Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'An quan gong cheng'

碩士
臺北市立師範學院
視覺藝術研究所
93
The composing methods of the formation of the calligraphy can be analyzed by the way of black lines, white zone, the field of force of picture and space, and the composing elements are points, lines and the entire area character. People who do not understand the meaning of Chinese characters also can realize its meaning by the sharp and structure of Chinese characters alone, and then the beautiful impression would be developed. This thesis takes Xun Ou﹘Yang’s “Jiu-Cheng-Gong LI-Quan inscription” as an example to discuss the artistry of the formation of calligraphy. The arrangement of this thesis is: Chapter one: Introduction. This chapter states research motive, purpose, approach methods, scope and noun interpretation separately. Chapter two: The Discussion of Documents. This chapter is divided into three sections. Section one is the review of documents. This section explains the definition and classification of the Chinese calligraphy. The content of Section two is the explanation of the theory of the Eastern calligraphy, in order to describe the relation between calligraphy, “lines” and “strength” and the structure of the regular script. The content of Section three is the illustration of Western shaping theory. This section uses the discussion of visual psychology as basis to discuss the feeling affected by the interaction of points, lines and entire area of sharps, and conducts the points of view of the “strength” caused by the picture in Western aesthetics.Chapter three: The Introduction of Xun Ou-Yang and “Jiu-Cheng-Gong LI-Quan inscription”. This chapter divides into two sections. Section one makes a description of the calligrapher in early Tang-dynasty: Xun Ou-Yang‘s brief biographical sketch and the past history of theory of his calligraphy. Section two illustrates the era that “Jiu-Cheng-Gong LI-Quan inscription” is produced.Chapter four: The analysis of skeleton of character and space. This character divided into three sections. Section one is the discussion of style of calligraphy between three calligraphers on the early Tang dynasty under the impression of vision, and tries to compare the style of calligraphy between inscriptions that the difference of lines is large in different dynasty. Section two analyzes the characters of “Jiu-Cheng-Gong LI-Quan inscription” under traditional calligraphy. Section three analyzes the conformational elements of “Jiu-Cheng-Gong LI-Quan inscription” under the usage of the Western shaping theory. Chapter five: Conclusion. Except that the conclusion of this research has been provided, we also hopes that this thesis could offer new thinking direction toward the follow-up researchers.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
中國語文學系
89
This thesis has two chapters. The first chapter is Hu’s hermeneutic demeanor. Then analyze his hermeneutic. Since first chapter, we can demarcate Hu’s study-system. From second chapter, we can explicate Hu’s hermeneutic way.

碩士
華梵大學
東方人文思想研究所
93
In this study the sources of the “Confucianism in Taiwan”are derived mainly from the corpus of Taiwan Wenxian Congkao. In accordance, the name “Taiwan”indicates the “Land”proper in its geographical sense. Owing to the existence of this land, the “Confucianism in Taiwan”can therefore be appended to the title “Taiwan”, which in turn can well be extended and spread over to the “History of Taiwan”As a result , the theme in this study is neither independent of the land ,nor independent of the traditional Confucianism , but a fusion of both . The essence of Taiwanese Confucianism has come down from traditional culture with self–motivated innovations and therefore is a kind of cultural fulfillment centered around Taiwan in respect to the connections between the traditional and present times. The traditional “Cultural China”relates closely to the “Cultural Taiwan”which , as shown in today’s reality , invents a cultural modernism as well as a native concern in every aspect . Furthermore, it has also survived a variety of difficulties stemmed from self-disorders and the impact from outside world. The culture of Taiwan is indeed different from the culture of China, especially from that under the control of the Chinese Communist Party. In fact, the culture of Taiwan should not be identified as the culture of China, even though the former holds a strong feeling fowards the latter. Culturally, Taiwan has its own identity and fulfills its own expectations. In Taiwan, Confucianism has become a spiritual and cultural sustenance relied on by the entire population. Also, it functions as a fountainhead from which flows incessantly an inspiration appearing on every level of lives.

