/t, 2.03 t/t, and 0.03 t/t, respectively. The raw coal material input as a whole appeared to be rising.
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Wang, Jun, Qing Wang, Xiao Chuan Xu, and Xiao Wei Gu. "Study on Material Input of Coal Mines Production." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 2586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.2586.
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Based on the MIPS method, material input model of raw coal production was built. Taking two coal groups which were typical as investigation object, the material input coefficients of groups raw coal production were calculated. The results showed that the air input of unit raw coal was about 0.03t/t whatever it is open pit or underground mine for two groups. The water input of underground mine was slightly high above open pit mine and the average was 6.69t/t. The solid abiotic material input of open pit mine which was about 8.45t/t was far above underground mine which was about 1.36t/t. In the all full production mines of two groups, the water input proportion was biggest in unit raw coal production and the average was about 68.21%.The solid abiotic material input accounted for 31.49% while air was just about 0.3%.
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Helanová, Ester, Radek Janovský, and Rostislav Drochytka. "Influence of Material Properties of Input Raw Materials on Microstructure of Aerated Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.73.
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One of the basic conditions of production of high quality products from aerated concrete is selection of appropriate input raw materials. Their material properties have crucial influence on the whole process of production of the products from aerated concrete - from behavior of fresh mix of aerated concrete through setting to development of mineralogical phases during autoclaving. Properties of input materials, in particular their chemical composition has considerable impact on the final properties of the product made from aerated concrete. This paper summarizes current knowledge from the research of microstructure of fly ash aerated concrete depending on chemical composition of the raw materials in the mix.
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LI, RONG-KWEI, and SHEN-DER TZIENG. "Machinable volumes extraction—non-block type raw material input." International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 4, no. 4 (1991): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09511929108944500.
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Rodziyah, Sri, Sarana, and Nikmatuniayah. "RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PEMBELIAN BAHAN BAKU PADA CV MEDIA KARYA." Jurnal Aktual Akuntansi Keuangan Bisnis Terapan (AKUNBISNIS) 2, no. 1 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/akunbisnis.v2i1.1523.
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The purpose of this study is to create a design system for purchasing raw material information at CV Media Karya to facilitate the management of purchases. This study uses primary data and secondary data in the form of quantitative data and qualitative data. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and literature. This raw material purchasing system is made using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 while database storage uses Microsoft Access and Crystal Report 8.5 to generate reports. The development method used is SDLC (System Development Life Cycle). This raw material purchasing system application can overcome the problems found in CV Media's work on the raw material purchasing system and can provide a reminder of the stock in the use of raw materials. Input data in this application are supplier data, material type data, initial inventory balance, purchase and use of raw materials. This application generates purchase reports, supplier data reports, debt data reports, raw material reports and inventory mutation reports.
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Febriani, Sry Rahayu. "The Impact Analysis of Raw Material Price on Firm Survival." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 5, no. 2 (2016): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v5i2.3236.
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This research examines the effect of input price changes on firm survival. The increasing on import activities in the last decades indicates that manufacturing industry depends on imported raw material. It leads the industry extremely vulnerable to the global economic shocks. Some of the industries that depend on imported raw material is unlikely to survive in the crisis. Using firm level data from the Annual Survey of Manufacturers for the period 2008-2012 and probit estimation with price data of input as main variables, we find that change of input price significantly decreasing the probability of firm survival. Firm size and age as the main determinant of survival consistent with previous studies. DOI: 10.15408/sjie.v5i2.3236
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Wibowo, Agus Hindarto, Joko Susetyo, Titin Isna Oesman, and Muhammad Yuda Aliffian. "Proposed Control of Raw Material Inventory in Condition of Not Required With Fuzzy Mamdani Method in Cv. Pinus Bag's Specialist." Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 20, no. 3 (2020): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v20i3.1835.
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CV. Pine Bag’s Specialist is a business engaged in the manufacturing of various types of bags. One of the bags made in the form of a backpack. Parachute fabric is the main raw material for making backpacks. Uncertain demand causes a lot of accumulation (over stock) of raw materials in the storage area, so we need a method of supporting raw material inventory control to determine the optimal order. The research objective determines the optimal ordering of raw materials using variable raw material demand, raw material inventory variables and ordering variables in January the first week to March the fourth week. The Fuzzy Mamdani method used in this study because it has a flexible nature and can overcome the problem of uncertainty. The data processing of the Fuzzy Mamdani method carried out in several stages (a) the formation of the Fuzzy set, (b) the application of the implication function, (c) the composition of the rules, (d) Defuzzification. Defuzzification in research uses the centroid method. The results of Fuzzy Mamdani's manual calculation in January of the first week with input of raw material demand of 666 meters and 126 meters of inventory resulted in an optimal prediction of ordering raw materials of 876 meters. Calculations for January the second week to March the fourth week are performed with the help of the Matlab R2013a Fuzzy Toolbox software. The results of prediction data evaluation on the number of raw material orders Fuzzy Mamdani with actual data on the raw material number ordering CV. Pine Bag’s Specialist, it is known that the average absolute error (MAE) is 193.8 meters with an average percentage of absolute error (MAPE) of 22%. So, it is said that the level of accuracy of predictions is reasonable. Future research is expected in the Fuzzy Mamdani method can be used more than two inputs and one output and the addition of linguistic variables. Combine the Fuzzy Mamdani method with other raw material inventory control methods so that the results obtained are getting better.
