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1
Stone, Daniel. "The Giesche Company: Anaconda Copper's Subsidiary in Interwar Poland." Slavic Review 56, no. 4 (1997): 679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2502117.
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The headline in the 15 August 1937 issue of the Great Falls Tribune proclaimed, “Montana Families Have Their Own Colony in Poland.” This colony of eight American families constituted the upper management of the Giesche Mining Company of Katowice, Silesia. Owned by Americans since 1926, the Giesche Company was Poland's largest zinc mining company and one of Poland's largest coal producers. The newspaper article described the beautiful wooded site where the Americans lived, the nearby golf course, the good winter skiing, the numerous Hollywood films available at the local movie house, and the Americans' Polish language lessons.
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Vergara, Angela. "Precios fijos y raciones: la Anaconda Copper Company en Chile entre 1932 y 1958." Investigaciones de Historia Económica 8, no. 3 (October 2012): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ihe.2012.04.002.
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García-Gómez, José Joaquín, and Juan Diego Pérez-Cebada. "A Socio-Environmental History of a Copper Mining Company: Rio-Tinto Company Limited (1874–1930)." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 4521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114521.
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Mining activities cause serious pollution problems that affect health and the environment. This paper focuses on the environmental and biological effects that mining activity had on the population living and working in the Riotinto-Nerva area in the last third of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, when this area accounted for approximately 10% of world copper production. To do so, we explore the social, technological, and scientific responses to environmental pollution caused by mining extraction in this area during industrialisation. Second, we analyse welfare indicators, such as the heights of conscripts and mortality rates, so as to examine the social effects of the mining activity. Third, municipal health and education expenditures are examined to study the intervention made by the local authorities to address the welfare problems caused by the mining work and environment. Finally, we examine whether the health policy had positive effects on the health of the population after the negative external effects of copper mining in this area had been mitigated. The findings show that the negative impacts of copper exploitation on the environment and welfare could only be diminished using health policies to combat this kind of urban penalty.
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Garinas, Wahyu wahyu. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON METAL MINERAL COMMODITIES IN INDONESIA AND THEIR MITIGATION IN MINING ACTIVITIES." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana 15, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jstmb.v15i2.4461.
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Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, has affected all mining sectors. The price of mining materials index is very low due to the Covid-19 pandemic and also when compared to other pandemics such as SARS, HN1, and Ebola. The price of the metal index such as iron, aluminum, nickel, zinc, copper) almost all fell and only high gold metals are increasingly expensive. The large mining companies continue their production and they use health protocols. For the continuity of mining operations, the company creates stages and strategies in mining operations (teamwork schedule, employee location, working time, number of workers, evacuation of employees). For the continuity of the company's operations, the company plans: responding to an emergency situations (pandemic), build the company's resilience, recover the company from impact, develop an action plan and build the foundation of the company to rise in the new normal time. The company conducts mitigation and protection individually and in groups and creates health campaigns digitally. In mining operations, the company develops its operational activities by implementing health protocols such as avoiding many people and making mine operational plans that follow health protocols. Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic, mineral commodity, index value, health mitigation.
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Leiva, Claudio, Víctor Flores, Felipe Salgado, Diego Poblete, and Claudio Acuña. "Applying Softcomputing for Copper Recovery in Leaching Process." Scientific Programming 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6459582.
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The mining industry of the last few decades recognizes that it is more profitable to simulate model using historical data and available mining process knowledge rather than draw conclusions regarding future mine exploitation based on certain conditions. The variability of the composition of copper leach piles makes it unlikely to obtain high precision simulations using traditional statistical methods; however the same data collection favors the use of softcomputing techniques to enhance the accuracy of copper recovery via leaching by way of prediction models. In this paper, a predictive modeling contrasting is made; a linear model, a quadratic model, a cubic model, and a model based on the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) are presented. The model entries were obtained from operation data and data of piloting in columns. The ANN was constructed with 9 input variables, 6 hidden layers, and a neuron in the output layer corresponding to copper leaching prediction. The validation of the models was performed with real information and these results were used by a mining company in northern Chile to improve copper mining processes.
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Press, Eyal. "Indonesian misadventure: A US mining giant's clash." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 3, no. 2 (November 1, 1996): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v3i2.596.
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West Papuan tribesmen take on the operations of Freeport McMoran, the company that runs the world's largest goldmine and third-largest copper mine. The lessons for Papua New Guinea's resource developers are sobering. The three-day rebellion began after a vehicle driven by a Freeport employee accidentally struck a local tribesman, Wilenus Kogoya. Rumors spread that the man had been killed, whereupon hundreds of indigenous people armed with sticks, spears, and knives began attacking Freeport facilities, ransacking buildings, breaking windows, damaging an environmental lab and scores of company offices and homes. They eventually forced the temporary closure of both the mine in Tembagapura, and the local airport in neighboring Timika, where rioters rushed to meet the incoming plane of Freeport chief executive officer James Robert ("Jim Bob") Moffett.
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Parsons, Richard. "Copper King Mining Company: A Case Study In Using Loans And Equity To Finance A Start-Up." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v12i1.9559.
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The proposed Copper King mine in south central Utah was expected to produce millions of dollars in copper, gold and silver. A nearby struggling town and thousands of speculators and large banks seized upon this promise. They all were willing to invest in developing the mine. Copper King tried a wide variety of financing approaches, one at a time, over a several year period during which a significant amount of funds were raised. The financing options employed allow a study of the technical financing requirements of each of the options (hard money loans, waterfall loans, private equity and public equity). Copper King Mining Company is a lesson in the difficulties of financing a start-up. Important theoretical concepts include the problem of banks dealing with asymmetric information and moral hazard, along with the tools they use to mitigate that risk. Asset valuation and the price of risk are also important lessons in this case.This case is most appropriate for classes in corporate finance, money and banking, investing and entrepreneurship.
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Tost, Michael, Benjamin Bayer, Michael Hitch, Stephan Lutter, Peter Moser, and Susanne Feiel. "Metal Mining’s Environmental Pressures: A Review and Updated Estimates on CO2 Emissions, Water Use, and Land Requirements." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 2881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082881.
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The significant increase in metal mining and the inevitability of the continuation of this trend suggests that environmental pressures, as well as related impacts, have become an issue of global relevance. Yet the scale of the impact remains, to a large extent, unknown. This paper examines the mining sector’s demands on CO2 emissions, water use, as well as demands on land use focusing on four principal metals: iron, aluminium (i.e., bauxite ore), copper, and gold. These materials represent a large proportion of all metallic materials mined in terms of crude tonnage and economic value. This paper examines how the main providers of mining data, the United Nations, government sources of some main metal producing and consuming countries, the scientific literature, and company reports report environmental pressures in these three areas. The authors conclude that, in the global context, the pressure brought about by metal mining is relatively low. The data on this subject are still very limited and there are significant gaps in consistency on criteria such as boundary descriptions, input parameter definitions, and allocation method descriptions as well as a lack of commodity and/or site specific reporting of environmental data at a company level.
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GUERRERO RUIZ, JUAN CARLOS, and JOSE MARIA MARTIN CIVANTOS. "JEREZ-LANTEIRA MINING COMPANY, GRANADA. ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE HYDRAULIC PLANT FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF COPPER ORE IN THE 19TH CENTURY." DYNA 96, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/9942.
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In this article we will get to know an old hydraulic plant of a mining industry, very unique, which transformed hydraulic energy into pneumatics to supply compressed air to a copper mine and its smelter. It was located in the Granada region of the Marquesado del Zenete, and built in 1889 by the colonial European mining industry. To do this, we delve into its historical origin, and analyze this original technological project that allowed a new energy transformation system. Directed and executed by a series of engineers, metallurgists, businessmen and peasants, who through their work and will were participants in the industrialization process in Spain with the development of machinery and socialized work that will change a way of life. These remains today make up an industrial heritage at risk of disappearing. Living memory of what our mining industry was with the development of engineering and its social, identity and cultural values. KEYWORDS: Water, Air, Industrial Colony, Compression, Foundry
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Valenzuela, Luis. "The Copper Smelting Company “Urmeneta y Errázuriz” of Chile: an Economic Profile, 1860–1880." Americas 53, no. 2 (October 1996): 235–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007618.
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The performance of the Chilean economy during the period between 1830 and 1879 can best be described as a case of “export-led growth.” For those fifty years, exports of raw materials and foodstuffs to North Atlantic markets, especially Britain, rose dramatically. Between 1844 and 1878 the value of exports increased five-fold from $6,087,023 (about £1.2 million) to $31,695,859. This represents an average annual rate of growth of five percent. During the same period annual fiscal income, largely generated by exports, grew from $3.3 million to $15.4 million. Mining products dominated the export sector and constituted between one-half and two-thirds of the total value of Chilean production during this period. The export of copper bars and ingots was particularly dynamic. It increased ten-fold from $1.2 million in 1844 to $13.0 million in 1878 growing, on average, at an annual rate of 7.2 percent. Expansion in the export of copper bars and ingots was especially significant between 1844 and 50. This was due to a series of technological innovations, market conditions, and fiscal measures including the introduction of new smelting methods using coal instead of firewood, state incentives to Chilean copper smelting, extremely low prices for copper ores in the British and Chilean markets, and the formation of large copper smelting companies in Chile.