碩士
國立臺東大學
公共與文化事務學系區域政策與發展研究碩士班
102
The formation of economically disadvantaged families, the impact of social and economic boom should not be underestimated. Whether from the Case family (here in after “Case”), health, housing, family life, education, work, and public attitudes, the community given their resources and environment and so on, these are the causes of poverty. In 2006, the Executive Yuan developed "Parliamentary Bill enacted to rescuethe disadvantagedfamilies", which combined the relevant units of the various ministries to jointly promote and provide various relief measures to help economically disadvantaged families to escape from poverty and to achieve gradual self-reliance. Governmental policies can effectively help the Case(s) to learn how to be self-reliance, or in response to the Case’s current situation to provide temporary financial support? In light of facing the society on the verge of seeing more poor family, I am inspired by this study, in the hope to recommend to the “Rescue Group" and social welfare policy formulation and formulation of future program planning , gradually improve the poor living conditions of values and attitudes and survival. The purpose of this study is to understand the causes of poverty in families, but also to understand the current situation in which they are motivated out of this life? In Cheng-Gong Township, job opportunities are rare and jobs in the media also out of the question. Cheng-Gong Township of the poor rate accounted for 7.62 percent of the county (city) total number of ratios. (Representing 7.24% of the total number of county(city).Compared to Cheng-Gong Township and Taitung City 4.67% (4.61%), Peinan Township 6.37% (6.53%), why the poor rate continues to increase? As mentioned above, this study has three purposes: 1.To understand the characteristics of economically disadvantaged families in Cheng-Gong Township. 2.To explore the issues faced by economically disadvantaged families in Cheng-Gong Township 3.To analyze the causes of the plight of economically disadvantaged families in Cheng-Gong Township. The researchers found that that economically disadvantaged families major source of income is through temporary or daily labor. From the perspective of the head of family, because of their low levels of education and income instability work resulting in reduced household income for the entire households to cope without adequate overhead, therefore it leads the families into poverty crisis. The case of such factors from the lack of human capital and scarce employment of family and most of the children of families are the dependent population. In a short period of time if the situation does not enhance the employability of the population, it will lead to the family living in long-term poverty phenomenon. Until the children reach the age for employment, so as to lead the family out of the poverty stage. But if the next generation is also unable to obtain good human capital to improve the situation, life will continue in the cycle of poverty and the probability of family expectations out of poverty even more remote and vague.

碩士
長榮大學
土地管理與開發學系碩士班
99
“Adaptive Reuse of Deserted Spaces” is usually limited to monuments or historic buildings, and their reuse methods were mainly for art performances or exhibitions, neglecting the historical stories and meanings that the building carried; military deserted spaces are corners that are neglected even more easily. This research uses Kinmen’s “Cheng Gong Military Camp 4” as an example, and uses the “Post-Occupancy Evaluation” method to discuss the effectiveness of military deserted space reuse. From this research we discovered that the adaptive reuse of deserted spaces should focus on the needs of the “users”, even though it was carefully planned again and again before the reuse, it should be reviewed over and over again during and after the reuse, and make suitable modifications to achieve the goal of “Reuse” by combining the regional characteristics and the aspirations of the people in the region. Yet, reuse still needs to be led by local government authorities and pushed together with the combined regional characteristics and people; however, local authorities usually think that application of deserted spaces are completed after the reuse, and neglected the identification of the “reused” region’s people and perform tracking and investigation of the usage level, which easily causes the phenomenon of “re-deserted”; which means that the expectation of the manager towards the regional development greatly differs from the substantial economic benefits that the people in the region hopes that it will bring, and causes the “re-deserted” phenomenon. Also, although reuse uses increases local tourism as a premise, it can’t use attracting “foreign tourists” as the lead; after all, after the spaces have been reused, what they need is the local people’s usage and identification, therefore the only long-term plan is to use combining the regional public’s identification as a premise, and then introduce foreign tourists as the development direction for planning; if it’s only for attracting tourists and neglected the demands of the local public, “re-deserted” problems will form due to the effects of the “back-off rate”. Another thing that we realized according to this research is that the reuse of deserted spaces is not limited to transforming into art and culture exhibition spaces, or only static reserve exhibits; the reuse of deserted military space can be active, educational and vivid, if they are planned by combining local cultural workers or local elderly soldiers describing historical stories of Kinmen’s war zone as the dynamic line of the spindle; or they integrate the many deserted military spaces of Kinmen, combined with military enthusiasts or survival game enthusiasts, and display the military confrontation methods used back then, allowing military facilities to again show their functions, these can also increase the regional tourist crowds and the economic development of merchandise, and increase the regional business activities; or also by combining the regional culture and characteristics and enhance the diversity of deserted military spaces, such as tunnel wine storage sites, bunker cafés or restaurants etc.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
地理學系
101
This study using the concept of the Social Construction of Territory to explore the types of neighborhood activity and the degree of participation of residents in Cheng-gong Neighborhood, Zhongshan District, Taipei City. 　　In Cheng-gong Neighborhood, the office of neighborhood master the most administrative resources, and the community management committees and the Zhi-Fu temple（植福宮）management committees economic have the most economic resources. Besides, the office of neighborhood controls the most human resources. 　　In everyday life of Cheng-gong Neighborhood, the types of activity includes neighborhood activities, rituals of folk belief, and electoral mobilization. Compared with residents of tall buildings, the degree of participation of residents of apartments are much higher. 　　In conclusion, when there are no common relationships between the residents of urban settlements, and the urban settlements don’t suffered from disasters, the identification will not cohere easily.

