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Journal articles on the topic 'Anaerobic Biodegradation, Naphthenic Acids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Clothier, Lindsay N., and Lisa M. Gieg. "Anaerobic biodegradation of surrogate naphthenic acids." Water Research 90 (March 2016): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.019.

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2

Folwell, Benjamin D., Terry J. McGenity, Andrew Price, Richard J. Johnson, and Corinne Whitby. "Exploring the capacity for anaerobic biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and naphthenic acids by microbes from oil-sands-process-affected waters." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 108 (March 2016): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.12.016.

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3

Biryukova, Oxana V., Phillip M. Fedorak, and Sylvie A. Quideau. "Biodegradation of naphthenic acids by rhizosphere microorganisms." Chemosphere 67, no. 10 (2007): 2058–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.063.

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4

Herman, David C., Phillip M. Fedorak, Mike D. MacKinnon, and J. W. Costerton. "Biodegradation of naphthenic acids by microbial populations indigenous to oil sands tailings." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 6 (1994): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-076.

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Organic acids, similar in structure to naphthenic acids, have been associated with the acute toxicity of tailings produced by the oil sands industry in northeastern Alberta, Canada. Bacterial cultures enriched from oil sands tailings were found to utilize as their sole carbon source both a commercial mixture of naphthenic acids and a mixture of organic acids extracted from oil sands tailings. Gas chromatographic analysis of both the commercial naphthenic acids and the extracted organic acids revealed an unresolved "hump" formed by the presence of many overlapping peaks. Microbial activity dire

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5

Herman, David C., Phillip M. Fedorak, and J. William Costerton. "Biodegradation of cycloalkane carboxylic acids in oil sand tailings." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 6 (1993): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-083.

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The biodegradation of both an n-alkane and several carboxylated cycloalkanes was examined within tailings produced by the extraction of bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands. The carboxylated cycloalkanes examined were structurally similar to naphthenic acids that have been associated with the acute toxicity of oil sand tailings. The biodegradation potential of naphthenic acids was estimated by determining the biodegradation of both the carboxylated cycloalkanes and hexadecane in oil sand tailings. Carboxylated cycloalkanes were biodegraded within oil sand tailings, although compounds with meth

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6

Clemente, Joyce S., Michael D. MacKinnon, and Phillip M. Fedorak. "Aerobic Biodegradation of Two Commercial Naphthenic Acids Preparations." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 4 (2004): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es030543j.

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7

Cheng, Xiong, and Dujie Hou. "Characterization of Severely Biodegraded Crude Oils Using Negative-Ion ESI Orbitrap MS, GC-NCD and GC-SCD: Insights into Heteroatomic Compounds Biodegradation." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020300.

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A slightly and two severely biodegraded crude oils with the same origin were analysed using negative-ion electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry (ESI Orbitrap MS), gas chromatography-nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (GC-NCD), and GC-sulfur chemiluminescence detector (GC-SCD) to investigate the composition of heteroatomic compounds and their fate during severe biodegradation and to provide insights into biodegradation pathway of hopanes, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds. Twelve heteroatomic compound classes, including O1–O5, N1, N2, N1O1–N1O3, N1S1 and O3S1, were detected

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8

Cheng, Xiong, and Dujie Hou. "Characterization of Severely Biodegraded Crude Oils Using Negative-Ion ESI Orbitrap MS, GC-NCD and GC-SCD: Insights into Heteroatomic Compounds Biodegradation." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020300.

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A slightly and two severely biodegraded crude oils with the same origin were analysed using negative-ion electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry (ESI Orbitrap MS), gas chromatography-nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (GC-NCD), and GC-sulfur chemiluminescence detector (GC-SCD) to investigate the composition of heteroatomic compounds and their fate during severe biodegradation and to provide insights into biodegradation pathway of hopanes, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds. Twelve heteroatomic compound classes, including O1–O5, N1, N2, N1O1–N1O3, N1S1 and O3S1, were detected

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9

Xue, Jinkai, Yanyan Zhang, Yang Liu, and Mohamed Gamal El-Din. "Dynamics of naphthenic acids and microbial community structures in a membrane bioreactor treating oil sands process-affected water: impacts of supplemented inorganic nitrogen and hydraulic retention time." RSC Advances 7, no. 29 (2017): 17670–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra01836c.

