Journal articles: 'Anak Krakatau'

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Whittaker, R. J., and M. B. Bush. "Anak Krakatau and old Krakatau: a reply." GeoJournal 29, no. 4 (April 1993): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00807545.

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Thornton, I. W. B., S. A. Ward, R. A. Zann, and T. R. New. "The Anak Krakatau question." GeoJournal 29, no. 4 (April 1993): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00807546.

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Setiawati, Astriana Rahmi, Jamalam Lumbanraja, Septi Nurul Aini, Dermiyati Dermiyati, Henrie Buchari, and Zuldadan Naspendra. "Texture and Chemical Properties of Two Depth Soils in a Toposequence of Anak Krakatau Before December 2018 Eruption." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 25, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2020.v25i2.71-81.

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Anak Krakatau volcano is one of the famous volcanic mountains located in the sea to the south part of the Province of Lampung, Indonesia. The volcano was derived from the active Krakatau caldera that first appeared on the surface in 1930 or 47 years after the eruption of Krakatau in 1883. The materials produced by the Anak Krakatau eruption were very interesting related to soil forming materials, especially their physical and chemical properties. The objectives of this study were to present information about the texture and chemical properties of soil from Anak Krakatau Mountain taken at the southeast slope before the December 2018 eruption at two different depths. This study was conducted in March to September 2019 which consisted of two parts: (1) soil survey in the field and (2) soil analysis in the laboratory. Soil samples were taken from a toposequence at seven points with an interval about 15m above sea level (asl) on the southeast slope (approaching northeast) of the Anak Krakatau in July 2018 at the depth of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. The soil texture of Anak Krakatau mountain before eruption in December 2018 was sandy with the percentage of sand 98.82 - 99.59%; silt 0 - 0.59%; and clay 0.41 - 0.74%. The soil chemical properties of Anak Krakatau mountain were soil pH (H2O) 4.95 – 6.27; soil pH (KCl) 4.75 – 5.89; Cation Exchange Capacity 0.41 – 2.02 cmol(+) kg-1; Base Saturation 117.24 – 514.63%; CaO 2.63 – 6.34%; MgO 3.06 – 6.13%; K2O 0.019 – 0.034%; Na2O 0.035 – 0.080%; P-retention 82.10 – 84.74%; and organic carbon 0.06 – 0.72%. The SEM-EDX analysis showed that the amounts of Mg and Na were more than 1% and there were several trace elements present in Anak Krakatau soil, namely Sb (Stibium), Nb (Niobium), Y (Yttrium), F (Flour), Co (Cobalt), and Ba (Barium).

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Wirasetiyawan, Dedy, Nawanto Budi Sukoco, Nur Riyadi, and Dikdik Satria Mulyadi. "Identifikasi Perubahan Kontur Kedalaman Laut Diperairan Sekitar Anak Gunung Krakatau Pasca Erupsi Tahun 2018." Jurnal Chart Datum 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/chartdatum.v6i2.184.

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Krakatau (Rakata) adalah kepulauan vulkanik yang masih aktif yang terletak di Selat Sunda, antara Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera. Pada tahun 1927 atau kurang lebih 40 tahun setelah meletusnya Gunung Krakatau, muncul gunung api yang dikenal sebagai Anak Krakatau dari kawasan kaldera purba tersebut yang masih aktif dan tetap bertambah tingginya. Penyebab semakin tingginya gunung itu disebabkan oleh material yang keluar dari perut gunung baru itu. Pada penelitian ini dititik beratkan pada identifikasi perbandingan perubahan kontur kedalaman perairan disekitar Anak Gunung Krakatau sebelum dan pasca erupsi tahun 2018. Data penelitian ini berupa data sekunder Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) yang diperoleh dari hasil survei KRI Spica-934 di Perairan Selat Sunda atau di sekitar Anak Gunung Krakatau pasca erupsi tahun 2018 menggunakan MBES EM 2040 dan EM 302. Data yang diperoleh kemudian diolah menggunakan software Charis Hips and Sips selanjutnya dioverlay dengan Lembar Lukis Teliti (LLT) tahun 2016. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa terjadi perubahan kontur kedalaman laut di area sekitar Anak Gunung Krakatau pasca erupsi tahun 2018 yang mengakibatkan pendangkalan hampir diseluruh area Anak Gunung Krakatau, terutama di bagian selatan dan barat dimana terdapat garis pantai yang menyempit akibat longsoran, selain itu berdasar data hasil olahan terdapat pola garis kontur kedalaman laut yang mendekati garis pantai.

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Novriadi, Novriadi, Endang Linirin Widiastuti, and Rikha Aryanie Surya. "EVALUASI KOMUNITAS TERUMBU KARANG DI PERAIRAN CAGAR ALAM LAUT KRAKATAU." Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jbekh.v1i1.96.

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Cagar Alam Laut Krakatau berada di daerah vulkanik Gunung Anak Krakatu. Aktivitas seismik yang diakibatkan oleh magma chamber Anak Krakatau menyebabkan goncangan pada dasar laut yang memungkinkan bergesernya substrat yang menjadi tempat terumbu karang tumbuh, Selain itu debu vulkanik akan mempengaruhi kalsifikasi dan pertumbuhan karang sehingga karang yang terbentuk akan rapuh dan rentan terhadap pengaruh lingkungan, seperti arus dan goncangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi terkini komunitas serta keanekaragaman terumbu karang di Cagar Alam Laut Krakatau. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2012. Perairan yang menjadi stasiun penelitian adalah perairan Pulau Rakata. Metode manta tow digunakan pada saat survei pendahuluan dan metode Line Intercept Transect (LIT) digunakan dalam pengambilan data terumbu karang. Stasiun penelitian yang berda di perairan Pulau Rakata dibagi menjadi empat titik pengambilan sampel. pada kedalaman 5 meter dengan panjang transek 50 meter searah garis pantai. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa dari 27 spesies dalam 7 famili terumbu karang yang ditemukan pada stasiun penelitian kondisinya bervariasi dari baik sekali hingga rusak dengan tingkat tutupan berkisar antara 90,88%, 56,54%,dan 38,32 %.

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Rikha, A. S., E. L. Widiastuti, N. Nurcahyani, and M. Kanedi. "RECENT BIODIVERSITY IN ANAK KRAKATAU ISLAND." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.151.