碩士
亞洲大學
休閒與遊憩管理學系碩士在職專班
99
The purpose of the study is to understand the leisure benefits from the Plan of Good Looking Corners in Campus in Tainan City, and to probe into the related affecting factors. Due to the restrictions in resources, Chengkong elementary school is selected as the scope of the study. It is hoped that concrete suggestions about administration, its future plans, and its users of the Plan of Good Looking Corners in Campus can be proposed according to the results of the study. To achieve this goal, 221 students, 46 teachers, and 110 nearby residents, 377 people in total, are sampled as study objects, with a questionnaire survey designed by the researcher and deep interviews with 3 professionals chosen from the objects. According to the statistical analysis, conclusions are obtained as follows. 1. The objects of study are highly conscious of the leisure benefits of the Plan of Good Looking Corners in Campus. In more detail, “educational benefits” is the highest, and the others are in order as “aesthetic benefits”, “psychological benefits”, “physical performances” and “social benefits”. 2. The students are obviously more conscious of the leisure benefits of the Plan of Good Looking Corners in Campus than the teachers. In the category of social benefits, remarkable differences are shown in students higher than in residents, and in residents higher than in teachers. And in other categories no such remarkable differences are shown. 3. Students in different grades make differences in all categories, while teachers with different teaching years make a remarkable difference in psychological benefits. 4. The objects are obviously conscious of the leisure benefits of the Plan of Good Looking Corners in Campus. Students make the most remarkable difference in aesthetic benefits, while teachers make that in psychological benefits, and residents make that in educational benefits. 5. The objects hold positive points of view on the importance of all the 12 leisure facilities. In more detail, to the students, “the beautiful plants”; to the teachers, “the plentiful green plants”, and to the residents, “the facilities for exercise” is the most important. 6. Objects’ consciousness of the Plan of Good Looking Corners in Campus is positively related to the 11 leisure facilities, exclusive of the facilities for exercise. The degree is highest for the students and residents in the criterion of the art works, while that is highest for teachers in landscape architectures. Key words: the Plan of Good Looking Corners in Campus, leisure benefits, leisure facilities

碩士
育達科技大學
行銷與流通管理所
106
Due to the different tasks among the military units, the armed forces of the armed forces have different organizational characteristics and have a large organization and complicated members. This article mainly explores the relationship between subordinates' work quality and fairness of performance appraisal, and puts forward suggestions on the research results, hoping to provide reference for the leadership of national armed forces. In this study, we take the military personnel of a certain unit of the national army as the research object, and use questionnaires to test the assumptions, narrative statistical analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis with the statistical analysis software SPSS to analyze each research hypothesis. The main purpose of this study is to explore ways to improve the quality of the PLA troops in the new training center through the fairness of performance appraisal so as to explore the impact of the fairness of performance appraisal on the quality of work and to understand the interrelationships between the various aspects. The findings provided to the training center of Cheng Kiu Ling Training Center as a personnel policy considerations, in order to contribute to its human resources management.

碩士
中華大學
科技管理學系(所)
99
The New Taipei City (originally Taipei County) government adopted the Cybertutor School SiteServer system in 2008, and distributed it to every junior high school and elementary school in the city for constructing website of each school. More and more city and county schools, including New Taipei City and Hualien County, have also adopted the system. Due to its highly usage, it is necessary to find out the web quality constructed by this system. Research was conducted using a two-step procedure that first utilized the Kano’s model to investigate the quality perspectives of the users and to extract the criteria by quality improvement index, and then applied Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the degree of importance of each criterion. The second step was to apply the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to integrate experts’ opinions to transform the customer requirements into technical requirements to provide the best appearance and function of the website. It is found that, in regard to the customer requirements, the top three criteria needed to be improved for the system are: “providing clearly and straightforward information”, “stabilizing website operation”, and “providing related documents downloading”. While the top three corresponding technical requirements are: “more efforts on website maintenance”, “reinforcing on user-friendly layout and better site map”, and “improving connection quality”.

碩士
台灣神學研究學院
基督教研究道學碩士班
107
The following research paper is divided into two halves. The first half focuses on the cross-referencing of John Calvin’s exposition of the foundational and contemporary marks of healthy churches. This work was done in order to form an framework for evaluating and examining the development process and teaching trends of successful churches. The second half of the current research paper is an examination of an actual case-study to see if a specific church congregation has the marks of a healthy church. Possible amendments and suggestions for improvement are also proposed. The congregation chosen for this study is a new church that has not yet been elevated to an independent congregation and is still under review by the governing committee. From the perspective of someone that is invested in the process of the upgrading of a church’s status, subjective comments and suggestions are also provided. At present, there are not many examples of the Presbyterian church investing in church plants, and there are relatively few church plant materials. It is the hope of the author that this article can provide resources for the continuation of planting new churches in the future. The current research paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter provides an introduction: During the nearly 20 years that the pioneering church being examined in this paper has existed, the pioneering church has continuously made efforts to look for ways to encourage church growth. However, the church has always experienced periods of personnel fluctuation with no growth. What is the main issue for this lack of growth? Is the focus of the church missing the mark? In the second chapter, the essence of the church as original defined by the reformed church is examined in order to understand what kind of church, both in quality and quantity, is in line with the characteristics of a healthy church. The author then proposes signs of an healthy church by referencing Calvin’s explanation of the foundational and contemporary marks of a healthy church. Calvin’s theories are then used to evaluate the case-study congregation. The third chapter presents 20 years of successful church development within the case-study congregation in order to facilitate dialogue and analysis with the theories presented in the fourth chapter. In the fifth chapter, as a church planter, the author provides reflections and concluding remarks.

