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Journal articles on the topic 'Anabolic steroid metabolism'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Schänzer, W. "Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1001–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.7.1001.

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Abstract Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are misused to a high extent in sports by athletes to improve their physical performance. Sports federations consider the use of these drugs in sports as doping. The misuse of AAS is controlled by detection of the parent AAS (when excreted into urine) and (or) their metabolites in urine of athletes. I present a review of the metabolism of AAS. Testosterone is the principal androgenic steroid and its metabolism is compared with that of AAS. The review is divided into two parts: the general metabolism of AAS, which is separated into phase I and phase II metabolism and includes a systematic discussion of metabolic changes in the steroid molecule according to the regions (A-D rings), and the specific metabolism of AAS, which presents the metabolism of 26 AAS in humans.

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2

Stoll, Anna, Michele Iannone, Giuseppina De Gregorio, Xavier de la Torre, Francesco Molaioni, Francesco Botrè, and Maria Kristina Parr. "Influence of Pain Killers on the Urinary Anabolic Steroid Profile." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 8 (May 9, 2020): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkaa049.

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Abstract Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are prohibited as performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Among them, testosterone and its precursors are often referred to as “pseudoendogenous” AAS, that is, endogenous steroids that are prohibited when administered exogenously. To detect their misuse, among other methods, the World Anti-Doping Agency-accredited laboratories monitor the steroid profile (concentrations and concentration ratios of endogenous steroids, precursors and metabolites) in urine samples collected from athletes in and out of competition. Alterations in steroid profile markers are used as indicators for misuse of anabolic steroids in sports. Therefore, especially their metabolic pathways with possible interactions are crucial to elucidate. As steroid metabolism is very complex, and many enzymes are involved, certain non-prohibited drugs may influence steroid metabolite excretion. One important group of steroid-metabolizing enzymes is aldo–keto reductases (AKRs). An inhibition of them by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are neither prohibited nor monitored, but frequently used drugs in sports, was demonstrated in vitro. Thus, this work aims to investigate the influence of NSAID intake on the urinary steroid profile. Kinetic and inhibitory studies were performed using 5α-dihydrotestosterone as substrate. The results obtained from in vitro experiments show that ibuprofen inhibits AKR1C2 and thus influences steroid biotransformation. For in vivo investigations, urine samples prior, during and postadministration of ibuprofen were analyzed using routine methods to monitor the steroid profile. Changes in markers of the steroid profile of volunteers were observed. The combination of in vitro and in vivo results suggests that monitoring of ibuprofen may be useful in doping control analysis. The presented work illustrates the importance to consider co-administration of (non-prohibited) drugs during antidoping analysis. Intake of multiple substances is likely leading to interfering effects. Divergent results in antidoping analysis may therefore be observed and misinterpretation of analytical data may occur. Similar considerations may be appropriate for other fields of forensic applications.

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3

Panin, L. Ye, O. M. Khoshchenko, and I. F. Usynin. "Role of apolipoprotein A-I in the anabolic effect of steroid hormones." Problems of Endocrinology 48, no. 6 (December 15, 2002): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11727.

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As early shown, a portion of steroid hormones binds to blood lipoproteins, primarily to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) [Panin et al. 1988]. Steroid hormones together with HDL are captured by resident macrophages of the liver where in secondary lysosomes HDL are degraded to form apoA-I and steroid hormones restore a ∆4, 3-keto group with the participation of 5-α and 5β- reductases to give rise to tetrahydro compounds. In this study, an attempt was undertaken to show a role of a complex of some steroid hormones with apo A-I in realization of the anabolic action of these steroid hormones by using the cultured hepatocytes and concurrently cultured hepatocytes and Kupffer’s cells isolated from the liver of male Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g. Steroid hormones having an anabolic action, such as androsterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and tetrahydrocortisol as ingredients of a complex with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), increased the rate of protein biosynthesis and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and tetrahydrocortisol also did the rate of DNA synthesis in the cultured hepatocytes. All the hormones had a restored ∆4,3-keto group in the A ring structure. Restoration of this group of steroid hormones and formation of their complex with apoA-I are associated with the action of resident macrophages (Kupffer’s cells). That is the reason that addition of HDL (a source of apoA-I) and cortisol (a source of the restored form - tetrahydrocortisol) to the coculture of hepatocytes and macrophages, by concurrently stimulating the latter by lipopolysaccharide led to a significant increase in the rate of protein and DNA biosynthesis. The findings show an important role of a ∆4,3-keto group of the A ring of steroid hormones and their complex with apo A-I in realizing the anabolic action of steroids.

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4

Stoll, Anna, Michele Iannone, Giuseppina De Gregorio, Francesco Molaioni, Xavier de la Torre, Francesco Botrè, and Maria Kristina Parr. "Influence of Indomethacin on Steroid Metabolism: Endocrine Disruption and Confounding Effects in Urinary Steroid Profiling of Anti-Doping Analyses." Metabolites 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2020): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10110463.

