Journal articles: 'Anaerobic incubation'

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Wiggs, Lois S., Joseph J. Cavallaro, and J. Michael Miller. "Evaluation of the Oxyrase OxyPlate Anaerobe Incubation System." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 2 (2000): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.2.499-507.2000.

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The Oxyrase OxyPlate anaerobe incubation system was evaluated for its ability to support the growth of clinically significant anaerobic bacteria previously identified by the Anaerobe Reference Laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The results were compared with those obtained with conventional anaerobe blood agar plates incubated in an anaerobe chamber. We tested 251 anaerobic bacterial strains. Plates were read at 24, 48, and 72 h; growth was scored by a numerical coding system that combines the degree of growth and the colony size. Organisms (number of strains tested) used in this study were Actinomyces (32),Anaerobiospirillum (8), Bacteroides(39), Campylobacter (8), Clostridium (96),Fusobacterium (12), Leptotrichia (8),Mobiluncus (8), Peptostreptococcus(16), and Propionibacterium (24). At 24 h, 101 (40.2%) of the 251 strains tested showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber than with the OxyPlate system, 10 (4.1%) showed better growth with the OxyPlate system, and the remaining 140 (55.8%) showed equal growth with both systems. At 48 h, 173 (68.9%) showed equal growth with both systems, while 78 (31.1%) showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber. At 72 h, 176 (70.1%) showed equal growth with both systems, while 75 (29.9%) showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber. The OxyPlate system performed well for the most commonly isolated anaerobes but was inadequate for some strains. These results indicate that the Oxyrase OxyPlate system was effective in creating an anaerobic atmosphere and supporting the growth of anaerobic bacteria within 72 h. OxyPlates would be a useful addition to the clinical microbiology laboratory lacking resources for traditional anaerobic culturing techniques.

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Rosadi, Maulana Yusup, Toshiro Yamada, Hudori Hudori, Hiroto Tamaoki, and Fusheng Li. "Characterization of dissolved organic matter extracted from water treatment sludge." Water Supply 20, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 2194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.120.

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Abstract The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that formed during the aerobic and anaerobic incubation of drinking water treatment sludge stored at different temperatures (5 °C, 20 °C, 40 °C) for long periods (7, 14, and 21 days) were investigated. Anaerobic incubation at high temperatures with prolonged storage was found to result in higher organic content than aerobic incubation (3.6–6.8 times at 40 °C). The high temperatures caused changes in the DOM fractions, with humic-like substances mainly formed in aerobic incubation and protein-like substances in anaerobic incubation. Results showed that the fluorescence intensity of humic-like and protein-like substances increased by 45% and 22%, respectively, at the end of the anaerobic incubation period. The UV-absorbing DOM constituents in aerobic incubation had lower molecular weights and were more heterogeneous than those in anaerobic incubation.

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Egwari, Louis Osayenum, Maria Olanike Buraimoh, and Nkiru Nneye Nwokoye. "Evaluation of two anaerobic systems for isolation of anaerobes." Microbiology Research 2, no. 1 (December 7, 2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mr.2011.e24.

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Many systems are available for the isolation of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens. The jar system is the oldest and more adapted while the pouches are not popular with many investigators. The anaerobic chambers are expensive to maintain and technically inflexible. This study evaluated the efficacy of the Oxoid anaerobic jar and the GENbag pouches as anaerobic incubation systems. Anaerobic cultures were set up for 145 middle ear exudates and incubation was in the anaerobic jar, GENbag or a combination of both. The effect of specimen transport system and time lapse before culturing on the performance of the anaerobic systems were evaluated Ten genera of anaerobic bacteria were isolated with both systems (P > 0.05). Peptostreptococcus and Prevotella were isolated more frequently in Oxoid jar than in GENbag (P < 0.05) but both systems were not discriminatory for Clostridium, Propionibacterium and Veillonella. The use of GENbag as a backup to Oxoid jar increased isolation rate from 56.6% to 90.3% (P > 0.05). Type of transport media or vehicle did not affect the recovery of anaerobes adversely as did delay in processing of specimen. A careful application of a number of variables may improve isolation of anaerobes from clinical specimens

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Metcalf, William W., Jun Kai Zhang, and Ralph S. Wolfe. "An Anaerobic, Intrachamber Incubator for Growth ofMethanosarcina spp. on Methanol-Containing Solid Media." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 768–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.2.768-770.1998.

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ABSTRACT To simplify the incubation of Methanosarcina spp. on solid agar medium, a two-port, manual, rectangular air lock was modified to serve as an anaerobic incubator. In one operation, it is possible to incubate 153 petri plates, the equivalent of 11 standard anaerobic jars, with plating efficiencies identical to those of traditional protocols.

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Swerts, M., R. Merckx, and K. Vlassak. "Denitrification followed by N2-fixation during anaerobic incubation." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28, no. 1 (January 1996): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)00126-3.

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Høiby, Martin, Arnfinn Aulie, and Per Ole Bjonnes. "Anaerobic metabolism in fowl embryos during normal incubation." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 86, no. 1 (January 1987): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(87)90282-9.

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Kirchmayr, R., H. E. Reichl, H. Schildorfer, R. Braun, and R. A. Somerville. "Prion protein: detection in ‘spiked’ anaerobic sludge and degradation experiments under anaerobic conditions." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 8 (April 1, 2006): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.239.

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The behavior of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) causing agent denominated “prion protein” in anaerobic sludge (biogas reactor) was assessed with incubation tests. A widely applied screening method for BSE in cattle on the basis of the Western blotting protocol was adapted to detect the Proteinase K resistant, scrapie-form prion protein (PrPSC). As PrPSC source homogenized TSE infected brain tissue of animals late in the clinical phase of disease was taken (301V/VM mouse-BSE; bovine BSE and 22A/SV mouse-scrapie). The incubation under mesophilic conditions did not show any significant reduction of the PrPSC titer. Under thermophilic conditions contradictory results were obtained. The reduction time of PrPSC in water was equal to or longer than the PrPSC reduction time in anaerobic sludge. In comparison, with sterilized (121 °C, steam pressure) or poisoned (sodium azide, 1% w/v) sludge used as incubation matrix a much shorter time resulted until no prion protein could be detected.

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RILEY, ANITA, DONG-HYUN KANG, and DANIEL Y. C. FUNG. "Comparison of Five Anaerobic Incubation Methods for Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens from Foods." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.9.1041.

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This study compared the cost, speed, convenience, and sensitivity of five anaerobic systems. Fung's double-tube (FDT) method, the minitube method (MT), the sandwiched microtiter plate (SMP) method, and the Mitsubishi AnaeroPack System were compared with the Brewer anaerobic jar for total anaerobic bacterial counts in foods. Incubation was at 37°C for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. The results indicated that FDT, MT, SMP, and the Mitsubishi AnaeroPack System were as sensitive as the Brewer anaerobic jar for the detection and enumeration of Clostridium perfringens from food products. The FDT, MT, and SMP methods recovered higher numbers of C. perfringens compared to the Brewer anaerobic jar (P < 0.05) after 12 and 24 h incubation. The Brewer anaerobic jar was the most expensive method.

