Relevant bibliographies by topics / Analgesic properties of plants

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Academic literature on the topic 'Analgesic properties of plants'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 February 2023
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Analgesic properties of plants"

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Turama, Dwilanda E., Widdhi Bodhi, and Imam Jayanto. "UJI EFEK ANALGESIK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KUCAI (Allium tuberosum) PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus)." PHARMACON 9, no. 3 (August 9, 2020): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/pha.9.2020.30026.

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ABSTRACTKucai (Allium tuberosum) leaves contain metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, tannis which are potential sources to be developed as medical plants. Flavonoid is a derivative pf a phenol that has an analgesic properties. This study aims to determine whether there is an analgesic effect on the ethanol extract of kucai leaves. This study uses a laboratory experimental research design using wistar strain male white rats as an experiment animal. The ethanol extract of kucai leaves are given with different doses, group 1 doses 3,6 mg, group 2 doses 7,2 mg and group 3 doses 14,4 mg. Stimulation method in rats was carried out by using a 55°C hot plate. Rats was observed before and after giving test material at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes respectively and observed their responses by the form of licking legs and jumping. From the result of data in the form of tables and charts show that the ethanol extract of kucai leaves with doses 3,6 mg, 7,2 mg, and 14,4 mg has analgesic effect. It can be concluded that the best analgesic effect of doses is doses 14,4 mg.Keyword : Analgesic, kucai, male white ratsABSTRAK Daun Kucai (Allium tuberosum) memiliki kandungan senyawa metabolit seperti alkaloid, saponin, tanin, dan flavonoid yang merupakan sumber potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai tanaman obat. Flavonoid merupakan turunan senyawa fenol yang memiliki sifat analgetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya efek analgesik dari ekstrak etanol daun kucai. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Penelitian eksperimental laboratorium menggunakan tikus putih jantan galur wistar sebagai hewan percobaan. Ekstrak etanol daun kucai diberikan dengan dosis yang berbeda-beda yaitu kelompok perlakuan 1 dengan dosis 3,6 mg, perlakuan 2 dengan dosis 7,2 mg, perlakuan 3 dengan dosis 14,4 mg. Metode rangsangan pada tikus dilakukan dengan menggunakan hot plate dengan suhu 550C. Tikus di amati sebelum dan setelah pemberian bahan uji, menit ke 30, 60, 90, dan 120. Respon tikus yang diamati berupa menjilat kaki dan melompat. Dari hasil analisis data dalam bentuk tabel, grafik dan diagram menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun kucai dengan dosis 3,6 mg, 7,2 mg, dan 14,4 mg memiliki efek analgesik. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa dosis yang memiliki efek analgesik terbaik ialah dosis 14,4 mg.Kata kunci: Analgesik, kucai, tikus putih jantan
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Mashuri Yusuf, Lilik Koernia Wahidah, Subur Widodo, Puspita Gita Sari, and Mohammad Kanedi. "Analgesic activity of the combined extract of sukun (Artocarpus altilis) and melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Leaves in mice." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.202013.1.344.

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Analgesic is any drug used to achieve analgesia—relieve from pain, without blocking the conduction of nerve impulses. Sukun (Artocarpusaltilis) and melinjo (Gnetumgnemon L.) are plants that can be expected to have analgesic properties because they contain bioactive that can inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandins, a hormone-like pain reducing agent. To determine analgesic effect of two plants in question, the combination extract of melinjo and sukun leaves were treated to mice by applying writhing test. Male mice (n=28) were grouped into seven consisted of two control groups (negative dan positive) and five test groups. The negative control group (KN) received CMC 0.5%, the positive control mice received 1.3 mg/kg BW mefenamic acid. Test groups were given leaf extracts of sukun and melinjo with the dose ratios (sukun : melinjo) as follows (200: 0), (150 : 50), (100 : 100 ), (50 : 150), and (0 : 200) mg/kg BW respectively. After 15 minutes all mice were pain-induced with 1% acetic acid intraperitoneally. Stretching activity of the animals was observed every 5 minutes for 1 hour. The result showed that the extracts with a dose ratio of (150 + 50) mg/kg BW has a comparable anlgesic effects to the mefenamic acid is the most effective combination among other comination doses.
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Rali, Sibusiso, Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji, Olukayode O. Aremu, Adebola O. Oyedeji, and Benedicta N. Nkeh-Chungag. "Semisynthesis of Derivatives of Oleanolic Acid fromSyzygium aromaticumand Their Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Properties." Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8401843.

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Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound widely found in plants and well known for its medicinal properties. Oleanolic acid (OA) was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract ofSyzygium aromaticumflower buds. Semisynthesis afforded both acetate and ester derivatives. The derived compounds were monitored with thin layer chromatography and confirmed with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and melting point (Mp). All these compounds were evaluated for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties at a dose of 40 mg/kg. Significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were noted for all OA-derived compounds. In the formalin-induced pain test, the derivatives showed better analgesic effects compared to their precursor, whereas, in the tale flick test, oleanolic acid proved to be superior in analgesic effects compared to all its derivatives with the exception of the acetyl derivative. Acute inflammatory tests showed that acetyl derivatives possessed better anti-inflammatory activity compared to the other compounds. In conclusion, semisynthesis of oleanolic acid yielded several derivatives with improved solubility and enhanced analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Lisa, Susmita Roy, Mohammad Kaisarul Islam, and Nazmul Qais. "Plants and Plant Constituents with Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities: A Systematic Review." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v19i2.50638.