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This study was focused on how different operating conditions affected the biodegradation of naphthenic acids and the microbial community architectures in an anoxic–aerobic membrane bioreactor for oil sands process-affected water treatment.

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10

Peng, Jimin, J. V. Headley, and S. L. Barbour. "Adsorption of single-ring model naphthenic acids on soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 6 (2002): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-098.

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The adsorption of single-ring model naphthenic acids on soils was investigated using a batch partitioning method. The influence of the molecular structure of the sorbate, the organic carbon content of the sorbent, the temperature, the solution salt (calcium chloride) concentration, and the pH on the adsorption isotherms was determined. The adsorption coefficients (Kd) for two structurally related model naphthenic acids, 4-methycyclohexaneacetic acid (4MACH) and 4-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (4MCCH), were 0.18 and 0.11 mL/g, respectively. The Kd values determined for the individual cis and

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11

Yue, Siqing, Bruce A. Ramsay, Jiaxi Wang, and Juliana A. Ramsay. "Biodegradation and detoxification of naphthenic acids in oil sands process affected waters." Science of The Total Environment 572 (December 2016): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.163.

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12

Clemente, Joyce S., and Phillip M. Fedorak. "A review of the occurrence, analyses, toxicity, and biodegradation of naphthenic acids." Chemosphere 60, no. 5 (2005): 585–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.065.

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13

Johnson, Richard J., Ben E. Smith, Steven J. Rowland, and Corinne Whitby. "Biodegradation of alkyl branched aromatic alkanoic naphthenic acids by Pseudomonas putida KT2440." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 81 (July 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.11.008.

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14

Headley, J. V., K. M. Peru, S. Tanapat, and G. Putz. "Biodegradation Kinetics of Geometric Isomers of Model Naphthenic Acids in Athabasca River Water." Canadian Water Resources Journal 27, no. 1 (2002): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2701025.

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15

D'Souza, Leisha, Yaseen Sami, Mehdi Nemati, and John Headley. "Continuous Co-biodegradation of linear and cyclic naphthenic acids in circulating packed-bed bioreactors." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 33, no. 3 (2013): 835–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.11856.

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16

Vaiopoulou, Eleni, Teresa M. Misiti, and Spyros G. Pavlostathis. "Removal and toxicity reduction of naphthenic acids by ozonation and combined ozonation-aerobic biodegradation." Bioresource Technology 179 (March 2015): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.058.

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17

Toor, Navdeep S., Xiumei Han, Eric Franz, Michael D. MacKinnon, Jonathan W. Martin, and Karsten Liber. "Selective biodegradation of naphthenic acids and a probable link between mixture profiles and aquatic toxicity." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32, no. 10 (2013): 2207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2295.

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18

Clemente, J. S., T. W. Yen, and P. M. Fedorak. "Development of a high performance liquid chromatography method to monitor the biodegradation of naphthenic acids." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 2, no. 3 (2003): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/s03-011.

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19

McKenzie, Natalie, Siqing Yue, Xudong Liu, Bruce A. Ramsay, and Juliana A. Ramsay. "Biodegradation of naphthenic acids in oils sands process waters in an immobilized soil/sediment bioreactor." Chemosphere 109 (August 2014): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.001.

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20

Huang, Jeff, Mehdi Nemati, Gordon Hill, and John Headley. "Batch and continuous biodegradation of three model naphthenic acids in a circulating packed-bed bioreactor." Journal of Hazardous Materials 201-202 (January 2012): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.052.