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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are prohibited as doping substances in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Concentrations and concentration ratios of endogenous AAS (steroid profile markers) in urine samples collected from athletes are used to detect their administration. Certain (non-prohibited) drugs have been shown to influence the steroid profile and thereby sophisticate anti-doping analysis. It was shown in vitro that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin inhibits selected steroid-biotransformations catalyzed by the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C3, which plays a key role in the endogenous steroid metabolism. Kinetic parameters for the indomethacin-mediated inhibition of the AKR1C3 catalyzed reduction in etiocholanolone were determined in vitro using two comparing methods. As NSAIDs are very frequently used (not only) by athletes, the inhibitory impact of indomethacin intake on the steroid metabolism was evaluated, and steroid profile alterations were detected in vivo (one male and one female volunteer). Significant differences between samples collected before, during or after the intake of indomethacin for selected steroid profile markers were observed. The presented results are of relevance for the interpretation of results from doping control analysis. Additionally, the administration of NSAIDs should be carefully reconsidered due to their potential as endocrine disruptors.

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5

Tamaki, Tetsuro, Shuichi Uchiyama, Yoshiyasu Uchiyama, Akira Akatsuka, Roland R. Roy, and V. Reggie Edgerton. "Anabolic steroids increase exercise tolerance." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 280, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): E973—E981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.6.e973.

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The influence of an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) on thymidine and amino acid uptake in rat hindlimb skeletal muscles during 14 days after a single exhaustive bout of weight lifting was determined. Adult male rats were divided randomly into Control or Steroid groups. Nandrolone decanoate was administered to the Steroid group 1 wk before the exercise bout. [3H]thymidine and [14C]leucine labeling were used to determine the serial changes in cellular mitotic activity, amino acid uptake, and myosin synthesis. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, used as a measure of muscle damage, increased 30 and 60 min after exercise in both groups. The total amount of weight lifted was higher, whereas CK levels were lower in Steroid than in Control rats. [3H]thymidine uptake peaked 2 days after exercise in both groups and was 90% higher in Control than in Steroid rats, reflecting a higher level of muscle damage. [14C]leucine uptake was ∼80% higher at rest and recovered 33% faster postexercise in Steroid than in Control rats. In a separate group of rats, the in situ isometric mechanical properties of the plantaris muscle were determined. The only significant difference was a higher fatigue resistance in the Steroid compared with the Control group. Combined, these results indicate that AAS treatment 1) ameliorates CK efflux and the uptake of [3H]thymidine and enhances the rate of protein synthesis during recovery after a bout of weight lifting, all being consistent with there being less muscle damage, and 2) enhances in vivo work capacity and the in situ fatigue resistance of a primary plantarflexor muscle.

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6

Schänzer, Willi, and Manfred Donike. "Metabolism of anabolic steroids in man: synthesis and use of reference substances for identification of anabolic steroid metabolites." Analytica Chimica Acta 275, no. 1-2 (April 1993): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(93)80274-o.

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7

Lykhonosov, Mykola P., and Alina Yu Babenko. "Prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid use, its effect on the male pituitary-gonadal axis, and the possibility of reproductive rehabilitation." Problems of Endocrinology 65, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl9997.

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The purpose of this review is to assess the prevalence of AA steroid use, to identify the steroids that are used, and to present the negative effects of AA steroids on the human body while describing the mechanisms of their actions on the male reproductive system. The review highlights the diagnostic features of steroid-induced hypogonadism, and assesses the effectiveness of various drugs in the reproductive rehabilitation of patients who cease taking AA steroids. Emphasis is placed on the feasibility and effectiveness of various drug treatments in the context of post cycle therapy (PCT), which seeks to stabilize and restore normal hormonal function. All this data is necessary for the development of modern treatment algorithms for steroid-induced hypogonadism in men.

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8

MEYER, H. H. D., and M. RAPP. "Reversible binding of the anabolic steroid trenbolone to steroid receptors." Acta Endocrinologica 110, no. 1_Suppla (April 1985): S129—S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.109s129.

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9

Harrison, L. M., D. Martin, R. W. Gotlin, and P. V. Fennessey. "Effect of extended use of single anabolic steroids on urinary steroid excretion and metabolism." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 489, no. 1 (April 1989): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82889-3.

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10

Labrie, Fernand, Van Luu-The, Ezequiel Calvo, Céline Martel, Julie Cloutier, Sylvain Gauthier, Pascal Belleau, Jean Morissette, Marie-Hélène Lévesque, and Claude Labrie. "Tetrahydrogestrinone induces a genomic signature typical of a potent anabolic steroid." Journal of Endocrinology 184, no. 2 (February 2005): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.05997.

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Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) is a recently identified compound having the greatest impact in the world of sports. In order to obtain a highly accurate and sensitive assessment of the potential anabolic/androgenic activity of THG, we have used microarrays to identify its effect on the expression of practically all the 30 000 genes in the mouse genome and compared it with the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most potent natural androgen. Quite remarkably, we found that 671 of the genes modulated by THG in the mouse muscle levator ani are modulated in a similar fashion by DHT, while in the gastrocnemius muscle and prostate, 95 and 939 genes respectively, are modulated in common by the two steroids. On the other hand, THG is more potent than DHT in binding to the androgen receptor, while, under in vivo conditions, THG possesses 20% of the potency of DHT in stimulating prostate, seminal vesicle and levator ani muscle weight in the mouse. The present microarray data provide an extremely precise and unquestionable signature of the androgenic/anabolic activity of THG, an approach which should apply to the analysis of the activity of any anabolic steroid.