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Gupta, Akanksha, Arti Easwar, Yanice Maldonado, Pam Hamilton, Lori Baumgartner, and Jaber Aslanzadeh. "Assessment of Anaerobic Culture Incubation Time: A Tertiary Care Center Experience." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (September 11, 2019): S132—S133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz125.011.

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Abstract Background Currently, there is no consensus on the ideal incubation time for anaerobic cultures. A recent survey of CliniMicroNet reported anaerobic culture incubation times from 2 to 7 days. The goal of this study is to determine the ideal anaerobic culture incubation time and to retrospectively determine if longer incubation time affected management. Methods In this prospective study at Hartford Hospital, an 869-bed level I trauma center, 838 consecutive anaerobic cultures were Gram stained and planted on anaerobic blood, colistin and nalidixic acid (CNA), and kanamycin and vancomycin (KV) agar plates (BD Diagnostic Sparks). Plates were incubated in jars at 35°C and Anoxomat system (Advanced Instruments) was used to create anaerobic conditions. Plates were checked for growth on days 2, 3, 5, and 7. Although not all patient records (EPIC) were available, the type and duration of antibiotics were recorded for more than 100 records. Results Out of 74 cultures from bronchoalveolar lavage (1), bone (2), fluid (21), tissue (14), and wound (36), 53 grew 1 isolate, 15 grew 2 isolates, 5 grew 3 isolates, and 1 grew 4 isolates, for a total of 102 isolates. Sixty percent of isolates were Gram negative and 40% were Gram positive. Of these, 43% were detected on day 2, 21% on day 3, 20% on day 5, and 17% on day 7. In a majority of cases, broad-spectrum antibiotics (vancomycin/cefepime) were administered until culture results were obtained. Conclusion Overall, 73% Gram-negative isolates and 50% Gram-positive isolates were detected on day 2 or 3. Days 5 and 7 yielded 20% and 17% of all isolates, respectively. We conclude and corroborate with CLSI recommendations that anaerobic cultures should be incubated for at least 5 to 7 days.

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Wade, Mary Margaret, and Ying Zhang. "Anaerobic incubation conditions enhance pyrazinamide activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45639-0.

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Witarsa, Freddy, Stephanie Lansing, Stephanie Yarwood, and Martina Gonzalez Mateu. "Incubation of innovative methanogenic communities to seed anaerobic digesters." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 100, no. 22 (October 7, 2016): 9795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7875-z.

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12

Shirey, J. J., and G. K. Bissonnette. "Recovery of coliform bacteria from rural groundwater supplies using reduced oxygen concentrations during incubation." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-082.

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The effect of decreased oxygen concentration during incubation of M-Endo medium on detection of coliforms from rural groundwater supplies was examined. Incubation oxygen concentrations of 0 (anaerobic GasPak), 4, 8, and 21% (atmospheric) were examined. Our findings point to several advantages of using anaerobic incubation for the isolation of coliforms: (i) higher verification rates with concomitant decreases in occurrence of false-positive coliforms; (ii) overall reduction in growth of nonsheen colonies; and (iii) reduction in colony size for nonsheen organisms, thereby minimizing crowding effects and facilitating enumeration of coliform colonies. However, these advantages were not sufficient to permit increased recovery of total coliforms as compared with standard aerobic incubation. In addition, the increased frequency of detecting false-negative coliforms during anaerobic incubation is a disadvantage to this method. While detection of total coliforms was reduced under conditions of anaerobiosis, the detection of fecal coliforms and (or) E. coli was not impeded.Key words: coliforms, anaerobiosis, groundwater, sheen formation.

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13

van Grinsven, Sigrid, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Laura Villanueva. "Assessing the Effect of Humic Substances and Fe(III) as Potential Electron Acceptors for Anaerobic Methane Oxidation in a Marine Anoxic System." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091288.

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Marine anaerobic methane oxidation (AOM) is generally assumed to be coupled to sulfate reduction, via a consortium of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). ANME-1 are, however, often found as single cells, or only loosely aggregated with SRB, suggesting they perform a form of AOM independent of sulfate reduction. Oxidized metals and humic substances have been suggested as potential electron acceptors for ANME, but up to now, AOM linked to reduction of these compounds has only been shown for the ANME-2 and ANME-3 clades. Here, the effect of the electron acceptors anthraquinone-disulfonate (AQDS), a humic acids analog, and Fe3+ on anaerobic methane oxidation were assessed by incubation experiments with anoxic Black Sea water containing ANME-1b. Incubation experiments with 13C-methane and AQDS showed a stimulating effect of AQDS on methane oxidation. Fe3+ enhanced the ANME-1b abundance but did not substantially increase methane oxidation. Sodium molybdate, which was added as an inhibitor of sulfate reduction, surprisingly enhanced methane oxidation, possibly related to the dominant abundance of Sulfurospirillum in those incubations. The presented data suggest the potential involvement of ANME-1b in AQDS-enhanced anaerobic methane oxidation, possibly via electron shuttling to AQDS or via interaction with other members of the microbial community.

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Huang, S., and P. R. Jaffé. "Characterization of incubation experiments and development of an enrichment culture capable of ammonium oxidation under iron-reducing conditions." Biogeosciences 12, no. 3 (February 10, 2015): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-769-2015.

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Abstract. Incubation experiments were conducted using soil samples from a forested riparian wetland where we have previously observed anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction. Production of both nitrite and ferrous iron was measured repeatedly during incubations when the soil slurry was supplied with either ferrihydrite or goethite and ammonium chloride. Significant changes in the microbial community were observed after 180 days of incubation as well as in a continuous flow membrane reactor, using 16S rRNA gene PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, 454 pyrosequencing, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis. We be Acidimicrobiaceae bacterium A6), belonging to the Acidimicrobiaceae family, whose closest cultivated relative is Ferrimicrobium acidiphilum (with 92% identity) and Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans (with 90% identity), might play a key role in this anaerobic biological process that uses ferric iron as an electron acceptor while oxidizing ammonium to nitrite. After ammonium was oxidized to nitrite, nitrogen loss proceeded via denitrification and/or anammox.

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Huang, S., and P. R. Jaffé. "Characterization of incubation experiments and development of an enrichment culture capable of ammonium oxidation under iron reducing conditions." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2014): 12295–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-12295-2014.

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Abstract. Incubation experiments were conducted using soil samples from a forested riparian wetland where we have previously observed anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction. Production of both nitrite and ferrous iron were measured repeatedly during incubations when the soil slurry was supplied with either ferrihydrite or goethite and ammonium chloride. Significant changes in the microbial community were observed after 180 days of incubation as well as in a continuous flow membrane reactor, using 16S rRNA gene PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, 454-pyrosequencing, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis. We believe that one of the dominant microbial species in our system (an uncultured Acidimicrobiaceae bacterium A6), belonging to the Acidimicrobiaceae family, whose closest cultivated relative is Ferrimicrobium acidiphilum (with 92% identity) and Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans (with 90% identity), might play a key role in this anaerobic biological process that uses ferric iron as an electron acceptor while oxidizing ammonium to nitrite. After ammonium was oxidized to nitrite, nitrogen loss proceeded via denitrification and/or anammox.

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Mariano, Eduardo, Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin, José Marcos Leite, Michele Xavier Vieira Megda, Rafael Otto, and Henrique Coutinho Junqueira Franco. "Incubation methods for assessing mineralizable nitrogen in soils under sugarcane." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 37, no. 2 (April 2013): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000200016.