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Anak Krakatau Island is a volcanic island in the Krakatau preservation complex. With its regular explosions, ranging from2 80 times/day in the year 2013, it was expected that the biodiversity would experience many changes. In orderto determine the recent condition of the biodiversity, especially animal inhabitants, a survey was conducted within the island in June, 2013. The survey was made for mammal, bird, reptile, and invertebrate(ground, aerial, and arboreal) diversity. For mammals, 10 live traps were used along 100 m of line transect, birds and reptiles were adopted faced encountered method, while the invertebrate survey was conducted with visual techniques with a sweep net, pit-fall traps, and light traps. The result from the inventory (especially invertebrate) was followed by determining the diversity and dominance of species. Relative abundancewas also determined for mammals only. The survey indicated that there was 1 species of mammal with 20% of relativeabundance, 13 species of birds within 11 families, 2 species of reptiles, 58 species of insect, and 10 species of non-insect invertebrates, which consisted of 6 species of Araneae, 2 species of Scorpiones, 2 species of Chilopoda. The diversity indexfor insects was 4.011 with Bothriamyrmex sp. as subdominantin which its index of 2.86, and index for non-insects was 2.079. The result also was compared with the other 3 islands of the Krakatau complex and data collected in the last 10 years. Keywords: Anak Krakatau, volcanic, biodiversity

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Hoffman-Rothe, Arne, Malte Ibs-von Seht, Rudolf Knieβ, Eckhard Faber, Klaus Klinge, Christian Reichert, Mas Atje Purbawinata, and Cathy Patria. "Monitoring Anak Krakatau Volcano in Indonesia." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 87, no. 51 (2006): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006eo510002.

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Simanjuntak, Eduardo Meyrianso, Juventus Welly Radianta Ginting, and Ida Ayu Irawati Diah Ratna Putra. "WAVE FORCE OF TSUNAMI KRAKATAU 1883 ON THE OUTER SEA DIKE IN JAKARTA BAY." JURNAL TEKNIK HIDRAULIK 11, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32679/jth.v11i2.639.

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Volcanic activity of Mount Anak Krakatau has been increased in the recent years. One of the consequences was Tsunami Sunda Strait in 2018. This heightened the awareness of the potential impact of a tsunami induced by Anak Krakatau for the construction of NCICD Project. This research is aimed to calculate the potential impact in the terms of wave force. Tsunami Krakatau 1883 was used as reference for two reasons. First, the comprehensive research has been conducted for this event. Second, the magnitude of Mount Anak Krakatau-induced tsunami will not be higher than that of Tsunami Krakatau 1883. Non shallow water equation-based numerical model is applied to simulate the tsunami. Time series from the model result is extracted as an input to calculate the wave force. There are four different method used such as Rule of Thumb, Linear Theory, Sainflou Method and Goda Method. The results show that the tsunami will hit the outer sea dike with a minimal force of 100 kN and a maximum force of 400 kN. OSD1-A is the safest sea dike since the tsunami only will hit the structure with a half force.

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Triyangoro, A. P., and B. Ontowirjo. "Anak Krakatau Landslide Tsunami Relapse Potential Hazard." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 698, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/698/1/012025.

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Esteban, Miguel, Hendra AchiariTomoyuki Takabatake, Ryota Nakamura, Takahito Mikami, Satriyo Panalaran, Mustarakh Gelfi, Naoto Inagaki, et al. "FIELD SURVEY OF 2018 KRAKATAU TSUNAMI." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.currents.6.

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At 21:30 local time (UTC+7h) on the 22nd of December 2018 the shorelines of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia, were flooded by tsunami waves. As a result there was widespread destruction and there were 437 casualties, 31,943 injuries, 10 still missing and over 16,000 people displaced (as of the 14th January 2019 National Disaster Management Agency (BNBP), 2019). The tsunami was caused by the flank collapse of the Anak Krakatau volcano (Robertson et al. 2018), located roughly at the centre of the Sunda Strait, which separates eastern Sumatra and western Java islands. Takabatake et al. (2019) performed a field survey of the affected areas. The survey results showed that inundation heights were more than 4 m high along the coastline of Sumatra island (situated to the north-north-east of Anak Krakatau), while less than 4 m were measured along the north-western direction. In Java island Inundation heights of over 10 m were measured at Cipenyu Beach (south-south-eastern direction from Anak Krakatau). However, at the time it was not possible to survey the actual vicinity of Anak Krakatau.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/d6hOT352fj4

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Turner, Bryan. "The colonisation of Anak Krakatau: interactions between wild sugar cane, Saccharum spontaneum, and the antlion, Myrmeleon frontalis." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 4 (November 1992): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006763.

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ABSTRACTThe volcanic island of Anak Krakatau emerged from the sea in 1930. The antlion Myrmeleon frontalis has only become established on Anak Krakatau within the last five years, despite having been present on the other Krakatau Islands for at least 50 years.The appearance of the antlions on Anak Krakatau seems to have coincided with the construction of a shelter hut in 1986 which provides a suitable under-floor habitat of dry dusty soil for the larvae to construct their pits. From the hut site they have extended into sub-optimal locations around the bases of clumps of wild sugarcane, Saccharum spontaneum, on the adjacent lower slopes of the outer cone ash fields.The soil around the Saccharum chimps is variable. Fine deposits are suitable for antlion larvae, more gravelly soils are not. The antlion larvae inhabiting the Saccharum clumps are disturbed by rain which destroys their pits.These two habitats, the hut and Saccharum sites, are the only places on the island that are occupied by the antlion larvae. They have quite different micro-climates so that the two populations are out of synchrony with each other.

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Suwarsono, NFn, Indah Prasasti, Jalu Tejo Nugroho, Jansen Sitorus, and Djoko Triyono. "DETECTING THE LAVA FLOW DEPOSITS FROM 2018 ANAK KRAKATAU ERUPTION USING DATA FUSION LANDSAT-8 OPTIC AND SENTINEL-1 SAR." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 15, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2018.v15.a3078.