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Medicinal plants with potential therapeutic activities are a tremendous resources of prospective drug candidates. NSAIDs, opiates, and other anti-inflammatory & analgesic agents exhibit several unwanted side-effects. Thus, the development of new active compounds with minimum adverse effects necessitates an emergence. This study aims to provide a comprehensive summary of plant species and reported phytoconstituents with analgesic and inti-inflammatory activities. Eighty-seven species from fifty-two plant families with reported constituents and activities have been included in this review. In-depth research in the area of screening novel analgesic and antiinflammatory agents from natural sources followed by the investigation of their pharmacological properties and clinical applications may lead to the generation of new active agents with better therapeutic activity and selectivity in the future. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(2): 207-224, 2020 (December)
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Morozova, Ekaterina A., Tatiana G. Tolstikova, Alexey V. Bolkunov, Margarita P. Dolgikh, and Elvira E. Shul'ts. "Analgesic Properties of New Pyrrolidinomorphinane Derivatives: Revealing Potential Pathways." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 10 (October 2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301008.

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The pyrrolidinomorphinane derivatives have been found to be active in the writhing tests in mice with the analgesic effect being antagonized by naloxone. This suggests that analgesia is mediated by the opioid system. The compounds also displayed anti-inflammatory activity in formalin and histamine edema experimental models and the data may be evidence for anti-inflammatory activity involvement in the inhibition of pain reaction.
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Shi, Ning-Ning, Cong-Cong Hou, Yan Liu, Kun-Yao Li, Sheng-Dan Mi, Bin-Liang Tong, and Man-Li Zhang. "Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Carpesium." Heterocyclic Communications 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 95–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hc-2022-0012.

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Abstract Carpesium (Family – Compositae) is a genus with 24 species of mainly perennial herbs. Several species of this genus have served as folk medicine in China and Korea for their antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity properties. Chemical constituents are mostly sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, glycosides, and several other types of compounds. This article summarizes the literature on the isolated and identified constituents from various Carpesium species and their various biological activities.
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Dinesh Babu J. "Evaluation of antipyretic activity of Capsicum annuum by Brewer’s yeast method." International Journal of Research in Phytochemistry and Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrpp.v9i1.1185.

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Plants are being used in medicine and treatment of diseases from years in the evolution. During the development of science, investigations to establish eh scientific proof and validation for the activities and mechanism of herbs to treat diseases. Capsicum annuum has anti-cancer properties, analgesic properties, anti lithogenic and thermogenic properties. It is used to alter the gastrointestinal function and boost metabolism. Many formulations are enriched with capsaicin which is a crucial ingredient in Capsicum to exhibit its weight loss properties. Based on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the plant and taking into consideration, the current research will focus on the investigation and comparison of the antipyretic activity of Capsicum in fruits and leaves. Results show that the leaves have similar chemical constituents that had antipyretic potential compared to the fruits. Overall, the Capsicum showed a comparatively same activity with the standard drug, paracetamol.
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Amoateng, Patrick, Emmanuel Quansah, Thomas K. Karikari, Alex Asase, Dorcas Osei-Safo, Kennedy Kwami Edem Kukuia, Isaac Kingsley Amponsah, and Alexander K. Nyarko. "Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Mental and Neurological Disorders in Ghana." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (December 20, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8590381.

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Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Mental and neurological disorders are a serious public health challenge globally, particularly in developing countries where cultural factors and limited access to standard healthcare have led to a reliance on traditional medicines. However, ethnopharmacological characterization of traditional medicines used to treat these diseases is lacking. In this study, an ethnobotanical description of plant species used in treating mental and neurological disorders in Ghana and an update of their experimentally validated pharmacological relevance are provided. Materials and Methods. Two hundred herbalists agreed to participate but sixty-six specialized in treating mental and neurological disorders were interviewed on their traditional medical practice. Literature review was conducted to verify the experimentally validated pharmacological importance of the reported plants. Results. Thirty-two plant species belonging to twenty-eight families were identified. Most plant species had either analgesic (50%), anxiolytic (18.8%), or anticonvulsant (15.6%) properties. Others had reported sedative, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, motor coordination, antipsychotic, antidepressant, cognitive enhancement, and neuroprotective properties. While Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) and Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) were the most commonly mentioned species with analgesic properties, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) was the most-reported anxiolytic product, with Cymbopogon citratus DC. (Gramineae), Mangifera indica L., Tetrapleura tetraptera Schum Taub. (Fabaceae), and Persea Americana Mill (Lauraceae) being the most studied anticonvulsants. Conclusions. This study provides the first report specifically on medicinal plants used in treating mental and neurological disorders in Ghana. Most of the identified plants have been scientifically confirmed to possess neuro- and psychopharmacological properties and may serve as templates for drug development.
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Makonnen, Eyasu, Asfaw Debella, Dawit Abebe, and Frehiwot Teka. "Analgesic properties of some ethiopian medicinal plants in different models of nociception in mice." Phytotherapy Research 17, no. 9 (2003): 1108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1306.

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Maliha Sami, Abid Rashid, Muhammad Akram, Atheer Kadhim Ibadi, and El Hadji Seydou Mbaye. "Phytochemical analysis and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants Crocus sativus: saffron." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 1117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1277.