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Considering nitrogen mineralization (N) of soil organic matter is a key aspect for the efficient management of N fertilizers in agricultural systems. Long-term aerobic incubation is the standard technique for calibrating the chemical extraction methods used to estimate the potentially mineralizable N in soil. However, the technique is laborious, expensive and time-consuming. In this context, the aims of this study were to determine the amount of soil mineralizable N in the 0-60 cm layer and to evaluate the use of short-term anaerobic incubation instead of long-term aerobic incubation for the estimation of net N mineralization rates in soils under sugarcane. Five soils from areas without previous N fertilization were used in the layers 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm. Soil samples were aerobically incubated at 35 ºC for 32 weeks or anaerobically incubated (waterlogged) at 40 ºC for seven days to determine the net soil N mineralization. The sand, silt and clay contents were highly correlated with the indexes used for predicting mineralizable N. The 0-40 cm layer was the best sampling depth for the estimation of soil mineralizable N, while in the 40-60 cm layer net N mineralization was low in both incubation procedures. Anaerobic incubation provided reliable estimates of mineralizable N in the soil that correlated well with the indexes obtained using aerobic incubation. The inclusion of the pre-existing NH4+-N content improved the reliability of the estimate of mineralizable N obtained using anaerobic incubation.

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HOSKINS, C. B., and P. M. DAVIDSON. "Recovery of Clostridium perfringens from Food Samples Using an Oxygen-Reducing Membrane Fraction." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.3.187.

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Three strains of Clostridium perfringens were inoculated into different food products and their recovery rates on tryptose sulfite cycloserine (TSC) agar, with and without an oxygen-reducing membrane fraction (ORMF), were compared. Organisms were generally recovered in greater numbers using TSC+ORMF and aerobic incubation than with TSC and anaerobic incubation. Organisms inoculated into beef stew were subjected to heat and cold stress for various periods. In all instances, presence of ORMF in TSC and aerobic incubation resulted in greater recovery of viable C. perfringens than did TSC and anaerobic incubation. Of 35 uninoculated raw meat samples evaluated, C. perfringens was recovered from 22 using TSC+ORMF compared to 18 using TSC alone.

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Wilson, R. M., A. A. Zayed, K. B. Crossen, B. Woodcroft, M. M. Tfaily, J. Emerson, N. Raab, et al. "Functional capacities of microbial communities to carry out large scale geochemical processes are maintained during ex situ anaerobic incubation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): e0245857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245857.

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Mechanisms controlling CO2 and CH4 production in wetlands are central to understanding carbon cycling and greenhouse gas exchange. However, the volatility of these respiration products complicates quantifying their rates of production in the field. Attempts to circumvent the challenges through closed system incubations, from which gases cannot escape, have been used to investigate bulk in situ geochemistry. Efforts towards mapping mechanistic linkages between geochemistry and microbiology have raised concern regarding sampling and incubation-induced perturbations. Microorganisms are impacted by oxygen exposure, increased temperatures and accumulation of metabolic products during handling, storage, and incubation. We probed the extent of these perturbations, and their influence on incubation results, using high-resolution geochemical and microbial gene-based community profiling of anaerobically incubated material from three wetland habitats across a permafrost peatland. We compared the original field samples to the material anaerobically incubated over 50 days. Bulk geochemistry and phylum-level microbiota in incubations largely reflected field observations, but divergence between field and incubations occurred in both geochemistry and lineage-level microbial composition when examined at closer resolution. Despite the changes in representative lineages over time, inferred metabolic function with regards to carbon cycling largely reproduced field results suggesting functional consistency. Habitat differences among the source materials remained the largest driver of variation in geochemical and microbial differences among the samples in both incubations and field results. While incubations may have limited usefulness for identifying specific mechanisms, they remain a viable tool for probing bulk-scale questions related to anaerobic C cycling, including CO2 and CH4 dynamics.

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FYLES, J. W., I. H. FYLES, and M. C. FELLER. "COMPARISON OF NITROGEN MINERALIZATION IN FOREST FLOOR MATERIALS USING AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC INCUBATION AND BIOASSAY TECHNIQUES." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-008.

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Nitrogen mineralization in five forest floors of differing morphological characteristics was compared using a greenhouse plant bioassay and laboratory aerobic and anaerobic incubations. Forest floors dominated by F materials mineralized more N and had higher k values than those dominated by H. Plant N uptake in the bioassay was highly correlated with N mineralized during the laboratory incubations across all forest floors but was 50–80% lower than predictions based on first-order kinetic parameters derived from the aerobic incubation. The relationship between bioassay plant uptake and predicted N mineralization differed among forest floors, indicating that the effect of plants on dynamics of the mineralizable N pool differs among organic matter types. Differences in N mineralization characteristics between forest floor materials suggest that forest floor morphology may provide a basis for assessing site quality. Key words: Nitrogen, anaerobic mineralization, aerobic mineralization, bioassay, forest floor

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Cunliffe, D. A., and P. Adcock. "Isolation of Aeromonas spp. from water by using anaerobic incubation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, no. 9 (1989): 2138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.55.9.2138-2140.1989.

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Ferguson, Lynnette R., Anthony M. Roberton, and Pamela M. Turner. "Anaerobic incubation and mutagenicity of nitracrine analogues in Salmonella typhimurium." Mutagenesis 2, no. 4 (1987): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mutage/2.4.253.

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Kresovic, Mirjana, Svetlana Antic-Mladenovic, and Vlado Licina. "Aerobic and anaerobic incubation: Biological indexes of soil nitrogen availability." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 109 (2005): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0519045k.

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Our researches have been made on brown forest soil that had been used in long-term experiments set up according to specified fertilization system for over 30 years. We have chosen those experiment variants in which quantities of nitrogen fertilizers were gradually increased. The soil samples taken from 0 cm to 30 cm depth were used to determine biological indexes of nitrogen availability (aerobic and anaerobic incubation). The same samples were also used for pot experiments with oat. Plant and soil parameters obtained in controlled conditions were used for determination of biological indexes reliability in measuring the soil nitrogen availability. On the grounds of correlation analysis, it can be concluded that biological index of nitrogen availability achieved by the anaerobic incubation (without substraction of the initial content of available nitrogen) of the investigated brown forest soil is the reliable indicator of soil nitrogen availability. That is not the case with the aerobic incubation in which reliability has not been established.

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Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki, Takako Osaki, Motomichi Takahashi, Haruhiko Taguchi, and Shigeru Kamiya. "Colony formation byHelicobacter pyloriafter long-term incubation under anaerobic conditions." FEMS Microbiology Letters 175, no. 1 (June 1999): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13608.x.

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Dželetović, Željko S., and Nevena Lj Mihailović. "Available Nitrogen in the Surface Mineral Layer of Natural Meadows." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 5 (2017): 1483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765051483.