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The increasing volcanic activity of Anak Krakatau volcano has raised concerns about a major disaster in the area around the Sunda Strait. The objective of the research is to fuse Landsat-8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) and Sentinel-1 TOPS (Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans), an integration of SAR and optic remote sensing data, in observing the lava flow deposits resulted from Anak Krakatau eruption during the middle 2018 eruption. RGBI and the Brovey transformation were conducted to merge (fuse) the optical and SAR data. The results showed that optical and SAR data fusion sharpened the appearance of volcano morphology and lava flow deposits. The regions are often constrained by cloud cover and volcanic ash, which occurs at the time of the volcanic eruption. The RGBI-VV and Brovey RGB-VV methods provide better display quality results in revealing the morphology of volcanic cone and lava deposits. The entire slopes of Anak Krakatau Volcano, with a radius of about 1 km from the crater is an area prone to incandescent lava and pyroclastic falls. The direction of the lava flow has the potential to spread in all directions. The fusion method of optical Landsat-8 and Sentinel-1 SAR data can be used continuously in monitoring the activity of Anak Krakatau volcano and other volcanoes in Indonesia both in cloudy and clear weather conditions.

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Niken, Chatarina. "PENGARAHAN DAN PENYERAHAN BANTUAN PEMBUATAN PERAHU TINGTING SERTA PENGHIBURAN ANAK-ANAK KORBAN TSUNAMI DI DESA BANYUASIH, PANDEGLANG PROVINSI BANTEN." Sakai Sambayan Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 3, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jss.v3i2.145.

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Pada tanggal 22 Desember 2018, terjadi tsunami akibat erupsi gunung Anak Krakatau di daerah pesisir Banten dan Lampung. Terdapat lima kabupaten yang mengalami kerusakan, yaitu Pandeglang, Serang, Lampung Selatan, Pesawaran, dan Tanggamus. Sampai 31-12-2018, dinyatakan 437 jiwa meninggal dunia 14.059 orang mengalami luka-luka, 16 orang hilang, dan 33.721 mengungsi. Bangunan rusak di antaranya 2.752 rumah dan 92 penginapan atau warung. Alat transportasi sebanyak 510 perahu dan kapal, 147 kendaraan, serta dua fasilitas dermaga dan shelter juga mengalami kerusakan. Pandeglang adalah wilayah terparah. Jarak antara Gunung Anak Krakatau dan Kabupaten Pandeglang sekitar 65km. Dengan jarak tersebut jumlah orang tewas Pandeglang terbanyak yaitu 296 meninggal. Kebanyakan adalah wisatawan pengunjung. Korban lain adalah 7.656 orang terluka, 8 orang hilang, dan 20.726 orang mengungsi. Desa Banyuasih, adalah sebuah Desa di Kabupaten Pandeglang, terletak di pesisir Laut Jawa. Trauma pada orang dewasa dapat dipulihkan dengan mengembalikan ke kegiatan sehari-hari sebelum musibah menimpa. Berdasarkan hal ini maka dipilih pemberian perahu ting-ting, agar mereka kembali melaut sehingga memperoleh rezeki sekaligus menghilangkan trauma sedikit demi sedikit. Penghilangan trauma pada nak-anak dilakukan dengan mengajak berdiskusi, menyanyi dan mendongeng. Dari wawancara diperoleh tanggapan bahwa mereka senang karena merasa diperhatikan. Kata kunci: Anak Krakatau, Pandeglang, Perahu ting-ting, Trauma, Tsunami

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Putra, Singgih Afifa, Ario Damar, and Agustinus M. Samosir. "Colonization of Coral Communities in the Krakatau Islands Strict Marine Nature Reserve, Indonesia (Kolonisasi Komunitas Karang di Kepulanan Krakatau)." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 19, no. 2 (June 2, 2014): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.19.2.63-74.

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Pulau-pulau Krakatau memiliki dinamika secara geomorfologi, dan berbagai perubahan fisik yang berlangsung memberikan dampak terhadap biota, termasuk pada proses dan tingkat pergantian suksesi komunitasnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan kondisi terkini dan proses kolonisasi komunitas karang, termasuk status kerusakan komunitas karang dan disturbansi lingkungan yang mempengaruhinya. Line intercept transect dilakukan di enam stasiun pada dua kedalaman yang berbeda yakni 5 dan 10m. Sedangkan observasi terhadap komunitas koral dilakukan dengan perekaman video. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa suksesi atau perkembangan komunitas (i.e. kolonisasi) karang yang dijumpai di Pulau Anak Krakatau masih mengindikasikan tahap awal kolonisasi, berbeda dengan komunitas karang yang dijumpai di Pulau Rakata dan Panjang. Diversifikasi komunitas karang di kedua pulau tersebut, menunjukkan dominansi spesies oportunis dan pioner (i.e. Pocillopora dan Seriatopora) yang umum dijumpai di Anak Krakatau sudah tergantikan. Dominansi dari beberapa spesies karang telah mengindikasikan terjadinya proses eksklusi kompetitif di antara komunitas karang. Tiga tipe komunitas karang yang dijumpai dapat dibedakan menurut karakteristik masing-masing kawasan, yaitu komunitas kawasan terpapar, semi terpapar/terlindung, dan terlindung. Kerusakan komunitas karang di Krakatau berdasarkan kriteria indeks kerusakan karang (CDI) sudah termasuk kedalam kategori wilayah “hot spot”, dimana sangat memerlukan perhatian, pengawasan, pengamatan atau restorasi komunitas karang. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa terjadinya kolonisasi dan tingkat kerusakan komunitas karang perlu menjadi acuan dalam pengelolaan kawasan terumbu karang di Cagar Alam Laut Krakatau. Kata kunci: kolonisasi, suksesi; komunitas karang; pengelolaan; Krakatau Krakatau Islands diversity is geomorphologically dynamic, and these physical changes influence on organisms including community successional. The purposes of this research were to determine the condition and describe the recent colonization development of coral communities in the Krakatau Islands after sterilization. Transects were done at six stations at two different depth (i.e. 5 and 10 m) using line intercept transect. While observations of coral communities were done with video transect. This study showed that succession or development of coral communities (i.e. colonization) that found in Anak Krakatau indicated earlier stage of colonization. It has different coral communities compared with those that found in Rakata and Panjang island. The diversification of coral communities on both islands, showed that opportunistic and pioneer species (i.e. Pocillopora and Seriatopora) that generally found in Anak Krakatau has been replaced. There are indications of dominance may already take place through competitive exclusion in the coral communities. Three community types were distinguished based on characteristics for each sites, as follows: communities of wave-exposed habitats, communities of semi- exposed to sheltered habitats, and communities of sheltered habitats. The extent of coral damage covered all six sites based on coral damage index (CDI). This suggests that of the all transects were "hot spots'' that required management action. These results indicate that colonization and the level of coral damage have to be taken into account on the manegement of coral ecosystem in the region. Keywords: colonization; succession; coral communities; management; Krakatau

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Perwita, Cholisina Anik, Sukir Maryanto, Muhammad Ghufron, Mudo Prakoso, Stevany Abigail, and Usna Zainun Nasrulloh Zamhar. "Korelasi Peningkatan Temperatur Permukaan Tanah dan Aktivitas Seismik di Gunung Anak Krakatau pada tahun 2018." Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi 11, no. 3 (December 24, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.34126/jlbg.v11i3.315.