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21

Lv, Xiaofei, Bin Ma, Korris Lee, and Ania Ulrich. "Potential syntrophic associations in anaerobic naphthenic acids biodegrading consortia inferred with microbial interactome networks." Journal of Hazardous Materials 397 (October 2020): 122678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122678.

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22

Balaberda, Amy-lynne, and Ania C. Ulrich. "Persulfate Oxidation Coupled with Biodegradation by Pseudomonas fluorescens Enhances Naphthenic Acid Remediation and Toxicity Reduction." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (2021): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071502.

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The extraction of bitumen from the Albertan oilsands produces large amounts of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) that requires remediation. Classical naphthenic acids (NAs), a complex mixture of organic compounds containing O2− species, are present in the acid extractable organic fraction of OSPW and are a primary cause of acute toxicity. A potential remediation strategy is combining chemical oxidation and biodegradation. Persulfate as an oxidant is advantageous, as it is powerful, economical, and less harmful towards microorganisms. This is the first study to examine persulfate oxidatio

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23

Villemur, Richard. "Coenzyme A ligases involved in anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic compounds." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 10 (1995): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-118.

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Bacterial strains and consortia of bacteria have been isolated for their ability to degrade, under anaerobic conditions, homocyclic monoaromatic compounds, such as phenolic compounds, methylbenzenes, and aminobenzenes. As opposed to aerobic conditions where these compounds are degraded via dihydroxyl intermediates introduced by oxygenases, most of aromatic compounds under anaerobic conditions are metabolized via aromatic acid intermediates, such as nitrobenzoates, hydroxybenzoates, or phenylacetate. These aromatic acids are then transformed to benzoate before the reduction and the cleavage of

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24

Ahad, Jason M. E., Hooshang Pakdel, Paul R. Gammon, Tariq Siddique, Alsu Kuznetsova, and Martine M. Savard. "Evaluating in situ biodegradation of 13C-labelled naphthenic acids in groundwater near oil sands tailings ponds." Science of The Total Environment 643 (December 2018): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.159.

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25

Han, Xiumei, Michael D. MacKinnon, and Jonathan W. Martin. "Estimating the in situ biodegradation of naphthenic acids in oil sands process waters by HPLC/HRMS." Chemosphere 76, no. 1 (2009): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.026.

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26

Valdes Labrada, Guadalupe Montserrat, and Mehdi Nemati. "Biodegradation of surrogate naphthenic acids and electricity generation in microbial fuel cells: bioelectrochemical and microbial characterizations." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 41, no. 11 (2018): 1635–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-018-1989-x.

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27

Callaghan, Amy V., Meghan Tierney, Craig D. Phelps, and L. Y. Young. "Anaerobic Biodegradation of n-Hexadecane by a Nitrate-Reducing Consortium." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 5 (2008): 1339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02491-08.

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ABSTRACT Nitrate-reducing enrichments, amended with n-hexadecane, were established with petroleum-contaminated sediment from Onondaga Lake. Cultures were serially diluted to yield a sediment-free consortium. Clone libraries and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA gene community PCR products indicated the presence of uncultured alpha- and betaproteobacteria similar to those detected in contaminated, denitrifying environments. Cultures were incubated with H34-hexadecane, fully deuterated hexadecane (d 34-hexadecane), or H34-hexadecane and NaH13CO3. Gas chromatography-mas

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28

Johnson, Richard J., Ben E. Smith, Paul A. Sutton, Terry J. McGenity, Steven J. Rowland, and Corinne Whitby. "Microbial biodegradation of aromatic alkanoic naphthenic acids is affected by the degree of alkyl side chain branching." ISME Journal 5, no. 3 (2010): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.146.

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29

Mahdavi, Hamed, Vinay Prasad, Yang Liu, and Ania C. Ulrich. "In situ biodegradation of naphthenic acids in oil sands tailings pond water using indigenous algae–bacteria consortium." Bioresource Technology 187 (July 2015): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.091.