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Souček, J., I. Hanzlíková, and P. Hutla. "A fine desintegration of plants suitable for composite biofuels production." Research in Agricultural Engineering 49, No. 1 (2012): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4945-rae.
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In case of pressed composite biofuels production the important part of the production process is the input row materials disintegration. In dependence on disintegrated material properties, disintegration device, grinding stage and technological process there is in practice necessary for disintegration of culm materials 0.5–7% and of wooden species even 0.75–10% of total energetical content of material. A wide range of these figures means that in this sphere of raw materials adaptation can be reached relative high savings through correct choice of technological process and device. The authors of the paper have measured energy consumption of fine disintegration of lignocellulose materials in dependence on particles size and moisture. By the realized measurement of different average size of both input and output particles and consequent statistical evaluation was proved the fiducial energy consumption increase at higher stage of disintegration and higher moisture of the input material. All measurements were carried-out for the grinding mill ŠK 300 and the output particles size was limited by the exchange sieves mesh dimension.
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Dykstra, Lisa DeWaard. "Input and Evidence: The Raw Material of Second Language Acquisition (review)." Language 79, no. 4 (2003): 794–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0217.
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Mostert and Bringezu. "Measuring Product Material Footprint as New Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method: Indicators and Abiotic Characterization Factors." Resources 8, no. 2 (2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020061.
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The global economy is using growing amounts of natural resources such as raw materials, water, and land by making and using goods, services, and infrastructure. Aspirations on international, regional, and national levels e.g., the Sustainable Development Goals, the EU flagship initiative Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe or the German Program for Resource Efficiency are showing an urgent need to bring the global raw material use down to sustainable levels. An essential prerequisite to identify resource efficient options and to implement resource efficiency measures and solutions is the ability to compare different products or services regarding their raw material use. Until today, there is no internationally standardized approach defined and no software supported calculation method including the necessary data basis available to measure the raw material intensity of products. A new life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method Product Material Footprint PMF is described. Two indicators are used to quantify the PMF: the Raw Material Input RMI and the Total Material Requirement TMR. The calculation of global median values for the characterization factors CFRMI and CFTMR of abiotic materials was done based on different databases. This article presents the methodological approach of the PMF, the calculation results for CFRMI of 42 abiotic materials and CFTMR of 36 abiotic materials, and the implementation of the LCIA method into the software openLCA for use with the ecoinvent database.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "An input raw material"
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Giljum, Stefan, Martin Bruckner, and Aldo Martinez. "Material Footprint Assessment in a Global Input-Output Framework." Wiley, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12214.
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Material flow-based indicators play an important role in indicator sets related to green and resource-efficient growth. This paper examines the global flows of materials and the amounts of materials directly and indirectly necessary to satisfy domestic final demand in different countries world-wide. We calculate the indicator Raw Material Consumption (RMC), also referred to as Material Footprint (MF), by applying a global, multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model based on the GTAP database and extended by material extraction data. We examine world-wide patterns of material extraction and materials embodied in trade and consumption, investigating changes between 1997 and 2007. We find that flows of materials related to international trade have increased by almost 60% between 1997 and 2007. We show that the differences in Material Footprints per capita are huge, ranging from up to 100 tonnes in the rich, oil-exporting countries to values as low as 1.5 to 2 tonnes in some developing countries. We also quantify the differences between the indicators Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) and RMC, illustrating that net material exporters generally have a DMC larger than RMC, while the reverse is observed for net importers. Finally, we confirm the fact that most countries with stable or declining DMCs actually show increasing RMCs, indicating the occurrence of leakage effects, which are not fully captured by DMC. This challenges the world-wide use of DMC as a headline indicator for national material consumption and calls for the consideration of upstream material requirements of international trade flows.
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Eisenmenger, Nina, Dominik Wiedenhofer, Anke Schaffartzik, et al. "Consumption-based material flow indicators - Comparing six ways of calculating the Austrian raw material consumption providing six results." Elsevier, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6684/1/ECOLEC.pdf.
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Understanding the environmental implications of consumption and production depends on appropriate monitoring tools. Material flow accounting (MFA) is a method to monitor natural resource use by countries and has been widely used in research and policy. However, the increasing globalization requires the consideration of "embodied" material use of traded products. The indicator raw material consumption (RMC) represents the material use - no matter where in the world it occurs - associated with domestic final demand. It provides a consumption-based perspective complementary to the MFA indicators that have a territorial focus. Several studies on RMC have been presented recently but with diverging results; hence, a better understanding of the underlying differences is needed. This article presents a comparison of Austrian RMC for the year 2007 calculated by six different approaches (3 multi-regional input-output (MRIO) and 3 hybrid life-cycle analysis-IO approaches). Five approaches result in an RMC higher than the domestic material consumption (DMC). One hybrid LCA-IO approach calculates RMC to be lower than DMC. For specific material categories, results diverge by 50% or more. Due to the policy relevance of the RMC and DMC indicators it is paramount that their robustness is enhanced, which needs both data and method harmonization.