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ABSTRAKPemantauan gunungapi merupakan hal yang krusial terutama bagi negara yang mempunyai banyak gunungapi seperti Indonesia. Salah satu tantangan yang dihadapi dalam pemantauan gunungapi aktif adalah biaya yang cukup besar dan lokasi gunungapi yang sulit diakses. Pemantauan jarak jauh (remote sensing) sudah mulai diaplikasikan untuk kebutuhan ini. Dalam penelitian ini kami mencoba menggabungkan remote sensing pemantauan Gunungapi Anak Krakatau (GAK) dengan pemantauan seismik untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai aktivitas vulkanik yang terjadi. Korelasi yang kuat didapatkan antara kenaikan jumlah gempa tremor terhadap kenaikan suhu permukaan dengan nilai korelasi Pearson sebesar 0,53 untuk gempa tremor da 0,47 untuk gempa letusan. Temperatur maksimal yang tercatat pada bagian puncak, naik dari 300 Cmenjadi 700 C. Selain itu, leleran lava yang terjadi di lereng GAK dapat tercitrakan dengan baik pada LST (Land Surface Temperature).Kata kunci: Gunung Anak Krakatau, monitoring, remote sensing, temperaturABSTRACT Volcanic monitoring is one of the crucial things for the country which has rich of volcanoes such as Indonesia. High-cost ground base for monitoring is a problem that should be overcome, moreover if the volcanic area is difficult to access. Remote monitoring has begun to be applied to respond the need. In this study, land surface temperature (LST) from remote sensing method and seismic method combined to know volcanic activity of Anak Krakatau Volcano (GAK). A strong correlation is obtained from an increase in the number of tremor events to an increase in surface temperature with Pearson Correlation value 0,53 for tremor event and 0,47 for eruption earthquake. The maximum temperature in summit was increase from 300 Cto 700 C. In addition, the melting lava that came out from eruption on the slopes of GAK can be wel- imaged on LST. Keywords: Gunung Anak Krakatau, volcanic monitoring, remote sensing, temperature

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GREENSLADE, PENELOPE. "Correction to the identification of a pioneer species of Collembola found on Anak Krakatau in 1931." Zootaxa 1846, no. 1 (August 11, 2008): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1846.1.6.

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The first species of Collembola to be recorded from Anak Krakatau Island in Indonesia was Lepidosira calolepis (Börner, 1913). It was listed as Mesira calolepis by Womersley (1932) and was said to be abundant at the time of collection on the island. This small island was produced in 1929 in the Krakatau Archipelago by volcanic activity some three miles from Krakatau itself (Bristowe 1931). The type species of Mesira Shcherbakov, M. squamoornata, was found to belong to the genus Seira Lubbock (Gisin 1960). As M. calolepis had a two-toothed mucro, it could not belong to Seira and instead was found to belong to the genus Lepidosira Schött because of its mucro, type of scales and other characters. It is now referred to as Lepidosira (Nusasira) calolepis (Börner). This species is fairly common on Irian Jaya, Java and Sumatra (Yoshii and Suhardjoni 1989).

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PARTOMIHARDJO, Tukirin, Edi MIRMANTO, Soedarsono RISWAN, and Eizi SUZUKI. "Drift Fruits and Seeds on Anak Krakatau Beaches, Indonesia." Tropics 2, no. 3 (1993): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.2.143.

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Ginting, F. I., Gusnidar, M. Nelson, Rudiyanto, B. Minasny, and D. Fiantis. "Changes in Anak Krakatau landscape after December 2018 eruption." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 708, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/708/1/012088.

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New, Tim R. "Colonization, succession and conservation: the invertebrates of Anak Krakatau, Indonesia, and contrast with Surtsey." Surtsey research 13 (2015): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/surtsey.13.3.

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Surveys of selected terrestrial invertebrates on Anak Krakatau, Indonesia, during the 1980s/1990s exemplify the variety of colonization and successional processes contributing to foundation of new ecological communities. Both aeolian and vegetation-based successions are important, but interpretation is hampered by lack of knowledge of the fauna of species-rich source areas in this tropical environment. Major disturbances from increased visitor numbers contaminate the natural processes, and volcanic activity is an ever-present influence. The monitoring and inventory studies needed to provide a sound basis for ecological management and conservation of this unique island, despite wide acknowledgement of its interest and significance, will be difficult to assure. The scenarios for documenting and conserving terrestrial invertebrates on Anak Krakatau and Surtsey are briefly compared.

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Babu, Arun, and Shashi Kumar. "InSAR Coherence and Backscatter Images Based Analysis for the Anak Krakatau Volcano Eruption." Proceedings 24, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2019-06216.

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The Anak Krakatau Island and volcano caldera are located at the Sunda Strait between the Java and Sumatra Islands of Indonesia. The volcano started erupting on 22 December 2018, and collapse of the volcano resulted in Tsunami. The large tidal waves caused mass destruction and loss of life in the Java and Sumatra islands. The objective of this study was the interferometric SAR coherence and backscatter images based analysis of Anak Krakatau Island using Sentinel-1 SAR data. Seven datasets of ESA’s Sentinel-1 C-band satellite acquired from 25 November 2018 to 24 January 2019 were used in this study. The InSAR RGB composite images were generated by stacking together the interferometric coherence magnitude images and the sigma nought backscatter images. Sentinel-2 true color composite (TCC) images before and after the volcanic eruption were used to verify the results obtained through InSAR coherence analysis. The sigma nought backscatter image of 22 December 2018 clearly indicates the volcano eruption center and the ocean waves moving away from Anak Krakatau due to the seismic shock waves caused by the volcano eruption. The combined interpretation of the results revealed that the severe volcanic eruption on 22 December 2018 caused a large portion of the volcano to collapse, and all the rock debris which submerged to the ocean displaced the ocean water and resulted in the Tsunami at the Indonesian islands.