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11

Alén, Markku, and Paavo Rahkila. "Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Effects on Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism in Athletes." Sports Medicine 6, no. 6 (December 1988): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198806060-00001.

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12

THACKER, D., I. WAINER, C. LERCH, K. FRIED, and D. FLOCKHART. "Metabolism of an anabolic androgenic steroid oxymetholone by human cytochrome P450s." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 65, no. 2 (February 1999): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9236(99)80075-7.

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13

Bates, P. C., L. F. Chew, and D. J. Millward. "Effects of the anabolic steroid stanozolol on growth and protein metabolism in the rat." Journal of Endocrinology 114, no. 3 (September 1987): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1140373.

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ABSTRACT The effects of the anabolic steroid stanozolol on whole body and muscle growth and protein metabolism in the rat have been examined. No responses could be found in normal well-fed male rats. Female rats responded to 1 mg/kg per day with an increased body and skeletal muscle growth rate and an increase in muscle protein synthesis. The anabolic action on muscle protein synthesis was due to increased RNA concentration with no change in the rate of protein synthesis per unit RNA (KRNA). Investigation of any anticatabolic effects of stanozolol treatment in male rats deprived of food for 24 h indicated no response of protein balance and turnover. However, rats treated with catabolic doses of corticosterone (50 mg/kg per day) did respond to stanozolol with decreased muscle growth inhibition due to better-maintained muscle protein synthesis. The latter response was due to a reversal of the corticosterone-induced reduction of KRNA, but with no effect on RNA concentration. Thus there appear to be at least two effects of stanozolol; an anabolic action evident only in female rats, involving increased muscle RNA concentrations, and an anticatabolic action involving inhibition of the corticosterone-induced fall in muscle RNA activity. In both cases, stanozolol influenced muscle protein synthesis with no evident effects on protein degradation. J. Endocr. (1987) 114, 373–381

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14

Anawalt, Bradley D. "Diagnosis and Management of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, no. 7 (February 11, 2019): 2490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-01882.

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15

Clouet, Anne-Sophie, Bruno Le Bizec, François Boerlen, Fabrice Monteau, and François André. "Calf primary hepatocyte culture as a tool for anabolic steroid metabolism studies†." Analyst 123, no. 12 (1998): 2489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a805216f.

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16

Parr, Maria K., Christina Blatt, Oliver Zierau, Cornelius Hess, Michael Gütschow, Gregor Fusshöller, Georg Opfermann, Wilhelm Schänzer, and Patrick Diel. "Endocrine Characterization of the Designer Steroid Methyl-1-Testosterone: Investigations on Tissue-Specific Anabolic-Androgenic Potency, Side Effects, and Metabolism." Endocrinology 152, no. 12 (October 11, 2011): 4718–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1164.

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Various products containing rarely characterized anabolic steroids are nowadays marketed as dietary supplements. Herein, the designer steroid methyl-1-testosterone (M1T) (17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-5α-androst-1-en-3-one) was identified, and its biological activity, potential adverse effects, and metabolism were investigated. The affinity of M1T toward the androgen receptor (AR) was tested in vitro using a yeast AR transactivation assay. Its tissue-specific androgenic and anabolic potency and potential adverse effects were studied in a Hershberger assay (sc or oral), and tissue weights and selected molecular markers were investigated. Determination of M1T and its metabolites was performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. In the yeast AR transactivation assay, M1T was characterized as potent androgen. In rats, M1T dose-dependently stimulated prostate and levator ani muscle weight after sc administration. Oral administration had no effect but stimulated proliferation in the prostate and modulated IGF-I and AR expression in the gastrocnemius muscle in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of tyrosine aminotransferase expression provided evidence for a strong activity of M1T in the liver (much higher after oral administration). In rat urine, 17α-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, M1T, and a hydroxylated metabolite were identified. In humans, M1T was confirmed in urine in addition to its main metabolites 17α-methyl-5α-androst-1-ene-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol. Additionally, the corresponding 17-epimers as well as 17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-nor-5α-androsta-1,13-dien-3-one and its 17-epimer were detected, and their elimination kinetics was monitored. It was demonstrated that M1T is a potent androgenic and anabolic steroid after oral and sc administration. Obviously, this substance shows no selective AR modulator characteristics and might exhibit liver toxicity, especially after oral administration.

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17

Karila, Tuomo, Reijo Laaksonen, Kalle Jokelainen, Jaakko-Juhan Himberg, and Timo Seppälä. "The effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on serum ubiquinone and dolichol levels among steroid abusers." Metabolism 45, no. 7 (July 1996): 844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90157-2.

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18

Basaria, Shehzad, Justin T. Wahlstrom, and Adrian S. Dobs. "Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 5108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.11.7983.