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Based on a greenhouse experiment, we evaluated nitrogen availability in the surface mineral layer of soil under various natural meadow stands by analyzing the following soil characteristics: total organic C, total N, initial content of easily available N inorganic forms, mineralized N content obtained by aerobic and anaerobic incubations and A-value. The experiment was performed on a test plant and through the application of urea enriched with 5.4 % 15N. The investigated soils under natural meadows are characterized with comparatively high mineralization intensity and high N availability indices. Contents of mineral N produced by aerobic incubation and the intensity of the mineralization correlate with the total organic C in the soil and the total N in the soil. Correlation of the availability index of the soil N produced by aerobic incubation with the total organic C and the total N in the soil under natural meadows is almost linear (r = 0.9981 and r = 0.9997, respectively). Contents of mineral N produced by anaerobic incubation, as well as the corresponding N availability and mineralization intensity indices correlate poorly with the mentioned parameters. Efficiency of nitrogen utilization from the applied N-fertilizer by the test crop varies within a wide range of values and correlates with the biomass yields of the test crop.

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Hidayati, Yuli Astuti, Tubagus Achmad Kurnani, Eulis Tanti Marlina, Khairunnisa Nur Rahmah, and Ellin Harlia. "The Viability of anaerobic bacteria from beef cattle feces in liquid media." Journal of Powder Technology and Advanced Functional Materials 1, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29253/jptafm.1.1.2018.4.

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The purpose of this paper is to know the viability of anaerobic bacteria from beef cattle feces in liquid medium incubated at temperature 25oC and 39oC aims to apply as biogas starter. The research was done by the explorative method and the obtained data was analyzed descriptively. The anaerobic bacteria were grown in 98-5 medium and incubated at temperature 25oC and 39oC, observed for 2 months and the analysis was done weekly. The parameters observed were a number of anaerobic bacteria, biogas volume, and percentage of biogas. The results showed that at the beginning of incubation at temperature 25oC, the number of anaerobic bacteria 1,250 x 1010 cfu/mL, after incubating for 2 months, the number of anaerobic bacteria tend to decrease accumulatively reached 230x1010 cfu/mL, the volume of biogas production was 6 mL, the percentages of biogas production were CH4 = 0.0993%, CO2 = 1.1287%, N2, and O2 = 86.163%. At temperature 39oC, the number of anaerobic bacteria, in the beginning, accumulatively reached 585 x 1010 cfu/mL, after incubating for 2 months, the number of anaerobic bacteria decreased accumulatively reached 180x1010 cfu/mL, the volume of biogas production was 4 mL, the percentages of biogas production were CH4 = 0.134%, CO2 = 2.4714%, N2, and O2 = 89.4961%. It was concluded that an anaerobic bacterial of beef cattle feces incubated at temperature 39oC in a liquid medium generated a high survival and turn to be highly potential as a starter of biogas.

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Astuti Hidayati, Yuli, Tubagus Benito Ahmad Kurnani, Eulis Tanti Marlina, Khairunnisa Nur Rahmah, and Ellin Harlia. "The Viability of anaerobic bacteria from beef cattle feces in liquid media." Journal of Powder Technology and Advanced Functional Materials 1, no. 1 (July 14, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29253/jptafm.v1i1.4.

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The purpose of this paper is to know the viability of anaerobic bacteria from beef cattle feces in liquid medium incubated at temperature 25oC and 39oC aims to apply as biogas starter. The research was done by the explorative method and the obtained data was analyzed descriptively. The anaerobic bacteria were grown in 98-5 medium and incubated at temperature 25oC and 39oC, observed for 2 months and the analysis was done weekly. The parameters observed were a number of anaerobic bacteria, biogas volume, and percentage of biogas. The results showed that at the beginning of incubation at temperature 25oC, the number of anaerobic bacteria 1,250 x 1010 cfu/mL, after incubating for 2 months, the number of anaerobic bacteria tend to decrease accumulatively reached 230x1010 cfu/mL, the volume of biogas production was 6 mL, the percentages of biogas production were CH4 = 0.0993%, CO2 = 1.1287%, N2 and O2 = 86.163%. At temperature 39oC, the number of anaerobic bacteria, in the beginning, accumulatively reached 585 x 1010 cfu/mL, after incubating for 2 months, the number of anaerobic bacteria decreased accumulatively reached 180x1010 cfu/mL, the volume of biogas production was 4 mL, the percentages of biogas production were CH4 = 0.134%, CO2 = 2.4714%, N2 and O2 = 89.4961%. It was concluded that an anaerobic bacterial of beef cattle feces incubated at temperature 39oC in a liquid medium generated a high survival and turn to be highly potential as a starter of biogas.

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Bannert, A., C. Bogen, J. Esperschütz, A. Koubová, F. Buegger, D. Fischer, V. Radl, et al. "Anaerobic oxidation of methane in grassland soils used for cattle husbandry." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2012): 4919–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-4919-2012.

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Abstract. While the importance of anaerobic methane oxidation has been reported for marine ecosystems, the role of this process in soils is still questionable. Grasslands used as pastures for cattle-overwintering show an increase in anaerobic soil micro-sites caused by animal treading and excrement deposition. Therefore anaerobic potential methane oxidation activity of severely impacted soil from a cattle winter pasture was investigated in an incubation experiment under anaerobic conditions using 13C-labeled methane. We were able to detect a high microbial activity utilizing CH4 as nutrient source shown by the respiration of 13CO2. Measurements of possible terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic oxidation of methane were carried out. Soil sulfate concentrations were too low to explain the oxidation of the amount of methane added, but enough nitrate and iron(III) were detected. However, only nitrate was consumed during the experiment. 13C-PLFA analyses clearly showed the utilization of CH4 as nutrient source mainly by organisms harbouring 16:1ω7 PLFAs. These lipids were found in Gram-negative microorganisms and anaerobes. The fact that these lipids are also typical for type I methanotrophs, known as aerobic methane oxidizers, might indicate a link between aerobic and anaerobic methane oxidation.

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Hewavitharana, Shashika S., Emmi Klarer, Joji Muramoto, Carol Shennan, and Mark Mazzola. "Analysis of Environmental Variables and Carbon Input on Soil Microbiome, Metabolome and Disease Control Efficacy in Strawberry Attributable to Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081638.

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Charcoal rot and Fusarium wilt, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, respectively, are major soil-borne diseases of strawberry that have caused significant crop losses in California. Anaerobic soil disinfestation has been studied as an industry-level option to replace soil fumigants to manage these serious diseases. Studies were conducted to discern whether Gramineae carbon input type, incubation temperature, or incubation duration influences the efficacy of this disease control tactic. In experiments conducted using ‘low rate’ amendment applications at moderate day/night temperatures (24/18 °C), and carbon inputs (orchard grass, wheat, and rice bran) induced an initial proliferation and subsequent decline in soil density of the Fusarium wilt pathogen. This trend coincided with the onset of anaerobic conditions and a corresponding generation of various anti-fungal compounds, including volatile organic acids, hydrocarbons, and sulfur compounds. Generation of these metabolites was associated with increases in populations of Clostridium spp. Overall, carbon input and incubation temperature, but not incubation duration, significantly influenced disease suppression. All Gramineae carbon inputs altered the soil microbiome and metabolome in a similar fashion, though the timing and maximum yield of specific metabolites varied with input type. Fusarium wilt and charcoal rot suppression were superior when anaerobic soil disinfestation was conducted using standard amendment rates of 20 t ha−1 at elevated temperatures combined with a 3-week incubation period. Findings indicate that anaerobic soil disinfestation can be further optimized by modulating carbon source and incubation temperature, allowing the maximum generation of antifungal toxic volatile compounds. Outcomes also indicate that carbon input and environmental variables may influence treatment efficacy in a target pathogen-dependent manner which will require pathogen-specific optimization of treatment protocols.