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Crocus sativus Linn (Iridaceae) is well-known for its various domestic and medicinal uses throughout the tropics and subtropics. This plant is helpful because it contains various compounds, including crocetin, crocin, and other flavonoids, which may be used to cure various illnesses. These compounds, particularly crocin, have depressive and anti-inflammatory characteristics, as well as anticancer, analgesic, and other therapeutic effects on various areas of the body, including the heart, respiratory system, genital-urinary system, and central nervous system. According to research and observations, chemoprevention, cell proliferation, antioxidant and obesity effects, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and anti-inflammatory processes all have a role in saffron's involvement in treating various food allergies. Since ancient times, saffron has been utilized in traditional medicine in India and other Asian nations. Chemical compounds have been researched for a range of qualities, with many studies focusing on the chemicals found in, or even the medicinal components of, plants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Analgesic properties of plants"

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Mills, Clive. "Saponins from Barringtonia acutangula and Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase Activity by Acacia Extracts." Thesis, Griffith University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366502.

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The work presented in this thesis is divided into two projects, the isolation and characterisation of analgesic activity in the bark of Barringtonia acutangula and the initiation of an assay for protein phosphatase activity which could be used as a high throughput screen. Analgesic activity had been reported in the bark of Barringtonia acutangula, a tree which grows across northern Australia, by aboriginal people living in the Kimberley district of NorthWwestern Australia. B. acutangula is one of four species of Barringtonia which grow in Australia and one of many which grow in tropical regions worldwide. In addition to its analgesic properties B. acutangula has been put to many uses by local peoples. These include use as medicines, construction materials and as foods. Commonly B. acutangula is used as a fish poison in the collecting of fish for human consumption.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Science
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Sampson, Julia Helen. "The search for analgesic drugs from higher plants." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338429.

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Zou, Hongyuan. "Research of antiphlogistic and analgesic properties of American ginsengng." Магістерська робота, Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19272.

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The antiphlogistic and analgesic of American ginseng was confirmed in a model organism of zebrafish, and the possibility of commercial production of fine powder of American ginseng roots, ground to the level of destruction of the plant cell wall, was studied. Zebrafish were used as a model for assessing antiphlogistic activity. Next models were designed: an endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, phenylthiourea, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, -induced inflammation model and model is the tail fin amputation model. The zebrafish activity results showed that all of the aforementioned models of inflammation confirmed the antiphlogistic activity of Panax quinquefolium in a dose-dependent manner within a safe dose. Ultra-grinding of American ginseng roots has increased the release rate of the drug, improved dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients and improved absorption in the body, providing a solid theoretical basis and support for the development of industrial research.
Протизапальну активність і знеболюючу активність американського женьшеню було підтверджено на модельному організмі рибок даніо. Вивчено можливість промислового виробництва дрібнодисперсного порошку коренів американського женьшеню, з руйнуванням рослинної клітинної стінки. Рибок даніо використовували як модель для оцінки протизапальної активності. Були індуковані моделі запалення з ліпополісахаридом ендотоксину, фенілтіомочевиною, 2,4,6-тринітробензолсульфоновою кислотою і модель індукованого запалення після ампутації хвостового плавцю (травматична). Результати дослідження активності рибок даніо показали, що на всіх вищезгаданих моделях запалення підтвердили протизапальну активність Panax quinquefolium дозозалежним чином у межах безпечної дози. Ультраподрібнення коренів американського женьшеню збільшує швидкість вивільнення лікарської речовини, покращує розчинення активних фармацевтичних інгредієнтів та сприяє їх всмоктуванню в організмі, забезпечуючи міцну теоретичну основу та підтримку для розвитку промислових досліджень.
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Grant, Louise. "The putative anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Harpagophytum procumbens." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419744.

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Olajide, O. A., A. A. Ajayi, and Colin W. Wright. "Anti-inflammatory properties of cryptolepine." John Wiley & Sons, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4536.

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no
Cryptolepine is the major alkaloid of the West African shrub, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. Cryptolepine has been shown to inhibit nitric oxide production, and DNA binding of Nuclear Factor-kappa B following inflammatory stimuli in vitro. In order to validate the anti-inflammatory property of this compound in vivo, we investigated its effects on a number of animal models of inflammation. Cryptolepine (10¿40 mg/kg i.p.) produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, and carrageenaninduced pleurisy in rats. These effects were compared with those of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At doses of 10¿40 mg/kg i.p., cryptolepine inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microvascular permeability in mice in a dose-related fashion. Oral administration of up to 40 mg/kg of the compound for four consecutive days did not induce gastric lesion formation in rats. Analgesic activity was also exhibited by cryptolepine through a dose-related (10¿40 mg/kg i.p.) inhibition of writhing induced by i.p. administration of acetic acid in mice. The results of this study reveal that cryptolepine possesses in vivo anti-inflammatory activity.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Neddenriep, Bradley. "The Analgesic-Like Properties of Alcohol in Animal Models of Chronic Pain." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5923.

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Chronic pain and excessive alcohol consumption are individually problems in our society today. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) affects 15.1 million adult Americans each year. Chronic pain affects over 100 million people annually in the United States. However, there is growing evidence suggesting that these two conditions can often be interrelated with chronic pain increasing consumption of alcohol, and excessive alcohol consumption increasing pain that leaves a feedback cycle trapping millions of patients in an ever worsening spiral. Large population-based studies show an association between pain and alcohol abuse, suggesting a link between increased alcohol use and reduced pain. While rodent studies consistently demonstrate antinociception following acute ethanol administration in hot-plate and tail-flick tests. However, little is currently known about the effects of alcohol in chronic pain models. We hypothesize that acute ethanol administration will possess analgesic-like properties in models of chronic pain by engaging opioid receptors in addition to its more commonly studied action at the GABA receptor. The first aim of this study was to characterize the antinociceptive effects of alcohol in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) and Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) mouse models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain models, respectively. The second aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms behind ethanol's analgesic like effects including tolerance, receptor activation and correlates with blood alcohol content. Lastly, we investigated whether alcohol maintains its analgesic-like effects in non-reflexive assays in addition to effects in reflexive assays.
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McKay, J. S. "The influence of opiates on ion transport across rabbit ileal mucosa in vitro." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377604.