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André, Axel. "Raw Material Consumption - Ett mått på Sveriges materialanvändning i ett mer resurseffektivt samhälle." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-367195.
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Att kunna mäta vår materialanvändning är centralt i omställningen till ett resurseffektivare samhälle och en cirkulär ekonomi. Inom EU används Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) som indikator för materialanvändning. Den beräknas genom att addera de material som ett land utvinner, plus de material som importeras, minus de material som exporteras. Det finns kritik mot DMC då den endast tar hänsyn till vikten på import- och exportprodukter då de korsar landsgränsen. DMC inkluderar inte de uppströms material som gått åt för att producera en produkt, men som inte syns i slutprodukten (den så kallade materialryggsäcken). Den ökade globaliseringen har för många länder lett till en förflyttning av produktion utomlands, och för att beräkna dessa länders totala materialanvändning krävs det att hänsyn tas till importerade och exporterade produkters materialryggsäck. Raw Material Consumption (RMC) är en indikator som tar hänsyn till materialryggsäcken, men den har idag ingen standardiserad beräkningsmetod. Både RMC och DMC används inom Agenda 2030 för att följa upp FN:s hållbarhetsmål 12 ”Hållbar konsumtion och produktion”, samt hållbarhetsmål 8 ”Anständiga arbetsvillkor och ekonomisk tillväxt”. Endast DMC används idag inom EU. Syftet med projektet var att beräkna Sveriges materialanvändning med hjälp av indikatorn Raw Material Consumption (RMC), samt att identifiera styrkor och svagheter hos RMC. Eurostats RME-verktyg användes för att beräkna RMC. Enligt RMC ökade Sveriges totala materialanvändning från 198 miljoner ton råmaterialekvivalenter (RME) år 2008, till 221 miljoner ton RME år 2015, motsvarande 21,4 ton RME per capita 2008 till 22,6 ton RME per capita 2015. Resultaten jämfördes med resultat för Sveriges DMC som Statistiska Centralbyrån tagit fram. RMC och DMC gav liknande resultat för Sveriges totala materialanvändning. Detta tros bero på att materialryggsäcken för den svenska importen är ungefär lika stor som för exporten och att den största materialkategorin, icke-metalliska mineraler, utgör en liten del av vår handelsbalans och därför inte påverkas i någon större utsträckning när importerade och exporterade produkters materialryggsäck inkluderas. På materialkategorinivå är dock skillnaderna mellan RMC och DMC större. Resultat från Eurostats RME-verktyg som tagits fram i denna studie, har jämförts med resultat som OECD och UNEP tagit fram för Sveriges RMC. De har använt en annan beräkningsmetod än den RME-verktyget tillämpar. Skillnaden i total RMC för de olika beräkningsmetoderna är mellan 11 % och 22 %. På materialkategorinivå är skillnaderna större, över 50 % för fossila bränslen exempelvis. Liknande resultat har påvisats i en studie som jämförde Österrikes RMC för år 2007 med olika beräkningsmetoder. Både DMC och RMC kan användas som indikatorer för resurseffektivitet och cirkulär ekonomi, men vid jämförelse mellan länder är RMC teoretiskt en mer lämplig indikator. Detta eftersom många länder idag har flyttat stora delar av sin produktion utomlands, och DMC därför riskerar att ge en skev bild över resurseffektivitet och frikoppling, när materialryggsäcken inte inkluderas.<br>Being able to measure the amount of materials used in society, is central in the transition to a resource-efficient and circular economy. Within the EU, Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) is currently used as indicator for material use. It is calculated by adding the materials that a country extracts, plus the materials imported, minus the materials being exported. There is criticism of DMC, as a measure, since it only considers the weight of imported and exported goods when they cross the country border. It does not consider the upstream materials needed to produce a product, which are not represented in the final product (the so-called material backpack). Globalisation has led to a geographical disconnection in production and consumption, and to consider net-importing countries’ total material consumption, it is necessary to include traded product’s material backpack. Raw Material Consumption (RMC) considers the material backpack, but is currently without a standardised calculation method. Both RMC and DMC are used in Agenda 2030 to follow up the UN Sustainability Development Goal 12 "Sustainable Consumption and Production", as well as Goal 8 "Decent Work Conditions and Economic Growth". Only DMC is used today in the EU. The aim of this project was to calculate Sweden’s material consumption, using the indicator Raw Material Consumption (RMC), as well as identifying strengths and weaknesses of RMC. For calculating RMC, Eurostat’s RME-tool has been used. According to RMC, Sweden's total material usage increased from 2008 when it amounted to 198 million tonnes of raw material equivalents (RME), to 221 million tonnes RME in 2015. There has also been an increase per capita: 21,4 RME per capita in 2008 to 22,6 RME per capita in 2015. These results have been compared with the results for Sweden's DMC, calculated by SCB. RMC and DMC gave similar results for Sweden's total material consumption. This is believed to be due to the similar size of the material backpack of imports and exports. Another reason is believed to be due to Sweden’s largest material category, non-metallic minerals, is a small part of our trade balance, and therefore is not affected when the material backpack is included. At the material category level, however, the differences between RMC and DMC are greater. Results from Eurostat's RME tool, calculated in this study, have been compared with results presented by the OECD and UNEP. They have used a different calculation method for Sweden’s RMC than the RME tool applies. The difference in total RMC for different calculation methods is between 11 % and 22 %. At material category level, the differences are greater, more than 50 % for fossil fuels, for example. Similar results have been presented in a study over Austria's RMC for the year 2007, using different calculation methods. Both DMC and RMC can be used as policy-support for resource efficiency, but RMC is theoretically a more suitable indicator for comparison of countries. This is since many countries today have moved a significant share of their production abroad, and DMC therefore risks displaying a false perception of resource efficiency and decoupling, when the material backpack is not included.