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Poole, Robert. "A corpus-aided ecological discourse analysis of the Rosemont Copper Mine debate of Arizona, USA." Discourse & Communication 10, no. 6 (November 10, 2016): 576–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481316674775.
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This article reports a corpus-aided ecological discourse analysis (EDA) of texts from an international mining company and an environmental advocacy group regarding a proposal to build a massive open-pit copper mine in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona, USA. The analysis details the grammatical and semantic clusters within the controversial environmental debate and how these clusters reflect the values and beliefs of each group as well as their conceptualization of the mountains and the environment. The integration of the ecolinguistic framework with corpus linguistic methods of keyword analysis as well as part of speech (POS) and semantic tag analysis facilitated the identification of clusters of linguistic features perpetuating a dominant and ultimately destructive cultural discourse that places humans in a role of dominion and authority over the environment in the company texts. In contrast, clusters within the oppositional discourse forwarded by the environmental group promote the aesthetic value of the land and a need for responsible environmental stewardship.
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Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, and Magnus Lindmark. "Sustainability and Shared Value in the Interwar Swedish Copper Industry." Business History Review 90, no. 2 (2016): 197–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680516000374.
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This study of the Swedish-based mining company Boliden examines the proactive strategies it adopted to deal with the potential for severe environmental problems associated with the establishment of its large copper smelter in the 1920s. The article demonstrates how international networks, personal experience, and knowledge transfer from the U.S. copper industry help to explain the importance given to environmental issues by the Swedish industrialists. It is suggested that the main explanation for the proactive stance of the Swedish managers is that they perceived excessive pollution as working against creating a profitable and sustainable business. This case provides compelling evidence that firms pursuing an agenda focused on earning profits can still deliver environmental innovation and value to the local community, compatible with the concept of creating shared value.
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Wirth, Herbert, and Maciej Koński. "Metal Streaming Instruments As an Tool to Increase Mining Project Values." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 33, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2017-0018.
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Abstract Stream financing is an important instrument that supports bringing projects from their development stage into production and maximizing their value. Taking relatively significant difficulties encountered by mining companies with securing project financing in recent years into account and, on the other hand, based on fundamental analysis, the positive potential of the copper market in the upcoming years, stream financing instruments can play a significant role in the copper market by supporting the development of new mining projects owned by companies with limited access to basic sources of funding. On the basis of a fundamental analysis of the copper market, the article explains and justifies presumptions for using metal streaming transactions in financing the development of mining projects at different stages of advancement. T he article explains key metal streaming structuring and valuation rules in such transactions. Additionally, it explains the main requirements related to project stages of development and the competitive position that determines the ability of efficient capital raising by means of streaming. The performed analysis justifies the potential of using metal streaming instruments to maximize project value. Disadvantages of metal streaming are related mainly to the lack of participation in potential further metal price increase in relation to the prices used in streaming instruments. Due to the discount in company valuation that may occur in the event the cost of production increases after additional revenue from precious metals no longer exists, streaming instruments are suitable mainly to the low cost assets.
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Hauptmann, Andreas, Gabi Schneider, and Christoph Bartels. "The Shipwreck of Bom Jesus, AD 1533: Fugger Copper in Namibia." Journal of African Archaeology 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2016): 184–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10288.
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In AD 1533, the Portuguese trade vessel Bom Jesus sunk off the coast of southern Namibia, near the modern town of Oranjemund. Coming from Lisbon on its way to western India, it contained a multifold load of naval equipment and commodities for trade and exchange. Amongst the excavated materials recovered from the presumed shipwreck of the Bom Jesus, of paramount importance are 1845 copper ingots, showing the trademark of the Fugger company from the Freie Reichsstadt of Augsburg, Germany. Historical accounts testify to massive copper and silver production of the Fugger-Thurzo company in the area of Neusohl in the Slovak Ore Mountains. Geochemical analyses of 60 copper ingots from the wreck show an extraordinarily homogeneous composition with appreciable concentrations of lead, silver, antimony, nickel, and arsenic indicating the smelting of fahlores. Lead was found to be added deliberately to the copper to extract silver by the Liquation Process. This technological innovation is one of the numerous hallmarks of the Renaissance period and the “Age of Discovery”. Lead isotope abundance ratios point to an origin from lead deposits in Cracow-Silesia. The ore districts of Neusohl and Cracow-Silesia were intensively connected to mining and metal production during the postmedieval period. This study forcefully shows the advantage of combined historical and natural science studies.
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Stauber, Jennifer L., Rodney J. Benning, Leigh T. Hales, Ruth Eriksen, and Barbara Nowak. "Copper bioavailability and amelioration of toxicity in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 1 (2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99010.
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The 100-year operation of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company Limited’s copper mine in Queenstown, Australia, has resulted in the deposition of over 100 million cubic metres of mine tailings, smelter slag and topsoil into the King River and Macquarie Harbour. Apreliminary risk assessment, together with chemical measurements of dissolved copper, ASV-labile copper, copper complexing capacity and resin-adsorbed copper, suggested that copper in mid-salinity harbour waters was potentially bioavailable. However, toxicity tests based on inhibition of microalgal (Nitzschia closterium) growth showed that copper in these waters was not toxic, even though labile copper concentrations (6–24 µg L−1) exceeded the concentration of lowest observable effect for algae of 5 mg L−1. Measurements of intracellular and membrane-bound copper confirmed that cell division was not affected because copper was not taken up intracellularly. Amelioration of copper toxicity was due to binding of dissolved organic matter and/or other metals at the cell membrane, preventing copper binding and uptake. An understanding of the mechanism of copper toxicity and its amelioration is vital to assessing various clean-up options for the harbour.
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Hyde, Charles K. "Undercover and Underground: Labor Spies and Mine Management in the Early Twentieth Century." Business History Review 60, no. 1 (1986): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115921.
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In this article Professor Hyde examines in detail the use of industrial spies at a large Michigan copper mine in the early twentieth century. While many historians have argued that labor spies were powerful weapons effectively used by employers in their struggles with workers, Hyde finds in his case study of the Quincy Mining Company that spies were seldom useful in providing important labor intelligence. Instead, they inadvertently provided top management with valuable information about underground working conditions and the performance of foremen and petty bosses.
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Mouat, Jeremy. "Creating a New Staple: Capital, Technology, and Monopoly in British Columbia’s Resource Sector, 1901-1925." Victoria 1990 1, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 215–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031017ar.
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Abstract This paper examines the mining industry of British Columbia, the province's leading staple during the period when the region was brought within the network of world trade. Specifically, it describes the emergence of zinc production as the most profitable sector of the industry, from the early 1900s through to the mid-1920s. A good deal of importance was attached to discovering some means of treating zinc ore in the early 1900s. Increasing amounts of zinc were being found in the silver-lead ore of eastern British Columbia. Zinc was seen as a contaminant, and smelters penalised mine-owners who shipped ore that was over 10 per cent zinc. The presence of zinc rendered relatively valuable ore (in terms of its silver and lead content) uneconomical. Concern over “the zinc problem” was such that, by 1905, the federal government, responding to the lobbying efforts of mine-owners, appointed a commission “to Investigate the Zinc Resources of British Columbia and the Conditions Affecting Their Exploitation”. During the next twenty years, mining companies in the Kootenays explored a number of different ways to overcome zinc's unfortunate impact upon the mining industry. These efforts to discover an adequate means to treat zinc ore illustrate the way in which technology and capital became the key ingredients of a distinctively new mining industry. The paper argues that the emergence of zinc mining reflected a fundamental restructuring of the industry, as the focus shifted from the discovery and exploitation of bonanza deposits of gold and silver to the less spectacular production of copper, lead, and zinc. Technology, economies of scale, and substantial capital investment were the hallmarks of the new industry. Not only was the industry profoundly altered — experiencing what other scholars have described as the second industrial revolution — but new vertically integrated companies displaced the traditional mining company. The paper describes the clearest example of this trend, outlining the early career of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada [Cominco], a subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Cominco was able to put in place the necessary technology to tap its enormous lead-zinc deposit at Kimberley, and successfully treat zinc at its Trail refinery. Within two decades, and largely as a result of its ability to treat zinc, Cominco became the most profitable mining company ever to operate in British Columbia. The conclusion suggests some consequences of Cominco's ascendancy.
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Chuluun, S., and G. Byambaragchaa. "Satellite Nomads." Inner Asia 16, no. 2 (December 10, 2014): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340026.