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Endogenous opiates, the enkephalins, have been identified in the brain and intestine. Their physiological role in the gut has yet to be determined, but since opiates have anti-diarrhoeal actions it was thought possible that they might be involved in the control of mucosal ion transport in addition to their known effects on motility. This possibility was studied using the lq'in vitro' technique of Ussing and Zerahn. Morphine (10-6 to 10-4M) induced a significant fall in potential difference (PD) and short-circuit current (Isc) across stripped rabbit ileal mucosa, with no change in tissue resistance. A maximal electrical response was dependent on the presence of Na, Cl and HCO3 in the bathing medium. A significant increase in Cl absorption due to a decrease in serosa to mucosa flux was provoked in response to morphine (2 x 10-5M), accompanied by an increase in residual ion flux (JR/net), possibly due to HCO3 secretion. Na transport was unaffected. Dextromoramide (10-5M) mimicked the response to morphine, but the inactive isomer laevomoramide (10-5M) had no effect. Naloxone (10-6M) inhibited the response to morphine (2 x 10-5M) and this inhibition was competitive in nature supporting the existence of mucosal opiate receptors. The enkephalin analogue Me-Tyr-D-Met-Gly-Phe-Pro-NH2 also decreased the PD and Isc and produced a similar increase in Cl absorption and JR/net. This analogue had a more rapid action and provoked a response at a lower dose (10-8M) than morphine. Tetrodotoxin (10-7M) inhibited the response to morphine (10-4M) but blockade of cholinergic, α and β adrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms had no effect. Morphine (10-4M) inhibited the secretion produced by three secretagogues, prostaglandin E2 (10-5M), acetylcholine (10-4M) and cholera toxin (1 μg/ml). Adenyl cyclase and cyclic AMP levels were unaffected by morphine, but the electrical response to morphine was increased by omitting Ca^+ + from the medium. Thus these studies provide evidence for the presence of mucosal opiate receptors which may have a physiological role, and demonstrate that opiates enhance Cl absorption and inhibit secretion provoked by three secretagogues. The mechanism of action may be related to an antagonism to intracellular calcium.
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McReynolds, Kim, and Cori Dolan. "Invasive Plants on Small Acreage Properties in Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144770.

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Tips for Arizona's Rural Landowners Series -- Plants Unit
The Tips for Arizona's Rural Landowners Fact Sheet Series is intended to educate homeowners who have recently purchased small acreages in Arizona. The purpose of the series is to give homeowners information about living in rural settings. The Plant Unit includes fact sheets on Arizona's native plant law, small-scale gardening, pasture establishment, invasive plants, and assessing plant damage.
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Forsik, Stéphane Alexis Jacques. "Mechanical properties of materials for fusion power plants." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/221725.

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Fusion power is the production of electricity from a hot plasma of deuterium and tritium, reacting to produce particles and 14 MeV neutrons, which are collected by a cooling system. Their kinetic energy is transformed into heat and electricity via steam turbines. The constant ux of neutrons on the rst wall of the reactor produces atomic displacement damage through collisions with nuclei, and gas bubbles as a result of transmutation reactions. This leads eventually to hardening and embrittlement. Designing a material able to withstand such intensity of damage is one of the main aims of research in the field of controlled fusion. In the past decades, many experiments have been carried out to understand the formation of radiation-induced damage and quantify the changes in mechanical properties of irradiated steels, but the lack of facilities prevents us from testing candidate materials in a fusion-like environment. Modelling techniques are utilised here to extract information and principles which can help estimate changes in steels due to damage. The elongation and yield strength of various low-activation ferritic/martensitic steels were modelled by neural networks and Gaussian processes. These models were used to make predictions which were compared to experimental values. Combined with other techniques and thermodynamic tools, it was possible to understand the evolution of the mechanical properties of irradiated steel, with a particular focus on the role of chromium and the roles of irradiation temperature and irradiation dose. They were also used to extrapolate data related to fission and attempt to make predictions in fusion conditions. A set of general recommendations concerning the database used to train the neural networks were made and the usage of such a modelling technique in materials science is discussed. An attempt to optimise the performance of neural networks by suppressing some random aspects of the training is presented. Models of the elongation, yield strength and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature trained following this procedure were created and compared to classical models.
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McReynolds, Kim, and Cori Dolan. "Invasive Plants on Small Acreage Properties in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625562.

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3 pp. / Originally published 01/2010.
Invasive plants are plants that have been accidentally or intentionally introduced to an area outside their original range and become problematic in their new environment by interfering with native or desirable species. Landowners can help prevent the spread and assist in controlling these invasive plants. Revised 11/2016. Originally published 01/2010.
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Books on the topic "Analgesic properties of plants"

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Medicinal plants: Chemistry and properties. Enfield, (NH): Science Publishers, 2005.

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Akhtar, Mohd Sayeed, and Mallappa Kumara Swamy, eds. Anticancer plants: Properties and Application. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8548-2.