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30

Abdalrhman, Abdallatif Satti, Yanyan Zhang, Muhammad Arslan, and Mohamed Gamal El-Din. "Low-current electro-oxidation enhanced the biodegradation of the recalcitrant naphthenic acids in oil sands process water." Journal of Hazardous Materials 398 (November 2020): 122807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122807.

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31

Yoochatchaval, W., S. Kumakura, D. Tanikawa, et al. "Anaerobic degradation of palm oil mill effluent (POME)." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 10 (2011): 2001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.782.

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The biodegradation characteristics of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and the related microbial community were studied in both actual sequential anaerobic ponds in Malaysia and enrichment cultures. The significant degradation of the POME was observed in the second pond, in which the temperature was 35–37 °C. In this pond, biodegradation of major long chain fatty acids (LCFA), such as palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1), was also confirmed. The enrichment culture experiment was conducted with different feeding substrates, i.e. POME, C16:0 and C18:1, at 35 °C. Good recovery of methane ind

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32

Li, Zhengkai, Robert J. Downer, and Brian A. Wrenn. "Remediation of Floating Vegetable Oil Spills by Sedimentation Followed by Anaerobic Biodegradation." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (2003): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-387.

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ABSTRACT Floating vegetable oil can be effectively removed from the water surface and the water column as negatively buoyant oil-mineral aggregates by addition of a dense mineral, such as clay. In bench-scale experiments, it is possible to remove virtually all of the floating oil by addition of a sufficiently large dose of clay (&gt;10 g clay/g oil). Once present in the sediments, vegetable oil can be completely transformed to harmless end products (e.g., carbon dioxide and methane) by naturally occurring microbial populations. Transient production of toxic intermediates (probably free fat

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33

Imbeault, Nathalie, Marcel Paquet, and Raynald Côté. "Volatile Fatty Acids Production by Anaerobic Whey Permeate Biodegradation in a Continuous Bioreactor." Water Quality Research Journal 33, no. 4 (1998): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1998.031.

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Abstract This paper addresses the production of volatile fatty acids with fermentation of whey permeate under acidogenic conditions. The coal-immobilized biomass of an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor operated with a fairly constant hydraulic residence time of 12 min transformed the substrate (whey permeate i.e., essentially lactose) into a blend of acetic, propionic, butyric and isobutyric acids corresponding to between 2 and 19, 1 and 6, 11 and 30, 0 and 2% of the initial load (carbon basis), respectively. There was a slight decrease in the sugar transformation efficiency (65 to 48%) with the

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34

Frankel, Mathew L., Tazul I. Bhuiyan, Andrei Veksha, et al. "Removal and biodegradation of naphthenic acids by biochar and attached environmental biofilms in the presence of co-contaminating metals." Bioresource Technology 216 (September 2016): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.084.

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35

Guven, E., T. H. Erguder, and G. N. Demirer. "Determination of the optimum loading strategies for monochloro-, trichloro-, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acids to anaerobic cultures." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 1-2 (2000): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0296.

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With respect to their adverse health and environmental effects, halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) are among the most important priority pollutants. HOCs cannot be easily biodegraded. However, if suitable microbial cultures are acclimated to these compounds properly, and the optimum operating conditions are achieved, HOCs can be removed with biological methods. Recently, great interest has focused on reductive anaerobic dehalogenation for the removal of these compounds. This process yields lower halogenated compounds which are less toxic and more amenable to further biodegradation. Chloroace

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36

Fan, Mengjie, Yue Zhou, Qiong Huang, Yingwen Chen, Haitao Xu, and Shubao Shen. "The auxiliary effect of organic matter humic acids on the anaerobic biodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol A." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 42, no. 1 (2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1587052.

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37

Van Stempvoort, Dale R., Kelly Millar, and John R. Lawrence. "Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids in an aquitard linked to anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons." Applied Geochemistry 24, no. 1 (2009): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.11.004.