碩士
亞洲大學
經營管理學系碩士在職專班
97
This study aims to examine the current situation of run-walk training of elementary school students on their health-related physical fitness and to compare the difference and correlation in health-related physical fitness after run-walk training. In addition, the study finds that guiding students to conduct a proper amount of exercise will improve their health-related physical fitness. This study selected students from the Gong cheng Elementary School as the parent group, who were sampled using tiered and random methods, and measured by “Three-Day Physical Activity Memory Record” and “Health-Related Physical Fitness Inspection.” The data obtained were analyzed by the statistical method of covariance analysis. The following important conclusions are drawn from this study: 1. In the aspect of cardio respiratory fitness, students in the experimental group spent more time in run-walk training than those in the control group, hence their cardio respiratory fitness improved. 2. In the aspect of muscular strength and endurance, the experimental group showed a trend of improvement in the standing long jump and 800 m run-walk in contrast with the control group. This indicates that the run-walk exercise can improve elementary school students’ muscular strength and endurance. 3. In the aspect of flexibility, the run-walk exercises led to different study results because the effect was different owing to the differences in the number of samples and experimental objectives. This study draws the conclusion that physical activity is significantly related to health-related physical fitness. Hence, properly increasing students’ involvement in physical activities will definitely and effectively increase their participation in physical activity and health-related physical fitness. Keywords: elementary school students, physical activity, health-related physical fitness

碩士
南開科技大學
福祉科技與服務管理所
106
When local festivals are held, the success or failure in addition to the local government detailed planning and marketing promotion, the sense of identity and the degree of involvement of local residents in local festival activities are also the main influencing factors. Therefore, for local festival activities, to be able to operate sustainably, there must be a long-term support and a high willingness to participate in local residents, among them, the sense of identity and the degree of involvement of local residents are more important. The purpose of this study aims to analyze “The Activities of Guosing Qiang Cheng Gong” held in Nantou county Guosing town Hakka festival activities, how much is the sense of identity and the degree of involvement of the local residents, to explore the correlation between the two. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the local residents aged over 20 who lived in the area of Nantou county Guosing town, and the convenience sampling method was used to carry out the sampling survey. The main contents of the questionnaire included local residents’ basic information, and two main aspects: the sense of identity activity and the degree of involvement, and the sense of identity aspect is divided into three aspects: cognition, emotion cognition and participation behavior, and the degree of involvement aspect is divided into three aspects: attraction, central force and symbolic force. A total of 450 questionnaires were issued and 430 questionnaires were collected. The effective questionnaire was 400. Using SPSS22.0 software for data analysis, and the results of the study showed there are some significant differences between different local residents’ background on the sense of identity and the degree of involvement. After the results of canonical correlation analysis found that there are a significant correlation between the two variables of the sense of identity and the degree of involvement. Among them, “participation behavior” (-.95), “attraction” (-.97) and “symbolic force” (-.95) are highly correlated. Therefore, the higher of the sense of identity of "cognitive", "emotional cognition" and "participation behavior", the more positive of the degree of involvement of "attraction" and "central force" and "symbolic force". The sense of identity has a significant positive correlation to the degree of involvement of local residents in Nantou county Guosing town. Keywords : Sense of identity, Degree of involvement, Canonical correlation analysis

碩士
大葉大學
觀光餐旅碩士在職學位學程
106
This study aimed to explore the relationship between the ecotourism cognition, environmental attitude and environmental behavior among junior high school students. Research samples were recruited from the students from the Cheng-gong Junior High School on Hsinchu County, totally 617 students. This study was conducted in the way of questionnaire surveys with the data collected from some tools like "Ecotourism Cognition Scale", "Environmental Attitude Scale" and "Environmental Behavior Scale". By focusing on the scale scored by experimental subjects, the statistical analysis of data was conducted. The findings of research results were described as below: 1.The ecotourism cognition among junior high school students was ranked at the upper-middle level wherein "environmental awareness" showed the highest degree. 2.The environmental attitude among junior high school students was ranked at the upper-middle level wherein "restricting growth" showed the highest degree in performance. 3.The environmental behavior among junior high school students was ranked at the upper-middle level wherein "legal behavior" showed the highest degree in performance. 4.Genders exerted no influence on the performance of ecotourism cognition, environmental attitude and environmental behavior among junior high school students. The education levels of fathers showed significant differences in the understanding of ecotourism cognition, environmental attitude and environmental behavior. The students of different graders showed significant differences understanding of ecotourism cognition, environmental attitude and environmental behavior wherein the performance of the 7th graders was better than any other graders. The education levels of mothers showed significant differences in environmental attitude and environmental behavior. 5.There was moderate positive correlation between the ecotourism cognition and environmental attitude among junior high school students. 6.There was moderate positive correlation between the ecotourism cognition and environmental behavior among junior high school students. 7.There was low positive correlation between the ecotourism attitude and environmental behavior among junior high school students. 8.The ecotourism awareness of junior high school students showed the predicting capability to environmental behavior.