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Cornett, Murray Neil. Analgesic properties of sodium amytal: Effect on ketamine treated rats with lithium/pilocarpine induced limbic epilepsy. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Behavioural Neuroscience Program, 1998.

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Grainge, Michael. Handbook of plants with pest-control properties. Honolulu, Hawaii: Resource Systems Institute, East-West Center, 1988.

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Saleem, Ahmed, ed. Handbook of plants with pest-control properties. New York: John Wiley, 1988.

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Alvarez, María Alejandra. Pharmacological Properties of Native Plants from Argentina. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20198-2.

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Martin, Loren John. Analgesic properties of complex magnetic fields: Pharmacological assessment of the [My] receptor and [Alpha]-2 noradrenergic receptor hypotheses. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Behavioural Neuroscience Program, 2002.

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Piotrowski, Karl D. Herbicides: Properties, crop protection, and environmental hazards. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2010.

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Chansouria, J. P. N. Medicinal plants: Hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Lucknow: International Book Distributing Co., 2006.

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Pickles, Hildegard. Pagosid procumbens or devil's claw: The remarkable medicinal properties. s.l: s.n., 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Analgesic properties of plants"

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Vijayasanthi, M., and A. Doss. "ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF Delonix elata Linn." In Ethnomedicinal Plants with Therapeutic Properties, 203–12. Includes bibliographical references and index.: Apple Academic Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429487767-12.

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Narain, Narendra, Saravanan Shanmugam, and Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo. "Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects of Bioactive Compounds from Passiflora Species." In Medicinal Plants, 243–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31269-5_11.

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Lichtman, Aron H., and Billy R. Martin. "Analgesic Properties of THC and Its Synthetic Derivatives." In Marihuana and Medicine, 511–26. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-710-9_50.

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Szot, Paweł. "Ornamental Plants, Physical Properties." In Encyclopedia of Agrophysics, 534–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1_103.

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Blahovec, Jiří. "Bending Properties of Plants." In Encyclopedia of Agrophysics, 60–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1_17.

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Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw, and Aristid Lindenmayer. "Fractal properties of plants." In The Virtual Laboratory, 175–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8476-2_8.

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Furuya, Masaki, and Pill-Soon Song. "Assembly and properties of holophytochrome." In Photomorphogenesis in Plants, 105–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_6.

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Khan, Aisha Saleem. "Antipyretic and Analgesic Activities of Some Economically Important Woody Plants." In Medicinally Important Trees, 159–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56777-8_7.

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Gonçalves, Sandra, and Anabela Romano. "Rosmarinic Acid: Sources, Properties, Applications and Biotechnological Production." In Medicinal Plants, 161–71. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429259968-12.

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Nath, Rajat, Priyanka Saha, Deepa Nath, Manabendra Dutta Choudhury, and Anupam Das Talukdar. "Plant Essential Oils and Anticancer Properties: An Update." In Medicinal Plants, 189–203. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429259968-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Analgesic properties of plants"

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ČERNIAUSKIENĖ, Živilė, Egidijus ZVICEVIČIUS, Algirdas RAILA, Vita TILVIKIENĖ, Zofija JANKAUSKIENĖ, and Žydrė KADŽIULIENĖ. "ASSESSMENT OF PROPERTIES OF COARSE-ENERGY PLANTS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.190.

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In the world, fossil fuel resources are constantly decreasing and increasing energy use. This leads to wider use of biomass in various industrial areas. Also, for the production of heat and electricity. Depending on the situation of current market, much attention is being paid to increasing the potential of biomass and to ensure the needs of users. Recently, much attention is paid to non-food energy plants, which could be used in thermochemical conversion technologies. These plants must be well adapted to climatic conditions, to grow a high biomass yield, to possess high energy value, easy to use for biofuel production and low environmental impact. Having a high energy potential and promising plants for cultivation in a changing climate conditions can be characterized and these plants: this is Miscantus spp. (namely miscanthus), Artemisia dubia Wall. (mugwort) and Cannabis sativa L. (fiber hemp). The article summarizes long-standing biometric and thermal performance results on Miscantus spp. (namely miscanthus), Artemisia dubia Wall. (mugwort) and Cannabis sativa L. (fiber hemp). In Lithuania climate condition, it is possible to grow from 3.26 to 17.06 t ha-1 of dry biomass per year from the mentioned plants. The calorific value of biomass has a huge influence on assessment of energy potential from plants. After combustion of 1 kilogram of Miscantus spp., Artemisia dubia Wall. and Cannabis sativa L. biomass it stands out on average 18.3±0.06, 18.5±0.66 and 17.43±0.06 MJ of heat, respectively. An equally important property which assesses the suitability of biomass for biofuels is ash content. The average ash content of biomass from Miscantus spp. and Artemisia dubia Wall was 1.51±0.03 % and 2.69±0.33 %, i.e. 2.22 times and 1.25 times lower than Cannabis sativa L.
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Butt, H. S., E. S. Ulriksen, M. Inngjerdingen, H. Wangensteen, and K. T. Inngjerdingen. "Antibacterial properties of selected Nordic medicinal plants." In GA – 69th Annual Meeting 2021, Virtual conference. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1736836.

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Fedorova, Y. S., P. V. Kulpin, T. V. Kotova, S. V. Denisova, and G. V. Beregovykh. "Study of the antidepressant properties of some plants." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (FSAB 2021). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0069670.