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The purpose of this study was to review the preclinical and clinical literature relevant to the efficacy and safety of anabolic androgen steroid therapy for palliative treatment of severe weight loss associated with chronic diseases. Data sources were published literature identified from the Medline database from January 1966 to December 2000, bibliographic references, and textbooks. Reports from preclinical and clinical trials were selected. Study designs and results were extracted from trial reports. Statistical evaluation or meta-analysis of combined results was not attempted. Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are widely prescribed for the treatment of male hypogonadism; however, they may play a significant role in the treatment of other conditions as well, such as cachexia associated with human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, burns, renal and hepatic failure, and anemia associated with leukemia or kidney failure. A review of the anabolic effects of androgens and their efficacy in the treatment of these conditions is provided. In addition, the numerous and sometimes serious side effects that have been known to occur with androgen use are reviewed. Although the threat of various side effects is present, AAS therapy appears to have a favorable anabolic effect on patients with chronic diseases and muscle catabolism. We recommend that AAS can be used for the treatment of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome wasting and in severely catabolic patients with severe burns. Preliminary data in renal failure-associated wasting are also positive. Advantages and disadvantages should be weighed carefully when comparing AAS therapy to other weight-gaining measures. Although a conservative approach to the use of AAS in patients with chronic diseases is still recommended, the utility of AAS therapy in the attenuation of severe weight loss associated with disease states such as cancer, postoperative recovery, and wasting due to pulmonary and hepatic disease should be more thoroughly investigated.

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19

Waller, Christopher C., Sumudu A. Weththasinghe, Lauren McClure, Adam T. Cawley, Craig Suann, Emily Suann, Emma Sutherland, Elliot Cooper, Alison Heather, and Malcolm D. McLeod. "In vivo metabolism of the designer anabolic steroid hemapolin in the thoroughbred horse." Drug Testing and Analysis 12, no. 6 (February 4, 2020): 752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.2769.

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20

Lootens, Leen, Philip Meuleman, Oscar J. Pozo, Peter Van Eenoo, Geert Leroux-Roels, and Frans T. Delbeke. "uPA+/+-SCID Mouse with Humanized Liver as a Model for In Vivo Metabolism of Exogenous Steroids: Methandienone as a Case Study." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 1783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.119396.

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Abstract Background: Adequate detection of designer steroids in the urine of athletes is still a challenge in doping control analysis and requires knowledge of steroid metabolism. In this study we investigated whether uPA+/+-SCID mice carrying functional primary human hepatocytes in their liver would provide a suitable alternative small animal model for the investigation of human steroid metabolism in vivo. Methods: A quantitative method based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the urinary detection of 7 known methandienone metabolites. Application of this method to urine samples from humanized mice after methandienone administration allowed for comparison with data from in vivo human samples and with reported methandienone data from in vitro hepatocyte cultures. Results: The LC-MS/MS method validation in mouse and human urine indicated good linearity, precision, and recovery. Using this method we quantified 6 of 7 known human methandienone metabolites in the urine of chimeric mice, whereas in control nonchimeric mice we detected only 2 metabolites. These results correlated very well with methandienone metabolism in humans. In addition, we detected 4 isomers of methandienone metabolites in both human and chimeric mouse urine. One of these isomers has never been reported before. Conclusions: The results of this proof-of-concept study indicate that the human liver–uPA+/+-SCID mouse appears to be a suitable small animal model for the investigation of human-type metabolism of anabolic steroids and possibly also for other types of drugs and medications. .

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21

Suda, Nisha, and Silvio Inzucchi. "Abstract #700: Clubbing as a Presentation of Anabolic Steroid Use." Endocrine Practice 23 (April 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1530-891x(20)44495-7.

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22

Hsiao, Joseph. "Abstract #300083: Hyperlipidemia as a Clue to Anabolic Steroid Use." Endocrine Practice 26 (November 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1530-891x(20)48250-3.

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23

TAKAHASHI, Masato, Yukitoshi TATSUGI, and Toshihiko KOHNO. "Endocrinological and Pathological Effects of Anabolic-androgenic Steroid in Male Rats." Endocrine Journal 51, no. 4 (2004): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.51.425.

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24

Remer, Thomas, Friedrich Manz, Ute Alexy, Eckhard Schoenau, Stefan A. Wudy, and Lijie Shi. "Long-Term High Urinary Potential Renal Acid Load and Low Nitrogen Excretion Predict Reduced Diaphyseal Bone Mass and Bone Size in Children." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 2861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1005.

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Abstract Background: Longitudinal diet assessment data in children suggest bone anabolic effects of protein intake and concurrent catabolic effects of dietary acid load. However, studies using valid biomarker measurements of corresponding dietary intakes are lacking. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine whether the association of long-term dietary acid load and protein intake with children's bone status can be confirmed using approved urinary biomarkers and whether these diet influences may be independent of potential bone-anabolic sex steroids. Method: Urinary nitrogen (uN), urinary net acid excretion (uNAE), and urinary potential renal acid load (uPRAL) were quantified in 789 24-h urine samples of 197 healthy children who had at least three urine collections during the 4 yr preceding proximal forearm bone analyses by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. uPRAL was determined by subtracting measured mineral cations (sodium + potassium + calcium + magnesium) from measured nonbicarbonate anions (chloride + phosphorus + sulfate). In a subsample of 167 children, dehydroepiandrosterone metabolites were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariable regression models adjusted for age, sex, pubertal stage, forearm muscle area, forearm length, and urinary calcium were run with uN and/or uPRAL or uNAE as predictors. Results: uN was positively associated with bone mineral content, cortical area, periosteal circumference, and strength strain index. uPRAL (but not uNAE) showed negative associations with bone mineral content and cortical area (P < 0.05), both with and without adjustment for the dehydroepiandrosterone-derived sex steroid androstenediol. Conclusions: In line with dietary assessment findings, urinary biomarker analyses substantiate long-term positive effects of protein intake and concomitant negative effects of higher dietary acid load on bone status of children, independent of bone-anabolic sex steroid action.