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Ubukata, Y., and S. Takii. "Induction method of excess phosphate accumulation for phosphate removing bacteria isolated from anaerobic/aerobic activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (September 1, 1994): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0272.

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Many bacteria considered to be phosphate removing bacteria (PRB) have previously been isolated from phosphate removing activated sludge (PRAS). However, these bacteria have never exhibited the typical function of PRB which take up excessive phosphate (P) in aerobic conditions and release P with a concomitant uptake of organic substrates in anaerobic conditions. We hypothesized that the enzyme system responsible for excess P accumulation (EPA) should be inducible, because PRB can take up organic substrates anaerobically in spite of being obligate aerobes. Therefore, PRB cells grown aerobically have to be additionally treated with alternating anaerobic incubation with organic substrates and aerobic incubation without organic substrates to exhibit the above typical function. We succeeded in the first isolation of a strain of true PRB by this induction method. The isolate is a Gram-positive coccus and its generation time is approximately 12 hours. The anaerobic/aerobic incubation cycle was required at least two times (2 days) to induce the ability of EPA for PRB. The velocity of P removal in the aerobic phase was decreased to approximately half by the existence of organic substrates. Therefore, it is recommended that organic compounds be removed during the anaerobic phase in PRAS systems.

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KOUASSI, Y., and L. A. SHELEF. "Listeriolysin O Secretion by Listeria monocytogenes in Broth Containing Salts of Organic Acids." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 1314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.12.1314.

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Antilisterial effects of salts of organic acids have been documented, but there is little information on listeriolysin O (LLO) secretion in the presence of these salts during aerobic and anaerobic incubation. LLO secretion and populations of Listeria monocytogenes were studied in broth containing potassium sorbate (0.05 to 4%), sodium lactate, citrate, acetate, or propionate (0.1 to 8%) after aerobic or anaerobic incubation for 24 h at 35 and 20°C. The order of the antilisterial effects of the salts was propionate > sorbate > acetate > lactate > citrate. Cell proliferation was suppressed during incubation under anaerobic conditions but LLO secretion was enhanced. Citrate, acetate, and lactate enhanced LLO secretion during incubation at 35°C, whereas sorbate suppressed it. Overall, effects of the acids at 20°C were similar to those observed at 35°C, but only acetate and citrate enhanced LLO secretion. The observation that salts of specific organic acids enhance LLO secretion may suggest increased virulence of L. monocytogenes. Combinations of sorbate, an LLO blocking agent, with propionate or lactate, which inhibit proliferation of L. monocytogenes, may prolong the shelf life and increase the safety of foods.

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Talukder, KH, IU Ahmed, MS Islam, MS Islam, M. Asaduzzaman, and MD Hossain. "Incubation Studies on Exchangable Z_n for Varying Levels of added Z_n Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions in Grey Terrace Soils, Non Calcarious Floodplain Soils and Calcarious Floodplain Soils." Journal of Science Foundation 9, no. 1-2 (April 17, 2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14643.

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Fractions studies were done to know how the zinc applied to different soils was distributed in to various fractions when the soils incubated under aerobic and anaerobic condition. The added zinc provided significant increase in exchangeable Zn both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions although anaerobic condition gave lower results than aerobic condition. The higher results were obtained at early stage of incubation and it gradually reduced as the incubation period proceeded to 90 days. These results showed all most similar trends for all the soils under study. In general, added zinc showed significantly higher results to the different fractions of soil Zn both under anaerobic and aerobic incubation with very few exceptions. The highest amount of added Zn (12 kg/ha) always produced greater results than the lower doses. Only exchangeable Zn was found higher in the 1st measurement at 15 DAI then gradually decreased but in other cases, gradual increase in zinc fractions was seen as the incubation study proceed to longer duration provided with very few exceptions. In many cases, the exchangeable-Zn found higher only at 15 DAI but sharply reduced at 30 DAI. In general, the Gray Terrace Soil produced the highest results followed by Non Calcareous Gray Floodplain and the lowest results were observed in Dark Grey Floodplain & Brown Floodplain Soil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14643 J. Sci. Foundation, 9(1&2): 9-15, June-December 2011

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Aida, Tokujiro, Shyuichi Hata, and Haruo Kusunoki. "Temporary low oxygen conditions for the formation of nitrate reductase and nitrous oxide reductase by denitrifying Pseudomonas sp. G59." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-101.

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Formation of nitrate reductase (NaR) and nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) by a Pseudomonas sp. G59 did not occur in aerobic or anaerobic conditions, but was observed in a microaerobic incubation in which an anaerobically grown culture was agitated in a sealed vessel initially containing 20 kPa oxygen in the headspace. During the microaerobic incubation, the oxygen concentration in the headspace decreased and dissolved oxygen reached 0.1–0.2 kPa. NaR activity was detected immediately and N2OR activity after 3 h of incubation irrespective of the presence or absence of NO3− or N2O. In the presence of NO3−, NO2− was accumulated as a major product, but N2O was observed in low concentrations only after N2OR appeared. After microaerobic incubation for 3 h, N2OR formation continued even anaerobically in an atmosphere of N2O. In contrast, Escherichia coli formed NaR not only microaerobically but also anaerobically. However, NaR formation by E. coli was inhibited by sodium fluoride under anaerobic, but not under microaerobic conditions. The Pseudomonas culture did not possess fermentative activity. It is suggested that the dependence on microaerobiosis for the formation of these reductases by the Pseudomonas culture was due to an inability to produce energy anaerobically until these anaerobic respiratory enzymes were formed.

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KONO, Isato, and Kunio HIMENO. "Accumulation of ^|^gamma;-aminobutyric acid in beni-koji after anaerobic incubation." JOURNAL OF THE BREWING SOCIETY OF JAPAN 97, no. 11 (2002): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.6013/jbrewsocjapan1988.97.785.

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Summanen, P. H. "Comparison of Effects of Medium Composition and Atmospheric Conditions on Detection of Bilophila wadsworthiaβ-Lactamase by Cefinase and Cefinase Plus Methods." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 2 (2000): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.2.733-736.2000.

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The influence of growth medium and incubation conditions on the detection of Bilophila wadsworthia β-lactamase was tested with Cefinase and Cefinase Plus disks. The tests involved aerobic and anaerobic incubation with conventional disk and quantitative tube assays. The production of β-lactamase was correlated with penicillin G, ampicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam MICs and inhibition zones on penicillin (2-U) disks. The strains were grown on (i) brucella agar (brucella), (ii) brucella agar supplemented with 1% pyruvate (brucella-pyruvate), and (iii) brucella agar supplemented with 1% taurine (brucella-taurine). With the aerobic disk assay, 100, 100, and 7% of strains were positive after 30 min from growth on brucella-pyruvate, brucella, and brucella-taurine plates, respectively; of strains grown on brucella-taurine, 54% remained negative by the Cefinase assay, and 23% remained negative by the Cefinase Plus assay at 2 h. In quantitative assays, the strains became positive after 30 min from brucella-pyruvate plates and after 1 h from brucella plates. The intensities of the reactions were strongest with brucella-pyruvate plates under anaerobic test conditions. Anaerobic incubation enhanced β-lactamase detection of growth on brucella-taurine: at 3 h, 85% of strains were positive in comparison to 38% with aerobic incubation. All β-lactamase-negative strains were susceptible to penicillin G and ampicillin; all β-lactamase-positive strains were resistant to ampicillin and, with the exception of two strains, penicillin G. In conclusion, β-lactamase production correlated with susceptibility to penicillin G and ampicillin. Brucella agar supplemented with 1% pyruvate was the most reliable medium for testing B. wadsworthiaβ-lactamase, and anaerobic incubation expedited positive results. Brucella agar supplemented with taurine was unsuitable for B. wadsworthia β-lactamase testing. Cefinase and Cefinase Plus results were in agreement, but Cefinase Plus yielded faster reactions.