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MANSUR, Suraya, Nurhayani SARAGIH, Siti SUSILAWATI, Yusiatie UDUD, and Endri ENDRI. "Consumer Brand Engagement and Brand Communications on Destination Brand Equity Maritine Tourism in Indonesia." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.4(52).16.

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This study aimed to understand the influence of consumer-brand engagement and brand communication on destination brand equity, survey to maritime tourism of Ujung Kulon and Anak Krakatau, Banten. The population chosen in this study is the Instagram followers of Ujung Kulon and Krakatau Banten.The total of the samples are 96 respondents chosen using purposive sampling. This study used inferential statistic tests, which were divided into two: The correlation Test and Linear Regression Test. This study used a correlational survey method Approach. This research used a quantitative approach and a positivist paradigm. The results showed that the use of Instagram is successful in creating destination brand equity because the entertainment and interaction dimension provided a strong effect on the loyalty dimension of the destination brand equity variable. People who are online and following the Instagram account became loyal because the pictures posted gave entertainment value, joy, and relaxation effect. The interaction between the followers and admin of the account of Maritime Tourism of Ujung Kulon and Anak Krakatau, Banten also added the entertainment value. This study provides new contributions regarding the promotion of maritime tourism destinations through theories about brand engagement, brand equity, and brand communication.

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Nagai, Kaori, Taro Arikawa, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Fumihiko Imamura, Masashi Watanabe, and Pan Huang. "VOLCANIC ERUPTION-INDUCED TSUNAMI AT ANAK KRAKATAU VOLCANO, SUNDA STRAIT, INDONESIA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.currents.33.

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On 22 December 2018, a volcanic eruption occurred at Anak Krakatau, Sunda Strait, Indonesia, which induced a tsunami. At the coastal area in the Sunda Strait, the destructive tsunami destroyed many structures and killed more than 400 people approximately 30 to 40 min after the eruption. In this event, it has been reported that many residents start to evacuate after seeing tsunami because alert of tsunami was not occurred. It is difficult to escape from a tsunami after seeing it waves, so early evacuation become important. Previously, many studies which handle Krakatau volcanic eruption induced tsunamis have been conducted. Pakoksung et al. (2019) conducted its simulation, but it was reported that the observed run-up heights and inundation depths were underestimated. Moreover, there were few studies which handle evacuation from non- seismic tsunami. The purpose of the study is to reveal the actual evacuation action from the tsunami induced by the 2018 volcanic eruption.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/ELOif7G4eNo

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Rezaldi, Muhamad Yudhi, and Wahjoe Soeprihantoro. "Media Dissemination “The Threat of Tsunami Unleashed from the Eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau” Through Documentary Movie." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 3, no. 1 (July 30, 2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v3i1.753.

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The Eastern side of the Sunda Strait coastal line is an area which faces directly towards the source of the disaster. Mount Krakatau’s explosion causes major eruptions and destructive tsunami waves back in 1883, causing severe damages to the area and a death-count reaching 30,000 people. Learning from past, it is important to convey the understanding of natural hazards to the public. Spreading knowledge of the threat needs to be done by using methods that can easily be accepted, understood and implemented by any kind of communities. This preliminary research compels that the general population does not have sufficient understanding on this natural disaster. They are also oblivious to what procedure should be taken when such a tragedy occur. The research also illustrates that the audio-visual media is the most appropriate and favored method of gaining knowledge by the community. The media is constituted of multiple segments of 3D animations, digital computer animations, and short field-filmed clips, which are then assembled into one single documentary presenting both a virtual-reconstruction of the event whilst giving a variety of information concerning the subject. The content of the documentary will provide information about the Krakatau tsunami, the current condition of Mount Anak Krakatau, the signs leading to a volcanic eruption and a tsunami, and the necessary steps that they will have to follow in response to such threat. This documentary movie will hopefully become an educational tool to expand people's knowledge and awareness at the event of an eruption and a tsunami.

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Muwarni, Sri. "Analysis of Heavy Metals in Coral Fish Species in Sea Natural Reserves of Krakatau Islands." International Journal of Ecophysiology 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijoep.v1i2.1273.

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Krakatau Islands is an area of Nature Reserve and Marine Nature Reserve which has volcanic activity, because of the existence of Gunung Anak Krakatau which is active every year. Volcanic ash erupted contains potentially hazardous chemicals in the form of heavy metals. Heavy metals that enter into waters at a certain level can cause pollution which endangers the lives of biota and disrupt other natural resources in marine ecosystems. This study aims to determine the concentration of heavy metals Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, and Ag in reef fish species in the Krakatau Islands. Fish sampling was carried out at three points, namely Anak Krakatau Island, Panjang Island and Rakata Island. The number of individuals obtained was 9 individuals consisting of 5 families, 5 genera and 7 species. Samples of Coral fish were analyzed using Inducible Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometry (ICP-OES - ThermoFishers Scientific). The Pb concentrations in P. vittatus, S. virgatus, S. schlegeli and A. xanthopper have exceeded the quality standard values set by FAO. The highest concentration of Ni metal is found in P. vittatus and Cd in all reef fish species that have exceeded the quality standard. Excepted for S.virgatus, Co in all species is above the quality standard value of 0.1 mg/kg. Meanwhile, for all species obtained the concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe and Zn did not exceed the standard quality values. The type of metal contained in Z. cornutus, the highest is Fe with a value of 14,427 mg/kg and the lowest is Co with a value of 0.099 mg /kg.

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Gross, CL. "The Reproductive Ecology of Canavalia rosea (Fabaceae) on Anak Krakatau, Indonesia." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 5 (1993): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930591.