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Mendenhall, Charles L., Charles J. Grossman, Gary A. Roselle, Zsolt Hertelendy, Saad J. Ghosn, Kathy Lamping, and Kim Martin. "Anabolic steroid effects on immune function: Differences between analogues." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 37, no. 1 (September 1990): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(90)90374-t.

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26

Hungerford, Natasha L., Benoît Sortais, Corrine G. Smart, Andrew R. McKinney, Damon D. Ridley, Allen M. Stenhouse, Craig J. Suann, Kellie J. Munn, Martin N. Sillence, and Malcolm D. McLeod. "Analysis of anabolic steroids in the horse: Development of a generic ELISA for the screening of 17α-alkyl anabolic steroid metabolites." Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 96, no. 3-4 (August 2005): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.03.007.

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27

Magner, T., R. A. Hunter, and K. T. Berger. "Sustained growth promotion of steers, using anabolic steroids." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 4 (1998): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97124.

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This experiment tested the hypothesis that sustained growth promotion of steers could be achieved by alternate use of oestrogenic and androgenic anabolic steroids. Twenty-one high grade Brahman (Bos indicus) steers were divided into 3 groups of 7 and allocated to 1 of the following treatments: control; implantation in the ear with 45 mg oestradiol-17β for approximately 100 days followed by treatment with testosterone propionate (this rotation occurred twice); implantation with 45 mg oestradiol-17β at approximately 100-day intervals. Steers were housed in individual pens in an animal house and fed a restricted diet to regulate their growth rate to about 0·6 kg/day over a 58-week period. At intervals during the first 30 weeks, steers were transferred to metabolism crates and their nitrogen retentions measured. At the end of the experiment the steers were slaughtered and their carcass characteristics determined. The mean growth rates of the steers treated with 2 steroids alternately (0·75±0·06 kg/day) and of steers treated continuously with oestradiol-17β (0·72±0·06 kg/day) were significantly (P = 0·01) higher than that of control steers (0·62±0·10 kg/day). Treatment with oestradiol-17β during the first implant period was associated with higher (P < 0·05) nitrogen retentions in the first weeks after implantation with attenuation of the advantage at the end of the 100-day period. At slaughter, steers from both steroid treatment strategies were almost 60 kg heavier (P < 0·05) than the controls, with carcasses about 30 kg heavier. Steers treated continuously with oestradiol-17β had significantly (P < 0·05) thicker subcutaneous fat cover at the P8 rump site (19·4 mm) than the controls (12·4 mm) or those treated during the final period with testosterone propionate (12·3 mm). It was concluded that sustained growth promotion of steers using anabolic steroids can be achieved.

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28

De Brabander, H. F., S. Poelmans, R. Schilt, R. W. Stephany, B. Le Bizec, R. Draisci, S. S. Sterk, et al. "Presence and metabolism of the anabolic steroid boldenone in various animal species: a review." Food Additives and Contaminants 21, no. 6 (June 2004): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030410001687717.

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29

Peres, Sidney Barnabé, and Eliete Luciano. "Influence of anabolic steroid (deca-durabolin) on metabolism in rats submitted to physical training." Revista Paulista de Educação Física 9, no. 2 (December 20, 1995): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2594-5904.rpef.1995.139477.

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Os esteróides anabólicos têm sido descritos por aumentarem a massa muscular e o balanço nitrogenado positivo. Por outro lado, o treinamento físico aumenta as reservas de arboidralos, bem como a síntese de proteínas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência da deca-durabolin sobre o metabolismo em ratos submetidos ao treinamento físico. Os ratos foram distribuídos em sedentários não tratados (SN); sedentários tratados (ST); treinados não tratados (TN) e treinados tratados (TT). Os tratados receberam duas injeções subcutâneas por semana do decanoato de nandrolona (1 mg/kg p.c.) durante seis semanas. O programa de treinamento consistiu de natação com carga de 5% do peso corporal, uma hora por dia, cinco dias por semana, durante seis semanas. Após o período experimental, os ratos foram sacrificados por decapitação, e o sangue e tecidos coletados para análises. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos níveis de glicose e proteínas circulantes. O grupo TT mostrou aumento no peso corporal e tecido adiposo epididimal. O glicogênio e proteínas no diafragma foi elevado nos gupos ST, TN e TT. Portanto, o esteróide anabolizantc c a atividade física tiveram influências sobre o metabolismo de ratos Wistar

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Hunter, RA, MN Sillence, C. Gazzola, and WG Spiers. "Increasing annual growth rates of cattle by reducing maintenance energy requirements." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (1993): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930579.

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In seasonally dry areas cattle undergo periods of arrested growth because the forage on offer is of poor quality. Annual liveweight gains could be increased and age of turnoff for slaughter reduced if maintenance energy requirements could be lowered during the dry season with no concomitant reduction in forage intake. Strategies to reduce metabolic rate, and so rate of liveweight loss using the anabolic steroid, trenbolone acetate, and the �2-agonist, guanfacin, are discussed. Both compounds reduced fasting metabolic rate of steers; an implant of 300 mg trenbolone acetate by about 10% and continuous intravenous infusion of 40 8g/kg liveweight per day guanfacin by about 20%. The effects of other anabolic steroids on energy metabolism is reviewed. Trenbolone treatment of steers fed a low-protein roughage diet reduced voluntary feed intake. The mechanism by which this occurred was established and is discussed, as are studies aimed at determining the mechanism by which trenbolone reduces metabolic rate. Further, it has been established that the guanfacin-induced reduction in metabolic rate which is largely mediated peripherally is an �2-adrenergic effect and not some other effect of the drug.