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The expanding mining process in Khanbogd sum [county], South Gobi aimag [province], has made noticeable impact on the native herders’ life and environment. Despite the negative impact on their nomadic livestock breeding, the local herders tend to coexist with the mine as a new economic source. For example, herders in Khanbogd request the mining company to designate their pasture land as a ‘mine impact zone’, and that they be employed at the mine to get a permanent salary. In this paper, we will show how local herders have adopted tactics for making their living by depending on the giant copper–gold mine. It seems to us that theirs is no longer a traditional way of nomadic livestock-breeding, but rather a brand-new form of mobile livestock-breeding orbiting the mine like satellites.
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Kržanović, Conić, Bugarin, Jovanović, and Božić. "Maximizing Economic Performance in the Mining Industry by Applying Bioleaching Technology for Extraction of Polymetallic Mineral Deposits." Minerals 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070400.
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There are many sources to increase value in an integrated mining–metallurgy context. The optimal strategy for concentration of minerals from the ore is one of these sources. The elements of mining-metallurgy operations from resources, infrastructure, mining site, processing, and metallurgy are mutually dependent, and reinforce and interact positively with each other to generate a combined value greater than the sum of their individual contributions. Bioleaching technology is an alternative processing technology for treatment of low-grade sulphide ore, and its application contributes to the achievement of better economic results than the conventional pyrometallurgical technology. This work presents the application of bioleaching technology in laboratory conditions for metal extraction from the polymetallic deposit Tenka in East Serbia, belonging to the company Serbia Zijin Bor Copper Doo (formerly the Mining Smelter Basin Bor Group). Bioleaching of sulphide polymetallic raw material is performed by chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms. Applying the bioleaching technology, the achieved recoveries of metals from the polymetallic ore are as follows: Cu 90%, Au 90%, Ag 80%, Zn 72% and Pb 90%. The calculated values for Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) are $ 21.927 million and 12.55%, respectively.
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Longley, Kyle. "Between Sorrow and Pride." Pacific Historical Review 82, no. 1 (November 2012): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2013.82.1.1.
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In July 1966 nine friends left the small copper-mining camp of Morenci, Arizona, for Marine boot camp. Ultimately, within two and a half years, all served in Vietnam, with only three returning alive. Over time, the Morenci Nine, as the group became known, emerged as an important story in the history of the Vietnam War and its impact on people in the Southwest. How people remembered the fallen sons of the copper miners, raised in a segregated company town, became important. The process followed the national pattern of individuals sustaining the memories until the nation finally started to deal with the trauma of the losses after the unveiling of the Vietnam Memorial. The efforts continue today as new forms of memorialization develop for the Morenci Nine even forty years later.
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Aboura, Khalid. "A Statistical Model for Shutdowns due to Air Quality Control for a Copper Production Decision Support System." Organizacija 48, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orga-2015-0014.
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Abstract Background: In the mid-1990s, a decision support system for copper production was developed for one of the largest mining companies in Australia. The research was conducted by scientists from the largest Australian research center and involved the use of simulation to analyze options to increase production of a copper production facility. Objectives: We describe a statistical model for shutdowns due to air quality control and some of the data analysis conducted during the simulation project. We point to the fact that the simulation was a sophisticated exercise that consisted of many modules and the statistical model for shutdowns was essential for valid simulation runs. Method: The statistical model made use of a full year of data on daily downtimes and used a combination of techniques to generate replications of the data. Results: The study was conducted with a high level of cooperation between the scientists and the mining company. This contributed to the development of accurate estimates for input into a support system with an EXCEL based interface. Conclusion: The environmental conditions affected greatly the operations of the production facility. A good statistical model was essential for the successful simulation and the high budget expansion decision that ensued.
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Quezada, Víctor, Antoni Roca, Oscar Benavente, Montserrat Cruells, Evelyn Melo, and María Hernández. "Pretreatment to Leaching for a Primary Copper Sulphide Ore in Chloride Media." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081260.
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The dissolution of copper sulphide ores continues to be a challenge for the copper industry. Several media and leaching alternatives have been proposed to improve the dissolution of these minerals, especially for the leaching of chalcopyrite. Among the alternatives, pretreatment prior to leaching was proposed as an option that increases the dissolution of copper from sulphide ores. In this study, a mineral sample from a copper mining company was used. The copper grade of the sample was 0.79%, and its main contributor was chalcopyrite (84%). The effect of curing time (as pretreatment) in a chloride media on copper sulphide ore was evaluated at various temperatures: 25, 50, 70 and 90 °C. The pretreated sample and leaching residues were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and reflected light microscopy. Pretreatment products such as CuSO4, NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, and S0 were identified although with difficulty, due to the low presence of chalcopyrite in the initial sample (1.99%). Under the conditions of 15 kg/t of H2SO4, 25 kg/t of NaCl, and 15 days of curing time, a copper extraction of 93.1% was obtained at 90 °C with 50 g/L of Cl− and 0.2 M of H2SO4.
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Makori, Timothy. "Mobilizing the past:creuseurs, precarity and the colonizing structure in the Congo Copperbelt." Africa 87, no. 4 (October 26, 2017): 780–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972017000365.
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AbstractThe Copperbelt of Congo was once the bastion of industrial development and no individual embodied its modernity as fully as the salaried industrial miner. Today, with the near collapse of the state-run mining company, Gécamines, and the liberalization of the mining industry starting in 2002, the majority of miners are no longer trained and salaried industrial workers but rather children and youth eking out a precarious living as artisanal miners orcreuseurs. In Congo, artisanal mining is paradoxical, for, although it indexes a future of unskilled, untrained, flexible work in rural and peri-urban enclaves, its organization of labour and rudimentary techniques of copper extraction allude to and borrow from the colonial and precolonial past.Creuseursmobilize the past as a strategic response to the threat of dispossession of ‘their’ land by the state and foreign investors, and they do so by laying claim to an anterior ‘sovereign’ – the ancestors – whose existence predates colonialism. This paradoxical emplacement of artisanal mining, its entanglement in time, invites interrogation of some of the ways in which scholars have understood precarity not only as a politically induced condition resulting from neoliberalism but also as an outcome of the enduring nature of the colonizing structure in Africa.
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Masloboev, Vladimir, Sergey Seleznev, Anton Svetlov, and Dmitriy Makarov. "Hydrometallurgical Processing of Low-Grade Sulfide Ore and Mine Waste in the Arctic Regions: Perspectives and Challenges." Minerals 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2018): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8100436.
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The authors describe the opportunities of low-grade sulfide ores and mine waste processing with heap and bacterial leaching methods. By the example of gold and silver ores, we analyzed specific issues and processing technologies for heap leaching intensification in severe climatic conditions. The paper presents perspectives for heap leaching of sulfide and mixed ores from the Udokan (Russia) and Talvivaara (Finland) deposits, as well as technogenic waste dumps, namely, the Allarechensky Deposit Dumps (Russia). The paper also shows the laboratory results of non-ferrous metals leaching from low-grade copper-nickel ores of the Monchepluton area, and from tailings of JSC Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company.
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Pavlović, Kristina, and Žarko Ilić. "Mining in the Principality of Serbia 1859-1873." Зборник радова Филозофског факултета у Приштини 50, no. 4 (2020): 213–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp50-28946.
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The development of mining in the Principality of Serbia in the 1860s was determined by the previous years, especially during the reign of Ustavobranitelji when government initiative in Majdanpek came to a halt. In the 1860s, the main points of interest were the mine of Majdanpek, Kučajna, and the mines in the Podgora region. The two former were owned by foreign capital, whilst the latter was being researched by Stevan Đuričić around 1867. The mining in Majdanpek was done by the French-Serbian Society between 1859 and 1866, when the operation was taken over by The Serbian Company for Iron and Copper. Kučajna was being worked on by a German mining expert, Felix Hofman, between 1862 and 1873. During this period, the Mining Law of 1866 was passed, setting the foundation for further improvement of mining operations in the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia. During the 1860s most of the state income concerning mining came from the regal tax which had to be payed in order for one to acquire a permission for ore extraction. Most of the expenses went to financing the mining offices in Majdanpek, the directory of mines in Krupanj, various mining investments, as well as scholarships for students studying abroad. It should be said that the incomes, as well as the expenses, were symbolic when compared to the overall state incomes/expenses, making up less than 0.1% of the state incomes and expenses. This created a situation where the state could not count on any major incomes from mining, with an increase in expenses coming only at the end of the period in question due to greater state financing of mine in the Podrinje region.
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Imasiku, K., and E. Ntagwirumugara. "Sustainable energy supply and business collaborations for sustainability, resilience and competitiveness in the Zambian copper industry after Covid-19." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 32, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i1a8083.