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Downes, J., J. I. Mangels, J. Holden, M. J. Ferraro, and E. J. Baron. "Evaluation of two single-plate incubation systems and the anaerobic chamber for the cultivation of anaerobic bacteria." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28, no. 2 (1990): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.28.2.246-248.1990.

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Badr, Mohamed Tarek, Benjamin Blümel, Sandra Baumgartner, Johanna M. A. Komp, and Georg Häcker. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Wild-Type MIC Distributions of Anaerobic Bacteria at a German University Hospital: A Five-Year Retrospective Study (2015–2019)." Antibiotics 9, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110823.

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Local antimicrobial susceptibility surveys are crucial for optimal empirical therapy guidelines and for aiding in antibiotic stewardship and treatment decisions. For many laboratories, a comprehensive overview of local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of anaerobic bacteria is still lacking due to the long incubation time and effort involved. The present study investigates the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and related clinical and demographic data of 2856 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria that were submitted for analysis to the Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene of the Freiburg University Medical Center (a tertiary university medical center in Southern Germany) between 2015 and 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing has been carried out according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guideline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)50 and MIC90 for penicillin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and clindamycin were established for Gram-positive anaerobes and for ampicillin-sulbactam, meropenem, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and clindamycin for Gram-negative anaerobes. The distribution of MIC-values for various antibiotics against anaerobic bacteria was also established, especially for those having no specific breakpoints according to EUCAST guidelines. Most clinically relevant anaerobic bacteria originated from general surgery, neurological, and orthopedic wards. A high proportion of isolates were resistant to moxifloxacin and clindamycin indicating the importance of their susceptibility testing before administration. Based on our study metronidazole and other β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations such as ampicillin-sulbactam remain suitable for empirical treatment of infections with anaerobic bacteria.

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Pérez-Elvira, S. I., L. C. Ferreira, A. Donoso-Bravo, M. Fdz-Polanco, and F. Fdz-Polanco. "Full-stream and part-stream ultrasound treatment effect on sludge anaerobic digestion." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 6 (March 1, 2010): 1363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.893.

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The use of ultrasound as pre-treatment to improve anaerobic digestion of secondary sludge has been established as a promising technology. There are great differences between lab scale and full-scale devices, regarding the relationship between the disintegration achieved and the energy supplied. Based on economic aspects, most of the full-scale plants use partial-stream instead of the full-stream sonication, which affects biogas production and digestate dewatering characteristics. A laboratory scale operation combining ultrasound and anaerobic digestion (batch tests) has been performed, determining the relationship between the ratio of sonicated sludge fed and the methane production, SCOD removal and capillary suction time after 20-day anaerobic biodegradation, in order to check the possible benefits of part-stream versus full-stream sonication. Additional incubation was also evaluated, searching for an optimum process combining ultrasound and 24-h incubation pretreatment. Results showed that by sonicating fresh WAS at 25,700 kJ/kg TS biogas yield increased linearly with the percentage of sonicated WAS in the substrate, from 248 (control reactor) to 349 mL CH4/g VS (41% increase in full-stream sonication). By incubation (24 h, 55°C), 325 mL CH4/g VS were obtained (31% increase), but the digestion of the soluble compounds generated during incubation of sonicated sludge appeared to be less degradable compared to those solubilised by ultrasound or incubation alone, which showed no benefit in combining both treatments. Post-digestion dewatering deteriorated for both part-stream and full-stream sonication, and CST values were constant (74% higher than the control digestate) from 30% to 100% sonicated sludge.

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Bokshan, Steven L., Jose Ramirez Gomez, Kimberle C. Chapin, Andrew Green, and E. Scott Paxton. "Reduced Time to Positive Cutibacterium acnes Culture Utilizing a Novel Incubation Technique: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Arthroplasty 3 (January 2019): 247154921984082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2471549219840823.

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Introduction Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes) is a common pathogen in postoperative shoulder infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time to positive cultures for C. acnes and compare our experience before and after implementation of a regulated anaerobic chamber system. We hypothesized that this would reduce the time to identify positive cultures. Methods This was a retrospective review of 34 patients with cultures obtained from the shoulder that were positive for C. acnes. The time until positive result was evaluated before and after implementation of a regulated anaerobic incubation chamber. Results Following implementation of the regulated anaerobic incubation chamber, the time until C. acnes culture growth significantly decreased from 6.5 days (range 3–10 days) to 4.9 days (range 2.75–10 days) (mean difference: 1.6 days, 95% confidence interval: 1.06–2.66 days; P = .002). True infections had a significantly shorter time to positive culture compared to contaminants (5.5 vs 6.8 days, respectively, P = .003). Increased number of positive culture specimens correlated with a shorter time to positivity (Spearman rank = −0.58, P = .007). Conclusion Improved anaerobic culture protocols and techniques may lead to greater accuracy and earlier diagnosis and initiation of treatment of postoperative shoulder infections.

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Bannert, A., C. Bogen, J. Esperschütz, A. Koubová, F. Buegger, D. Fischer, V. Radl, et al. "Anaerobic oxidation of methane in grassland soils used for cattle husbandry." Biogeosciences 9, no. 10 (October 10, 2012): 3891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3891-2012.

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Abstract. While the importance of anaerobic methane oxidation has been reported for marine ecosystems, the role of this process in soils is still questionable. Grasslands used as pastures for cattle overwintering show an increase in anaerobic soil micro-sites caused by animal treading and excrement deposition. Therefore, anaerobic potential methane oxidation activity of severely impacted soil from a cattle winter pasture was investigated in an incubation experiment under anaerobic conditions using 13C-labelled methane. We were able to detect a high microbial activity utilizing CH4 as nutrient source shown by the respiration of 13CO2. Measurements of possible terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic oxidation of methane were carried out. Soil sulfate concentrations were too low to explain the oxidation of the amount of methane added, but enough nitrate and iron(III) were detected. However, only nitrate was consumed during the experiment. 13C-PLFA analyses clearly showed the utilization of CH4 as nutrient source mainly by organisms harbouring 16:1ω7 PLFAs. These lipids were also found as most 13C-enriched fatty acids by Raghoebarsing et al. (2006) after addition of 13CH4 to an enrichment culture coupling denitrification of nitrate to anaerobic oxidation of methane. This might be an indication for anaerobic oxidation of methane by relatives of "Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera" in the investigated grassland soil under the conditions of the incubation experiment.