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31

Whitaker, Dustin L., Gabriella Geyer-Kim, and Edward D. Kim. "Anabolic steroid misuse and male infertility: management and strategies to improve patient awareness." Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 16, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2021.1921574.

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32

Frankenfeld, Stephan Pinheiro, Leonardo Pires de Oliveira, Daniele Leão Ignacio, Raquel Guimarães Coelho, Mariana Nigro Mattos, Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira, Denise Pires Carvalho, and Rodrigo Soares Fortunato. "Nandrolone decanoate inhibits gluconeogenesis and decreases fasting glucose in Wistar male rats." Journal of Endocrinology 220, no. 2 (February 2014): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0259.

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The use of anabolic–androgenic steroids to improve physical performance or appearance has increased notably. The doses used are 10- to 100- fold higher than the therapeutic dose (TD), and this abuse can cause several side effects. Glucose metabolism is significantly affected by anabolic–androgenic steroid abuse, but studies about glycemic regulation during fasting are scarce. There are some evidences showing that testosterone can antagonize glucocorticoids action, which are crucial to glucose production during fasting. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of supraphysiological doses (SDs) of nandrolone decanoate (DECA) on rat glucose metabolism during fasting. Male Wistar rats were treated with i.m. injections of vehicle, a low TD (0.016 mg/100 g b.w.-TD group) or a high SD (1 mg/100 g b.w.-SD group) of DECA, once a week for 8 weeks. After 12 h fasting, we evaluated glucose and pyruvate tolerance tests, liver glycogen content, serum levels of gluconeogenic substrates, insulin and corticosterone, glucose uptake and hexokinase (HK) activity in skeletal muscle, and the adrenal catecholamine content. SD group had increased serum insulin levels and a blunted response to insulin regarding glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Fasting serum glucose decreased significantly in SD group, as well as the pyruvate tolerance test and liver glycogen content. Moreover, serum levels of glycerol were increased in SD group. Our data indicate that SDs of DECA exert effects on different regulatory points of glucose metabolism, resulting in defective gluconeogenesis and decreased skeletal muscle glucose uptake in response to insulin.

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Grokett, Bernard H., Nazir Ahmad, and Dwight W. Warren. "The effects of an anabolic steroid (oxandrolone) on reproductive development in the male rat." Acta Endocrinologica 126, no. 2 (February 1992): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1260173.

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Oxandrolone is a 5α-reduced anabolic steroid that is administered for the treatment of short stature disease in children. It is a commonly used substance beginning as early as prepuberty by some individuals who are seeking to enhance athletic performance or personal appearance. Because of the lack of data on the effects of anabolic steroids on the reproductive system, we have examined the effects of oxandrolone treatment on reproductive development in male rats with treatment beginning two days after weaning. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats (N=12) received a daily subcutaneous injection of oxandrolone (32.7 μmol·kg−1·day−1) and the control group (N= 12) received vehicle only (dimethyl sulfoxide). Treatment began at age 23 days and continued to 60 days of age. The weights of the testes, prostate glands, and seminal vesicles in the treatment group were 69%, 50% and 29% below control levels, respectively and were all significantly decreased (p<0.01). Testicular testosterone production in a 3-h incubation was inhibited in the treated animals to 1.3% of control values (p<0.001). Serum FSH (11.7% of control) and LH (undetectable) in the treated animals were both significantly less than controls. Histological findings indicated an arrest of advanced spermatids and a severe depletion of Leydig cells in the interstitial compartment. It was concluded that treatment of immature male rats with oxandrolone results in effects on the adult male reproductive system which are profound and occur at several levels. The most likely affected sites are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the Leydig cells.

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34

MICHNA, H., and G. HARTMANN. "Anabolic steroid and training effects on collagen fibril composition in murine tendons." Acta Endocrinologica 116, no. 3_Suppl (August 1987): S139—S140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.114s139-a.

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35

Hartwell, Dorthe, Christian Hassager, Kirsten Overgaard, Bente Juel Riis, Jan Pødenphant, and Claus Christiansen. "Vitamin D metabolism in osteoporotic women during treatment with estrogen, an anabolic steroid, or calcitonin." Acta Endocrinologica 122, no. 6 (June 1990): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1220715.