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The mining industry in Zambia is energy-intensive, with hydro energy providing the required energy. But other sources of energy may need to be added, because hydro energy is subject to good rain patterns, threatened by the spectre of climate change, as already indicated by the current prolonged hours of load shedding by state-owned , Zambia Electricity Supply Company. This research looks at state-of-art mining technologies and collaborative business processes that leverage on the expected ramp in copper and cobalt (Cu-Co) global demand post-Covid-19, to help design resilient business systems by manufacturing, source goods and services within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region to lower Cu-Co production costs, and maximise profits through shared resources and bilateral trade agreements. With evidence, projection and predictions by global leaders in the Cu-Co industry, this study evaluates the preparedness and resilience of the Zambian mining industry for sustainable energy supply, environmental sustainability, and suggests some possible business collaborations within the SADC region to share the following resources: metal refineries, transportation of goods and services, expertise and energy supplies within SADC, to enhance business sustainability. The study shows that the resilience of Cu-Co business in resource-rich nations like Zambia is complex and is heavily influenced by investment decisions, stakeholder interests, copper ore grades and extractive process types, reliable power supply, and socio-economic and political issues. The significance of this study is that it proposes some business collaborations within SADC that can increase energy reliability and supply, Cu-Co production, increase business resilience, improve global competitiveness and sustainability by exploring energy efficiency and generation-mix strategy.
Highlights
A sustainable energy analysis for Zambia.
Establishing the role of mine multi-national enterprises concerning environmental sustainability.
Proposing copper business resilience collaborations within SADC.
Developing a mining business resilience and sustainability model for sustainable power supply, high production, profitability and global competitiveness.
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QUINN, STEPHANIE. "INFRASTRUCTURE, ETHNICITY, AND POLITICAL MOBILIZATION IN NAMIBIA, 1946–87." Journal of African History 61, no. 1 (March 2020): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853720000031.
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AbstractThis article uses the copper mining town Tsumeb to examine urban infrastructure, ethnicity, and African political solidarities in apartheid Namibia. To translate apartheid to Namibia, South Africa re-planned Namibian towns to reinforce colonial divisions between two classes of African laborers: mostly Ovambo migrant laborers from northern Namibia and Angola and, secondly, ethnically diverse laborers from the zone of colonial settlement and investment, the Police Zone. Housing and infrastructure were key to this social engineering project, serving as a conduit for official and company ideas about ‘Ovambo’ and Police Zone laborers. Yet Africans’ uses of infrastructure and ethnic discourses challenged, and provoked debates about the boundaries of urban social and political belonging. Between the 1971–2 general strike of northern contract workers and the 1987 strike against the multinational Tsumeb Corporation Limited, which involved northern contract workers and community members, Africans built a political community that challenged both company and colonial state.
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Zhang, Yanzhe, Xiao Yu, Jian Zhang, and Bowen Zou. "Evaluation of the Obstacles to Developing the Aynak Copper Mine in Afghanistan." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041569.
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The Aynak Copper Mine was first discovered in 1973, and mining was initiated by the Metallurgical Company of China in 2009. However, its use has been suspended several times and the mine has never been fully exploited due to political unrest and terrorism, among other issues, in Afghanistan. Afghanistan has been recognized as one of the most fragile, conflict-affected, and landlocked countries in the world by international organizations and the global community, especially after the events of 9/11. Hence, understanding the obstacles influencing the development process of the Aynak Copper Mine is of crucial value in sustaining the development of the overall economy and society in Afghanistan. The aim of this paper is to explore the factors that have caused suspensions of the developments of the Aynak Copper Mine, which may apply to other developing projects in Afghanistan and in other fragile states. The findings will provide a better understanding of the difficulties in maintaining a sustainable environment for developing the regional economy in Afghanistan, and fill a gap in the literature with regards to the applied and theoretical economic growth model in fragile states. The materials of this research are partly based on a radical analysis of the official documents of the Afghan government and international organizations. We adopted statistical analysis to identify the factors associated with the progressive process of developing the Aynak Copper Mine, and an ordinal logit regression to analyze those factors. We specifically considered the factors associated with the degree of administrative capacity, labor investment, labor productivity, capital investment, efficiency of capital, terroristic activities, and religious issues. Among these factors, the relationships between the degree of administrative capacity, terroristic activities, and religious issues were strongly associated with the development status of the Aynak Copper Mine. The other investigated factors were not found to be relevant. This study is among the first on the Mining Project in Afghanistan.
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Amina, Wafik, Fettah Hicham, Rakhiss Lahcen, and Ouadjou Abdelmalek. "Rich Merzoug and Afilou N'Khou Veins of the Oumjrane Deposit (Example of Oriental Anti-Atlas Copper Mineralization)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 18 (June 30, 2017): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n18p251.
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The geological study of the Oumjrane region (Anti-Atlas oriental), carried out within the Oumjrane mining company (CMO), with a view to a detailed study of the two copper strands Rich Merzoug and Afilou N'Khou , So a mapping of ground was made preferably for localization of the different facies and geological structures, with sampling of our magmatic rocks, following a microscopic study. These are dolerite, gabbro to olivine, basalt, the latter are located respectively south of the three exploited veins, Bounhass vein, Afilou N'Khou vein, and Rich Merzoug's veins. A detailed study of the latter two veins in the second Bani Ordovician quartzite sandstone series will lead to the identification of four hydrothermal stages responsible for the emplacement of the mineralization: stage 1 to calcite siderite, stage 2 Pyrite arsenopyrite, stage 3 galena barite, and stage 4 with chalcopyrite, are followed by supergene stage due to the alteration of copper sulphides. The Oumejerane ore deposits shows lateral zonation from SW (Cu) to NE (Cu-Pb-Ba) and (Cu-Ba), wich underligne temperature decresing from SW to NE.
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MASLOBOEV, Vladimir, Dmitry MAKAROV, and Elena KLYUCHNIKOVA. "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINING COMPLEX OF THE MURMANSK REGION: MINIMIZATION OF MAN-MADE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-2-188-200.
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The Murmansk region is a region with the largest enterprises of the mining complex of the Russian Federation: KF JSC “Apatit”, JSC “Kola MMC”, JSC “Olkon”, JSC” Kovdorsky GOK”, JSC” North-West Phosphorus Company”, LLC”Lovozersky GOK”. They provide the majority of the country’s demand for phosphate ores, zirconium raw materials (baddeleyite), niobium, tantalum, and rare earth metals. In addition, the mining and processing of copper-nickel, iron and chrome ores, nepheline and ceramic raw materials, facing stone and building materials is carried out. At the same time, the activities of enterprises have a very negative impact on the environment. The issues of environmental safety in the extraction and processing of minerals, storage of mining waste in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are of particular relevance. The definition of sustainable development in relation to the mining industry is given. The concepts of available best technologies, circular economy, and “green growth” are considered from the point of view of their contribution to sustainable development. It is shown that the sustainable development of enterprises at the present stage is impossible without improving the environmental friendliness of production. The article analyzes the legislation of the Russian Federation and the practice of its application to identify mechanisms that promote sustainable development and eliminate barriers to the implementation of this concept in the mining industry. New technological solutions have been developed for mining enterprises of the Murmansk region, aimed at reducing aero-technogenic emissions, cleaning waste (mine) water, processing tailings of enrichment as man-made deposits, which allows both to minimize man-made environmental impacts and to increase the full use of mineral raw materials. Thus, the expediency of using the principles of “green growth” for the development of economic development policies in the Arctic is justified.
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Aubakirova, Gulnara, Georgiy Rudko, and Farida Isataeva. "Assessment of metallurgical enterprises’ activities in Kazakhstan in the context of international trends." Economic Annals-ХХI 187, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v187-12.
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The geological industry of Kazakhstan is transiting to CRIRSCO, the international system of reporting standards for mineral reserves. In view of the set tasks, the problem of adjusting the geological and economic assessment of deposits is being updated in order to adapt it to the international requirements and to increase accessibility and transparency for a potential external investor. This research has been carried out on the basis of the Kazakhmys Corporation LLС, the largest international company engaged in exploring, mining and processing of various minerals. The authors of this paper have made an attempt to expand the geological and economic assessment of the enterprise by digitizing the key business processes. On the basis of the formed factual database of the geological and economic indicators and characteristics of the stratiform pyrite-copper-lead-zinc deposit Kusmuryn, which is part of the Kazakhmys Corporation LLС, the economic indicators of extracting associated components have been calculated. Digital transformation is a key area of technological development of the mining industry in Kazakhstan for the coming years. In this regard, automation of calculating the geological and economic assessment of the investigated field will allow the company not only to reduce investment and operating costs, but also to deepen the internal analytical work to monitor the effectiveness of the applied digital solutions. Transformation of the economy of Kazakhstan presupposes state support for promising regions. The article shows that transition of the Kusmuryn deposit to underground mining in the medium term will accelerate the solution of pressing regional problems and remove social tension in the monotowns adjacent to the deposit. In order to strengthen its position in the global economy, Kazakhstan strives to achieve socio-economic goals in the field of sustainable development. It has been established that changing the method of production and automation of business processes of the Kazakhmys Corporation LLС will have a positive effect on the energy efficiency due to more rational use of available technologies. The research will improve the validity of predictive management decisions to strengthen the financial and economic situation and the international positions of the mining and smelting enterprise.