碩士
大葉大學
管理學院碩士在職專班
98
In October, 1994, the Council for Cultural Affairs posed the concept of community empowerment which was a cultural policy based on the Japanese spirit in Machitsukuri. The research is the feasibility study on the application of the Japanese Furukawa community management and operation model as the benchmarking to Nan-shih, Cheng-Gong and Bu-Zi communities. The in-depth interview of the qualitative approach is applied to the research, and the important factors are found as follows: First, multi-benchmarking study is more valuable than mono-benchmarking study. Second, Furukawa community empowerment is not only a procedure from the community to the government but also a process of internal consciousness to external behaviors. Third, the local factions are influenced by the official elections. Furthermore, the system should be carefully examined because the administration duties and resource distribution between the community empowerment and the neighborhood boroughs are not clearly classified. Fourth, in addition to donation, the enterprises should actively take part in the activities of the community empowerment. Fifth, if the community motivators are familiar with the administrative operations, the quality and quantity of the budget and resource will be improved more easily.

碩士
佛光大學
學習與數位科技學系
98
The purpose of this study was to discuss the condition and the relationship between the higher-grade elementary students’ and parents’ computer and Internet use and attitudes. The main goals were as follows.(1)To understand the condition between higher-grade elementary students’ computer and Internet use.(2)To understand the relationship between higher-grade elementary students’ background and the condition of computer and Internet use.(3)To understand the higher-grade elementary students’ attitude toward computer and Internet use.(4)To understand the relationship between the higher-grade elementary students’ background and their attitude toward computer and Internet use.(5)To understand the condition between their parents’ computer and Internet use.(6)To understand the relationship between their parents’ background and the condition of computer and Internet use.(7)To understand their parents’ attitude toward computer and Internet use.(8)To understand the relationship between their parents’ background and their attitude toward computer and Internet use.(9)To understand the relationship between the elementary students’ and their parents’ attitude toward computer and Internet use. This research project used two-way questionnaires as its methodology to collect the research data.The higher-grade students of Chung-Gong elementary School and their parents were consulted by filling out the questionnaires in this survey. 656 copies of questionnaires for those students and their parents separately were distributed. The final valid response rates were 98.3% and 84.9% for students’ and their parents’ respectively.The data were analyzed with SPSS software. The major conclusions are as follows： 1. Most students can surf the Internet at home, and they start to use the Internet before they were the intermediate-grade students. Their purpose of surfing the Internet is for entertainment. 2. The average age of the students’ surfing the Internet is lower and lower. The boys spend more hours and times of surfing the Internet than the girl students. 3. Most parents can use the computer and Internet, and more than half parents need to use the computer and Internet to do their job. They surf the Internet for the function purpose. 4. The gender and social status can show the differences of their parents’ computer and Internet use. 5. Most students and parents think the computer and Internet is usefulness. 6. The genders can show the differences of the high-grade students’ attitude toward the computer and Internet better. 7. The genders can show the differences of the parents’ computer and Internet attitude toward the usefulness and masculinity-exclusiveness. 8. There is a low positive relationship in the usefulness and negative of the students’ and parents’ computer and Internet.However,there is no obvious relationship in the masculinity-exclusiveness.