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Abstract. We assessed the effects of a continuous oral combination of estradiol and norethisterone acetate, nandrolone decanoate, or salmon calcitonin on the vitamin D endocrine system. One hundred and nineteen postmenopausal women, aged 55-75 years, with at least one osteoporotic fracture, were randomly allocated to one year of treatment with estradiol and norethisterone acetate, nandrolone decanoate, or calcitonin, all drugs with a beneficial effect on bone. All three trials were double-blind and placebo-controlled; 104 women (87%) completed the study. We measured the total serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and vitamin D-binding protein, and estimated the free 1,25(OH)2D index and the "24-hydroxylase activity" initially, and at 6 and 12 months. Furthermore, the 24-h urinary excretions of calcium, phosphate, and adenosine 3'-5'-cyclic monophosphate were assessed initially and at 12 months. The serum concentration of vitamin D-binding protein and 1,25(OH)2D increased transiently during estradiol and norethisterone acetate treatment and vitamin D-binding protein decreased transiently during nandrolone decanoate treatment. None of the other parameters were significantly affected by any of the three treatments. The risk of type II errors was below 10 per cent for all vitamin D measurements. We conclude that the vitamin D metabolites are unlikely to be of major importance for the mechanism by which these drugs exert their positive skeletal effects.

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Waller, Christopher C., Adam T. Cawley, Craig J. Suann, Paul Ma, and Malcolm D. McLeod. "In vivo and in vitro metabolism of the designer anabolic steroid furazadrol in thoroughbred racehorses." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 124 (May 2016): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.031.

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37

Scarth, J., C. Akre, L. van Ginkel, B. Le Bizec, H. De Brabander, W. Korth, J. Points, P. Teale, and J. Kay. "Presence and metabolism of endogenous androgenic–anabolic steroid hormones in meat-producing animals: a review." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 26, no. 5 (May 2009): 640–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030802627160.

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38

Hartwell, D., C. Hassager, K. Overgaard, B. J. Riis, J. Podenphant, and C. Christiansen. "Vitamin D metabolism in osteoporotic women during treatment with estrogen, an anabolic steroid, or calcitonin." Maturitas 13, no. 1 (March 1991): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5122(91)90307-c.

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39

Kopylov, Arthur T., Kristina A. Malsagova, Alexander A. Stepanov, and Anna L. Kaysheva. "Diversity of Plant Sterols Metabolism: The Impact on Human Health, Sport, and Accumulation of Contaminating Sterols." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051623.

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The way of plant sterols transformation and their benefits for humans is still a question under the massive continuing revision. In fact, there are no receptors for binding with sterols in mammalians. However, possible biotransformation to steroids that can be catalyzed by gastro-intestinal microflora, microbial cells in prebiotics or cytochromes system were repeatedly reported. Some products of sterols metabolization are capable to imitate resident human steroids and compete with them for the binding with corresponding receptors, thus affecting endocrine balance and entire physiology condition. There are also tremendous reports about the natural origination of mammalian steroid hormones in plants and corresponding receptors for their binding. Some investigations and reports warn about anabolic effect of sterols, however, there are many researchers who are reluctant to believe in and have strong opposing arguments. We encounter plant sterols everywhere: in food, in pharmacy, in cosmetics, but still know little about their diverse properties and, hence, their exact impact on our life. Most of our knowledge is limited to their cholesterol-lowering influence and protective effect against cardiovascular disease. However, the world of plant sterols is significantly wider if we consider the thousands of publications released over the past 10 years.

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40

Naiki, Yasuhiro, Reiko Horikawa, Toshiaki Tanaka, and Mari Sato. "P-37 GROWTH PROMOTION EFFECT OF AN ANABOLIC STEROID ON BOYS IN PUBERTY." Growth Hormone & IGF Research 16 (November 2006): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-6374(07)70280-0.

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41

Jacobs, Howard T., Jack George, and Esko Kemppainen. "Regulation of growth in Drosophila melanogaster: the roles of mitochondrial metabolism." Journal of Biochemistry 167, no. 3 (January 11, 2020): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvaa002.

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Abstract Mitochondrial functions are often considered purely from the standpoint of catabolism, but in growing cells they are mainly dedicated to anabolic processes, and can have a profound impact on the rate of growth. The Drosophila larva, which increases in body mass ∼200-fold over the course of ∼3 days at 25°C, provides an excellent model to study the underlying regulatory machinery that connects mitochondrial metabolic capacity to growth. In this review, we will focus on several key aspects of this machinery: nutrient sensing, endocrine control of feeding and nutrient mobilization, metabolic signalling, protein synthesis regulation and pathways of steroid biosynthesis and activity. In all these aspects, mitochondria appear to play a crucial role.

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42

Stastny, Kamil, Kristina Putecova, Lenka Leva, Milan Franek, Petr Dvorak, and Martin Faldyna. "Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters." Metabolites 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10080307.

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The use of anabolic steroid hormones as growth promoters in feed for farm animals has been banned in the European Union since 1988 on the basis of Council Directive 96/22/EC. However, there is still ongoing monitoring and reporting of positive findings of these banned substances in EU countries. The aim of this work was to investigate the efficacy and discriminatory ability of metabolic fingerprinting after the administration of 17β-testosterone esters to pigs. Plasma and urine samples were chromatographically separated on a Hypersil Gold C18 column. High resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic fingerprints were analysed on a hybrid mass spectrometer Q-Exactive. Three independent multivariate statistical methods, namely principal component analysis, clustre analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significant differences between the treated and control groups of pigs even 14 days after the administration of the hormonal drug. Plasma samples were also analysed by a conventional quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and a pharmacokinetic curve was constructed based on the results. In this case, no testosterone residue was detected 14 days after the administration. The results clearly showed that a metabolomics approach can be a useful and effective tool for the detection and monitoring of banned anabolic steroids used illegally in pig fattening.