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Riekkola-Vanhanen, Marja. "Talvivaara Sotkamo Mine – Bioleaching of a polymetallic nickel ore in subarctic climate." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 10, no. 1 (August 30, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/nbc.1058.
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The main activity of the Talvivaara Mining Company Plc. is the development and exploitation ofthe Talvivaara deposits in Sotkamo, Finland using bioheapleaching. The Talvivaara deposits comprise one of the largest known sulphide nickel resources in Europe with 1004 million tonnes of ore, sufficient to support anticipated production for a minimum of 45 years. The mine started in late 2008 and will have an annual nickel output of approximately 50,000 tons when it reaches full production. In addition, the mine will also produce zinc (approximately 90,000 tpa), copper (approximately 15,000 tpa) and cobalt (approximately 1,800 tpa) as by-products of the process. The viability of bioheapleaching technology for the extraction of nickel has been demonstrated in a large on-site pilot trial using Talvivaara ore. The three year pilot has shown that the leaching process also works well in the subarctic climatic conditions of Eastern Finland.
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Tambwe, Nyumbaiza, Michael Rudolph, and Ran Greenstein. "‘INSTEAD OF BEGGING, I FARM TO FEED MY CHILDREN’: URBAN AGRICULTURE – AN ALTERNATIVE TO COPPER AND COBALT IN LUBUMBASHI." Africa 81, no. 3 (July 22, 2011): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000197201100043x.
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ABSTRACTThe collapse of the mining company La Générale des Carrières et des Mines (GECAMINES) in the 1990s forced many unemployed workers in Lubumbashi to look at alternative means of survival. The post-GECAMINES era was characterized by acute economic crisis at a time of rapid population growth and increasing urban poverty. The object of this article is threefold: to demonstrate how Lubumbashi residents resorted to agricultural activities within and around the city; to identify reasons for success and failure from three case studies; and to categorize the types of agriculture that emerge. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews, in-depth questions and observation. One hundred farming households were selected and interviewed between November 2004 and March 2005. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis for qualitative aspects and SPSS for the quantitative information. Though the living conditions of 75 per cent of urban farmers declined despite the practice of urban agriculture, these conditions might have worsened without it. However, 20 per cent of the households in the sample succeeded in stabilizing their living conditions, even though they were unable to alleviate poverty completely. A few farmers (5 per cent) became food-secure through the practice of urban agriculture.
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Jackson, Sara L. "Imagining the mineral nation: contested nation-building in Mongolia." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 3 (May 2015): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.969692.
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The development of the Oyu Tolgoi copper-gold mine, located in Mongolia's South Gobi province, promises to rebuild the nation after two decades of economic and social instabilities following the 1990 revolution. While the company promotes the mine as the teleological solution to Mongolia's development, the state and public remain ambivalent, as concerns about a resource curse and Dutch Disease loom. In this paper, I argue that Oyu Tolgoi remains contested due to tensions between corporate and state actors as well as public concerns about the potential negative political, economic, and environmental effects of mining. Debates over the Oyu Tolgoi investment agreement negotiations and the immediate repercussions of the agreement signing reveal how the dual teleologies of building mineral nations crystallize in the neologism “Mine-golia.” This paper begins to fill a gap in the literature on mineral nations which privileges the role of the state, leaving how corporations engage in nation-building underexamined.
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Hermkens, Anna-Karina. "Marian Movements and Secessionist Warfare in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea." Nova Religio 18, no. 4 (2014): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2015.18.4.35.
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This article focuses on the enigma of Catholic Marian revolutionary movements during the decade-long conflict on the island of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea at the end of the twentieth century. These religious movements embody the legacy of a colonial history as well as people’s responses to poorly monitored resource extraction, social and economic displacement, regional factionalism, and years of fighting by Bougainvilleans against the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. At the same time, the movements’ popularity throve on leaders’ reputations for their religious knowledge and their mobilization of people based on religious faith. During the conflict Bougainville came to be seen by many residents as holy land (Me’ekamui). According to Francis Ona’s Marian Mercy Mission and Peter Kira’s Our Lady of Mercy movements, the covenant land of Bougainville had to be safeguarded from Satan, represented by Papua New Guinea and an Australian copper mining company, in the freedom struggle conceived as a Marian holy war.
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Gardic, Vojka, Jelena Petrovic, Lidija Djurdjevac-Ignjatovic, Srdjan Kolakovic, and Svetlana Vujovic. "Impact assessment of mine drainage water and municipal wastewater on the surface water in the vicinity of Bor." Chemical Industry 69, no. 2 (2015): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind140128031g.
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Mining and copper production in Bor, in the past hundred years, had a huge impact on the environment of town, but also in a wide region. In the area of Bor, in the zone of Mining and Smelting Company (RTB) activity, over 29,000 ha of land under forests and fields is degraded. The area of degraded agricultural land in the Bor municipality is over 60% of total agricultural land. Wastewater, generated in the sites of RTB Bor, pollute the Bor River and Krivelj River, which still flow into the Timok River and Danube River. These pollutions are often presented by low pH value, increased content of heavy metal ions, suspended particles and fine particles of flotation tailings, which is deposited in the valleys of these rivers on the area of over 2000 hectares. During the decades of exploitation of ore from the open pit Bor at different locations ("Visoki Planir" - also called ?Ostreljski planir?, "Severni planir" dump of ore body "H" (RTH)) gangue and tailings were delayed. The largest amount of tailings, about 150 million tons, was postponed on location Visoki planir. The effect of the mining waste and the impact of the whole process of processing copper ore to the final products on the environment, was conducted during the 4th study period of the project "Management of mining waste-tailing dump in the Bor region," supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion Science (Eng. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) and the Japan international cooperation Agency and the Ministry of environment, Mining and Spatial planning of the Republic of Serbia. Influence of season on the level of pollutants in soil and water, the impact on water quality in the river Timok and the River Danube, was conducted during first three periods of project. This paper presents the results of the third study period. The third period of research, which was conducted over a period of 17. 10. 2012 to 17. 01.2013 year, included a review of pollution sources and define their impact on the environment. The study included the following sources of pollution: mining waste and drainage water originating from the active mine (Bor pit , field 1 Krivelj large tailings, flotation tailings in Bor RTH, metallurgical water), as well as the drainage water from the flotation tailings, which are no longer in operation (field 2 flotation tailings Great Krivelj, drainage water from the old Bor flotation tailings), the old inactive landfill mine gangue (Saraka landfill, Veliki planir - tailings from the old Bor mine, landfill mine gangue from mine RTH) and the city - urban waste water, which are discharged without treatment directly into the watercourse Bor River. Wastewater directly pollute Bor River and Krivalj River.
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Tonks, Graeme R., and Peter J. Dowling. "The Case of the Bougainville Mine: Success and Failure in the Management of a Multinational Corporation." Journal of Management & Organization 8, no. 1 (2002): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200005150.
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ABSTRACTAlthough inquiry into the impact of contextual factors on the governance of multinational enterprises (MNEs) has increased, primary attention has centred on MNEs from developed countries, which operate in other industrialised economies. There has been relatively little research into organisations from developed nations involved in less developed countries (LDCs). As this dearth of inquiry is particularly evident in South Pacific economies, this paper examines the management of Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL), an Australian mining company that operated in Papua New Guinea (PNG) until it was violently expelled by local communities in 1990. While this study supports research claiming that MNE performance depends upon the alignment of firms' internal and external environments, it demonstrates that alignment becomes increasingly difficult as characteristics in the host setting deviate from those in the home country. More importantly, it reveals that MNEs cannot survive under extremely divergent home—host conditions despite management efforts to control environmental variables. It also establishes that MNEs should focus contextual congruency on the host society, not the host country as widely suggested in the literature.
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Tonks, Graeme R., and Peter J. Dowling. "The Case of the Bougainville Mine: Success and Failure in the Management of a Multinational Corporation." Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 8, no. 1 (2002): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2002.8.1.70.
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ABSTRACTAlthough inquiry into the impact of contextual factors on the governance of multinational enterprises (MNEs) has increased, primary attention has centred on MNEs from developed countries, which operate in other industrialised economies. There has been relatively little research into organisations from developed nations involved in less developed countries (LDCs). As this dearth of inquiry is particularly evident in South Pacific economies, this paper examines the management of Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL), an Australian mining company that operated in Papua New Guinea (PNG) until it was violently expelled by local communities in 1990. While this study supports research claiming that MNE performance depends upon the alignment of firms' internal and external environments, it demonstrates that alignment becomes increasingly difficult as characteristics in the host setting deviate from those in the home country. More importantly, it reveals that MNEs cannot survive under extremely divergent home—host conditions despite management efforts to control environmental variables. It also establishes that MNEs should focus contextual congruency on the host society, not the host country as widely suggested in the literature.