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Girguis, Peter R., Victoria J. Orphan, Steven J. Hallam, and Edward F. DeLong. "Growth and Methane Oxidation Rates of Anaerobic Methanotrophic Archaea in a Continuous-Flow Bioreactor." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 9 (September 2003): 5472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.9.5472-5482.2003.

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ABSTRACT Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea have recently been identified in anoxic marine sediments, but have not yet been recovered in pure culture. Physiological studies on freshly collected samples containing archaea and their sulfate-reducing syntrophic partners have been conducted, but sample availability and viability can limit the scope of these experiments. To better study microbial anaerobic methane oxidation, we developed a novel continuous-flow anaerobic methane incubation system (AMIS) that simulates the majority of in situ conditions and supports the metabolism and growth of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea. We incubated sediments collected from within and outside a methane cold seep in Monterey Canyon, Calif., for 24 weeks on the AMIS system. Anaerobic methane oxidation was measured in all sediments after incubation on AMIS, and quantitative molecular techniques verified the increases in methane-oxidizing archaeal populations in both seep and nonseep sediments. Our results demonstrate that the AMIS system stimulated the maintenance and growth of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea, and possibly their syntrophic, sulfate-reducing partners. Our data demonstrate the utility of combining physiological and molecular techniques to quantify the growth and metabolic activity of anaerobic microbial consortia. Further experiments with the AMIS system should provide a better understanding of the biological mechanisms of methane oxidation in anoxic marine environments. The AMIS may also enable the enrichment, purification, and isolation of methanotrophic archaea as pure cultures or defined syntrophic consortia.

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Shi, Li Jun, Li Tong Ban, Hui Fen Liu, Jian Chao Hao, and Wei Yu Zhang. "Study on Biogas Production by Dry Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Animal Manure and Straw." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.98.

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Dry anaerobic co-digestion of animal manure and straw was conducted to produce biogas. Startup characteristics and biogas production perform of dry digestion were studied, and the effect of operation temperature and incubation amount on dry digestion was also investigated. The study result showed that under the conditions of C/N=25-30, TS=20% and T=(36±1) °C,dry digestion can start up quickly with acclimated thickening sludge as incubation sludge. Compared to dry digestion of chicken manure and pig manure, dry digestion of cow manure proceeded steadily with high biogas yield. It is found that incubation is necessary in the process of dry digestion and biogas yield increases with more incubation amount. The appreciate incubation ratio is about 10%. Temperature change has apparent effect on biogas production, and it is suggested that mesophilic temperature should be chosen in the scaled project of dry digestion.

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Pracht, Lara E., Malak M. Tfaily, Robert J. Ardissono, and Rebecca B. Neumann. "Molecular characterization of organic matter mobilized from Bangladeshi aquifer sediment: tracking carbon compositional change during microbial utilization." Biogeosciences 15, no. 6 (March 26, 2018): 1733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1733-2018.

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Abstract. Bioavailable organic carbon in aquifer recharge waters and sediments can fuel microbial reactions with implications for groundwater quality. A previous incubation experiment showed that sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) mobilized off sandy sediment collected from an arsenic-contaminated and methanogenic aquifer in Bangladesh was bioavailable; it was transformed into methane. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry to molecularly characterize this mobilized SOC, reference its composition against dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface recharge water, track compositional changes during incubation, and advance understanding of microbial processing of organic carbon in anaerobic environments. Organic carbon mobilized off aquifer sediment was more diverse, proportionately larger, more aromatic, and more oxidized than DOC in surface recharge. Mobilized SOC was predominately composed of terrestrially derived organic matter and had characteristics signifying that it evaded microbial processing within the aquifer. Approximately 50 % of identified compounds in mobilized SOC and in DOC from surface recharge water contained sulfur. During incubation, after mobilized SOC was converted into methane, new organosulfur compounds with high S-to-C ratios and a high nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC) were detected. We reason that these detected compounds formed abiotically following microbial reduction of sulfate to sulfide, which could have occurred during incubation but was not directly measured or that they were microbially synthesized. Most notably, microbes transformed all carbon types during incubation, including those currently considered thermodynamically unviable for microbes to degrade in anaerobic conditions (i.e., those with a low NOSC). In anaerobic environments, energy yields from redox reactions are small and the amount of energy required to remove electrons from highly reduced carbon substrates during oxidation decreases the thermodynamic favorability of degrading compounds with a low NOSC. While all compound types were eventually degraded during incubation, NOSC and compound size controlled the rates of carbon transformation. Large, more thermodynamically favorable compounds (e.g., aromatics with a high NOSC) were targeted first, while small, less thermodynamically favorable compounds (e.g., alkanes and olefinics with a low NOSC) were used last. These results indicate that in anaerobic conditions, microbial communities are capable of degrading and mineralizing all forms of organic matter, converting larger energy-rich compounds into smaller energy-poor compounds. However, in an open system, where fresh carbon is continually supplied, the slower degradation rate of reduced carbon compounds would enable this portion of the organic carbon pool to build up, explaining the apparent persistence of compounds with a low NOSC in anaerobic environments.

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Ubukata, Y. "Some physiological characteristics of a phosphate removing bacterium isolated from anaerobic/aerobic activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (September 1, 1994): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0273.

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We succeeded in the isolation of a phosphate removing bacterium which takes up casamino acids while releasing phosphate anaerobically and takes up phosphate aerobically. The function of excess phosphate accumulation was induced by alternating anaerobic incubation with organic substrates and aerobic incubation without organic substrates. The following physiological characteristics were shown by further investigation. (1) The presence of casamino acids in aerobic incubation did not inhibit greatly the induction of excess phosphate accumulation, but suppressed the uptake of phosphate because the cells take up casamino acids using the energy produced by the hydrolysis of polyphosphate even in aerobic conditions. (2) Within one hour in anaerobic conditions the cells had taken up casamino acids to as much as 25% of the cell dry weight and the rate of ammonium excretion was small against that in oxidative metabolism. In anaerobic conditions the synthesis of DNA did not occur and the ratio of excreted phosphorus to removed glutamic acid was about 0.5 M/M. This value is very small against that required for the polymerization of the substrate. Therefore a large amount of low molecular weight material, such as amino acids, seems to be accumulated in the cells.

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BELAY, NEGASH, and AVRAHAM RASOOLY. "Staphylococcus aureus Growth and Enterotoxin A Production in an Anaerobic Environment." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.1.199.

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The effects of strict anaerobic conditions on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and the production of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) were studied. The growth of S. aureus, a facultative anaerobic bacterium, is slower anaerobically than aerobically. When grown on brain heart infusion broth at 37°C, the anaerobic generation time at mid-log phase was 80 min, compared with 35 min for the aerobic control. In contrast to previous studies demonstrating that staphylococcal cell density was 9- to 17-fold greater in aerobic than in anaerobic cultures, data for a staphylococcal strain implicated in food poisoning showed that the cell density was only two to three times as great in aerobic cultures. Production of SEA was monitored by Western immunoblotting and shown to be growth dependent. With slower anaerobic growth, relatively less toxin was produced than under aerobic conditions, but in both cases SEA was detected after 120 min of incubation. The combined effects of temperature and aeration on S. aureus were also studied. Growth and toxin production of aerobic and anaerobic cultures at temperatures ranging from 14 to 37°C were analyzed. Growth was still observed at low temperatures in both environments. A linear model for S. aureus aerobic or anaerobic growth as a function of incubation temperature was developed from these studies. The model was tested from 17 to 35.5°C, and the results suggest that the model can accurately predict the S. aureus growth rate in this temperature range. The data suggest that anaerobic conditions are not an effective barrier against S. aureus growth.