碩士
輔仁大學
法國語文學系碩士班
104
L’enseignement en philosophie au lycée existe en France depuis environ 200 ans. À Taïwan, il n’existe pas un cours nommé “Philosophie”. Le système éducatif actuel à Taïwan est souvent critiqué car il forme des élèves qui prêtent avant tout attention à leur notes, mais qui ne disposent pas d’un fort esprit critique. La problématique de ce travail est d’évaluer la possibilité d’intégrer le mode français de l’enseignement en philosophie à Taïwan. Il est composé par deux chapitres : le premier, “La mise en place de l’enseignement de la philosophie en France - exemple du Lycée Jean Puy à Roanne.”, et le deuxième, “L’état de lieu de l’enseignement en philosophie et sa réception à Taïwan - exemple du Lycée Cheng Gong à Taipei.”. Ces deux chapitres sont composés de trois parties : la première, “Aperçu théorique sur l’enseignement de la philosophie.” , la deuxième, “ Le sens de la philosophie pour les interviewés et leur réception de ce programme.”, et la troisième, “ Les opinions des interviewés sur l’organisation du cours de la philosophie.”. L’objectif de cette structure est de savoir s’il existe un décalage entre l’aspect administratif et intellectuel. Nous voulons également savoir comment le contenu et la méthode du cours sont perçu par les enseignants ( y compris les agences gouvernementales et les professeurs ) et les élèves. En fin, en conclusion, voir s'il est possible d’intégrer le mode français de l’enseignement en philosophie à Taïwan. Le but de ce mémoire est donc de donner une analyse initiale de la réception de l’enseignement en philosophie dans les lycées français et taïwanais, pour que les personnes de langue chinoise puissent avoir quelques clés pour explorer ce domaine. À Taïwan, cet enseignement est de plus en plus discuté au cours de ces dernières années. Par exemple les listes de questions au baccalauréat français au moment où se déroulent les épreuves du baccalauréat en juin. Pourtant, nous ne disposons pas encore à Taïwan d’une enquête de terrain sur la réalisation possible du cours de philosophie dans les classes de terminale en France. Nous savons pas la réceptivité des lycéens taïwanais à cette idée. Bien que les interviewés ne puissent pas être considérés comme représentant l’opinion de tout le monde, ce travail nous permet tout de même d’avoir une idée plus précise des attentes et des difficultés potentielles des lycéens taïwanais. Ce mémoire travail sur deux méthodes de recherche : la méthode de Natalie Benelli à propos de l’enquête sur le terrain, et celle de Wen-Ke WANG à propos des questionnaires d’enquête. L’enquête de terrain dans les classes de terminale au Lycée Jean Puy est organisée en trois étapes : la première - l’entretien exploratoire, la deuxième - l’observation participante et la troisième - l’entretien ciblé. Les questionnaires d’enquête sont donnés aux élèves des deux pays. Dans ces deux lycées, j’ai fait une présentation du travail avant de distribuer les questionnaires, puis je leur ai laissé 10 à 20 minutes pour les remplir. En France, la présentation était une explication de ma motivation et mon objectif de recherche. À Taïwan, elle est un partage de mon expérience à Jean Puy, dans les classes de madame Jacqueline Grimaud et de Julien Lysenko. Les questions dans les questionnaires français sont toutes ouvertes. Par contre, les questions de la version taïwanaise sont accompagnées par des réponses à choix multiples. Cette différence s’explique par le fait que les terminales françaises ont déjà une connaissance de l’enseignement de la philosophie, donc ils sont plus à l’aise pour répondre aux questions ouvertes. De plus, si nous offrons des choix, cela peut limiter la variété des réponses des élèves. À Taïwan, parce que les lycéens n’ont pas encore une image très concrète du cours de philosophie, il était plus pratique de leur donner des choix. Les interviewés sont le coeur de ce travail. Le premier chapitre où nous parlons de la mise en place de l’enseignement de la philosophie en France est composé par trois parties : la première, porte sur l’enseignement de la philosophie en France dans les années 2012-2014 - la loi et les commentaires sur celle-ci. La deuxième, explique les motivations et l’objectif dans l’apprentissage de la philosophie pour les élèves français. Enfin, la troisième partie étudie la réaction des interviewés à propos de l’organisation et du contenu de cours. La première section “ L’enseignement de la philosophie en France dans les années 2012-2014 - la loi et les commentaires sur celle-ci. ” est partagé par trois parties : la première, “ Programme de philosophie en classe terminale des séries générales. ”, la deuxième, “ La politique du monsieur ministre Vincent Paillon. ”, le troisième, “ Les commentaires des intellectuelles sur l’enseignement de la philosophie en France. ” La première partie repose sur une traduction d’extraits du programme, pour que les personnes qui lisent le chinois puissent avoir une compréhension initiale de l’éducation de la philosophie en France. La deuxième partie est une analyse de la politique laïque de Vincent Paillon et de Luc Ferry. Vincent Peillon et Benoît Hamon sont les deux ministres successifs durant l’enquête sur le terrain. Peillon est le premier philosophe-ministre après le mandat de Luc Ferry. Tous les deux portent beaucoup d’attention à l’école laïque. Pour eux, la philosophie n’est pas seulement une matière obligatoire au lycée. Son sens profond est lié intimement à l’évolution de la société. La troisième partie est une analyse de trois articles : une déclaration de l’ancien ministre Luc Chatel, un texte de David Rémy, l’ancien professeur de Collège-Lycée Élitaire Pour Tous de Grenoble, sur《Rue Descartes》et un interview de Bernard