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Pioneer plant species are expected to have higher fruit-to-flower ratios than plants found in more established habitats. This was not found to be the case with Canavalia rosea on Anak Krakatau, Indonesia. Canavalia rosea is a pantropical pioneer plant species of beach habitats. On Anak Krakatau fruit-set in C. rosea in July 1992 ranged between 10 and 19% and a study of pollination and resource levels was undertaken to determine the cause of low fruit-to-flower ratios. An examination of flowering and fruiting phenology, breeding system and floral visitors revealed that low fruit-set in the population could not be explained by either a lack of pollinators or low levels of deposited pollen. Experimental removal of pods resulted in a near five-fold increase in fruit-set on subsequent flowers on treated plants compared with natural levels, indicating that fruit-set was resource limited. Low fruit-to-flower ratios do not detract from the colonising success of this species however, because individual plants flower prolifically year-round ensuring a constant production of propagules.

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Darmawan, Herlan, Bachtiar Wahyu Mutaqin, Wahyudi Wahyudi, Agung Harijoko, Haryo Edi Wibowo, Nia Haerani, Mamay Surmayadi, et al. "Topography and structural changes of Anak Krakatau due to the December 2018 catastrophic events." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.53740.

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The flank collapse of Anak Krakatau on 22 December 2018 caused massive topography losses that generated a devastating tsunami in Sunda Strait, which then followed by eruptions that progressively changed the topography and structure of Anak Krakatau. Here, we investigated topography and structural changes due to the December 2018 flank collapse and the following eruptions by using high resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) before and after the events and sentinel 1A satellite image post-flank collapsed. Results show that the volumetric losses due to the 22 December 2018 flank collapsed is ~127 x 106 m3, while the following eruptions caused ~0,8 x 106 m3 losses. Structural investigation suggests two structures that may act as failure planes. The first structure is located at the western part of volcanic edifice that associated with hydrothermal alteration and the second failure is an old crater rim which delineated an actively deform volcanic cone.

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Natalia, Happy Christin, Danni Gathot Harbowo, and Rinaldi Ikhram. "Potensi Geodiversity di Sekitar Kawasan Anak Krakatau-Way Kambas, Provinsi Lampung, Sebagai Kandidat Geopark Indonesia." Journal of Science and Applicative Technology 5, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35472/jsat.v5i1.318.

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The global significance of Krakatau Volcanic Complex and Way Kambas National Park is the best potential areas to be developed as part of a world heritage, particularly as UNESCO Global Geopark. Both of these objects are in the Lampung Province, Indonesia. Soon, it is necessary to identify and make an inventory of key sites that could become the theme of the area. The study of geodiversity and scientific valuation was carried out which referred to the Technical Guidelines for the Assessment of Indonesia Geological Heritage Resources, 2019. Based on these studies and assessments, there are 14 key sites to represent for Geopark Krakatau-Way Kambas themes. These sites are closely related to the evolution of tectonic activity in the Southern Sumatera as well as the dynamics of magmatism and paleovolcanism that have occurred since the Mesozoic which has signification in human history as world heritage.

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Grilli, Stephan. "THE DECEMBER 22, 2018 ANAK KRAKATAU COLLAPSE: MODELING OF THE SLIDE AND TSUNAMI IMPACT; COMPARISON TO FIELD SURVEYS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 31, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.keynote.11.

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In this talk, I will discuss hazard assessment approaches for landlside-generated tsunamis, with a focus on the recent Krakatau tsunami.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/fk2VsI6j250

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Jayaratne, Ravindra, Aldhiansyah Muhammad Fauzi, Hendra Achiari, and Tomoya Shibayama. "MODELLING OF KRAKATOA TSUNAMI WAVE PROPAGATION AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT BASED ON SWOT ANALYSIS IN SOUTHERN LAMPUNG, INDONESIA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.currents.30.

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The eruption of Krakatoa which occurred on the 22 December 2018 caused an avalanche from the Gunung Anak Krakatau (GAK) body into the sea, causing a tsunami in the Sunda Strait. The tsunami affected Lampung (Sumatra) and Banten (Java) provinces in Indonesia. Based on the field observations made by Takabatake et al. (2019) in the southern part of Lampung, it was identified that there were severely damaged areas in Lampung; i.e. East Way Muli, Central Way Muli, and Kunjir villages. A numerical model was developed to simulate past and future tsunami wave propagation scenarios. In addition, the strategic planning technique of SWOT analysis was carried out in order to make recommendations for the resilience of local coastal communities for future tsunami events in Southern Lampung.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/YR_UX_SdS6c

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Bani, Philipson, Adrien Normier, Clémentine Bacri, Patrick Allard, Hendra Gunawan, Muhammad Hendrasto, Surono, and Vitchko Tsanev. "First measurement of the volcanic gas output from Anak Krakatau, Indonesia." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 302 (September 2015): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.008.

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Seibold, I., and E. Seibold. "Charles Edgar Stehn: Der Ausbruch des Anak Krakatau im Mai 1933." Geologische Rundschau 85, no. 3 (September 1996): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02369015.

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Gardner, M. F., V. R. Troll, G. Hart, R. Gertisser, J. A. Wolff, and J. A. Gamble. "Shallow-level processes at Anak Krakatau: Crystallisation and late stage crustal contamination." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 18 (August 2006): A194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.391.

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Putra, Purna Sulastya, Aswan Aswan, Khoiril Anwar Maryunani, Eko Yulianto, Septriono Hari Nugroho, and Vincent Setiawan. "Post-Event Field Survey of the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Tsunami." Pure and Applied Geophysics 177, no. 6 (February 19, 2020): 2477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02446-8.

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Novellino, Alessandro, Samantha L. Engwell, Stephen Grebby, Simon Day, Michael Cassidy, Amber Madden-Nadeau, Sebastian Watt, et al. "Mapping Recent Shoreline Changes Spanning the Lateral Collapse of Anak Krakatau Volcano, Indonesia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020536.