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Giljum, Stefan, Hanspeter Wieland, Franz Stephan Lutter, Nina Eisenmenger, Heinz Schandl, and Anne Owen. "The impacts of data deviations between MRIO models on material footprints: A comparison of EXIOBASE, Eora, and ICIO." Wiley, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12833.
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In various international policy processes such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals, an urgent demand for robust consumption-based indicators of material flows, or material footprints (MFs), has emerged over the past years. Yet, MFs for national economies diverge when calculated with different Global Multiregional Input-Output (GMRIO) databases, constituting a significant barrier to a broad policy uptake of these indicators. The objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of data deviations between GMRIO databases on the resulting MF. We use two methods, structural decomposition analysis and structural production layer decomposition, and apply them for a pairwise assessment of three GMRIO databases, EXIOBASE, Eora, and the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) database, using an identical set of material extensions. Although all three GMRIO databases accord for the directionality of footprint results, that is, whether a countries' final demand depends on net imports of raw materials from abroad or is a net exporter, they sometimes show significant differences in level and composition of material flows. Decomposing the effects from the Leontief matrices (economic structures), we observe that a few sectors at the very first stages of the supply chain, that is, raw material extraction and basic processing, explain 60% of the total deviations stemming from the technology matrices. We conclude that further development of methods to align results from GMRIOs, in particular for material-intensive sectors and supply chains, should be an important research priority. This will be vital to strengthen the uptake of demand-based material flow indicators in the resource policy context.
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Ondryášová, Veronika. "Vliv vlastností vstupních materiálů na kvalitu architektonických betonů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371936.
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This diploma thesis focuses on the influence of properties of feedstocks for the production of quality surfaces of architectural concrete. The introductory part describes the definition of architectural concrete with the advantages and disadvantages of its implementation. In the following chapters, the characteristics, the dosage or the chemical composition of the input materials are given. Besides the design of the mixture, important parameters for the creation of a quality surface of concrete are compaction, precise placement in formwork and subsequent treatment of the surface. Individual types of architectural concrete, their method of production with the examples belonging to concrete constructions are also given. In the practical part, 4 mixtures were designed, whose type or dosage of feedstocks was changed. In creating mixtures, emphasis was placed on minimal segregation of fresh concrete and the formation of pores on the surface of hardened concrete.
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Vacha, Robin L. (Robin Lee). "Strategic raw material inventory optimization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39688.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-78).<br>The production of aerospace grade titanium alloys is concentrated in a relatively small number of producers. The market for these materials has always been cyclical in nature. During periods of high demand, metal producers claim to operate near full capacity utilization. During periods of reduced demand, metal producers struggle to remain profitable. Additionally, the manufacturing processes for aerospace grade titanium alloys are capital intensive and require long lead-times in order to bring new capacity online. The combination of these factors often results in an inflexible titanium alloy raw material supply chain for Pratt & Whitney. At the same time, Pratt & Whitney experiences a variety of rare but disruptive events within the supply chain that affect their raw material requirements. Examples of these disruptive events include customer drop-in orders, manufacturing complications resulting in scrapped material, and planning deficiencies. In order to protect engine and spare part customers from delayed deliveries due to long lead-time raw materials, Pratt & Whitney holds a strategic inventory of various titanium alloy raw material.<br>(cont.) This thesis presents a mathematical model utilizing a Compound Poisson Process that can be used to optimize the amount of strategic titanium alloy raw material held by Pratt & Whitney. The associated mathematical algorithms were programmed into Microsoft Excel creating the Strategic Raw Material Inventory Calculator. Historical data was then collected and used with this unique tool to calculate service levels at current inventory levels as well as optimized inventory levels under various scenarios.<br>by Robin L. Vacha, Jr.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Bower, Andrew D. (Andrew Douglas). "Priority queuing for raw material receiving." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92225.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.<br>Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2014. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.<br>"June 2014." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 46-47).<br>The Amgen Manufacturing Ltd. facility in Juncos, Puerto Rico faces a challenge encountered by manufacturers across industries: How can they make the best use of their existing resources? As production volume and product mix increase, how are costs kept from increasing as well? This LGO internship looked to answer those questions in the context of raw material receiving for biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Over the course of the seven month project, an analytical planning tool centered on scheduling optimization and priority queuing was developed, highlighting areas for improvement. Based on insight gained from the tool, a plan was established which can reduce turnaround time (TAT) by 50% and work in process (WIP) by 45% in the raw material sampling area. The improvements will not only provide financial and operational benefits to the organization, but serve as a foundation for continuous improvement as the findings from this project are applied elsewhere. This project highlights the importance of understanding how process inputs affect process output. In the case of raw material sampling, the variable mix of incoming materials exceeded the capacity for processing, particularly for solid materials, elevating the average TAT and WIP. Aligning sampling's capabilities to the input work makes it more flexible and better able to handle future demand. However, the ideal state for the area involves working with the upstream group, supply chain, to level-load arrivals. In this case, WIP can be reduced over 60% from its current level while maintaining TAT adherence at the 50% improved rate. Further utilization gains are possible, but only through value stream analysis and enhanced collaboration between functional groups.<br>by Andrew D. Bower.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Thießen, Friedrich, and Thomas Maurer. "Mongolia’s Future and Declining Raw Material Prices." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-183446.