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Fedorova, Y. S., P. V. Kulpin, T. V. Kotova, S. V. Denisova, and G. V. Beregovykh. "Research of psychotropic properties of Xanton-containing plants." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (FSAB 2021). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0069671.

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Psaltis, Demetri. "Optofluidics of plants: lessons from biology (Conference Presentation)." In Photonic and Phononic Properties of Engineered Nanostructures VIII, edited by Ali Adibi, Shawn-Yu Lin, and Axel Scherer. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2297251.

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Heviankova, Silvie. "THE STUDY OF DIGESTATE PROPERTIES FROM SELECTED BIOGAS PLANTS." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on ENERGY AND CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b41/s17.076.

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John, Nayomi, and Swathi Ramesh. "Anti-quorum sensing properties of medicinal plants – A review." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS: STAM 20. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0016830.

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Luder, Arndt, Birgit Vogel-Heuser, Nicole Schmidt, and Julia Prieler. "Metric based modelling of flexibility properties of demonstration plants." In 2017 IEEE 15th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indin.2017.8104754.

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Tursunkhodjaeva, Firuza, and Farkhad Dzhakhangirov. "Analgesic and anti-Inflammatory Activity of Diterpenoid Alkaloids Isolated from the Central Asian Species of Aconitum and Delphinium Plants." In 1st International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecmc-1-a007.

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Lebedev, V. G., N. M. Subbotina, N. P. Kovalenko, and K. A. Shestibratov. "Marker selection of berry crops to improve nutritional properties." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-259.

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Reports on the topic "Analgesic properties of plants"

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Quail, Peter H. Phytochrome from Green Plants: Properties and biological Function. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1145411.

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Karna, Shravya, and Alex Konstantatos. Methadone and Buprenorphine for Management of Acute Postoperative Pain. World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28923/atotw.472.

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Methadone and buprenorphine have shown to decrease total opioid requirements and attenuate side effects post operatively. Methadone’s pharmacokinetics properties make it a potent analgesic whilst sublingual and transdermal buprenorphine is an excellent step-down to parenteral analgesia.
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Hake, Sarah, and George Chuck. Using The Corngrass1 Gene To Enhance The Biofuel Properties Of Crop Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1224466.

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Palukaitis, Peter, Amit Gal-On, Milton Zaitlin, and Victor Gaba. Virus Synergy in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573074.bard.

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Transgenic plants expressing viral genes offer novel means of engendering resistance to those viruses. However, some viruses interact synergistically with other viruses and it is now known that transgenic plants expressing particular genes of one virus may also mediate synergy with a second virus. Thus, our specific objectives were to (1) determine if transgenic plants resistant to one virus showed synergy with another virus; (2) determine what viral sequences were essential for synergy; and (3) determine whether one of more mechanisms were involved i synergy. This project would also enable an evaluation of the risks of synergism associated with the use of such transgenic plants. The conclusion deriving from this project are as follows: - There is more than one mechanism of synergy. - The CMV 2b gene is required for synergistic interactions. - Synergy between a potyvirus and CMV can break natural resistance limiting CMV movement. - Synergy operates at two levels - increase in virus accumulation and increase in pathology - independently of each other. - Various sequences of CMV can interact with the host to alter pathogenicity and affect virus accumulation. - The effect of synergy on CMV satellite RNA accumulatio varies in different systems. - The HC-Pro gene may only function in host plant species to induce synergy. - The HC-Pro is a host range determinant of potyviruses. - Transgenic plants expressing some viral sequences showed synergy with one or more viruses. Transgenic plants expressing CMV RNA 1, PVY NIb and the TMV 30K gene all showed synergy with at least one unrelated virus. - Transgenic plants expressing some viral sequences showed interference with the infection of unrelated viruses. Transgenic plants expressing the TMV 30K, 54K and 126K genes, the PVY NIb gene, or the CMV 3a gene all showed some level of interference with the accumulation (and in some cases the pathology) of unrelated viruses. From our observations, there are agricultural implications to the above conclusions. It is apparent that before they are released commercially, transgenic plants expressing viral sequences for resistance to one virus need to be evaluated fro two properties: - Synergism to unrelated viruses that infect the same plant. Most of these evaluations can be made in the greenhouse, and many can be predicted from the known literature of viruses known to interact with each other. In other cases, where transgenic plants are being generated from new plant species, the main corresponding viruses from the same known interacting genera (e.g., potexviruses and cucumoviruses, potyviruses and cucumoviruses, tobamoviruses and potexviruses, etc.) should be evaluated. - Inhibition or enhancement of other resistance genes. Although it is unlikely that plants to be released would be transformed with HC-Pro or 2b genes, there may be other viral genes that can affect the expression of plant genes encoding resistance to other pathogens. Therefore, transgenic plants expressing viral genes to engender pathogen-derived resistance should be evaluated against a spectrum of other pathogens, to determine whether those resistance activities are still present, have been lost, or have been enhanced!
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Asenath-Smith, Emily, Emily Jeng, Emma Ambrogi, Garrett Hoch, and Jason Olivier. Investigations into the ice crystallization and freezing properties of the antifreeze protein ApAFP752. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45620.