Matignon, professeur de philosophie au lycée Bois d'Amour à Poitiers. Tous les trois affirment l’importance de cet enseignement et son esprit. Par contre, les opinions sur l’organisation du cours sont bien variés. La deuxième section est un travail auprès des classes de madame Jacqueline Grimaud, où nous parlons des motivations et des objectifs dans l’apprentissage de la philosophie pour les élèves français. Celle section est divisée en deux parties principales : la première est “ le sens de la philosophie et le cours de philosophie.”, la seconde, “ l’importance du cours de philosophie sous aspects pour les études et la vie professionnelle.” Pour mieux comprendre l’esprit et la motivation des interviewés pour cet enseignement, la première partie est liée à trois thèmes : “ le sens de la philosophie pour les interviewés.”, “ les circonstances et les domaines où la philosophie pourra servir.” et “ la valeur réelle de l’enseignement en philosophie face à la mixité sociale et culturelle en France.”. les réponses des interviewés sur la question “ Pour vous, qu’est-ce que la philosophie? ” sont divisées en trois catégories : “ l’apprentissage de la pensée ” “ la compréhension de l’homme et du monde ” et “ une matière scolaire”. La plupart d’élèves de la série L pense que la philosophie est l’apprentissage de la pensée et la compréhension de l’homme et du monde. En série S, plus de personnes la considèrent comme l’apprentissage de la pensée. Les réponses de la série ES se sont concentrées plutôt sur “ la compréhension de l’homme et du monde ”. Et puis, quand nous parlons des circonstance et des domaines où la philosophie pourra servir, les réponses sont divisées en trois catégories. La première, “ un exercice de pensée ”, la deuxième, “ une meilleure compréhension de l’homme et du monde ” et la dernière “ une construction de la culture personnelle ”. La plupart des élèves de la série L pense que la philosophie nous aide à pratiquer l’exercice à penser et à mieux comprendre l’homme et le monde. En série S, plus de personnes trouvent que cette matière les aide à mieux comprendre l’homme et le monde, en série ES aussi. Parce qu’à Taïwan, la philosophie appartient à la faculté de Littérature, madame Grimaud et moi avons fait un questionnaire spécial pour la classe de série L. La troisième question est l’une des questions que nous avons posées aux élèves : “ La philosophie face à la mixité sociale et culturelle en France : quelle est pour vous la valeur réelle de cet enseignement ? ” Le but de cette question est de savoir si le cours de philosophie influence l’identité d’une personne. Presque 85% des interviewés sont d’accord que la philosophie a un rôle face à la mixité sociale et culturelle en France, parce qu’elle aide les personnes à s’ouvrir au monde et les fait voir le monde d’aspect différent. Pourtant, la plupart de réponses restent générales. La deuxième partie de cette section est liée à trois thèmes : “l’importance de la philosophie en année de terminale”, “les relations du cours de philosophie aux autres cours” et “les attentes des interviewés du cours de philosophie”. Les réponses à propos de l’importance de la philosophie en année de terminale sont catégorisées en trois : “l’importance pour le baccalauréat” “l’enrichissement personnel et la culture générale” et “une meilleure compréhension des autres matières”. Dans chaque classe, la plupart d’élèves pensent que “l’enrichissement personnel de la culture générale” est l’importance principale de la philosophie en année de terminale. Pourtant, il existe aussi nombre de personnes dans la classe L qui pensent que cette matière est importante pour le baccalauréat. La philosophie est lourde pour les élèves en série L, et le risque est que parfois son importance horaire diminue la motivation de certains élèves. De plus, la plupart des interviewés sont d’accord que la philosophie leur sert pour les autres matières parce qu’elle peut promouvoir l’esprit critique personnel et la compréhension de certaines matières comme l’art plastique, l’histoire etc. La troisième partie parle des attentes des interviewés dans ce cours, nous avons demandé si la philosophie peut les aider personnellement et dans leur futur étude ou travail. Plus d’interviewés s’intéressaient à leurs attentes personnelles mais sans se projeter dans leur futur. Les trois catégories de leurs attentes sont “un enrichissement de savoir et de culture personnelle”, “ un développement de l’esprit critique” et “une ouverture de l’esprit”. La troisième section de premier chapitre travaille sur la réaction des interviewés à propos de l’organisation et des contenus du cours. Elle est composée par deux parties : “la réceptivité des interviewés de l’organisation de l’horaire du cours.” et “les notions considérées les plus importantes pour les interviewés.”. Aux séries L et ES, plus que 90% d’interviewés pensent que le nombre d’heures de philosophie est assez important. Par contre, seulement 70% d’élèves de série S trouve que le nombre d’heures est suffisant. Et puis, la notion considérée la plus importante est la conscience. Le deuxième chapitre où nous parlons de l’état de lieu de l’enseignement en philosophie et sa réception à Taïwan est composé par trois parties : la première porte sur l’enseignement de la philosophie à Taïwan, son état de lieu et développement potentiel. La deuxième, explique le sens de la philosophie pour les interviewés et leur réception du modèle français. Enfin, la troisième partie étudie les attentes des interviewés sur l’organisation du cours de la philosophie. La première partie est partagée par deux interviews, l’interview aux membres de PHEDO (Philosophical Education Development Organization), une association qui s’engage dans la