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We use satellite imagery to investigate the shoreline changes associated with volcanic activity in 2018–2019 at Anak Krakatau, Indonesia, spanning a major lateral collapse and period of regrowth through explosive activity. The shoreline changes have been analyzed and validated through the adaptation of an existing methodology based on Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery and developed on Google Earth Engine. This work tests the results of this method in a highly dynamic volcanic environment and validates them with manually digitized shorelines. The analysis shows that the size of the Anak Krakatau Island increased from 2.84 km2 to 3.19 km2 during 15 May 2018–1 November 2019 despite the loss of area in the 22 December 2018 lateral collapse. The lateral collapse reduced the island area to ~1.5 km2 but this was followed by a rapid increase in area in the first two months of 2019, reaching up to 3.27 km2. This was followed by a period of little change as volcanic activity declined and then by a net decrease from May 2019 to 1 November 2019 that resulted from erosion on the SW side of the island. This history of post-collapse eruptive regrowth and coastal erosion derived from the shoreline changes illuminates the potential for satellite-based automated shoreline mapping to provide databases for monitoring remote island volcanoes.

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Williams, Rebecca, Pete Rowley, and Matthew C. Garthwaite. "Reconstructing the Anak Krakatau flank collapse that caused the December 2018 Indonesian tsunami." Geology 47, no. 10 (August 30, 2019): 973–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46517.1.

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Abstract Volcanogenic tsunamis are one of the deadliest volcanic phenomena. Understanding their triggering processes, and mitigating their effect, remains a major challenge. On 22 December 2018, flank failure of the Anak Krakatau volcano in Indonesia generated a tsunami that killed more than 400 people. This event was captured in unprecedented detail by high-resolution satellite imagery and eyewitness accounts. Here we combine historic observations with these recent data to—for the first time—interpret the internal architecture of Anak Krakatau, and reconstruct the failure, tsunamigenesis, and regrowth processes observed. We calculate the volume of material initially lost from the volcano flank failure and find that it was relatively small (∼0.1 km3) compared to the overall changes observed during the entire eruption, but it was nonetheless able to generate rapid tsunami waves with devastating impacts. The flank failure also changed the eruption style and the upper volcanic plumbing system, with the subsequent explosive eruptions destroying the summit and then partially rebuilding the lost flank. The nature of the flank failure was controlled by the internal structure of the island, and—although regrowth rate will be a primary control on flank failure intervals— the reconfiguring of the volcano’s internal vent network is likely to have re-stabilized it in the medium term. The findings demonstrate that hazard assessments at ocean islands must consider that even small flank failures, during unexceptional eruptions, can have catastrophic consequences.

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Compton, S. G., S. J. Ross, and I. W. B. Thornton. "Pollinator Limitation of Fig Tree Reproduction on the Island of Anak Krakatau (Indonesia)." Biotropica 26, no. 2 (June 1994): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388807.

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Dahren, Börje, Valentin R. Troll, Ulf B. Andersson, Jane P. Chadwick, Màiri F. Gardner, Kairly Jaxybulatov, and Ivan Koulakov. "Magma plumbing beneath Anak Krakatau volcano, Indonesia: evidence for multiple magma storage regions." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 163, no. 4 (September 21, 2011): 631–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0690-8.

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38

Paris, Alexandre, Philippe Heinrich, Raphaël Paris, and Stéphane Abadie. "The December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau, Indonesia, Landslide and Tsunami: Preliminary Modeling Results." Pure and Applied Geophysics 177, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 571–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02394-y.

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39

Borrero, Jose C., Tubagus Solihuddin, Hermann M. Fritz, Patrick J. Lynett, Gegar S. Prasetya, Vassilios Skanavis, Semeidi Husrin, et al. "Field Survey and Numerical Modelling of the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau Tsunami." Pure and Applied Geophysics 177, no. 6 (June 2020): 2457–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02515-y.

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Fiantis, Dian, Frisa Irawan Ginting, Seprianto, Farid Halfero, Adi Praja Saputra, Malik Nelson, Eric Van Ranst, and Budiman Minasny. "Geochemical and mineralogical composition of the 2018 volcanic deposits of Mt. Anak Krakatau." Geoderma Regional 25 (June 2021): e00393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2021.e00393.

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Putra, Singgih Afifa. "RAPID SURVEYS REVEAL HEALTHY CORAL-SPONGE COMMUNITIES ON KRAKATAU REEFS." BERITA BIOLOGI 19, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/beritabiologi.v19i1.3779.

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The Krakatau Islands in the Sunda Strait have been significantly impacted by catastrophic volcanic eruptions in 1883 and 2018. The marine habitats are not well studied, neither in the past nor in the present. This research is a report on the distribution and ecology of corals and sponges in the Krakatau Volcanic Complex at the three islands of Anak Krakatau, Rakata, and Panjang. This study used 100 m transects long in 5–7 m depth. Hard coral and soft coral communities are found to live with a coverage varied between 25-53% and 0-24%. Dead coral skeletons covered 14–40% of the surveyed area and did not seem to affect the abundance of sponges recorded. The Sponges occupied 0–6% of the area, and they often acted as coral competitors, shaping the benthic ecosystems. The recorded sponges only belong to the Demospongiae class, which are the Suberitid species that are commonly found in Indonesian waters, e.g., Amorphinopsis excavans, Protosuberites collaris, and Terpios sp. The excavating sponge Cliona cf. orientalis was frequently found to be a successful competitor of massive Porites sp., aggressively overgrowing live parts of the coral. Two Haliclona species and Mycale relicta colonized dead coral skeleton. Overall, the benthic communities appear healthy and are comparable to other similar locations that are not affected by volcanic activity.

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Goodier, Mathieu, and Raphaël Paris. "SO2 and tephra emissions during the December 22, 2018 Anak Krakatau flank-collapse eruption." Volcanica 2, no. 2 (2019): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.02.02.91103.

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43

Ye, Lingling, Hiroo Kanamori, Luis Rivera, Thorne Lay, Yu Zhou, Dimas Sianipar, and Kenji Satake. "The 22 December 2018 tsunami from flank collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano during eruption." Science Advances 6, no. 3 (January 2020): eaaz1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz1377.

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On 22 December 2018, a devastating tsunami struck Sunda Strait, Indonesia without warning, leaving 437 dead and thousands injured along the western Java and southern Sumatra coastlines. Synthetic aperture radar and broadband seismic observations demonstrate that a small, <~0.2 km3 landslide on the southwestern flank of the actively erupting volcano Anak Krakatau generated the tsunami. The landslide did not produce strong short-period seismic waves; thus, precursory ground shaking did not provide a tsunami warning. The source of long-period ground motions during the landslide can be represented as a 12° upward-dipping single-force directed northeastward, with peak magnitude of ~6.1 × 1011 N and quasi-sinusoidal time duration of ~70 s. Rapid quantification of a landslide source process by long-period seismic wave inversions for moment-tensor and single-force parameterizations using regional seismic data available within ~8 min can provide a basis for future fast tsunami warnings, as is also the case for tsunami earthquakes.