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38

Zampolli, J., A. Di Canito, M. Cappelletti, E. Collina, M. Lasagni, and Patrizia Di Gennaro. "Biodegradation of naphthenic acids: identification of Rhodococcus opacus R7 genes as molecular markers for environmental monitoring and their application in slurry microcosms." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 6 (2020): 2675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10378-5.

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39

Puyol, D., A. F. Mohedano, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Rodríguez. "Anaerobic biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by methanogenic granular sludge: role of co-substrates and methanogenic inhibition." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 7 (2009): 1449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.137.

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The influence of several co-substrates in the anaerobic biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246TCP) by methanogenic granular sludge as well as in methanogenesis inhibition by 246TCP has been studied. 4 g-COD·L−1 of lactate, sucrose, volatile fatty acids (VFA) acetate:propionate:butyrate 1:1:1, ethanol, methanol, yeast extract (YE), and 2 g-COD·L−1 of formate and methylamine were tested. Two concentrations of 246TCP: 80 mg·L−1 and 113 mg·L−1 (this last corresponding to the EC50 for acetotrophic methanogenesis) were tested. Three consecutive co-substrate and nutrient feedings were accomplis

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40

Pereira, M. A., O. C. Pires, M. Mota, and M. M. Alves. "Anaerobic biodegradation of oleic and palmitic acids: Evidence of mass transfer limitations caused by long chain fatty acid accumulation onto the anaerobic sludge." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 92, no. 1 (2005): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.20548.

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41

Hughey, Christine A., Carina S. Minardi, Samantha A. Galasso-Roth, et al. "Naphthenic acids as indicators of crude oil biodegradation in soil, based on semi-quantitative electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22, no. 23 (2008): 3968–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3813.

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42

Wu, H. F., L. Z. Yue, S. L. Jiang, Y. Q. Lu, Y. X. Wu, and Z. Y. Wan. "Biodegradation of polyvinyl alcohol by different dominant degrading bacterial strains in a baffled anaerobic bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 10 (2019): 2005–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.202.

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Abstract Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is the main pollutant in printing and dyeing wastewaters. This pollutant exhibits great demand, poor biodegradability and refractory degradation. In this study, PVA wastewater treatment experiments were conducted in a stably operating baffled anaerobic bioreactor (ABR) by using simulated PVA wastewater. The PVA degradation pathway and mechanism of the mixed dominant PVA-degrading bacterial strains were identified through the analysis of their degradation products. From the results, we inferred that PVA was degraded in a stepwise process under the synergistic ac

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43

Zampolli, J., A. Di Canito, M. Cappelletti, E. Collina, M. Lasagni, and P. Di Gennaro. "Correction to: Biodegradation of naphthenic acids: identification of Rhodococcus opacus R7 genes as molecular markers for environmental monitoring and their application in slurry microcosms." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 6 (2020): 2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10442-0.

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44

Kobayashi, T., T. Hashinaga, E. Mikami, and T. Suzuki. "Methanogenic Degradation of Phenol and Benzoate in Acclimated Sludges." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 4-5 (1989): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0210.

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Anaerobic phenol and benzoate degrading consortia were cultivated by acclimation of methanogenic sludges to be capable of degrading completely to CO2 and CH4 1,000 mg/l of phenol within 5–7 days, and 3,000 mg/l of benzoate within 5–7 days, respectively. By using the acclimated sludges, the effect of gaseous atmospheres (H2:CO2/80:20 and N2:CO2/80:20) on the biodegradability and the degradation pathways of phenol and benzoate were examined. Although the anaerobic degradation of phenol was accelerated in the H2/CO2 atmosphere compared with the N2/CO2 atmosphere, benzoate was accumulated. Degrada

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45

Cervantes, Francisco J., Wouter Dijksma, Tuan Duong-Dac, Anna Ivanova, Gatze Lettinga, and Jim A. Field. "Anaerobic Mineralization of Toluene by Enriched Sediments with Quinones and Humus as Terminal Electron Acceptors." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 10 (2001): 4471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.10.4471-4478.2001.