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Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) allow biological organisms, including insects, fish, and plants, to survive in freezing temperatures. While in solution, AFPs impart cryoprotection by creating a thermal hysteresis (TH), imparting ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI), and providing dynamic ice shaping (DIS). To leverage these ice-modulating effects of AFPs in other scenarios, a range of icing assays were performed with AFPs to investigate how AFPs interact with ice formation when tethered to a surface. In this work, we studied ApAFP752, an AFP from the beetle Anatolica polita, and first investigated whether removing the fusion protein attached during protein expression would result in a difference in freezing behavior. We performed optical microscopy to examine ice-crystal shape, micro-structure, and the recrystallization behavior of frozen droplets of AFP solutions. We developed a surface chemistry approach to tether these proteins to glass surfaces and conducted droplet-freezing experiments to probe the interactions of these proteins with ice formed on those surfaces. In solution, ApAFP752 did not show any DIS or TH, but it did show IRI capabilities. In surface studies, the freezing of AFP droplets on clean glass surfaces showed no dependence on concentration, and the results from freezing water droplets on AFP-decorated surfaces were inconclusive.
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Steffens, John, Eithan Harel, and Alfred Mayer. Coding, Expression, Targeting, Import and Processing of Distinct Polyphenoloxidases in Tissues of Higher Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613008.bard.

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones at the expense of O2. PPOs are ubiquitous in higer plants, and their role in oxidative browning of plant tissues causes large annual losses to food production. Despite the importance of PPOs to agriculture, the function(s) of PPOs in higher plants are not understood. Among other roles, PPOs have been proposed to participate in aspects of chloroplast metabolism, based on their occurrence in plastids and high Km for O2. Due to the ability of PPO to catalyze formation of highly reactive quinones, PPOs have also been proposed to be involved in a wide array of defensive interactions with insect, bacterial, and fungal pests. Physiological and biochemical studies of PPO have provided few answers to the major problems of PPO function, subcellular localization, and biochemical properties. This proposal achieved the following major objectives: cloning of PPO cDNAs in potato and tomato; characterization of the tomato PPO gene family; antisense downregulation of the tomato PPO gene family; and reduction in post-harvest enzymic browning of potato through expression of antisense PPO genes under the control of tuber-specific promoters. In addition, we established the lumenal localization of PPO, characterized and clarified the means by which PPOs are imported and processed by chloroplasts, and provided insight into the factors which control localization of PPOs. This proposal has thereby provided fundamental advances in the understanding of this enzyme and the control of its expression.
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Bar-Tal, Asher, Paul R. Bloom, Pinchas Fine, C. Edward Clapp, Aviva Hadas, Rodney T. Venterea, Dan Zohar, Dong Chen, and Jean-Alex Molina. Effects of soil properties and organic residues management on C sequestration and N losses. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587729.bard.

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Objectives - The overall objective of this proposal was to explore the effects of soil properties and management practices on C sequestration in soils and off-site losses of N.The specific objectives were: 1. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on C transformations that follow OW decomposition, C losses by gaseous emission, and its sequestration by organic and mineral components of the soil; 2. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on organic N mineralization and transformations in soil, its losses by leaching and gaseous emission; 3. to investigate and to quantify the effects of management practices and plants root activity and decomposition on C and N transformations; and 4. to upgrade the models NCSOIL and NCSWAP to include inorganic C and root exudation dynamics. The last objective has not been fulfilled due to difficulties in experimentally quantification of the effects of soil inorganic component on root exudation dynamics. Objective 4 was modified to explore the ability of NCSOIL to simulate organic matter decomposition and N transformations in non- and calcareous soils. Background - Rates of decomposition of organic plant residues or organic manures in soil determine the amount of carbon (C), which is mineralized and released as CO₂ versus the amount of C that is retained in soil organic matter (SOM). Decomposition rates also greatly influence the amount of nitrogen (N) which becomes available for plant uptake, is leached from the soil or lost as gaseous emission, versus that which is retained in SOM. Microbial decomposition of residues in soil is strongly influenced by soil management as well as soil chemical and physical properties and also by plant roots via the processes of mineral N uptake, respiration, exudation and decay.
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Schwieger, Alexandra, Kaelee Shrewsbury, and Paul Shaver. Dexmedetomidine vs Fentanyl in Attenuating the Sympathetic Surge During Endotracheal Intubation: A Scoping Review. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0007.

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Purpose/Background Direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation after induction of anesthesia can cause a reflex sympathetic surge of catecholamines caused by airway stimulation. This may cause hypertension, tachycardia, and arrhythmias. This reflex can be detrimental in patients with poor cardiac reserve and can be poorly tolerated and lead to adverse events such as myocardial ischemia. Fentanyl, a potent opioid, with a rapid onset and short duration of action is given during induction to block the sympathetic response. With a rise in the opioid crisis and finding ways to change the practice in medicine to use less opioids, dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist, can decrease the release of norepinephrine, has analgesic properties, and can lower the heart rate. Methods In this scoping review, studies published between 2009 and 2021 that compared fentanyl and dexmedetomidine during general anesthesia induction and endotracheal intubation of surgical patients over the age of 18 were included. Full text, peer-reviewed studies in English were included with no limit on country of study. The outcomes included post-operative reviews of decrease in pain medication usage and hemodynamic stability. Studies that were included focused on hemodynamic variables such as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and use of opioids post-surgery. Result Of 2,114 results from our search, 10 articles were selected based on multiple eligibility criteria of age greater than 18, patients undergoing endotracheal intubation after induction of general anesthesia, and required either a dose of dexmedetomidine or fentanyl to be given prior to intubation. Dexmedetomidine was shown to effectively attenuate the sympathetic surge during intubation over fentanyl. Dexmedetomidine showed a greater reduction in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure than fentanyl, causing better hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing elective surgery.Implications for Nursing Practice Findings during this scoping review indicate that dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective alternative to fentanyl during induction of general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation in attenuating the hemodynamic response. It is also a safe choice for opioid-free anesthesia.
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Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.