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Mongolia is a country whose Gross Domestic Income relies heavily on raw material prices. The recent downturn in important commodity prices like copper or coal affect national income, taxes and the social welfare system. Mongolia should try to diversify its industries further to become less dependent on commodity business cycles. Mongolia should also try to lower the rate of corruption, which in many countries is highly correlated with mining businesses. Modern high tech companies and business technologies are corruption averse. Relationships based on corruption are short-lived and instable. This is what those companies do not like. A country like Mongolia that strives towards high wealth and less dependence on commodities should try to get rid of corruption.
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Adolfsson, Daniel. "Steelmaking slags as raw material for sulphoaluminate belite cement /." Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet/Tillämpad kemi och geovetenskap/Processmetallurgi, 2006. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2006/72/LTU-LIC-0672-SE.pdf.
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Chandra, Vikash M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Michael Tulley. "Raw material inventory strategy for make-to-order manufacturing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107523.
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Thesis: M. Eng. in Logistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Supply Chain Management Program, 2016.<br>"June 2016." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-64).<br>What is the appropriate raw material inventory strategy for a make-to-order manufacturing company? As companies grow in size and the business environment changes over time, many companies adapt their operating policies to remain competitive. However, some policies, such as raw material inventory policies, are left untouched as "legacies" of the company's past due to lower priorities or lack of adequate data. These raw material inventory policies are of particular importance to manufacturing firms, especially those that often operate at maximum capacity or have seasonality in demand. This research proposes a raw material inventory policy evaluation tool that allows a company to understand how certain key performance indicators are affected by various changes in its inventory policy and helps the company devise a strategy. This evaluation tool can then guide the company towards a better inventory policy in the absence of cost information and shows the results in terms of number of events. The company can then adjust various replenishment policies depending on the product's demand characteristics. In addition, the research demonstrates that inventory policy changes can be used to partially overcome supplier service level declines and demand variability.<br>by Vikash Chandra and Michael Tully.<br>M. Eng. in Logistics
Books on the topic "An input raw material"
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Input and evidence: The raw material of second language acquisition. Benjamins, 2001.
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Carroll, Susanne. Input and evidence: The raw material of second language acquisition. J. Benjamins, 2001.
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Simón, Teitel, ed. Resources, industrialization and exports in Latin America: The primary input content of sustained exports of manufactures from Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela. St. Martin's Press, 1998.
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Simón, Teitel, ed. Resources, industrialization and exports in Latin America: The primary input content of sustained exports of manufactures from Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela. Macmillan Press, 1998.
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translator, Bulloch Jamie, and Griffiths Niall 1966-, eds. Raw material. The Clerkenwell Press, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "An input raw material"
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Matuchová, M., Olga Prochazková, K. Zdanský, J. Zavadil, and J. Maixner. "Preparation of Lead Iodide as Input Material for X-Ray Detectors." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-962-8.477.
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Mania, Ignazio, Amelia Martins Delgado, Caterina Barone, and Salvatore Parisi. "Raw Materials in the Cheesemaking Field and Related Input Data in the Traceability." In Traceability in the Dairy Industry in Europe. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00446-0_2.
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Kirkwood, David H., Michel Suéry, Plato Kapranos, Helen V. Atkinson, and Kenneth P. Young. "Raw Material." In Semi-solid Processing of Alloys. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00706-4_10.
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Christoforou, Elias, and Paris A. Fokaides. "Biomass Raw Material." In Advances in Solid Biofuels. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00862-8_2.
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Bonnell, A. D. "Raw Material Quality." In Quality Assurance in Seafood Processing: A Practical Guide. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2642-1_5.
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Harris, P. "Raw material sourcing." In The Canning of Fish and Meat. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2802-9_1.
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Garthwaite, A. "Fish raw material." In The Canning of Fish and Meat. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2802-9_2.
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Harris, P. "Raw material sourcing." In The Canning of Fish and Meat. Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2113-6_1.
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Garthwaite, A. "Fish raw material." In The Canning of Fish and Meat. Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2113-6_2.
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Kuhn, Steven L. "Raw material economies." In The Evolution of Paleolithic Technologies. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315642024-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "An input raw material"
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Shao, Z., M. Malobabic, D. Burhorn, and M. Rautenberg. "Design and Performance of a Small Power Clausius-Rankine Process." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-215.