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Özdemir, Burcu, İpek Mumcuoğlu, Esragül Akıncı, İlkem Acar Kaya, Ahmet Sertçelik, and Hürrem Bodur. "Anaerop İnfeksiyon Saptanan Vakaların Klinik Özellikleri, Etkenlerin Tür Düzeyinde Dağılımı ve Anaerop Bakteremilerde Fatalite." Flora the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/flora.69469.

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Introduction: This study aimed to determine the distribution of anaerobic bacteria species, which are the causative agents of infection, in order to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the cases and evaluate fatality in cases with an aerobic bacteremia. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-five cases who were determined with 148 isolates of anaerobic bacteria were included into this study at Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital Medical Microbiology Laboratory between January 2014-February 2018. The specimens requested to undergo anaerobic evaluation and transported to the laboratory under anaerobic suitable conditions were prepared with Gram staining and inoculated in the Schaedler agar. After appropriate incubation, the identification of isolated anaerobic bacteria at the level of species was performed by using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF MS). Results: Of the 125 cases who had an anaerobic infection, 60% were males, and mean age was 52.69 ± 18.5 years. Intra-abdominal and skin and soft tissue infections were the most common source of infection. One hundred and twenty-eight clinical specimens (78 abscesses, 50 blood cultures) which were sent from cases were identified with 148 anaerobic bacteria species. We detected the most common isolated species as Bacteriodes spp., Actinomyces spp. and Clostridium spp., respectively. The most common anaerobic bacteria species isolated from blood cultures of 50 cases with anaerobic bacteremia were Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., and intra-abdominal infection was the most common source for anaerobic bacteremia. Fusobacterium nucleatum (5/6; 83.3%) was the most frequent species in Fusobacterium bacteremia. F. nucleatum bacteremia was detected in an older population and was often associated with underlying malignancy. F. necrophorum bacteremia occurred in a younger population without underlying comorbidities and was diagnosed as Lemierre’s syndrome. Fatality rate was 51% in anaerobic bacteremia. Fatality was significantly higher in patients who were followed up in the intensive care unit and had high Charlson index (p< 0.05). Conclusion: MALDI-TOF MS has become an important method for the identification of anaerobic bacteria with its reliable results in a very short time. The most common anaerobic microorganism was Bacteroides spp., and the two most frequent sources of infection were intraabdominal and skin and soft tissue infections. We observed that most of the cases with F. nucleatum bacteremia had malignancy and an older population. The case with F. necrophorum bacteremia was young and had no underlying comorbidities. In this study, fatality rate (51%) was detected high in anaerobic bacteremia. Therefore, the routine use of anaerobic blood culture bottles is important for the identification and for the effective treatment of cases with anaerobic bacteremia.

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White, Jeffrey G., Ryan Dodd, and Robert Walters. "Biosolids Type, Rate, and Receiving Soil Affect Anaerobic Incubation Nitrogen Availability Coefficients." Soil Science Society of America Journal 82, no. 5 (August 30, 2018): 1290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2018.06.0219.

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., M. U. Samo, R. F. E. Axford ., T. A. Qureshi ., A. A. Memon ., and M. M. Memon . "Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Incubation On the Quality of Ram Semen." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 15, 2005): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2006.123.127.

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48

Giacometti, Caterina, Martina Mazzon, Luciano Cavani, Claudio Ciavatta, and Claudio Marzadori. "A Nitrification Inhibitor, Nitrapyrin, Reduces Potential Nitrate Leaching through Soil Columns Treated with Animal Slurries and Anaerobic Digestate." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060865.

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A leaching experiment was designed to study the effects of a commercial nitrification inhibitor containing nitrapyrin on nitrification, microbial nitrogen (N) immobilization, and nitrate leaching. Soil columns were treated with 100 mg N kg−1 from pig slurry, cattle slurry, and anaerobic digestate in a mixture with or without the nitrification inhibitor. Destructive sampling was carried out after 0, 7, and 28 days of incubation in the dark at 18 °C. At each sampling date, artificial rain (200 mm of 0.01 M calcium chloride over 4 h) was added to the soil columns. The leachate was collected, and the soil was removed from the columns and sectioned into 5 cm segments. Results indicated that after 28 days of incubation, nitrapyrin enhanced ammoniacal N accumulation in the top layers of the soil columns and reduced the nitrate concentration in the leachates with pig slurry and anaerobic digestate. Furthermore, in the soil columns treated with anaerobic digestate, nitrapyrin promoted microbial N immobilization. These findings suggest that the use of nitrapyrin in a mixture with animal slurry and anaerobic digestate has the potential to reduce nitrate leaching and increase N retention in the topsoil, affording both environmental and economic advantages.

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Kresovic, Mirjana, Vlado Licina, and Svetlana Antic-Mladenovic. "Evaluation of optimal time and parameters for measuring potentially mineralized nitrogen in soil." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 115 (2008): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0815041k.

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Our research was done on brown forest soil with long-term experiments and with a system of fertilizing which is in use for 40 years. Experiment variants with an increasing dose of nitrogen fertilizer were chosen for this research. Two experiments have been performed: experiment in pots supplied with ammonium nitrate labeled with a stable isotope 15N (11.8%) and experiment in the field. The aim of the research was to establish which plant and soil parameters group (obtained in the controlled conditions and/or in the field) could be considered as reliable for evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic incubation and of the best time for estimation of potentially mineralized nitrogen in soil. According to the determined correlative dependence, it could be concluded that reliability of aerobic incubation should be estimated in October by plant and soil parameters from field, anaerobic incubation should be estimated in early spring (March) by plant and soil parameters, from controlled conditions (pots) and from field.

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Liberti, Federica, Valentina Pistolesi, Mawaheb Mouftahi, Nejib Hidouri, Pietro Bartocci, Sara Massoli, Mauro Zampilli, and Francesco Fantozzi. "An Incubation System to Enhance Biogas and Methane Production: A Case Study of an Existing Biogas Plant in Umbria, Italy." Processes 7, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120925.

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The pre-incubation of digestate and recycling of microbes inside a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) are effective ways to optimize the anaerobic digestion process and improve the performance of biogas and methane production, also in existing biogas plants. In this study, a digestate incubation system using a nutrient mix to boost the activity of microbes was coupled to a CSTR to boost biogas and methane production. This system has been tested both on a lab scale and on an industrial scale. On a pilot scale, the system achieved an increase of +16.47 v% in biogas production with respect to the conventional anaerobic digestion process, and an increase of +2 v% in methane content (from 65.94 v% to 67.84 v%). On an industrial scale, the use of this incubation reactor with a capacity of 1 m3 has led to an increase in methane yield of 12 v%. This system allows to maintain the syntrophic relationship between acid-producing bacteria and methanogens and contemporary push the development of methanogens. Moreover, it is an economic system to be integrated into an existing biogas plant given the small volume and the simplicity of the incubation reactor.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anaerobic incubation'

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