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ABSTRACT The anaerobic microbial oxidation of toluene to CO2 coupled to humus respiration was demonstrated by use of enriched anaerobic sediments from the Amsterdam petroleum harbor (APH) and the Rhine River. Both highly purified soil humic acids (HPSHA) and the humic quinone moiety model compound anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) were utilized as terminal electron acceptors. After 2 weeks of incubation, 50 and 85% of added uniformly labeled [13C]toluene were recovered as13CO2 in HPSHA- and AQDS-supplemented APH sediment enrichment cultures, respectively; negligible recovery occurred in uns

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46

KONTCHOU, C. YANZE, and R. BLONDEAU. "EFFECT OF HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA ON DIFFERENT HUMIC SUBSTANCES IN MIXED BATCH CULTURES." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 1 (1990): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-006.

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Humic substances extracted from different soil samples and synthetic humic compounds (two melanoidins and one synthetic polymer) were used as the sole carbon source in liquid media inoculated with a mixed bacterial community selected by adaptation culture technique, and incubated for 90 or 100 d. The results show a high resistance to degradation of humic compounds by heterotrophic bacteria. Only a slight decrease in carbohydrate content and some modifications in carboxyl content were observed with the natural compounds. This resistance to biodegradation does not seem to be related to sample or

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47

Surkatti, Riham, Muftah H. El-Naas, Mark C. M. Van Loosdrecht, Abdelbaki Benamor, Fatima Al-Naemi, and Udeogu Onwusogh. "Biotechnology for Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Wastewater Treatment: A Review." Water 12, no. 8 (2020): 2126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082126.

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Gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology involves the conversion of natural gas into several liquid hydrocarbon products. The Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) process is the most widely applied approach for GTL, and it is the main source of wastewater in the GTL process. The wastewater is generally characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) content due to the presence of alcohol, ketones and organic acids. The discharge of this highly contaminated wastewater without prior treatment can cause adverse effects on human life and aquatic systems. This review examines aerobic and a

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48

Liu, Xiao Ling, Jian Wang, Yong Hiu Song, and Ping Zeng. "Effect of pH on the Accumulation of Volatile Fatty Acids from Proteinaceous Excess Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.472.

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Proteins were the primary organics of excess sludge. Their properties were related to pH, which in turn affected the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Excess sludge was firstly pretreated using the thermo-alkaline method, and the centrifuged supernatant was then taken as the substrate to investigate the effect of pH on the accumulation of VFAs from proteinaceous waste. The heating method was used to treat the inoculums in order to inhibit the generation of bio-methane during the whole anaerobic fermentation. The results showed that pH had an obvious influence on the bioconversion of p

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Duan, Xu, Xiao Wang, Jing Xie, et al. "Acidogenic bacteria assisted biodegradation of nonylphenol in waste activated sludge during anaerobic fermentation for short-chain fatty acids production." Bioresource Technology 268 (November 2018): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.053.

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Tian, Yonglan, Shusen Li, Ying Li, Huayong Zhang, Xueyue Mi, and Hai Huang. "Cadmium Addition Effects on Anaerobic Digestion with Elevated Temperatures." Energies 12, no. 12 (2019): 2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122367.

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Anaerobic fermentation with biogas as an energy source is influenced by the presence of heavy metals. However, the availability of the heavy metals is dependent on the digestion temperature. In this study, the impacts of Cd on the characteristics of biogas, substrate biodegradation, and enzyme activity during anaerobic co-digestion were investigated under varying digestion temperatures. The results showed that 1 mg/L initial Cd concentration improved cumulative biogas yields by 404.96%, 16.93%, and 5.56% at 55 °C, 45 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. In contrast, at low temperatures (25 °C), the yi

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