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In recent years, an increasing awareness of the shortness of raw materials has led to an improved utilization of the energy input in thermal processes. Utilization of the heat generated in such processes and machinery can improve the overall efficiency of the latter and converse raw materials. In particular, combustion engines have a poor overall efficiency due to the high temperature exhaust gases which they produce. The classical Clausius-Rankine process can be applied to such machines in order to utilize the heat generated so as to provide turbocharging of the latter. The design of such a Clausius-Rankine process in connection with a newly-developed steam turbine based upon the Pelton principle is presented. In this design, particular value is placed upon the small size of individual units and a comparability with actual thermodynamic conditions in combustion engines.
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Ledesma-Orozco, Elías, and Alejandro E. Rodríguez-Sánchez. "Numerical Analysis of Machining Part Distortion in Aircraft Aluminum Structures." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24561.
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Abstract The inherent residual stresses in the raw materials of large monolithic structural components whereby machining procedures are needed to produce aircraft components, cause deviations, and distortions that are undesired and rise challenges for engineering design and engineering production teams of the aerospace companies. A numerical approach to address part distortion is proposed in this paper. An algorithm was developed and implemented as a finite element subroutine in the software ANSYS APDL, which uses the raw inherent residual stress parameters of the aluminum alloy and the machining locations of a structural specimen to simulate the machining distortion phenomenon in aircraft aluminum structures. This algorithm uses as inputs the finite element mesh of a component, the coefficients of residual stresses functions, and the machining location parameters from where a part is made of a raw material blank. The numerical results predicted the part distortion phenomenon with an Absolute Error of 2.79% with respect to initial experimental measurements of part distortion. Additionally, the proposed approach was used to develop part distortion curves by considering the machining location of the specimen. From these, numerical optimization techniques led to determine the machining location of the representative specimen that attained lower distortions. Such location corresponded to a vertical value around of 3.15 mm for the two simulated residual stresses conditions in the material. An additional measurement was carried out to validate the optimal numerical results and errors below 3% were obtained. Consequently, the proposed approach can be of use to determine, to reduce and to optimize part distortion without further experimental testing in structural aluminum 7050-T7451 alloy aircraft components.
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Kianian, Babak, and Tobias C. Larsson. "Additive Manufacturing Technology Potential: A Cleaner Manufacturing Alternative." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46075.
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This paper focuses on an emerging manufacturing technology called Additive Manufacturing (AM) and its potential to become a more efficient and cleaner manufacturing alternative. This work is built around selected case companies, where the benefit of AM compared to other more traditional technologies is studied through the comparison of resource consumption. The resource consumption is defined as raw materials and energy input. The scope of this work is the application of AM in the scale model kit industry. The method used is the life cycle inventory study, which is a subtype of life cycle assessment (LCA). The result of the paper is the quantification of raw materials and energy consumption. The outcomes shows that AM has higher efficiency in terms of materials usage, as a higher proportion of materials ending up in the final product. Injection Molding (IM), on the other hand, wastes a significant proportion of raw materials in components that are not part of the final product. If the same or similar raw materials are used in both manufacturing methods, the advantage is clearly with AM. However, AM has higher energy consumption in comparison to the injection molding technique (IM). In terms of energy consumption, AM only has an advantage in this area when working with a very low production volume. The analysis of the energy consumption shows that most of the energy used in AM is to create the final product, while IM only uses a fraction of the total energy to produce the final product. AM technologies are still very new but have the potential for development and reduction of energy consumption in the future. Added to this potential is the higher materials usage efficiency of AM, which reduce the waste of materials and the energy, embedded in them. These two factors are likely to position AM as cleaner manufacturing alternative.
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Aggarwal, Kush, Ruth Jill Urbanic, Luv Aggarwal, and Syed Saqib. "Identifying Relative Importance of Input Parameter(s) for Developing Predictive Model for Laser Cladding Process." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37719.
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Laser cladding (LC) is a multi-variable coating process which consists of process multiple inputs and associated bead geometry outputs. Fabrication of a desired clad bead geometry configuration is expensive, as it involves investment of specialized raw materials, specialty equipment, and time resources. Hence, it is vital to determine factors/inputs that affect the overall physical bead geometry parameters (response variables), and the nature of the responses. The objective of this research is to identify the extent of the contribution of each factor and impact of their interactions on the output which is essential in developing effective predictive models. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and sensitivity analysis methodologies are studied in this research to determine the most significant process factors that relate to the shape parameters for a typical laser cladding production process scenario. A set of statistical based summaries for all response variables are presented. This includes contour and surface plots to illustrate the difference in effects for a response variable by a single process parameter as compared to two or more interacting process parameters. Finally, an optimization solver toolbox is applied to determine single and multiple objective optimization results that can be obtained for various desired bead geometries.
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Oukaili, Nazar, and Hammad Merie. "On the Advantages in Sustainability of Structural Concrete Bubbled Deck Slabs." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1173.
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<p>One of the significant methods, which reduce environmental damage, is by using the sustainable elements into construction activities. Bubbled deck is a slab system in which the ineffective concrete in the centre of the section is replaced by HDPE hollow spheres which are produced from waste plastic materials. It offers sustainable structural system due to decreasing (35%) of the self- weight and, therefore, the use and transport of less construction materials. In this study an investigation was carried out on (33) bubbled deck slabs of different dimensions and different sphere diameters, where part of specimens was with openings. The main objective of the study is to determine the impact parameters on increasing the sustainability effect through the input raw materials, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions for the bubbled deck slabs in comparison to solid slabs. Results of the study showed that the reduction of raw materials for bubbled deck slabs led to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emission by (12%-40%).</p>
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Seo, Hee, Jong-Myeong Oh, Hee-Sung Shin, Ho-Dong Kim, Seung Kyu Lee, and Se-Hwan Park. "Burnup measurement of spent fuel assembly by CZT-based gamma-ray spectroscopy for input nuclear material accountancy of pyroprocessing." In 2013 3rd International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation, Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/animma.2013.6727973.