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43

Kinson, Gordon A., R. A. Layberry, and Barbara Hébert. "Influences of anabolic androgens on cardiac growth and metabolism in the rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 11 (November 1, 1991): 1698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-252.

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Testosterone, and to a lesser degree methandrostenolone, was shown to influence cardiac growth in immature male rats by affecting protein synthesis and degradation. The nature of cardiac responses to androgen appear to depend on the prevailing experimental conditions. Protein synthesis was inhibited in the castrate rat and was stimulated by subsequent treatment with androgen. Under conditions of induced overgrowth of the ventricles, androgens gave rise to an attenuation of the effects of aortic constriction on ventricular mass and blood pressure involving smaller changes in protein synthesis and proteolysis. Concentrations of testosterone receptors in ventricular cytosol further indicated that the myocardium is more sensitive to androgen action during the prepubertal phase of the life-span. Changes in amount and properties of the receptors showed them to be functional and responsive to castration, aortic constriction, and administration of the androgens. The androgens affected cardiac protein balance by stimulating the incorporation of radiolabelled amino acid into protein in vivo. They also appeared to influence proteolytic processes involving lysosomal hydrolase activities, but their actions were either stimulatory or inhibitory depending on the internal environment. The heart is a target organ for several hormones including androgen, and our findings fortify the notion that hormone action needs to be investigated alone and in association with other endocrines.Key words: cardiac ventricle, testosterone, anabolic steroid, rat, protein, growth receptor, lysosome.

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Hassager, Christian, Lars T. Jensen, Jan Pødenphant, Bente J. Riis, and Claus Christiansen. "Collagen synthesis in postmenopausal women during therapy with anabolic steroid or female sex hormones." Metabolism 39, no. 11 (November 1990): 1167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(90)90089-u.

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45

Hillier, Stephen G. "On gonads and gadflies: the estrus angle." Journal of Endocrinology 233, no. 3 (June 2017): C1—C8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-17-0136.

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The first sex steroid to be crystallized was the vertebrate ovarian hormone, estrone – a less potent metabolite of 17β-estradiol, which in mammals stimulates the female urge to mate (estrus). The gadfly (Greek oistros) lent its name to the process of estrus, as an insect that bites and torments in classical Greek mythology. With the purification and crystallization of a moult-inducing steroid (ecdysone) from insects, an interesting parallel emerged between mating and moulting in lower mammals and arthropods. Ecdysterone (potent ecdysone metabolite) has anabolic effects in mammalian muscle cells that can be blocked by selective estrogen receptor antagonists. Insects utilize ecdysteroids in similar ways that vertebrates use estrogens, including stimulation of oocyte growth and maturation. Ecdysteroids also modify precopulatory insect mating behaviour, further reinforcing the gonad-gadfly/mate-moult analogy.

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46

Cunningham, R. L., and M. Y. McGinnis. "Prepubertal Social Subjugation and Anabolic Androgenic Steroid-Induced Aggression in Male Rats." Journal of Neuroendocrinology 20, no. 8 (August 2008): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01756.x.

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47

HANDELSMAN, D. J., and L. GUPTA. "Prevalence and risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse in Australian high school students." International Journal of Andrology 20, no. 3 (September 1997): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2605.1997.d01-285.x.

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48

Shrimanker, K., L. Salter, and R. L. S. Patterson. "Binding of Steroid Hormones and Anabolic Agents to Bovine Sex-Hormone Binding Globulin." Hormone and Metabolic Research 17, no. 09 (September 1985): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1013575.

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49

Nieschlag, Eberhard, and Elena Vorona. "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions." European Journal of Endocrinology 173, no. 2 (August 2015): R47—R58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-15-0080.

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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are appearance and performance-enhancing drugs (APEDs) used in competitive athletics, in recreational sports, and by body-builders. The global lifetime prevalence of AASs abuse is 6.4% for males and 1.6% for women. Many AASs, often obtained from the internet and dubious sources, have not undergone proper testing and are consumed at extremely high doses and in irrational combinations, also along with other drugs. Controlled clinical trials investigating undesired side effects are lacking because ethical restrictions prevent exposing volunteers to potentially toxic regimens, obscuring a causal relationship between AASs abuse and possible sequelae. Because of the negative feedback in the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, in men AASs cause reversible suppression of spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, infertility, and erectile dysfunction (anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism). Should spermatogenesis not recover after AASs abuse, a pre-existing fertility disorder may have resurfaced. AASs frequently cause gynecomastia and acne. In women, AASs may disrupt ovarian function. Chronic strenuous physical activity leads to menstrual irregularities and, in severe cases, to the female athlete triad (low energy intake, menstrual disorders and low bone mass), making it difficult to disentangle the effects of sports and AASs. Acne, hirsutism and (irreversible) deepening of the voice are further consequences of AASs misuse. There is no evidence that AASs cause breast carcinoma. Detecting AASs misuse through the control network of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) not only aims to guarantee fair conditions for athletes, but also to protect them from medical sequelae of AASs abuse.

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Graham, Michael R., Julien S. Baker, Peter Evans, Andrew Kicman, David Cowan, David Hullin, and Bruce Davies. "Short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration improves respiratory function in abstinent anabolic–androgenic steroid users." Growth Hormone & IGF Research 17, no. 4 (August 2007): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2007.04.003.

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