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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing commercial yields. In both cases hydraulic conductance was determined with two methods - the non-destructive evaporative flux (EF)-leaf water potential (L WP) method, and a destructive method in which water was forced through the plant at known pressure using the "high pressure flow meter" (HPFM). Detailed work allowed measurement of conductance of the rootstock-scion union. This was achieved both with the HPFM and with the EF-LWP methods, the former in the US and the latter in Israel. Direct measurements of leaf conductance were made, and carbon isotope ratios ( d ¹³ C) were determined for leaves sampled at the end of the season. The latter can indicate sustained differences in leaf conductance behavior. HPFM and EF-LWP methods did not give the same results. In the small plants results were similar in magnitude, but not significantly correlated. In large trees, EF- L WP measurements were a fraction of those obtained with the HPFM. The latter indicates that some of the xylem is not normally functional but transports water when pressurized. Additional experimental work targeted this result. Xylem was stained before and after perfusion with water at high pressure. This showed that at least for one rootstock a significant amount of xylem was blocked before perfusion. The "air method" for determining xylem vessel properties was improved and employed. Length, radius and density of xylem vessels of different rootstocks were found to be similar, and significant differences found were not clearly related to rootstock vigor. Measurements in the commercial orchard in Israel showed that the graft union in a dwarfing rootstock was a large obstacle for water transport (i.e. had a high resistance). This apparently led to low leaf conductance to water vapor, as indicated by lower d ¹³ C, which implies low internal CO ₂ concentrations. In the US orchard, d ¹³ C in 2001 was correlated with rootstock vigor, and significant differences were found in leaf conductance. However, the d ¹³ C differences were not observed in 2002, were opposite to those found in the Israeli orchard, and measurements of the graft union with the HPFM did not find large resistances. We speculate that the graft union is not necessarily a large impediment to water transport unless the scion starts to separate from the rootstock. It was concluded that significant differences in hydraulic conductance exist between different dwarfing rootstocks. These differences may be caused by differences in xylem properties and in the degree of cavitation, as well as resistance in the graft union. However, no general relationship to rootstock vigor was found. Therefore, hydraulic conductance alone cannot explain dwarfing, but may be one of two or more factors that lead to dwarfing. Future work should integrate more factors with hydraulic relations, e.g. nutrient and solute transport and production of hormones.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. A functional genomics approach to dissect resistance of tomato to bacterial spot disease. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695876.bard.

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The research problem. Bacterial spot disease in tomato is of great economic importance worldwide and it is particularly severe in warm and moist areas affecting yield and quality of tomato fruits. Causal agent of spot disease is the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), which can be a contaminant on tomato seeds, or survive in plant debris and in association with certain weeds. Despite the economic significance of spot disease, plant protection against Xcvby cultural practices and chemical control have so far proven unsuccessful. In addition, breeding for resistance to bacterial spot in tomato has been undermined by the genetic complexity of the available sources of resistance and by the multiple races of the pathogen. Genetic resistance to specific Xcvraces have been identified in tomato lines that develop a hypersensitive response and additional defense responses upon bacterial challenge. Central goals of this research were: 1. To identify plant genes involved in signaling and defense responses that result in the onset of resistance. 2. To characterize molecular properties and mode of action of bacterial proteins, which function as avirulence or virulence factors during the interaction between Xcvand resistant or susceptible tomato plants, respectively. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas: 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes during the resistance response of tomato to Xcvrace T3. A combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis identified a large set of tomato genes that are induced or repressed during the response of resistant plants to avirulent XcvT3 bacteria. These genes were grouped in clusters based on coordinate expression kinetics, and classified into over 20 functional classes. Among them we identified genes that are directly modulated by expression of the type III effector protein AvrXv3 and genes that are induced also during the tomato resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. 2. Characterization of molecular and biochemical properties of the tomato LeMPK3MAP kinase. A detailed molecular and biochemical analysis was performed for LeMPK3 MAP kinase, which was among the genes induced by XcvT3 in resistant tomato plants. LeMPK3 was induced at the mRNA level by different pathogens, elicitors, and wounding, but not by defense-related plant hormones. Moreover, an induction of LeMPK3 kinase activity was observed in resistant tomato plants upon Xcvinfection. LeMPK3 was biochemically defined as a dual-specificity MAP kinase, and extensively characterized in vitro in terms of kinase activity, sites and mechanism of autophosphorylation, divalent cation preference, Kₘand Vₘₐₓ values for ATP. 3. Characteriztion of molecular properties of the Xcveffector protein AvrRxv. The avirulence gene avrRxvis involved in the genetic interaction that determines tomato resistance to Xcvrace T1. We found that AvrRxv functions inside the plant cell, localizes to the cytoplasm, and is sufficient to confer avirulence to virulent Xcvstrains. In addition, we showed that the AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core is essential for host recognition. Finally, insights into cellular processes activated by AvrRxv expression in resistant plants were obtained by microarray analysis of 8,600 tomato genes. Scientific and agricultural significance: The findings of these activities depict a comprehensive and detailed picture of cellular processes taking place during the onset of tomato resistance to Xcv. In this research, a large pool of genes, which may be involved in the control and execution of plant defense responses, was identified and the stage is set for the dissection of signaling pathways specifically triggered by Xcv.
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