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Tsaousi, Georgia-Maria, and Dimitrios Panias. "Production, Properties and Performance of Slag-Based, Geopolymer Foams." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070732.
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This paper demonstrates the transformation of the industrial residue (copper slag) of a Swedish mining and smelting company “Boliden”, through geopolymerization, into advanced building materials. The main objective of this experimental study is the assessment of the appropriate conditions for the preparation of alkali-activated slag-based geopolymer pastes with further foaming production, by aluminum powder addition. The alkaline-activating solution used was KOH, at a constant concentration (8 M). The effect of crucial operating parameters, such as S/L ratio (3.5–4.5 g/mL) and aluminum powder addition (0.12%–0.22%), on the geopolymer paste were studied, in order to achieve the optimum rheological conditions of the slurry. The physical properties of the materials were examined after the appropriate curing process (24 h at 70 °C), with density values ranging between 805 and 1100 kg/m3. The mechanical performance of the materials ranged between 1.28 and 2 MPa (compressive strength), and from 0.25 to 0.85 MPa (flexural strength), indicating the strong correlation of physical and mechanical properties. To assess the porosity and the size distribution of the voids, image processing techniques were applied on digital images of selected samples. According to these results, the synthesized materials exhibit similar, or even better, properties than the current concrete porous materials.
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Vera, Patricio, Christopher Nikulin, Monica Lopez-Campos, and Rosa Guadalupe G. Gonzalez Ramirez. "Prospective study using archetypes and system dynamics." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 32, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-05-2017-0151.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a combination of forecasting methods that enables a holistic understanding of a future situation, given certain influencing variables by a combination of real data and expert knowledge. Design/methodology/approach The proposal combines two well-known methods: first, system archetypes that correspond to generic structures, allowing us to handle model management issues, and second, system dynamics that offers technical support on a computational level to assess different scenarios or problem solutions. Findings The case study considers the situation of the mining industry in Chile and its related variables, including four different scenarios. Based on the proposed methodology, the results indicate that: first, the price of copper is paramount for the industry and its effects are not limited to company profits; second, a long period of downfall in copper prices could halt exploration and development projects. Research limitations/implications Systemic archetypes are still a subject of research and their application in different fields of knowledge continues to increase to improve this simulation approach. Practical implications The case study illustrates the combination of a Vester matrix and initial system archetype models that are enriched using the system dynamics approach. Indeed, the case study aims to understand the consequences of different scenarios based on the problem-driven approach provided by Vester. Social implications The goal of prospective studies of large-scale and complex situations is to model the real situation to obtain solutions that may enhance social welfare. Originality/value The proposed methodology contributes to the existing literature by integrating techniques such as the Vester matrix, system archetype modelling and system dynamics simulation, all of which were proposed previously in the literature as independent techniques.
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Gomes, L. C., A. R. Chippari-Gomes, T. O. Miranda, T. M. Pereira, J. Merçon, V. C. Davel, B. V. Barbosa, A. C. H. Pereira, A. Frossard, and J. P. L. Ramos. "Genotoxicity effects on Geophagus brasiliensis fish exposed to Doce River water after the environmental disaster in the city of Mariana, MG, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 4 (November 2019): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.188086.
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Abstract The Doce River basin has suffered the largest environmental accident ever occurred in Brazil with the influx of tailings from Fundão and Santarém, belonging to Samarco mining company, due to the disaster in Mariana. A spill between 50 and 60 million m3 of tailings was estimated by the company. According to Samarco, the wastewater was composed mainly of clay, silt and heavy metals like iron, copper and manganese. Thereby, the objective of the present study was evaluated the genotoxic damage in juvenile of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) exposed to Doce river water before (DRWBA – Doce River water before acident) and after (DRWAA – Doce River water after acident) the influx of tailings from the Germano and Santarém Dam disasters in Mariana, MG, Brazil. For this, 24 individuals of the species G. brasiliensis (obtained on IFES/ALEGRE fish culture) were submitted to a bioassay with three treatments and eight replicates. The treatments were: 1) Control water (water from the urban water supply system, filtered with a 0.45 µm membrane), 2) DRBA and 3) DRAA. After 96 h, these fishes were anesthetized to remove blood for evaluation of genotoxic damage (micronucleus and comet). For the bioassay, a total of 80 L of The Doce River water were collected before the influx of tailings and after the influx and then submitted to metal quantification analysis. Fish exposed to DRWBA and DRWAA treatments showed a significant increase in both the number of erythrocyte micronuclei and the DNA damage index in relation to the control fish; however, they did not present any differences between the two treatments. The results demonstrate that the DRWBA treatment was already genotoxic for the fish, mainly due to dissolved Cu concentrations in the water. The DRWAA treatment probably presented genotoxicity due to the increase in the dissolved fraction and synergistic effects of several metals found in the tailings of the Mariana accident.
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ΔΗΜΟΥ, Ε. "The alogenide minerals atacamite, iodargyrite in the epithermal gold mineralization of Profitis Ilias Milos island and their importance." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17089.
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The present work refers to the mineralogical study of samples from borehole cores drilled in Profitis Ilias area at Milos island by the company "MIDAS" S.A., subsidiary of "Silver& Baryte Ores Mining Co" S.A., within the frames of the exploration for epithermal gold and silver. Intensely hydrothermally altered pyroclastic rocks of rhyodacitic composition occur in the area, transformed in a group of secondary minerals as alunite, jarosite, dickite, kaolinite, chrystobalite, chalcedony, adularla, quartz. Several quartz veins rich in barite and occasionally alunite traverse these rocks. The mineralization, located mainly into the quartz veins, is poor in metallic mineral proportion and consists of a few grains of hematite, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocine, tetraedrite, native gold, electrum, copper. Gold and silver of the order of 20ppm and 1300ppm respectively were observed in some core samples from boreholes of small depth (from 18 up to 21 m.). Initially, the exploration has been focused on the research for silver bearing minerals, taking also into consideration that high silver grades could not be explained by the restricted presence of electrum. However, the investigation proved that the high silver proportion derives from two rare silver alogenides minerals, Iodargyrite (Agi) and Chlorargyrite (AgCl), located into the cavities of the quartz veins or into fully altered-eroded voids of host rocks. These two alogenides present similar mineralogical properties and thus their identification was based mainly on the microanalyses. Moreover, Atakamite Cu2(OH)3Cl another alogenide mineral of emerald-green colour, has been found into the same samples. Its presence indicated increased grades in copper, since the metallic minerals of copper are almost absent. The presence of these alogenide minerals exclusively into cavities and the significant presence of alogene element iodine, suggest deposition, where the seawater (mixed or not with hydrothermal solutions) has played an important role. After the seawater intrusion into various formations (metamorphic basement, volcanic rocks) a high temperature are acquired, as well as enrichment in valuable metals (Au, Ag, Cu) which are deposited during its ascend in higher levels, mainly in form of alogenides. These rare alogenides display significant data on the general mineralization of the area and a different processing-recovery way of the valuable metals occurring into the epithermal mineralization.
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Nikanov, Aleksandr N., Valeriy P. Chashchin, Yuliya A. Novikova, Andrey B. Gudkov, and Olga N. Popova. "Manufacturing-conditioned morbidity among non-ferrous workers in pyro-metallurgic way of nickel production." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 61, no. 5 (July 12, 2021): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2021-61-5-305-310.
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Introduction. Preserving and strengthening the health of the working population is one of the priority tasks in the Russian Federation. According to the "Concept of the Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025", approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 135 of 09.10.2007, measures to reduce the mortality rate of the population, primarily citizens of working age, should include measures to reduce the mortality rate and injuries from industrial accidents and occupational diseases. The study aims to assess the relationship of health disorders with work for certain classes of diseases and the indicator of loss of life years, adjusted for the disability of workers (DALY-disability-adjusted life years), shops of pyrometallurgical nickel refining. Materials and methods. We performed a study on JSC "Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company" (JSC "Kola MMC"), which produces and processes copper-nickel ores located in the European part of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Murmansk Region), which makes and processes copper-nickel ores. To assess the relationship of health disorders with work, we used the results of mandatory periodic medical examinations of 2113 employees engaged in pyrometallurgical refining of nickel and copper. Results. In the context of individual classes of diseases, experts established a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of diseases of the nervous system, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, and conditions of the genitourinary system. The conducted assessment of the connection of these health disorders with working conditions in workers of pyrometallurgical production of nickel and copper showed the presence of an average degree of contact with the impact on the body of a complex of harmful production factors of such health disorders as diseases of the nervous system, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal and genitourinary systems. We evaluated the effectiveness of the measures carried out using the DALY-analysis method. As a result, the researchers found a reduction in this total indicator of health loss among workers of pyrometallurgical refined nickel from 218.8 to 184.6 years (by 17.8%). Conclusions. A comprehensive assessment of health losses by the DALY analysis method indicates a significant reduction in the burden of diseases among workers of pyrometallurgical nickel refining by 15.6%, including among men - by 12.5%, among women - by 28.3%. The economic efficiency of the implemented wellness program in JSC "Kola MMC" showed that the total prevented economic damage due to reducing diseases associated with labor activity amounted to 119.3 thousand rubles per employee of metallurgical production on average for the year. The prevented economic damage resulting from the reduction of occupational diseases per employee amounted to 10.4 thousand rubles per year.