promotion de l’éducation en philosophie aux lycéens et au public à Taïwan, et l’interview d’un chercheur à NAER (l’Académie Nationale pour la Recherche en Éducation et au Centre de Recherche pour les Programmes et l’Enseignement). Selon les membres de PHEDO, madame Jin-Jun Lin, monsieur Ching-Kai Shen et monsieur Feng-Wei WU, l’objectif de cette association n’est pas de faire un programme, arrêté comme en France, parce qu’ils craignent que cet enseignement perde une certaine flexibilité et que nous ne pourrons pas discuter beaucoup dans la classe. Ils affirment tous l’importance de cet enseignement et son esprit. Par contre, parce que le mode français de l’enseignement en philosophie est un produit de la culture française, monsieur Wu pense qu’il faut modifier sa forme pour que cette éducation convienne aux élèves et aux professeurs à Taïwan. Monsieur Wen-Fu LI, chercheur à NAER insiste sur le même point. Il pense que si nous voulons intégrer le mode français à Taiwan, il faut le modifier. Par exemple, dans le programme français, les auteurs sont tous les philosophes européens. De plus, bien que “Le choix d’un nombre restreint de notions n’a d’autre principe que d’identifier les plus communes et les mieux partagées.”, selon le programme de philosophie en classe de terminale des séries générales, Li pense qu’elles ne conviennent pas toutes à Taiwan. Selon lui, la conscience, la perception, l’inconscient, le désir, la société, la justice et le droit, l’État, la liberté, le devoir, le bonheur et l’art conviennent mieux. Par contre, la notion de religion n’intéresse pas beaucoup d’élèves. Par ailleurs, le sens de quelques notions n’est pas très clair par exemple Autrui, la démonstration et le travail et la technique. Il faut avoir repensé ces notions si nous voulons les intégrer au cours offert dans les lycées taïwanais. Ensuite, la deuxième section travaille sur le sens de la philosophie pour les interviewés et leur réception du modèle français. Elle est composée par deux parties : “le sens de la philosophie et la volonté d’en apprendre selon les interviewés taïwanais.” et “les attentes des interviewés.” la plupart d’élèves au lycée Cheng Gong ne connaissent pas l’enseignement de la philosophie en France avant mon projet, donc leur impression sur cette éducation en France vient de mon expérience à Jean Puy. La plupart d’élève pense que la philosophie est un art de penser. Ils ont la volonté d’avoir un cours de philosophie en France mais la crainte de l’examen diminue un certain plaisir selon des interviewés. Ils espèrent que ce cours va leur permettre à penser et s’exprimer rationnellement, et savoir le sens de l’existence et de la vie. Dans la deuxième partie, nous voyons aussi que de nombreux élèves attendent que cet enseignement les aide à s'exprimer rationnellement, analyser une question sous différents aspects et ouvrir son esprit à d’autres modes de pensée. La troisième partie est divisée en deux, la première partie parle des “notions qui intéressent le plus les interviewés.”, et la deuxième : “les attentes des interviewés à propos de l’organisation du temps de cours.” Les notions les plus intéressantes pour les élèves sont la conscience et l’inconscient, toutes liées à la connaissance de soi-même. Puis, la plupart des interviewés voudront avoir le cours de philosophie en classe de première, en seconde ou à l’université. Ils pensent que 2 à 3 heures par semaine seront idéales. En conclusion, nous pouvons répondre à notre problématique : quel sont les points forts et les difficultés potentielles si nous nous inspirer du modèle français pour développer l’enseignement en philosophie à Taïwan ? Nous avons quatre points forts. D’abord, parce qu’à Taïwan il n’existe pas encore beaucoup de manuels dans ce domaine, les livres français pourront être des références. Deuxième, selon monsieur Li de NAER, le cours qui s’appelle “Éducation de la vie” va devenir un cours obligatoire dans l’avenir. Li considère que cette matière est un enseignement de philosophie, donc nous pouvons voir que la politique taïwanaise d’enseignement est en train de développer la formation de l’esprit critique. Et puis, professeur Sheng de l’association PHEDO pense que les lycéens sont en train de chercher le sens de leur vie. Et aussi, leur mentalité est presque aussi mûre que les adultes. En fait, nous trouvons qu’il existe une cohérence entre les interviewés de deux pays par la statistique des questionnaires. Les attentes du cours de philosophie et les notions les plus intéressées sont presque les mêmes, ce qui montre une convergence d’intérêt pour des notions universelles. Les difficultés potentielles sont aussi en quatre points. Premièrement, à Taïwan il n’existe pas encore une formation de professeur de philosophie au niveau de l’enseignement secondaire, cela posera un problème. Deuxième, les auteurs dans la liste du programme français sont tous européens. Il faut modifier ceci si nous voulons faire cet enseignement à Taïwan. Troisièmement, le mode d’examen en France est la dissertation et l’explication du texte, qui pourra être trop lourd pour les élèves taïwanais parce qu’ils font beaucoup d’heures d’étude. Donc, le quatrième point se concentre sur de l’horaire du cours. Les lycéens taïwanais doivent faire quarante heures du cours, en France c’est moins que trente heures par semaine. Si nous voulons avoir un cours de philosophie de trois à quatre heures comme en France, cela peut être trop lourd pour les élèves ou menacer les autres cours. L’esprit de cet enseignement est apprécié par beaucoup de personnes, les professeurs et les élèves à Taïwan. Le mode français peut être une référence pour aider les Taïwanais à s’inspirer et développer l’enseignement en philosophie de ce pays.