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Puttagounder, Dhanasekaran S., Devi K. Kalla, Bangwei Zhang, and Ramazan Asmatulu. "Sustainability in Nanomanufacturing: Status and Vision for the Future." In ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2011-50271.
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Nanomaterials and nanomanufacturing is one of the fast growing and interesting fields in recent research and industries, and gaining huge interest around the world. As the nanomaterials has a higher physical and mechanical properties compared to their metal counterparts, it is expected that significant amount (15–20%) of nanomaterials will be put into use in less than five years periods almost in all fields of manufacturing. As the nanomaterial manufacturing is new, it is essential to establish an optimal method so as to reduce wastages and to increase the ratio of output to input materials used. It’s important to use the minimal energy, water and other raw materials. Thus, this review will more concentrate on the sustainability of inputs, need to improve or optimize the production methods or sustainable manufacturing and green gas production and its global effects. Suitability of both top-down and bottom-up processing for nanoparticles will be addressed. Need of life cycle analysis to understand feasibility of recyclable at the end of the life with least possible wastage and reduced energy. Current research on environmental benefits and risk of potential toxicity and health effects of nanoproducts will be discussed.
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Vaiden, Russell E. "Incoming Raw Material Analysis." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/860491.
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Goettsche, Joachim, Bernhard Hoffschmidt, Stefan Schmitz, et al. "Solar Concentrating Systems Using Small Mirror Arrays." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54347.
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The cost of solar tower power plants is dominated by the heliostat field making up roughly 50% of investment costs. Classical heliostat design is dominated by mirrors brought into position by steel structures and drives that guarantee high accuracies under wind loads and thermal stress situations. A large fraction of costs is caused by the stiffness requirements of the steel structure, typically resulting in ∼20 kg/m2 steel per mirror area. The typical cost figure of heliostats is currently in the area of 150 €/m2 caused by the increasing price of the necessary raw materials. An interesting option to reduce costs lies in a heliostat design where all moving parts are protected from wind loads. In this way, drives and mechanical layout may be kept less robust thereby reducing material input and costs. In order to keep the heliostat at an appropriate size, small mirrors (around 10 cm × 10 cm) have to be used which are placed in a box with transparent cover. Innovative drive systems are developed in order to obtain a cost-effective design. A 0.5 m × 0.5 m demonstration unit will be constructed. Tests of the unit are carried out with a high-precision artificial sun unit that imitates the sun’s path with an accuracy of less than 0.5 mrad and creates a beam of parallel light with divergence less than 4 mrad.
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Neustupa, Zdenek. "RAW MATERIAL MOTION CONTROL AND MONITORING IN MINING AND RAW MATERIAL PROCESSING." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b13/s3.069.
Full textReports on the topic "An input raw material"
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ICTSD, ICTSD. WTO Appellate Body: China Raw Material Export RestrictionsIllegal. ICTSD International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ds_in__20120502a.
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Wijesinghe, A. M., and R. J. Shaffer. Fissile Material Disposition Program: Deep Borehole Disposal Facility PEIS data input report for direct disposal. Direct disposal of plutonium metal/plutonium dioxide in compound metal canisters. Version 3.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/207053.
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Wijesinghe, A. M., and R. J. Shaffer. Fissile Material Disposition Program: Deep borehole disposal Facility PEIS date input report for immobilized disposal. Immobilized disposal of plutonium in coated ceramic pellets in grout with canisters. Version 3.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/208363.
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Melanie, Haupt, and Hellweg Stefanie. Synthesis of the NRP 70 joint project “Waste management to support the energy turnaround (wastEturn)”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.2.en.
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A great deal of energy can be sourced both directly and indirectly from waste. For example, municipal waste with an energy content of around 60 petajoules is incinerated in Switzerland every year. The energy recovered directly from this waste covers around 4 % of the Swiss energy demand. However, the greatest potential offered by waste management lies in the recovery of secondary raw materials during the recycling process, thus indirectly avoiding the energy-intensive production of primary raw materials. In order to optimise the contribution to the energy turnaround made by waste management, as a first step, improvements need to be made with respect to the transparent documentation of material and cash flows, in particular. On the basis of this, prioritisation according to the energy efficiency of various recycling and disposal channels is required. Paper and cardboard as well as plastic have been identified as the waste fractions with the greatest potential for improvement. In the case of paper and cardboard, the large quantities involved result in considerable impact. With the exception of PET drinks bottles, plastic waste is often not separately collected and therefore offers substantial improvement potential. Significant optimisation potential has also been identified with regard to the energy efficiency of incineration plants. To allow municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants to use the heat they generate more effectively, however, consumers of the recovered steam and heat need to be located close by. A decisive success factor when transitioning towards an energy-efficient waste management system will be the cooperation between the many stakeholders of the federally organised sector. On the one hand, the sector needs to be increasingly organised along the value chains. On the other hand, however, there is also a need to utilise the freedom that comes with federal diversity in order to test different solutions.