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Troncoso del Río, Raúl. "Procesos de subjetivación de género en las trabajadoras de la minería del cobre en Chile. El caso de la División El Teniente." Revista Temas Sociológicos, no. 18 (October 7, 2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07194145.18.255.
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ResumenEl mercado laboral en Chile ha tenido una creciente participación femenina, lo cual ha desdibujado los márgenes tradicionales de la división sexual del trabajo. Esto se evidencia con el emergente fenómeno de la incorporación de mujeres en las labores productivas de la minería del cobre. La empresa Codelco ha justificado esta extensión en su fuerza de trabajo a partir de los beneficios que reporta en la productividad y el clima laboral. Sin embargo, poco se ha dicho desde el punto de vista de los actores involucrados. De ahí que el presente artículo se ancle desde la sociología de la experiencia de François Dubet, con el objetivo de examinar, a través de los relatos de las trabajadoras de la División El Teniente, los procesos de subjetivación de género que se estructuran a partir de su experiencia laboral. Las claves que dan forma a dichos procesos estándadas por los dramas, desafíos, tensiones en su identidad y los juicios propios sobre su experiencia en la minería, que les lleva a configurar una emergente ruptura con el “Yo social” femenino, y asumir el deseo de ser autoras de sus vidas, a partir de un proyecto ético por la igualdad de género.Palabras clave: Experiencia laboral, subjetivación de género, mujeres, minería.Gender subjectivity processes in women workingin copper mining in Chile. The case of El Teniente divisionAbstractThe labor market in Chile has had a growing female participation, which has blurred the traditional margins of the gender division of labor. This is evidenced by the emerging phenomenon of incorporating women in copper mining productive work. Codelco company has justified this extensionin its work force by the benefits it implies in productivity and workingenvironment. However, little has been said from the point of view of actors involved. Hence this article is anchored in the sociology of the experienceof François Dubet, in order to examine, through the stories of the women working at El Teniente division, the gender subjectivity processes structured from this work experience. Key factors that shape these processes are given by tragedies, challenges, tensions in their identity and their own judgments about their experience in mining, which leads them to break the female“social identity” and accept the wish of being authors of their own lives, froman ethical project for gender equality.Keywords: Work experience, gender subjectivity, women, mining.Processos de subjetividade de gênero nas trabalhadoras da mineração do cobre no Chile. Ocaso da divisão o TenenteResumoO mercado de trabalho no Chile tem tido uma crescente participação feminina, o qual borrou as margens tradicionais da divisão sexual do trabalho. Isto é evidenciado pelo fenômeno emergente da incorporação das mulheres nos labores produtivas de mineração de cobre. A empresa Codelco tem justificado esta extensão em sua força de trabalho a partir dos benefícios que reporta na produtividade e o ambiente de trabalho. No entanto, pouco tem sido dito desde o ponto de vista dos atores envolvidos. Assim, o presente artigo é ancorado desde a sociologia na experiência de François Dubet, a fim de analisar, através dos relatos das trabalhadoras da divisão do Tenente,os processos de subjetividade de gênero que se estruturam a partir de sua experiência de trabalho. As chaves que dão forma a estes processos são dadas pelos dramas, desafios, tensões em sua identidade e seus próprios prejuízos sobre a sua experiência em mineração, que as leva a definir uma emergente ruptura com seu “Eu social” feminino, e assumir o desejo de ser autoras desuas vidas, a partir de um projeto ético pela igualdade de género.Palavras-chave: Experiência de trabalho, subjetividade de gênero, mulheres,mineração.
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Troncoso del Río, Raúl. "Procesos de subjetivación de género en las trabajadoras de la minería del cobre en Chile. El caso de la División El Teniente." Revista Temas Sociológicos, no. 18 (October 7, 2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07196458.18.1139.
Full textAbstract:
ResumenEl mercado laboral en Chile ha tenido una creciente participación femenina, lo cual ha desdibujado los márgenes tradicionales de la división sexual del trabajo. Esto se evidencia con el emergente fenómeno de la incorporación de mujeres en las labores productivas de la minería del cobre. La empresa Codelco ha justificado esta extensión en su fuerza de trabajo a partir de los beneficios que reporta en la productividad y el clima laboral. Sin embargo, poco se ha dicho desde el punto de vista de los actores involucrados. De ahí que el presente artículo se ancle desde la sociología de la experiencia de François Dubet, con el objetivo de examinar, a través de los relatos de las trabajadoras de la División El Teniente, los procesos de subjetivación de género que se estructuran a partir de su experiencia laboral. Las claves que dan forma a dichos procesos estándadas por los dramas, desafíos, tensiones en su identidad y los juicios propios sobre su experiencia en la minería, que les lleva a configurar una emergente ruptura con el “Yo social” femenino, y asumir el deseo de ser autoras de sus vidas, a partir de un proyecto ético por la igualdad de género.Palabras clave: Experiencia laboral, subjetivación de género, mujeres, minería.Gender subjectivity processes in women workingin copper mining in Chile. The case of El Teniente divisionAbstractThe labor market in Chile has had a growing female participation, which has blurred the traditional margins of the gender division of labor. This is evidenced by the emerging phenomenon of incorporating women in copper mining productive work. Codelco company has justified this extensionin its work force by the benefits it implies in productivity and workingenvironment. However, little has been said from the point of view of actors involved. Hence this article is anchored in the sociology of the experienceof François Dubet, in order to examine, through the stories of the women working at El Teniente division, the gender subjectivity processes structured from this work experience. Key factors that shape these processes are given by tragedies, challenges, tensions in their identity and their own judgments about their experience in mining, which leads them to break the female“social identity” and accept the wish of being authors of their own lives, froman ethical project for gender equality.Keywords: Work experience, gender subjectivity, women, mining.Processos de subjetividade de gênero nas trabalhadoras da mineração do cobre no Chile. Ocaso da divisão o TenenteResumoO mercado de trabalho no Chile tem tido uma crescente participação feminina, o qual borrou as margens tradicionais da divisão sexual do trabalho. Isto é evidenciado pelo fenômeno emergente da incorporação das mulheres nos labores produtivas de mineração de cobre. A empresa Codelco tem justificado esta extensão em sua força de trabalho a partir dos benefícios que reporta na produtividade e o ambiente de trabalho. No entanto, pouco tem sido dito desde o ponto de vista dos atores envolvidos. Assim, o presente artigo é ancorado desde a sociologia na experiência de François Dubet, a fim de analisar, através dos relatos das trabalhadoras da divisão do Tenente,os processos de subjetividade de gênero que se estruturam a partir de sua experiência de trabalho. As chaves que dão forma a estes processos são dadas pelos dramas, desafios, tensões em sua identidade e seus próprios prejuízos sobre a sua experiência em mineração, que as leva a definir uma emergente ruptura com seu “Eu social” feminino, e assumir o desejo de ser autoras desuas vidas, a partir de um projeto ético pela igualdade de género.Palavras-chave: Experiência de trabalho, subjetividade de gênero, mulheres,mineração.
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Troncoso del Río, Raúl. "Procesos de subjetivación de género en las trabajadoras de la minería del cobre en Chile. El caso de la División El Teniente." Revista Temas Sociológicos, no. 18 (October 7, 2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07196458.18.255.