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Giachetti, T., R. Paris, K. Kelfoun, and B. Ontowirjo. "Tsunami hazard related to a flank collapse of Anak Krakatau Volcano, Sunda Strait, Indonesia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 361, no. 1 (2012): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp361.7.

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45

Omira, R., and I. Ramalho. "Evidence-Calibrated Numerical Model of December 22, 2018, Anak Krakatau Flank Collapse and Tsunami." Pure and Applied Geophysics 177, no. 7 (June 16, 2020): 3059–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02532-x.

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46

Widiyanto, Wahyu, Shih-Chun Hsiao, Wei-Bo Chen, Purwanto B. Santoso, Rudy T. Imananta, and Wei-Cheng Lian. "Run-up, inundation, and sediment characteristics of the 22 December 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami, Indonesia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-933-2020.

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Abstract. A tsunami caused by a flank collapse of the southwest part of the Anak Krakatau volcano occurred on 22 December 2018. The tsunami affected the coastal areas located at the edge of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. To gain an understanding of the tsunami event, field surveys were conducted a month after the incident. The surveys included measurements of run-up height, inundation distance, tsunami direction, and sediment characteristics at 20 selected sites. The survey results revealed that the run-up height reached 9.2 m in Tanjungjaya and an inundation distance of 286.8 m was found at Cagar Alam, part of Ujung Kulon National Park. The tsunami propagated radially from Anak Krakatau and reached the coastal zone with a direction between 25 and 350∘ from the north. Sediment samples were collected at 27 points in tsunami deposits with a sediment thickness of 1.5–12.7 cm. The average distance from the coast of the area with significant sediment deposits and the deposit limit are 45 % and 73 % of the inundation distance, respectively. Sand sheets were sporadic, highly variable, and highly influenced by topography. Grain sizes in the deposit area were finer than those at their sources. The sizes ranged from fine sand to boulders, with medium sand and coarse sand being dominant. All sediment samples had a well-sorted distribution. An assessment of the boulder movements indicates that the tsunami run-up had minimum velocities of 4.0–4.5 m s−1.

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Yuliana, Diyah Krisna, and Iwan G. Tejakusuma. "KEMAMPUAN PENANGANAN TERHADAP ANCAMAN BENCANA TSUNAMI DI WILAYAH PESISIR KOTA CILEGON." Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana 11, no. 1 (August 5, 2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jstmb.v11i1.3680.

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Wilayah pesisir Kota Cilegon merupakan daerah rawan gempa dan tsunami, karena posisinya yang berbatasan langsung dengan Selat Sunda yang memiliki bahaya gempa dan dekat dengan Gunung Anak Krakatau. Pada tahun 1883 pernah terjadi tsunami besar akibat letusan Gunung Krakatau yang telah memakan korban sekitar 36.000 jiwa. Risiko bencana tsunami akan sangat besar bagi Kota Cilegon karena terletak di wilayah pesisir dengan tingkat kepadatan penduduk dan aktivitas perekonomian yang cukup tinggi. Risiko bencana yang tinggi dapat diminimalisir jika suatu wilayah memiliki tingkat kemampuan penanganan atau kapasitas yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu kajian tentang kemampuan penanganan terhadap bencana tsunami di kota ini menjadi sangat penting. Penilaian kemampuan penanganan terhadap ancaman bencana tsunami ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode MCE (Multi Criteria Evaluation) dan teknik GIS (Geographical Information System). Kesehatan, kesiapsiagaan dan jumlah penduduk bekerja adalah tiga indikator penting yang digunakan dalam penilaian kemampuan penanganan di wilayah pesisir Kota Cilegon. Berdasarkan analisis MCE dan SIG diketahui bahwa Desa atau Kelurahan Randakari dan Kubangsari adalah desa atau kelurahan yang memiliki kemampuan penanganan terhadap bencana tsunami yang paling tinggi.

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SUZUKI, Eizi, Thkirin PARTOMIHARDJO, and Edhi TURMUDI. "A Ten-Year Succession of Saccharum spontaneum and Casuarina equisetifolia Vegetations on Anak Krakatau, Indonesia." Tropics 4, no. 2/3 (1995): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.4.127.

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Sabara, Z., R. Umam, K. Prianto, R. Junaidi, and A. Rahmat. "Anak krakatau mountain (AKM) causes a rare tsunami phenomenon: impact around the Sunda strait, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 739, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012036.

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Whittaker, Robert J., Tukirin Partomihardjo, and Stephen H. Jones. "Interesting times on Krakatau: stand dynamics in the 1990s." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1391 (November 29, 1999): 1857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0527.

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The Krakatau Islands, Indonesia, have provided an opportunity for ecologists to track primary succession from the ‘clean slate’ of 1883, through forest closure in the 1920s, to the contemporary period, in which successional changes take the form of alterations in composition and stature of forest stands rather than gross changes in ecosystem type. This paper reports on permanent forest plots established on the islands in 1989, and fully surveyed again in both 1992 and 1997. Since 1989, the plots have been subject to natural disturbance phenomena in the form of varying combinations of, for example, deposition of volcanic ejecta, landslides, lightning strikes, storm damage and drought. These effects have been concentrated between 1992 and 1997, during which the volcano Anak Krakatau has deposited ash on the islands of Sertung and Panjang, but not on Rakata. Data on stand responses are presented for growth rates (dbh (diameter at breast height, 1.3 m) increment), stem recruitment and mortality, biomass changes (partitioned into mortality, ingrowth and growth of established trees), and compositional shifts. The discussion focuses on evaluation of questions and successional models framed earlier in the programme. One general finding is that the stand dominants as of 1989 have tended to decline in number within the plots, generally through low levels of recruitment failing to balance rates of mortality. The effects of disturbance to the plots appear to be evident in terms of mortality and recruitment, dbh increment, and changes in biomass. The patterns of change in the eight plots are quite varied, such that relatively few generalizations are possible. The difficulties of establishing meaningful baseline rates for tree growth and stand biomass are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anak Krakatau'

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