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Thompson, Marshall, and David Lippert. Flexible Pavement Design (Full-depth Asphalt and Rubblization): A Summary of Activities. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-021.
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This report summarizes activities undertaken to support and ensure that the Illinois Department of Transportation utilizes the best demonstrated available technology for design and construction of full-depth hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements and HMA pavements on rubblized Portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP). To achieve this goal, the researchers reviewed pavement design and special provisions for full-depth asphalt and rubblization projects as well as full-depth asphalt and rubblization project performance via condition surveys and deflection measurements. They also modified design inputs as needed from the review of literature and responded to specific issues related to full-depth asphalt and rubblization design and construction. The researchers studied 32 rubblization projects on the interstate system and found this rehabilitation technique is providing good to excellent performance that exceeds design expectations. They provided input on proposed changes to full-depth hot-mix asphalt pavement on rubblized PCCP specifications as well as provided input on the RoadTec 1105e material transfer device. Analysis of traffic speed deflectometer data obtained on several hot-mix asphalt and rubblized pavements resulted in the development of analysis algorithms.
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Niebler, Rebecca. Abfallwirtschaftliche Geschäftsmodelle für Textilien in der Circular Economy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627833.
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This master thesis explores the challenges for waste management business models in the field of textiles regarding the requirements of the circular economy, as well as improvement potentials in the current framework conditions. It is concerned with the research question: "Is it advisable to change the frame-work conditions at meso or macro level, with regard to business models for waste management companies in the textile sector that are oriented towards the requirements of the circular economy, and - if so - in what way?” The approach of the study is based on the delta analysis of the e Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the normative requirements with the actual state of the textile and waste management framework conditions and attempts to identify the gaps (the delta). Based on the delta, it develops approaches that are intended to help reduce the gaps. The thesis develops three business models for the target year 2025 in different areas: an exchange platform for sorters, recyclers and designers, an automatic sorting plant and a plant for fibre-to-fibre recycling of mixed materials. It is becoming clear that these business models cannot meet the target requirements for the circular economy. The analysis identifies the remaining gaps in the framework conditions as the main problem. For example, insufficient innovation impulses and the lack of competitiveness of secondary raw materials inhibit the actors from applying and using new technologies and business models. Restricted access to knowledge and information, as well as a lack of transparency between the actors, also prove to be problematic. In order to answer the research question, the study recommends altering the framework conditions at meso and macro level. It proposes a platform for cooperation between designers, the introduction of a material declaration system and an eco-design guideline for textiles as possible development options. In addition, this work offers a matrix of criteria to help the actors test and improve their new waste management business models regarding their suitability for the circular economy. The analysis is carried out from an outsider's perspective on the entire textile industry. It therefore cannot cover and deal with all aspects and individual circumstances of each player in detail. The necessary changes in the framework conditions that have been identified can therefore be used as a basis for further investigations.
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Patel, Reena. Complex network analysis for early detection of failure mechanisms in resilient bio-structures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41042.
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Bio-structures owe their remarkable mechanical properties to their hierarchical geometrical arrangement as well as heterogeneous material properties. This dissertation presents an integrated, interdisciplinary approach that employs computational mechanics combined with flow network analysis to gain fundamental insights into the failure mechanisms of high performance, light-weight, structured composites by examining the stress flow patterns formed in the nascent stages of loading for the rostrum of the paddlefish. The data required for the flow network analysis was generated from the finite element analysis of the rostrum. The flow network was weighted based on the parameter of interest, which is stress in the current study. The changing kinematics of the structural system was provided as input to the algorithm that computes the minimum-cut of the flow network. The proposed approach was verified using two classical problems three- and four-point bending of a simply-supported concrete beam. The current study also addresses the methodology used to prepare data in an appropriate format for a seamless transition from finite element binary database files to the abstract mathematical domain needed for the network flow analysis. A robust, platform-independent procedure was developed that efficiently handles the large datasets produced by the finite element simulations. Results from computational mechanics using Abaqus and complex network analysis are presented.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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Salvaging Wood from Fallen Trees after Hurricanes Irma and Maria. USDA Caribbean Climate Hub, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6943414.ch.
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The USDA Caribbean Climate Hub and the State and Private Forestry Program of the International
 Institute of Tropical Forestry of the US Forest Service, held a workshop on November 21, 2017 where
 more than 80 people gathered to identify the opportunities and resources necessary to take advantage
 of the wood from fallen trees in Puerto Rico after hurricanes Irma and Maria. Due to the economic and
 cultural value of tropical timber species, economic activities can be created from the available posthurricane plant waste. Millions of fallen trees and branches can be processed to produce compost,
 mulch, coal and biofuels, or raw material for artisans and construction. There is also economic value in
 the handling of wood materials, the sale of tools and equipment for transporting and processing, and
 the sale of valuable wood products. In addition, many wood products store carbon indefinitely,
 mitigating the increase of CO² in the atmosphere. The main need identified during the discussion was
 the need to act quickly to avoid the burning and disposal of wood materials in landfills across the
 country.