Full textAbstract:
ResumenEl mercado laboral en Chile ha tenido una creciente participación femenina, lo cual ha desdibujado los márgenes tradicionales de la división sexual del trabajo. Esto se evidencia con el emergente fenómeno de la incorporación de mujeres en las labores productivas de la minería del cobre. La empresa Codelco ha justificado esta extensión en su fuerza de trabajo a partir de los beneficios que reporta en la productividad y el clima laboral. Sin embargo, poco se ha dicho desde el punto de vista de los actores involucrados. De ahí que el presente artículo se ancle desde la sociología de la experiencia de François Dubet, con el objetivo de examinar, a través de los relatos de las trabajadoras de la División El Teniente, los procesos de subjetivación de género que se estructuran a partir de su experiencia laboral. Las claves que dan forma a dichos procesos estándadas por los dramas, desafíos, tensiones en su identidad y los juicios propios sobre su experiencia en la minería, que les lleva a configurar una emergente ruptura con el “Yo social” femenino, y asumir el deseo de ser autoras de sus vidas, a partir de un proyecto ético por la igualdad de género.Palabras clave: Experiencia laboral, subjetivación de género, mujeres, minería.Gender subjectivity processes in women workingin copper mining in Chile. The case of El Teniente divisionAbstractThe labor market in Chile has had a growing female participation, which has blurred the traditional margins of the gender division of labor. This is evidenced by the emerging phenomenon of incorporating women in copper mining productive work. Codelco company has justified this extensionin its work force by the benefits it implies in productivity and workingenvironment. However, little has been said from the point of view of actors involved. Hence this article is anchored in the sociology of the experienceof François Dubet, in order to examine, through the stories of the women working at El Teniente division, the gender subjectivity processes structured from this work experience. Key factors that shape these processes are given by tragedies, challenges, tensions in their identity and their own judgments about their experience in mining, which leads them to break the female“social identity” and accept the wish of being authors of their own lives, froman ethical project for gender equality.Keywords: Work experience, gender subjectivity, women, mining.Processos de subjetividade de gênero nas trabalhadoras da mineração do cobre no Chile. Ocaso da divisão o TenenteResumoO mercado de trabalho no Chile tem tido uma crescente participação feminina, o qual borrou as margens tradicionais da divisão sexual do trabalho. Isto é evidenciado pelo fenômeno emergente da incorporação das mulheres nos labores produtivas de mineração de cobre. A empresa Codelco tem justificado esta extensão em sua força de trabalho a partir dos benefícios que reporta na produtividade e o ambiente de trabalho. No entanto, pouco tem sido dito desde o ponto de vista dos atores envolvidos. Assim, o presente artigo é ancorado desde a sociologia na experiência de François Dubet, a fim de analisar, através dos relatos das trabalhadoras da divisão do Tenente,os processos de subjetividade de gênero que se estruturam a partir de sua experiência de trabalho. As chaves que dão forma a estes processos são dadas pelos dramas, desafios, tensões em sua identidade e seus próprios prejuízos sobre a sua experiência em mineração, que as leva a definir uma emergente ruptura com seu “Eu social” feminino, e assumir o desejo de ser autoras desuas vidas, a partir de um projeto ético pela igualdade de género.Palavras-chave: Experiência de trabalho, subjetividade de gênero, mulheres,mineração.
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Kjaer, Kjell-G., and Hilary Foxworthy. "The Arctic ship Danmark." Polar Record 40, no. 1 (January 2004): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247403003231.
Full textAbstract:
The steam barque Danmark, used on Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen's expedition to northeast Greenland (1906–08), was originally a Scottish whaler named Sir Colin Campbell, built in 1855 in Sunderland. After nine years of whaling out of Peterhead, in 1865 Sir Colin Campbell started the transportation of cryolite from the mines of Ivigtut in southwest Greenland to the United States and several European ports. This trade lasted for 103 years, until 1968. In the early 1870s, the ship was sold to Norwegian owners, renamed Magdalena, fitted with a steam-engine, and used as part of the Tønsberg sealing fleet. In 1894 she was the ship in which Roald Amundsen made his first voyage to the Arctic. In 1905 Magdalena was chartered by the estate of William Ziegler for a relief expedition to Bass Rock, northeast Greenland, to search for members of the Fiala-Ziegler expedition. The next year she was sold to the Danmark-Expedition and renamed Danmark. The main task for the expedition was to survey the coast from 77°N to Independence Bay, an area that was completely unknown. In addition to geographical exploration, much ethnographical, ornithological, zoological, hydrographical, meteorological, and botanical work was carried out on the expedition. In 1909, Danmark was sold to the mining company Grønlandske Minedrifts Aktieselskab of Copenhagen. She made voyages every year to Greenland, returning with copper and graphite. In 1916 she was chartered by the American Museum of Natural History to bring home the members of the Crocker Land Expedition. When in December 1917 she returned to Denmark, her captain did not know that, in their two years' absence, the coastal signals had been changed due to conditions in World War I. Danmark grounded off Høganes, Sweden; condemned, she was sold to a breaker's yard, and her masts, sails, engine, and other fittings were sold at auction the following year.
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Leiva, Claudio, Claudio Acuña, and Diego Castillo. "Development and Validation of an Online Analyzer for Particle Size Distribution in Conveyor Belts." Minerals 11, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060581.
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Online measurement of particle size distribution in the crushing process is critical to reduce particle obstruction and to reduce energy consumption. Nevertheless, commercial systems to determine size distribution do not accurately identify large particles (20–250 mm), leading to particle obstruction, increasing energy consumption, and reducing equipment availability. To solve this problem, an online sensor prototype was designed, implemented, and validated in a copper ore plant. The sensor is based on 2D images and specific detection algorithms. The system consists of a camera (1024 p) mounted on the conveyor belt and image processing software, which improves the detection of large particle edges. The algorithms determine the geometry of each particle, from a sequence of digital photographs. For the development of the software, noise reduction algorithms were evaluated and selected, and a routine was designed to incorporate morphological mathematics (erosion, dilation, opening, lock) and segmentation algorithms (Roberts, Prewitt, Sobel, Laplacian–Gaussian, Canny, watershed, geodesic transform). The software was implemented (in MatLab Image Processing Toolbox) based on the 3D equivalent diameter (using major and minor axes, assuming an oblate spheroid). The size distribution adjusted to the Rosin Rammler function in the major axis. To test the sensor capabilities, laboratory images were used, where the results show a precision of 5% in Rosin Rambler model fitting. To validate the large particle detection algorithms, a pilot test was implemented in a large mining company in Chile. The accuracy of large particle detection was 60% to 67% depending on the crushing stage. In conclusion, it is shown that the prototype and software allow online measurement of large particle sizes, which provides useful information for screening equipment maintenance and control of crushers’ open size setting, reducing the obstruction risk and increasing operational availability.
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Bagatto, Giuseppe, and Joseph D. Shorthouse. "Biotic and abiotic characteristics of ecosystems on acid metalliferous mine tailings near Sudbury, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 3 (August 20, 1999): 410–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-233.
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INCO Ltd., a large mining company near Sudbury, Ont., deposits vast amounts of tailings on its property. These tailings contain elevated levels of Cu, Ni, and sulphides, and to curtail dust and acid drainage, INCO has undertaken a long-term project to cover its tailings with vegetation. Yearly amelioration of fresh tailings with limestone and fertilizer, followed by seeding with various grasses and herbs, transplanted conifers, and the later colonization of volunteer species of plants from adjoining forests, has resulted in the formation of ecosystems of varying age and complexity. To assess the long-term effectiveness of INCO's vegetation techniques, we studied floral diversity, attributes of developing soils, and the accumulation of Cu and Ni in various plant species growing on tailings at different stages of development. Habitat disturbance by tailings deposition, and its subsequent floral recolonizaton, is an example of "anthropogenic succession." Tailings that do not receive amelioration in the form of lime, fertilizer, and seeding remain free of vegetation, other than sparce clumps of the metal-tolerant grass Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Once amelioration begins, various species of grasses and herbs are able to subsist and within 8 years volunteer species begin to colonize. Substrate pH of dried tailings is less than 4 while the pH in upper horizons ranges from 5 to 6, increasing as the sites become more florally diverse; however, pH at lower depths remains less than 4. Substrate organic content in upper horizons at restored sites ranges from 4.5 to 5.0%. Water-soluble concentrations of Cu and Ni in upper horizons ranges from 1 to 5 µg/g dry mass, and 0.5 to 6 µg/g dry mass, respectively, and both metals decrease with increasing floral diversity. Levels of Ni increase at lower depths indicating greater substrate mobility. Levels of Cu and Ni are higher in plants from tailings than in those from control sites; however, concentrations do not decrease in plants from older and more florally diverse tailings sites. Root tissues contain significantly higher concentrations of Cu and Ni than aerial tissues. Monitoring air with moss plates indicates that dispersal of airborne metallic dust remains a problem.Key words: mine tailings, Sudbury, anthropogenic succession, copper, nickel, acid, monitoring.
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Lorca, Mauricio. "El antiguo campamento minero de Potrerillos: memoria, patrimonialización y ¿turismo? en la región de Atacama, Chile." revista PH, July 5, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33349/2019.98.4457.
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El yacimiento de Potrerillos se ubica al norte de la región de Atacama, en la comuna de Diego de Almagro, a 2800 msnm. Hasta la primera década del siglo XX el yacimiento fue explotado de forma tradicional para en 1916 pasar a manos de la estadounidense Anaconda Copper Company.